@pact-foundation/pact-cli-linux-x64 16.0.0 → 16.0.2

package/standalone/linux-x64-2.4.15/pact/lib/vendor/ruby/3.3.0/gems/net-http-0.4.1/lib/net/http.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,2496 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+#
+# = net/http.rb
+#
+# Copyright (c) 1999-2007 Yukihiro Matsumoto
+# Copyright (c) 1999-2007 Minero Aoki
+# Copyright (c) 2001 GOTOU Yuuzou
+#
+# Written and maintained by Minero Aoki <aamine@loveruby.net>.
+# HTTPS support added by GOTOU Yuuzou <gotoyuzo@notwork.org>.
+#
+# This file is derived from "http-access.rb".
+#
+# Documented by Minero Aoki; converted to RDoc by William Webber.
+#
+# This program is free software. You can re-distribute and/or
+# modify this program under the same terms of ruby itself ---
+# Ruby Distribution License or GNU General Public License.
+#
+# See Net::HTTP for an overview and examples.
+#
+
+require 'net/protocol'
+require 'uri'
+require 'resolv'
+autoload :OpenSSL, 'openssl'
+
+module Net   #:nodoc:
+
+  # :stopdoc:
+  class HTTPBadResponse < StandardError; end
+  class HTTPHeaderSyntaxError < StandardError; end
+  # :startdoc:
+
+  # \Class \Net::HTTP provides a rich library that implements the client
+  # in a client-server model that uses the \HTTP request-response protocol.
+  # For information about \HTTP, see:
+  #
+  # - {Hypertext Transfer Protocol}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol].
+  # - {Technical overview}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol#Technical_overview].
+  #
+  # == About the Examples
+  #
+  # :include: doc/net-http/examples.rdoc
+  #
+  # == Strategies
+  #
+  # - If you will make only a few GET requests,
+  #   consider using {OpenURI}[https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/OpenURI.html].
+  # - If you will make only a few requests of all kinds,
+  #   consider using the various singleton convenience methods in this class.
+  #   Each of the following methods automatically starts and finishes
+  #   a {session}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP@Sessions] that sends a single request:
+  #
+  #     # Return string response body.
+  #     Net::HTTP.get(hostname, path)
+  #     Net::HTTP.get(uri)
+  #
+  #     # Write string response body to $stdout.
+  #     Net::HTTP.get_print(hostname, path)
+  #     Net::HTTP.get_print(uri)
+  #
+  #     # Return response as Net::HTTPResponse object.
+  #     Net::HTTP.get_response(hostname, path)
+  #     Net::HTTP.get_response(uri)
+  #     data = '{"title": "foo", "body": "bar", "userId": 1}'
+  #     Net::HTTP.post(uri, data)
+  #     params = {title: 'foo', body: 'bar', userId: 1}
+  #     Net::HTTP.post_form(uri, params)
+  #
+  # - If performance is important, consider using sessions, which lower request overhead.
+  #   This {session}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP@Sessions] has multiple requests for
+  #   {HTTP methods}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol#Request_methods]
+  #   and {WebDAV methods}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebDAV#Implementation]:
+  #
+  #     Net::HTTP.start(hostname) do |http|
+  #       # Session started automatically before block execution.
+  #       http.get(path)
+  #       http.head(path)
+  #       body = 'Some text'
+  #       http.post(path, body)  # Can also have a block.
+  #       http.put(path, body)
+  #       http.delete(path)
+  #       http.options(path)
+  #       http.trace(path)
+  #       http.patch(path, body) # Can also have a block.
+  #       http.copy(path)
+  #       http.lock(path, body)
+  #       http.mkcol(path, body)
+  #       http.move(path)
+  #       http.propfind(path, body)
+  #       http.proppatch(path, body)
+  #       http.unlock(path, body)
+  #       # Session finished automatically at block exit.
+  #     end
+  #
+  # The methods cited above are convenience methods that, via their few arguments,
+  # allow minimal control over the requests.
+  # For greater control, consider using {request objects}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTPRequest].
+  #
+  # == URIs
+  #
+  # On the internet, a URI
+  # ({Universal Resource Identifier}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Identifier])
+  # is a string that identifies a particular resource.
+  # It consists of some or all of: scheme, hostname, path, query, and fragment;
+  # see {URI syntax}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Identifier#Syntax].
+  #
+  # A Ruby {URI::Generic}[https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/URI/Generic.html] object
+  # represents an internet URI.
+  # It provides, among others, methods
+  # +scheme+, +hostname+, +path+, +query+, and +fragment+.
+  #
+  # === Schemes
+  #
+  # An internet \URI has
+  # a {scheme}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_URI_schemes].
+  #
+  # The two schemes supported in \Net::HTTP are <tt>'https'</tt> and <tt>'http'</tt>:
+  #
+  #   uri.scheme                       # => "https"
+  #   URI('http://example.com').scheme # => "http"
+  #
+  # === Hostnames
+  #
+  # A hostname identifies a server (host) to which requests may be sent:
+  #
+  #   hostname = uri.hostname # => "jsonplaceholder.typicode.com"
+  #   Net::HTTP.start(hostname) do |http|
+  #     # Some HTTP stuff.
+  #   end
+  #
+  # === Paths
+  #
+  # A host-specific path identifies a resource on the host:
+  #
+  #   _uri = uri.dup
+  #   _uri.path = '/todos/1'
+  #   hostname = _uri.hostname
+  #   path = _uri.path
+  #   Net::HTTP.get(hostname, path)
+  #
+  # === Queries
+  #
+  # A host-specific query adds name/value pairs to the URI:
+  #
+  #   _uri = uri.dup
+  #   params = {userId: 1, completed: false}
+  #   _uri.query = URI.encode_www_form(params)
+  #   _uri # => #<URI::HTTPS https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com?userId=1&completed=false>
+  #   Net::HTTP.get(_uri)
+  #
+  # === Fragments
+  #
+  # A {URI fragment}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/URI_fragment] has no effect
+  # in \Net::HTTP;
+  # the same data is returned, regardless of whether a fragment is included.
+  #
+  # == Request Headers
+  #
+  # Request headers may be used to pass additional information to the host,
+  # similar to arguments passed in a method call;
+  # each header is a name/value pair.
+  #
+  # Each of the \Net::HTTP methods that sends a request to the host
+  # has optional argument +headers+,
+  # where the headers are expressed as a hash of field-name/value pairs:
+  #
+  #   headers = {Accept: 'application/json', Connection: 'Keep-Alive'}
+  #   Net::HTTP.get(uri, headers)
+  #
+  # See lists of both standard request fields and common request fields at
+  # {Request Fields}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_header_fields#Request_fields].
+  # A host may also accept other custom fields.
+  #
+  # == \HTTP Sessions
+  #
+  # A _session_ is a connection between a server (host) and a client that:
+  #
+  # - Is begun by instance method Net::HTTP#start.
+  # - May contain any number of requests.
+  # - Is ended by instance method Net::HTTP#finish.
+  #
+  # See example sessions at {Strategies}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP@Strategies].
+  #
+  # === Session Using \Net::HTTP.start
+  #
+  # If you have many requests to make to a single host (and port),
+  # consider using singleton method Net::HTTP.start with a block;
+  # the method handles the session automatically by:
+  #
+  # - Calling #start before block execution.
+  # - Executing the block.
+  # - Calling #finish after block execution.
+  #
+  # In the block, you can use these instance methods,
+  # each of which that sends a single request:
+  #
+  # - {HTTP methods}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol#Request_methods]:
+  #
+  #   - #get, #request_get: GET.
+  #   - #head, #request_head: HEAD.
+  #   - #post, #request_post: POST.
+  #   - #delete: DELETE.
+  #   - #options: OPTIONS.
+  #   - #trace: TRACE.
+  #   - #patch: PATCH.
+  #
+  # - {WebDAV methods}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebDAV#Implementation]:
+  #
+  #   - #copy: COPY.
+  #   - #lock: LOCK.
+  #   - #mkcol: MKCOL.
+  #   - #move: MOVE.
+  #   - #propfind: PROPFIND.
+  #   - #proppatch: PROPPATCH.
+  #   - #unlock: UNLOCK.
+  #
+  # === Session Using \Net::HTTP.start and \Net::HTTP.finish
+  #
+  # You can manage a session manually using methods #start and #finish:
+  #
+  #   http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
+  #   http.start
+  #   http.get('/todos/1')
+  #   http.get('/todos/2')
+  #   http.delete('/posts/1')
+  #   http.finish # Needed to free resources.
+  #
+  # === Single-Request Session
+  #
+  # Certain convenience methods automatically handle a session by:
+  #
+  # - Creating an \HTTP object
+  # - Starting a session.
+  # - Sending a single request.
+  # - Finishing the session.
+  # - Destroying the object.
+  #
+  # Such methods that send GET requests:
+  #
+  # - ::get: Returns the string response body.
+  # - ::get_print: Writes the string response body to $stdout.
+  # - ::get_response: Returns a Net::HTTPResponse object.
+  #
+  # Such methods that send POST requests:
+  #
+  # - ::post: Posts data to the host.
+  # - ::post_form: Posts form data to the host.
+  #
+  # == \HTTP Requests and Responses
+  #
+  # Many of the methods above are convenience methods,
+  # each of which sends a request and returns a string
+  # without directly using \Net::HTTPRequest and \Net::HTTPResponse objects.
+  #
+  # You can, however, directly create a request object, send the request,
+  # and retrieve the response object; see:
+  #
+  # - Net::HTTPRequest.
+  # - Net::HTTPResponse.
+  #
+  # == Following Redirection
+  #
+  # Each returned response is an instance of a subclass of Net::HTTPResponse.
+  # See the {response class hierarchy}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTPResponse@Response+Subclasses].
+  #
+  # In particular, class Net::HTTPRedirection is the parent
+  # of all redirection classes.
+  # This allows you to craft a case statement to handle redirections properly:
+  #
+  #   def fetch(uri, limit = 10)
+  #     # You should choose a better exception.
+  #     raise ArgumentError, 'Too many HTTP redirects' if limit == 0
+  #
+  #     res = Net::HTTP.get_response(URI(uri))
+  #     case res
+  #     when Net::HTTPSuccess     # Any success class.
+  #       res
+  #     when Net::HTTPRedirection # Any redirection class.
+  #       location = res['Location']
+  #       warn "Redirected to #{location}"
+  #       fetch(location, limit - 1)
+  #     else                      # Any other class.
+  #       res.value
+  #     end
+  #   end
+  #
+  #   fetch(uri)
+  #
+  # == Basic Authentication
+  #
+  # Basic authentication is performed according to
+  # {RFC2617}[http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2617.txt]:
+  #
+  #   req = Net::HTTP::Get.new(uri)
+  #   req.basic_auth('user', 'pass')
+  #   res = Net::HTTP.start(hostname) do |http|
+  #     http.request(req)
+  #   end
+  #
+  # == Streaming Response Bodies
+  #
+  # By default \Net::HTTP reads an entire response into memory.  If you are
+  # handling large files or wish to implement a progress bar you can instead
+  # stream the body directly to an IO.
+  #
+  #   Net::HTTP.start(hostname) do |http|
+  #     req = Net::HTTP::Get.new(uri)
+  #     http.request(req) do |res|
+  #       open('t.tmp', 'w') do |f|
+  #         res.read_body do |chunk|
+  #           f.write chunk
+  #         end
+  #       end
+  #     end
+  #   end
+  #
+  # == HTTPS
+  #
+  # HTTPS is enabled for an \HTTP connection by Net::HTTP#use_ssl=:
+  #
+  #   Net::HTTP.start(hostname, :use_ssl => true) do |http|
+  #     req = Net::HTTP::Get.new(uri)
+  #     res = http.request(req)
+  #   end
+  #
+  # Or if you simply want to make a GET request, you may pass in a URI
+  # object that has an \HTTPS URL. \Net::HTTP automatically turns on TLS
+  # verification if the URI object has a 'https' URI scheme:
+  #
+  #   uri # => #<URI::HTTPS https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/>
+  #   Net::HTTP.get(uri)
+  #
+  # == Proxy Server
+  #
+  # An \HTTP object can have
+  # a {proxy server}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxy_server].
+  #
+  # You can create an \HTTP object with a proxy server
+  # using method Net::HTTP.new or method Net::HTTP.start.
+  #
+  # The proxy may be defined either by argument +p_addr+
+  # or by environment variable <tt>'http_proxy'</tt>.
+  #
+  # === Proxy Using Argument +p_addr+ as a \String
+  #
+  # When argument +p_addr+ is a string hostname,
+  # the returned +http+ has the given host as its proxy:
+  #
+  #   http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname, nil, 'proxy.example')
+  #   http.proxy?          # => true
+  #   http.proxy_from_env? # => false
+  #   http.proxy_address   # => "proxy.example"
+  #   # These use default values.
+  #   http.proxy_port      # => 80
+  #   http.proxy_user      # => nil
+  #   http.proxy_pass      # => nil
+  #
+  # The port, username, and password for the proxy may also be given:
+  #
+  #   http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname, nil, 'proxy.example', 8000, 'pname', 'ppass')
+  #   # => #<Net::HTTP jsonplaceholder.typicode.com:80 open=false>
+  #   http.proxy?          # => true
+  #   http.proxy_from_env? # => false
+  #   http.proxy_address   # => "proxy.example"
+  #   http.proxy_port      # => 8000
+  #   http.proxy_user      # => "pname"
+  #   http.proxy_pass      # => "ppass"
+  #
+  # === Proxy Using '<tt>ENV['http_proxy']</tt>'
+  #
+  # When environment variable <tt>'http_proxy'</tt>
+  # is set to a \URI string,
+  # the returned +http+ will have the server at that URI as its proxy;
+  # note that the \URI string must have a protocol
+  # such as <tt>'http'</tt> or <tt>'https'</tt>:
+  #
+  #   ENV['http_proxy'] = 'http://example.com'
+  #   http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
+  #   http.proxy?          # => true
+  #   http.proxy_from_env? # => true
+  #   http.proxy_address   # => "example.com"
+  #   # These use default values.
+  #   http.proxy_port      # => 80
+  #   http.proxy_user      # => nil
+  #   http.proxy_pass      # => nil
+  #
+  # The \URI string may include proxy username, password, and port number:
+  #
+  #   ENV['http_proxy'] = 'http://pname:ppass@example.com:8000'
+  #   http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
+  #   http.proxy?          # => true
+  #   http.proxy_from_env? # => true
+  #   http.proxy_address   # => "example.com"
+  #   http.proxy_port      # => 8000
+  #   http.proxy_user      # => "pname"
+  #   http.proxy_pass      # => "ppass"
+  #
+  # === Filtering Proxies
+  #
+  # With method Net::HTTP.new (but not Net::HTTP.start),
+  # you can use argument +p_no_proxy+ to filter proxies:
+  #
+  # - Reject a certain address:
+  #
+  #     http = Net::HTTP.new('example.com', nil, 'proxy.example', 8000, 'pname', 'ppass', 'proxy.example')
+  #     http.proxy_address # => nil
+  #
+  # - Reject certain domains or subdomains:
+  #
+  #     http = Net::HTTP.new('example.com', nil, 'my.proxy.example', 8000, 'pname', 'ppass', 'proxy.example')
+  #     http.proxy_address # => nil
+  #
+  # - Reject certain addresses and port combinations:
+  #
+  #     http = Net::HTTP.new('example.com', nil, 'proxy.example', 8000, 'pname', 'ppass', 'proxy.example:1234')
+  #     http.proxy_address # => "proxy.example"
+  #
+  #     http = Net::HTTP.new('example.com', nil, 'proxy.example', 8000, 'pname', 'ppass', 'proxy.example:8000')
+  #     http.proxy_address # => nil
+  #
+  # - Reject a list of the types above delimited using a comma:
+  #
+  #     http = Net::HTTP.new('example.com', nil, 'proxy.example', 8000, 'pname', 'ppass', 'my.proxy,proxy.example:8000')
+  #     http.proxy_address # => nil
+  #
+  #     http = Net::HTTP.new('example.com', nil, 'my.proxy', 8000, 'pname', 'ppass', 'my.proxy,proxy.example:8000')
+  #     http.proxy_address # => nil
+  #
+  # == Compression and Decompression
+  #
+  # \Net::HTTP does not compress the body of a request before sending.
+  #
+  # By default, \Net::HTTP adds header <tt>'Accept-Encoding'</tt>
+  # to a new {request object}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTPRequest]:
+  #
+  #   Net::HTTP::Get.new(uri)['Accept-Encoding']
+  #   # => "gzip;q=1.0,deflate;q=0.6,identity;q=0.3"
+  #
+  # This requests the server to zip-encode the response body if there is one;
+  # the server is not required to do so.
+  #
+  # \Net::HTTP does not automatically decompress a response body
+  # if the response has header <tt>'Content-Range'</tt>.
+  #
+  # Otherwise decompression (or not) depends on the value of header
+  # {Content-Encoding}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_header_fields#content-encoding-response-header]:
+  #
+  # - <tt>'deflate'</tt>, <tt>'gzip'</tt>, or <tt>'x-gzip'</tt>:
+  #   decompresses the body and deletes the header.
+  # - <tt>'none'</tt> or <tt>'identity'</tt>:
+  #   does not decompress the body, but deletes the header.
+  # - Any other value:
+  #   leaves the body and header unchanged.
+  #
+  # == What's Here
+  #
+  # This is a categorized summary of methods and attributes.
+  #
+  # === \Net::HTTP Objects
+  #
+  # - {::new}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP.new]:
+  #   Creates a new instance.
+  # - {#inspect}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#inspect]:
+  #   Returns a string representation of +self+.
+  #
+  # === Sessions
+  #
+  # - {::start}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP.start]:
+  #   Begins a new session in a new \Net::HTTP object.
+  # - {#started?}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#started?]
+  #   (aliased as {#active?}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#active?]):
+  #   Returns whether in a session.
+  # - {#finish}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#finish]:
+  #   Ends an active session.
+  # - {#start}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#start]:
+  #   Begins a new session in an existing \Net::HTTP object (+self+).
+  #
+  # === Connections
+  #
+  # - {:continue_timeout}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#continue_timeout]:
+  #   Returns the continue timeout.
+  # - {#continue_timeout=}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#continue_timeout=]:
+  #   Sets the continue timeout seconds.
+  # - {:keep_alive_timeout}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#keep_alive_timeout]:
+  #   Returns the keep-alive timeout.
+  # - {:keep_alive_timeout=}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#keep_alive_timeout=]:
+  #   Sets the keep-alive timeout.
+  # - {:max_retries}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#max_retries]:
+  #   Returns the maximum retries.
+  # - {#max_retries=}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#max_retries=]:
+  #   Sets the maximum retries.
+  # - {:open_timeout}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#open_timeout]:
+  #   Returns the open timeout.
+  # - {:open_timeout=}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#open_timeout=]:
+  #   Sets the open timeout.
+  # - {:read_timeout}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#read_timeout]:
+  #   Returns the open timeout.
+  # - {:read_timeout=}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#read_timeout=]:
+  #   Sets the read timeout.
+  # - {:ssl_timeout}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#ssl_timeout]:
+  #   Returns the ssl timeout.
+  # - {:ssl_timeout=}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#ssl_timeout=]:
+  #   Sets the ssl timeout.
+  # - {:write_timeout}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#write_timeout]:
+  #   Returns the write timeout.
+  # - {write_timeout=}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#write_timeout=]:
+  #   Sets the write timeout.
+  #
+  # === Requests
+  #
+  # - {::get}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP.get]:
+  #   Sends a GET request and returns the string response body.
+  # - {::get_print}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP.get_print]:
+  #   Sends a GET request and write the string response body to $stdout.
+  # - {::get_response}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP.get_response]:
+  #   Sends a GET request and returns a response object.
+  # - {::post_form}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP.post_form]:
+  #   Sends a POST request with form data and returns a response object.
+  # - {::post}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP.post]:
+  #   Sends a POST request with data and returns a response object.
+  # - {#copy}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#copy]:
+  #   Sends a COPY request and returns a response object.
+  # - {#delete}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#delete]:
+  #   Sends a DELETE request and returns a response object.
+  # - {#get}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#get]:
+  #   Sends a GET request and returns a response object.
+  # - {#head}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#head]:
+  #   Sends a HEAD request and returns a response object.
+  # - {#lock}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#lock]:
+  #   Sends a LOCK request and returns a response object.
+  # - {#mkcol}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#mkcol]:
+  #   Sends a MKCOL request and returns a response object.
+  # - {#move}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#move]:
+  #   Sends a MOVE request and returns a response object.
+  # - {#options}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#options]:
+  #   Sends a OPTIONS request and returns a response object.
+  # - {#patch}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#patch]:
+  #   Sends a PATCH request and returns a response object.
+  # - {#post}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#post]:
+  #   Sends a POST request and returns a response object.
+  # - {#propfind}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#propfind]:
+  #   Sends a PROPFIND request and returns a response object.
+  # - {#proppatch}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#proppatch]:
+  #   Sends a PROPPATCH request and returns a response object.
+  # - {#put}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#put]:
+  #   Sends a PUT request and returns a response object.
+  # - {#request}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#request]:
+  #   Sends a request and returns a response object.
+  # - {#request_get}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#request_get]
+  #   (aliased as {#get2}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#get2]):
+  #   Sends a GET request and forms a response object;
+  #   if a block given, calls the block with the object,
+  #   otherwise returns the object.
+  # - {#request_head}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#request_head]
+  #   (aliased as {#head2}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#head2]):
+  #   Sends a HEAD request and forms a response object;
+  #   if a block given, calls the block with the object,
+  #   otherwise returns the object.
+  # - {#request_post}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#request_post]
+  #   (aliased as {#post2}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#post2]):
+  #   Sends a POST request and forms a response object;
+  #   if a block given, calls the block with the object,
+  #   otherwise returns the object.
+  # - {#send_request}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#send_request]:
+  #   Sends a request and returns a response object.
+  # - {#trace}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#trace]:
+  #   Sends a TRACE request and returns a response object.
+  # - {#unlock}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#unlock]:
+  #   Sends an UNLOCK request and returns a response object.
+  #
+  # === Responses
+  #
+  # - {:close_on_empty_response}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#close_on_empty_response]:
+  #   Returns whether to close connection on empty response.
+  # - {:close_on_empty_response=}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#close_on_empty_response=]:
+  #   Sets whether to close connection on empty response.
+  # - {:ignore_eof}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#ignore_eof]:
+  #   Returns whether to ignore end-of-file when reading a response body
+  #   with <tt>Content-Length</tt> headers.
+  # - {:ignore_eof=}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#ignore_eof=]:
+  #   Sets whether to ignore end-of-file when reading a response body
+  #   with <tt>Content-Length</tt> headers.
+  # - {:response_body_encoding}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#response_body_encoding]:
+  #   Returns the encoding to use for the response body.
+  # - {#response_body_encoding=}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#response_body_encoding=]:
+  #   Sets the response body encoding.
+  #
+  # === Proxies
+  #
+  # - {:proxy_address}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#proxy_address]:
+  #   Returns the proxy address.
+  # - {:proxy_address=}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#proxy_address=]:
+  #   Sets the proxy address.
+  # - {::proxy_class?}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP.proxy_class?]:
+  #   Returns whether +self+ is a proxy class.
+  # - {#proxy?}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#proxy?]:
+  #   Returns whether +self+ has a proxy.
+  # - {#proxy_address}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#proxy_address]
+  #   (aliased as {#proxyaddr}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#proxyaddr]):
+  #   Returns the proxy address.
+  # - {#proxy_from_env?}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#proxy_from_env?]:
+  #   Returns whether the proxy is taken from an environment variable.
+  # - {:proxy_from_env=}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#proxy_from_env=]:
+  #   Sets whether the proxy is to be taken from an environment variable.
+  # - {:proxy_pass}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#proxy_pass]:
+  #   Returns the proxy password.
+  # - {:proxy_pass=}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#proxy_pass=]:
+  #   Sets the proxy password.
+  # - {:proxy_port}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#proxy_port]:
+  #   Returns the proxy port.
+  # - {:proxy_port=}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#proxy_port=]:
+  #   Sets the proxy port.
+  # - {#proxy_user}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#proxy_user]:
+  #   Returns the proxy user name.
+  # - {:proxy_user=}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#proxy_user=]:
+  #   Sets the proxy user.
+  #
+  # === Security
+  #
+  # - {:ca_file}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#ca_file]:
+  #   Returns the path to a CA certification file.
+  # - {:ca_file=}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#ca_file=]:
+  #   Sets the path to a CA certification file.
+  # - {:ca_path}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#ca_path]:
+  #   Returns the path of to CA directory containing certification files.
+  # - {:ca_path=}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#ca_path=]:
+  #   Sets the path of to CA directory containing certification files.
+  # - {:cert}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#cert]:
+  #   Returns the OpenSSL::X509::Certificate object to be used for client certification.
+  # - {:cert=}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#cert=]:
+  #   Sets the OpenSSL::X509::Certificate object to be used for client certification.
+  # - {:cert_store}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#cert_store]:
+  #   Returns the X509::Store to be used for verifying peer certificate.
+  # - {:cert_store=}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#cert_store=]:
+  #   Sets the X509::Store to be used for verifying peer certificate.
+  # - {:ciphers}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#ciphers]:
+  #   Returns the available SSL ciphers.
+  # - {:ciphers=}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#ciphers=]:
+  #   Sets the available SSL ciphers.
+  # - {:extra_chain_cert}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#extra_chain_cert]:
+  #   Returns the extra X509 certificates to be added to the certificate chain.
+  # - {:extra_chain_cert=}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#extra_chain_cert=]:
+  #   Sets the extra X509 certificates to be added to the certificate chain.
+  # - {:key}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#key]:
+  #   Returns the OpenSSL::PKey::RSA or OpenSSL::PKey::DSA object.
+  # - {:key=}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#key=]:
+  #   Sets the OpenSSL::PKey::RSA or OpenSSL::PKey::DSA object.
+  # - {:max_version}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#max_version]:
+  #   Returns the maximum SSL version.
+  # - {:max_version=}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#max_version=]:
+  #   Sets the maximum SSL version.
+  # - {:min_version}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#min_version]:
+  #   Returns the minimum SSL version.
+  # - {:min_version=}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#min_version=]:
+  #   Sets the minimum SSL version.
+  # - {#peer_cert}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#peer_cert]:
+  #   Returns the X509 certificate chain for the session's socket peer.
+  # - {:ssl_version}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#ssl_version]:
+  #   Returns the SSL version.
+  # - {:ssl_version=}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#ssl_version=]:
+  #   Sets the SSL version.
+  # - {#use_ssl=}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#use_ssl=]:
+  #   Sets whether a new session is to use Transport Layer Security.
+  # - {#use_ssl?}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#use_ssl?]:
+  #   Returns whether +self+ uses SSL.
+  # - {:verify_callback}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#verify_callback]:
+  #   Returns the callback for the server certification verification.
+  # - {:verify_callback=}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#verify_callback=]:
+  #   Sets the callback for the server certification verification.
+  # - {:verify_depth}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#verify_depth]:
+  #   Returns the maximum depth for the certificate chain verification.
+  # - {:verify_depth=}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#verify_depth=]:
+  #   Sets the maximum depth for the certificate chain verification.
+  # - {:verify_hostname}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#verify_hostname]:
+  #   Returns the flags for server the certification verification at the beginning of the SSL/TLS session.
+  # - {:verify_hostname=}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#verify_hostname=]:
+  #   Sets he flags for server the certification verification at the beginning of the SSL/TLS session.
+  # - {:verify_mode}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#verify_mode]:
+  #   Returns the flags for server the certification verification at the beginning of the SSL/TLS session.
+  # - {:verify_mode=}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#verify_mode=]:
+  #   Sets the flags for server the certification verification at the beginning of the SSL/TLS session.
+  #
+  # === Addresses and Ports
+  #
+  # - {:address}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#address]:
+  #   Returns the string host name or host IP.
+  # - {::default_port}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP.default_port]:
+  #   Returns integer 80, the default port to use for HTTP requests.
+  # - {::http_default_port}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP.http_default_port]:
+  #   Returns integer 80, the default port to use for HTTP requests.
+  # - {::https_default_port}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP.https_default_port]:
+  #   Returns integer 443, the default port to use for HTTPS requests.
+  # - {#ipaddr}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#ipaddr]:
+  #   Returns the IP address for the connection.
+  # - {#ipaddr=}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#ipaddr=]:
+  #   Sets the IP address for the connection.
+  # - {:local_host}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#local_host]:
+  #   Returns the string local host used to establish the connection.
+  # - {:local_host=}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#local_host=]:
+  #   Sets the string local host used to establish the connection.
+  # - {:local_port}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#local_port]:
+  #   Returns the integer local port used to establish the connection.
+  # - {:local_port=}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#local_port=]:
+  #   Sets the integer local port used to establish the connection.
+  # - {:port}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#port]:
+  #   Returns the integer port number.
+  #
+  # === \HTTP Version
+  #
+  # - {::version_1_2?}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP.version_1_2?]
+  #   (aliased as {::is_version_1_2?}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP.is_version_1_2?]
+  #   and {::version_1_2}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP.version_1_2]):
+  #   Returns true; retained for compatibility.
+  #
+  # === Debugging
+  #
+  # - {#set_debug_output}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#set_debug_output]:
+  #   Sets the output stream for debugging.
+  #
+  class HTTP < Protocol
+
+    # :stopdoc:
+    VERSION = "0.4.1"
+    HTTPVersion = '1.1'
+    begin
+      require 'zlib'
+      HAVE_ZLIB=true
+    rescue LoadError
+      HAVE_ZLIB=false
+    end
+    # :startdoc:
+
+    # Returns +true+; retained for compatibility.
+    def HTTP.version_1_2
+      true
+    end
+
+    # Returns +true+; retained for compatibility.
+    def HTTP.version_1_2?
+      true
+    end
+
+    # Returns +false+; retained for compatibility.
+    def HTTP.version_1_1?  #:nodoc:
+      false
+    end
+
+    class << HTTP
+      alias is_version_1_1? version_1_1?   #:nodoc:
+      alias is_version_1_2? version_1_2?   #:nodoc:
+    end
+
+    # :call-seq:
+    #   Net::HTTP.get_print(hostname, path, port = 80) -> nil
+    #   Net::HTTP:get_print(uri, headers = {}, port = uri.port) -> nil
+    #
+    # Like Net::HTTP.get, but writes the returned body to $stdout;
+    # returns +nil+.
+    def HTTP.get_print(uri_or_host, path_or_headers = nil, port = nil)
+      get_response(uri_or_host, path_or_headers, port) {|res|
+        res.read_body do |chunk|
+          $stdout.print chunk
+        end
+      }
+      nil
+    end
+
+    # :call-seq:
+    #   Net::HTTP.get(hostname, path, port = 80) -> body
+    #   Net::HTTP:get(uri, headers = {}, port = uri.port) -> body
+    #
+    # Sends a GET request and returns the \HTTP response body as a string.
+    #
+    # With string arguments +hostname+ and +path+:
+    #
+    #   hostname = 'jsonplaceholder.typicode.com'
+    #   path = '/todos/1'
+    #   puts Net::HTTP.get(hostname, path)
+    #
+    # Output:
+    #
+    #   {
+    #     "userId": 1,
+    #     "id": 1,
+    #     "title": "delectus aut autem",
+    #     "completed": false
+    #   }
+    #
+    # With URI object +uri+ and optional hash argument +headers+:
+    #
+    #   uri = URI('https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/todos/1')
+    #   headers = {'Content-type' => 'application/json; charset=UTF-8'}
+    #   Net::HTTP.get(uri, headers)
+    #
+    # Related:
+    #
+    # - Net::HTTP::Get: request class for \HTTP method +GET+.
+    # - Net::HTTP#get: convenience method for \HTTP method +GET+.
+    #
+    def HTTP.get(uri_or_host, path_or_headers = nil, port = nil)
+      get_response(uri_or_host, path_or_headers, port).body
+    end
+
+    # :call-seq:
+    #   Net::HTTP.get_response(hostname, path, port = 80) -> http_response
+    #   Net::HTTP:get_response(uri, headers = {}, port = uri.port) -> http_response
+    #
+    # Like Net::HTTP.get, but returns a Net::HTTPResponse object
+    # instead of the body string.
+    def HTTP.get_response(uri_or_host, path_or_headers = nil, port = nil, &block)
+      if path_or_headers && !path_or_headers.is_a?(Hash)
+        host = uri_or_host
+        path = path_or_headers
+        new(host, port || HTTP.default_port).start {|http|
+          return http.request_get(path, &block)
+        }
+      else
+        uri = uri_or_host
+        headers = path_or_headers
+        start(uri.hostname, uri.port,
+              :use_ssl => uri.scheme == 'https') {|http|
+          return http.request_get(uri, headers, &block)
+        }
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Posts data to a host; returns a Net::HTTPResponse object.
+    #
+    # Argument +url+ must be a URL;
+    # argument +data+ must be a string:
+    #
+    #   _uri = uri.dup
+    #   _uri.path = '/posts'
+    #   data = '{"title": "foo", "body": "bar", "userId": 1}'
+    #   headers = {'content-type': 'application/json'}
+    #   res = Net::HTTP.post(_uri, data, headers) # => #<Net::HTTPCreated 201 Created readbody=true>
+    #   puts res.body
+    #
+    # Output:
+    #
+    #   {
+    #     "title": "foo",
+    #     "body": "bar",
+    #     "userId": 1,
+    #     "id": 101
+    #   }
+    #
+    # Related:
+    #
+    # - Net::HTTP::Post: request class for \HTTP method +POST+.
+    # - Net::HTTP#post: convenience method for \HTTP method +POST+.
+    #
+    def HTTP.post(url, data, header = nil)
+      start(url.hostname, url.port,
+            :use_ssl => url.scheme == 'https' ) {|http|
+        http.post(url, data, header)
+      }
+    end
+
+    # Posts data to a host; returns a Net::HTTPResponse object.
+    #
+    # Argument +url+ must be a URI;
+    # argument +data+ must be a hash:
+    #
+    #   _uri = uri.dup
+    #   _uri.path = '/posts'
+    #   data = {title: 'foo', body: 'bar', userId: 1}
+    #   res = Net::HTTP.post_form(_uri, data) # => #<Net::HTTPCreated 201 Created readbody=true>
+    #   puts res.body
+    #
+    # Output:
+    #
+    #   {
+    #     "title": "foo",
+    #     "body": "bar",
+    #     "userId": "1",
+    #     "id": 101
+    #   }
+    #
+    def HTTP.post_form(url, params)
+      req = Post.new(url)
+      req.form_data = params
+      req.basic_auth url.user, url.password if url.user
+      start(url.hostname, url.port,
+            :use_ssl => url.scheme == 'https' ) {|http|
+        http.request(req)
+      }
+    end
+
+    #
+    # \HTTP session management
+    #
+
+    # Returns integer +80+, the default port to use for \HTTP requests:
+    #
+    #   Net::HTTP.default_port # => 80
+    #
+    def HTTP.default_port
+      http_default_port()
+    end
+
+    # Returns integer +80+, the default port to use for \HTTP requests:
+    #
+    #   Net::HTTP.http_default_port # => 80
+    #
+    def HTTP.http_default_port
+      80
+    end
+
+    # Returns integer +443+, the default port to use for HTTPS requests:
+    #
+    #   Net::HTTP.https_default_port # => 443
+    #
+    def HTTP.https_default_port
+      443
+    end
+
+    def HTTP.socket_type   #:nodoc: obsolete
+      BufferedIO
+    end
+
+    # :call-seq:
+    #   HTTP.start(address, port = nil, p_addr = :ENV, p_port = nil, p_user = nil, p_pass = nil, opts) -> http
+    #   HTTP.start(address, port = nil, p_addr = :ENV, p_port = nil, p_user = nil, p_pass = nil, opts) {|http| ... } -> object
+    #
+    # Creates a new \Net::HTTP object, +http+, via \Net::HTTP.new:
+    #
+    # - For arguments +address+ and +port+, see Net::HTTP.new.
+    # - For proxy-defining arguments +p_addr+ through +p_pass+,
+    #   see {Proxy Server}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP@Proxy+Server].
+    # - For argument +opts+, see below.
+    #
+    # With no block given:
+    #
+    # - Calls <tt>http.start</tt> with no block (see #start),
+    #   which opens a TCP connection and \HTTP session.
+    # - Returns +http+.
+    # - The caller should call #finish to close the session:
+    #
+    #     http = Net::HTTP.start(hostname)
+    #     http.started? # => true
+    #     http.finish
+    #     http.started? # => false
+    #
+    # With a block given:
+    #
+    # - Calls <tt>http.start</tt> with the block (see #start), which:
+    #
+    #   - Opens a TCP connection and \HTTP session.
+    #   - Calls the block,
+    #     which may make any number of requests to the host.
+    #   - Closes the \HTTP session and TCP connection on block exit.
+    #   - Returns the block's value +object+.
+    #
+    # - Returns +object+.
+    #
+    # Example:
+    #
+    #   hostname = 'jsonplaceholder.typicode.com'
+    #   Net::HTTP.start(hostname) do |http|
+    #     puts http.get('/todos/1').body
+    #     puts http.get('/todos/2').body
+    #   end
+    #
+    # Output:
+    #
+    #   {
+    #     "userId": 1,
+    #     "id": 1,
+    #     "title": "delectus aut autem",
+    #     "completed": false
+    #   }
+    #   {
+    #     "userId": 1,
+    #     "id": 2,
+    #     "title": "quis ut nam facilis et officia qui",
+    #     "completed": false
+    #   }
+    #
+    # If the last argument given is a hash, it is the +opts+ hash,
+    # where each key is a method or accessor to be called,
+    # and its value is the value to be set.
+    #
+    # The keys may include:
+    #
+    # - #ca_file
+    # - #ca_path
+    # - #cert
+    # - #cert_store
+    # - #ciphers
+    # - #close_on_empty_response
+    # - +ipaddr+ (calls #ipaddr=)
+    # - #keep_alive_timeout
+    # - #key
+    # - #open_timeout
+    # - #read_timeout
+    # - #ssl_timeout
+    # - #ssl_version
+    # - +use_ssl+ (calls #use_ssl=)
+    # - #verify_callback
+    # - #verify_depth
+    # - #verify_mode
+    # - #write_timeout
+    #
+    # Note: If +port+ is +nil+ and <tt>opts[:use_ssl]</tt> is a truthy value,
+    # the value passed to +new+ is Net::HTTP.https_default_port, not +port+.
+    #
+    def HTTP.start(address, *arg, &block) # :yield: +http+
+      arg.pop if opt = Hash.try_convert(arg[-1])
+      port, p_addr, p_port, p_user, p_pass = *arg
+      p_addr = :ENV if arg.size < 2
+      port = https_default_port if !port && opt && opt[:use_ssl]
+      http = new(address, port, p_addr, p_port, p_user, p_pass)
+      http.ipaddr = opt[:ipaddr] if opt && opt[:ipaddr]
+
+      if opt
+        if opt[:use_ssl]
+          opt = {verify_mode: OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_PEER}.update(opt)
+        end
+        http.methods.grep(/\A(\w+)=\z/) do |meth|
+          key = $1.to_sym
+          opt.key?(key) or next
+          http.__send__(meth, opt[key])
+        end
+      end
+
+      http.start(&block)
+    end
+
+    class << HTTP
+      alias newobj new # :nodoc:
+    end
+
+    # Returns a new \Net::HTTP object +http+
+    # (but does not open a TCP connection or \HTTP session).
+    #
+    # With only string argument +address+ given
+    # (and <tt>ENV['http_proxy']</tt> undefined or +nil+),
+    # the returned +http+:
+    #
+    # - Has the given address.
+    # - Has the default port number, Net::HTTP.default_port (80).
+    # - Has no proxy.
+    #
+    # Example:
+    #
+    #   http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
+    #   # => #<Net::HTTP jsonplaceholder.typicode.com:80 open=false>
+    #   http.address # => "jsonplaceholder.typicode.com"
+    #   http.port    # => 80
+    #   http.proxy?  # => false
+    #
+    # With integer argument +port+ also given,
+    # the returned +http+ has the given port:
+    #
+    #   http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname, 8000)
+    #   # => #<Net::HTTP jsonplaceholder.typicode.com:8000 open=false>
+    #   http.port # => 8000
+    #
+    # For proxy-defining arguments +p_addr+ through +p_no_proxy+,
+    # see {Proxy Server}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP@Proxy+Server].
+    #
+    def HTTP.new(address, port = nil, p_addr = :ENV, p_port = nil, p_user = nil, p_pass = nil, p_no_proxy = nil)
+      http = super address, port
+
+      if proxy_class? then # from Net::HTTP::Proxy()
+        http.proxy_from_env = @proxy_from_env
+        http.proxy_address  = @proxy_address
+        http.proxy_port     = @proxy_port
+        http.proxy_user     = @proxy_user
+        http.proxy_pass     = @proxy_pass
+      elsif p_addr == :ENV then
+        http.proxy_from_env = true
+      else
+        if p_addr && p_no_proxy && !URI::Generic.use_proxy?(address, address, port, p_no_proxy)
+          p_addr = nil
+          p_port = nil
+        end
+        http.proxy_address = p_addr
+        http.proxy_port    = p_port || default_port
+        http.proxy_user    = p_user
+        http.proxy_pass    = p_pass
+      end
+
+      http
+    end
+
+    # Creates a new \Net::HTTP object for the specified server address,
+    # without opening the TCP connection or initializing the \HTTP session.
+    # The +address+ should be a DNS hostname or IP address.
+    def initialize(address, port = nil) # :nodoc:
+      @address = address
+      @port    = (port || HTTP.default_port)
+      @ipaddr = nil
+      @local_host = nil
+      @local_port = nil
+      @curr_http_version = HTTPVersion
+      @keep_alive_timeout = 2
+      @last_communicated = nil
+      @close_on_empty_response = false
+      @socket  = nil
+      @started = false
+      @open_timeout = 60
+      @read_timeout = 60
+      @write_timeout = 60
+      @continue_timeout = nil
+      @max_retries = 1
+      @debug_output = nil
+      @response_body_encoding = false
+      @ignore_eof = true
+
+      @proxy_from_env = false
+      @proxy_uri      = nil
+      @proxy_address  = nil
+      @proxy_port     = nil
+      @proxy_user     = nil
+      @proxy_pass     = nil
+
+      @use_ssl = false
+      @ssl_context = nil
+      @ssl_session = nil
+      @sspi_enabled = false
+      SSL_IVNAMES.each do |ivname|
+        instance_variable_set ivname, nil
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Returns a string representation of +self+:
+    #
+    #   Net::HTTP.new(hostname).inspect
+    #   # => "#<Net::HTTP jsonplaceholder.typicode.com:80 open=false>"
+    #
+    def inspect
+      "#<#{self.class} #{@address}:#{@port} open=#{started?}>"
+    end
+
+    # *WARNING* This method opens a serious security hole.
+    # Never use this method in production code.
+    #
+    # Sets the output stream for debugging:
+    #
+    #   http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
+    #   File.open('t.tmp', 'w') do |file|
+    #     http.set_debug_output(file)
+    #     http.start
+    #     http.get('/nosuch/1')
+    #     http.finish
+    #   end
+    #   puts File.read('t.tmp')
+    #
+    # Output:
+    #
+    #   opening connection to jsonplaceholder.typicode.com:80...
+    #   opened
+    #   <- "GET /nosuch/1 HTTP/1.1\r\nAccept-Encoding: gzip;q=1.0,deflate;q=0.6,identity;q=0.3\r\nAccept: */*\r\nUser-Agent: Ruby\r\nHost: jsonplaceholder.typicode.com\r\n\r\n"
+    #   -> "HTTP/1.1 404 Not Found\r\n"
+    #   -> "Date: Mon, 12 Dec 2022 21:14:11 GMT\r\n"
+    #   -> "Content-Type: application/json; charset=utf-8\r\n"
+    #   -> "Content-Length: 2\r\n"
+    #   -> "Connection: keep-alive\r\n"
+    #   -> "X-Powered-By: Express\r\n"
+    #   -> "X-Ratelimit-Limit: 1000\r\n"
+    #   -> "X-Ratelimit-Remaining: 999\r\n"
+    #   -> "X-Ratelimit-Reset: 1670879660\r\n"
+    #   -> "Vary: Origin, Accept-Encoding\r\n"
+    #   -> "Access-Control-Allow-Credentials: true\r\n"
+    #   -> "Cache-Control: max-age=43200\r\n"
+    #   -> "Pragma: no-cache\r\n"
+    #   -> "Expires: -1\r\n"
+    #   -> "X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff\r\n"
+    #   -> "Etag: W/\"2-vyGp6PvFo4RvsFtPoIWeCReyIC8\"\r\n"
+    #   -> "Via: 1.1 vegur\r\n"
+    #   -> "CF-Cache-Status: MISS\r\n"
+    #   -> "Server-Timing: cf-q-config;dur=1.3000000762986e-05\r\n"
+    #   -> "Report-To: {\"endpoints\":[{\"url\":\"https:\\/\\/a.nel.cloudflare.com\\/report\\/v3?s=yOr40jo%2BwS1KHzhTlVpl54beJ5Wx2FcG4gGV0XVrh3X9OlR5q4drUn2dkt5DGO4GDcE%2BVXT7CNgJvGs%2BZleIyMu8CLieFiDIvOviOY3EhHg94m0ZNZgrEdpKD0S85S507l1vsEwEHkoTm%2Ff19SiO\"}],\"group\":\"cf-nel\",\"max_age\":604800}\r\n"
+    #   -> "NEL: {\"success_fraction\":0,\"report_to\":\"cf-nel\",\"max_age\":604800}\r\n"
+    #   -> "Server: cloudflare\r\n"
+    #   -> "CF-RAY: 778977dc484ce591-DFW\r\n"
+    #   -> "alt-svc: h3=\":443\"; ma=86400, h3-29=\":443\"; ma=86400\r\n"
+    #   -> "\r\n"
+    #   reading 2 bytes...
+    #   -> "{}"
+    #   read 2 bytes
+    #   Conn keep-alive
+    #
+    def set_debug_output(output)
+      warn 'Net::HTTP#set_debug_output called after HTTP started', uplevel: 1 if started?
+      @debug_output = output
+    end
+
+    # Returns the string host name or host IP given as argument +address+ in ::new.
+    attr_reader :address
+
+    # Returns the integer port number given as argument +port+ in ::new.
+    attr_reader :port
+
+    # Sets or returns the string local host used to establish the connection;
+    # initially +nil+.
+    attr_accessor :local_host
+
+    # Sets or returns the integer local port used to establish the connection;
+    # initially +nil+.
+    attr_accessor :local_port
+
+    # Returns the encoding to use for the response body;
+    # see #response_body_encoding=.
+    attr_reader :response_body_encoding
+
+    # Sets the encoding to be used for the response body;
+    # returns the encoding.
+    #
+    # The given +value+ may be:
+    #
+    # - An Encoding object.
+    # - The name of an encoding.
+    # - An alias for an encoding name.
+    #
+    # See {Encoding}[https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/Encoding.html].
+    #
+    # Examples:
+    #
+    #   http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
+    #   http.response_body_encoding = Encoding::US_ASCII # => #<Encoding:US-ASCII>
+    #   http.response_body_encoding = 'US-ASCII'         # => "US-ASCII"
+    #   http.response_body_encoding = 'ASCII'            # => "ASCII"
+    #
+    def response_body_encoding=(value)
+      value = Encoding.find(value) if value.is_a?(String)
+      @response_body_encoding = value
+    end
+
+    # Sets whether to determine the proxy from environment variable
+    # '<tt>ENV['http_proxy']</tt>';
+    # see {Proxy Using ENV['http_proxy']}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP@Proxy+Using+-27ENV-5B-27http_proxy-27-5D-27].
+    attr_writer :proxy_from_env
+
+    # Sets the proxy address;
+    # see {Proxy Server}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP@Proxy+Server].
+    attr_writer :proxy_address
+
+    # Sets the proxy port;
+    # see {Proxy Server}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP@Proxy+Server].
+    attr_writer :proxy_port
+
+    # Sets the proxy user;
+    # see {Proxy Server}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP@Proxy+Server].
+    attr_writer :proxy_user
+
+    # Sets the proxy password;
+    # see {Proxy Server}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP@Proxy+Server].
+    attr_writer :proxy_pass
+
+    # Returns the IP address for the connection.
+    #
+    # If the session has not been started,
+    # returns the value set by #ipaddr=,
+    # or +nil+ if it has not been set:
+    #
+    #   http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
+    #   http.ipaddr # => nil
+    #   http.ipaddr = '172.67.155.76'
+    #   http.ipaddr # => "172.67.155.76"
+    #
+    # If the session has been started,
+    # returns the IP address from the socket:
+    #
+    #   http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
+    #   http.start
+    #   http.ipaddr # => "172.67.155.76"
+    #   http.finish
+    #
+    def ipaddr
+      started? ?  @socket.io.peeraddr[3] : @ipaddr
+    end
+
+    # Sets the IP address for the connection:
+    #
+    #   http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
+    #   http.ipaddr # => nil
+    #   http.ipaddr = '172.67.155.76'
+    #   http.ipaddr # => "172.67.155.76"
+    #
+    # The IP address may not be set if the session has been started.
+    def ipaddr=(addr)
+      raise IOError, "ipaddr value changed, but session already started" if started?
+      @ipaddr = addr
+    end
+
+    # Sets or returns the numeric (\Integer or \Float) number of seconds
+    # to wait for a connection to open;
+    # initially 60.
+    # If the connection is not made in the given interval,
+    # an exception is raised.
+    attr_accessor :open_timeout
+
+    # Returns the numeric (\Integer or \Float) number of seconds
+    # to wait for one block to be read (via one read(2) call);
+    # see #read_timeout=.
+    attr_reader :read_timeout
+
+    # Returns the numeric (\Integer or \Float) number of seconds
+    # to wait for one block to be written (via one write(2) call);
+    # see #write_timeout=.
+    attr_reader :write_timeout
+
+    # Sets the maximum number of times to retry an idempotent request in case of
+    # \Net::ReadTimeout, IOError, EOFError, Errno::ECONNRESET,
+    # Errno::ECONNABORTED, Errno::EPIPE, OpenSSL::SSL::SSLError,
+    # Timeout::Error.
+    # The initial value is 1.
+    #
+    # Argument +retries+ must be a non-negative numeric value:
+    #
+    #   http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
+    #   http.max_retries = 2   # => 2
+    #   http.max_retries       # => 2
+    #
+    def max_retries=(retries)
+      retries = retries.to_int
+      if retries < 0
+        raise ArgumentError, 'max_retries should be non-negative integer number'
+      end
+      @max_retries = retries
+    end
+
+    # Returns the maximum number of times to retry an idempotent request;
+    # see #max_retries=.
+    attr_reader :max_retries
+
+    # Sets the read timeout, in seconds, for +self+ to integer +sec+;
+    # the initial value is 60.
+    #
+    # Argument +sec+ must be a non-negative numeric value:
+    #
+    #   http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
+    #   http.read_timeout # => 60
+    #   http.get('/todos/1') # => #<Net::HTTPOK 200 OK readbody=true>
+    #   http.read_timeout = 0
+    #   http.get('/todos/1') # Raises Net::ReadTimeout.
+    #
+    def read_timeout=(sec)
+      @socket.read_timeout = sec if @socket
+      @read_timeout = sec
+    end
+
+    # Sets the write timeout, in seconds, for +self+ to integer +sec+;
+    # the initial value is 60.
+    #
+    # Argument +sec+ must be a non-negative numeric value:
+    #
+    #   _uri = uri.dup
+    #   _uri.path = '/posts'
+    #   body = 'bar' * 200000
+    #   data = <<EOF
+    #   {"title": "foo", "body": "#{body}", "userId": "1"}
+    #   EOF
+    #   headers = {'content-type': 'application/json'}
+    #   http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
+    #   http.write_timeout # => 60
+    #   http.post(_uri.path, data, headers)
+    #   # => #<Net::HTTPCreated 201 Created readbody=true>
+    #   http.write_timeout = 0
+    #   http.post(_uri.path, data, headers) # Raises Net::WriteTimeout.
+    #
+    def write_timeout=(sec)
+      @socket.write_timeout = sec if @socket
+      @write_timeout = sec
+    end
+
+    # Returns the continue timeout value;
+    # see continue_timeout=.
+    attr_reader :continue_timeout
+
+    # Sets the continue timeout value,
+    # which is the number of seconds to wait for an expected 100 Continue response.
+    # If the \HTTP object does not receive a response in this many seconds
+    # it sends the request body.
+    def continue_timeout=(sec)
+      @socket.continue_timeout = sec if @socket
+      @continue_timeout = sec
+    end
+
+    # Sets or returns the numeric (\Integer or \Float) number of seconds
+    # to keep the connection open after a request is sent;
+    # initially 2.
+    # If a new request is made during the given interval,
+    # the still-open connection is used;
+    # otherwise the connection will have been closed
+    # and a new connection is opened.
+    attr_accessor :keep_alive_timeout
+
+    # Sets or returns whether to ignore end-of-file when reading a response body
+    # with <tt>Content-Length</tt> headers;
+    # initially +true+.
+    attr_accessor :ignore_eof
+
+    # Returns +true+ if the \HTTP session has been started:
+    #
+    #   http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
+    #   http.started? # => false
+    #   http.start
+    #   http.started? # => true
+    #   http.finish # => nil
+    #   http.started? # => false
+    #
+    #   Net::HTTP.start(hostname) do |http|
+    #     http.started?
+    #   end # => true
+    #   http.started? # => false
+    #
+    def started?
+      @started
+    end
+
+    alias active? started?   #:nodoc: obsolete
+
+    # Sets or returns whether to close the connection when the response is empty;
+    # initially +false+.
+    attr_accessor :close_on_empty_response
+
+    # Returns +true+ if +self+ uses SSL, +false+ otherwise.
+    # See Net::HTTP#use_ssl=.
+    def use_ssl?
+      @use_ssl
+    end
+
+    # Sets whether a new session is to use
+    # {Transport Layer Security}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security]:
+    #
+    # Raises IOError if attempting to change during a session.
+    #
+    # Raises OpenSSL::SSL::SSLError if the port is not an HTTPS port.
+    def use_ssl=(flag)
+      flag = flag ? true : false
+      if started? and @use_ssl != flag
+        raise IOError, "use_ssl value changed, but session already started"
+      end
+      @use_ssl = flag
+    end
+
+    SSL_IVNAMES = [
+      :@ca_file,
+      :@ca_path,
+      :@cert,
+      :@cert_store,
+      :@ciphers,
+      :@extra_chain_cert,
+      :@key,
+      :@ssl_timeout,
+      :@ssl_version,
+      :@min_version,
+      :@max_version,
+      :@verify_callback,
+      :@verify_depth,
+      :@verify_mode,
+      :@verify_hostname,
+    ] # :nodoc:
+    SSL_ATTRIBUTES = [
+      :ca_file,
+      :ca_path,
+      :cert,
+      :cert_store,
+      :ciphers,
+      :extra_chain_cert,
+      :key,
+      :ssl_timeout,
+      :ssl_version,
+      :min_version,
+      :max_version,
+      :verify_callback,
+      :verify_depth,
+      :verify_mode,
+      :verify_hostname,
+    ] # :nodoc:
+
+    # Sets or returns the path to a CA certification file in PEM format.
+    attr_accessor :ca_file
+
+    # Sets or returns the path of to CA directory
+    # containing certification files in PEM format.
+    attr_accessor :ca_path
+
+    # Sets or returns the OpenSSL::X509::Certificate object
+    # to be used for client certification.
+    attr_accessor :cert
+
+    # Sets or returns the X509::Store to be used for verifying peer certificate.
+    attr_accessor :cert_store
+
+    # Sets or returns the available SSL ciphers.
+    # See {OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext#ciphers=}[https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/OpenSSL/SSL/SSLContext.html#method-i-ciphers-3D].
+    attr_accessor :ciphers
+
+    # Sets or returns the extra X509 certificates to be added to the certificate chain.
+    # See {OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext#add_certificate}[https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/OpenSSL/SSL/SSLContext.html#method-i-add_certificate].
+    attr_accessor :extra_chain_cert
+
+    # Sets or returns the OpenSSL::PKey::RSA or OpenSSL::PKey::DSA object.
+    attr_accessor :key
+
+    # Sets or returns the SSL timeout seconds.
+    attr_accessor :ssl_timeout
+
+    # Sets or returns the SSL version.
+    # See {OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext#ssl_version=}[https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/OpenSSL/SSL/SSLContext.html#method-i-ssl_version-3D].
+    attr_accessor :ssl_version
+
+    # Sets or returns the minimum SSL version.
+    # See {OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext#min_version=}[https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/OpenSSL/SSL/SSLContext.html#method-i-min_version-3D].
+    attr_accessor :min_version
+
+    # Sets or returns the maximum SSL version.
+    # See {OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext#max_version=}[https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/OpenSSL/SSL/SSLContext.html#method-i-max_version-3D].
+    attr_accessor :max_version
+
+    # Sets or returns the callback for the server certification verification.
+    attr_accessor :verify_callback
+
+    # Sets or returns the maximum depth for the certificate chain verification.
+    attr_accessor :verify_depth
+
+    # Sets or returns the flags for server the certification verification
+    # at the beginning of the SSL/TLS session.
+    # OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_NONE or OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_PEER are acceptable.
+    attr_accessor :verify_mode
+
+    # Sets or returns whether to verify that the server certificate is valid
+    # for the hostname.
+    # See {OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext#verify_hostname=}[https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/OpenSSL/SSL/SSLContext.html#attribute-i-verify_mode].
+    attr_accessor :verify_hostname
+
+    # Returns the X509 certificate chain (an array of strings)
+    # for the session's socket peer,
+    # or +nil+ if none.
+    def peer_cert
+      if not use_ssl? or not @socket
+        return nil
+      end
+      @socket.io.peer_cert
+    end
+
+    # Starts an \HTTP session.
+    #
+    # Without a block, returns +self+:
+    #
+    #   http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
+    #   # => #<Net::HTTP jsonplaceholder.typicode.com:80 open=false>
+    #   http.start
+    #   # => #<Net::HTTP jsonplaceholder.typicode.com:80 open=true>
+    #   http.started? # => true
+    #   http.finish
+    #
+    # With a block, calls the block with +self+,
+    # finishes the session when the block exits,
+    # and returns the block's value:
+    #
+    #   http.start do |http|
+    #     http
+    #   end
+    #   # => #<Net::HTTP jsonplaceholder.typicode.com:80 open=false>
+    #   http.started? # => false
+    #
+    def start  # :yield: http
+      raise IOError, 'HTTP session already opened' if @started
+      if block_given?
+        begin
+          do_start
+          return yield(self)
+        ensure
+          do_finish
+        end
+      end
+      do_start
+      self
+    end
+
+    def do_start
+      connect
+      @started = true
+    end
+    private :do_start
+
+    def connect
+      if use_ssl?
+        # reference early to load OpenSSL before connecting,
+        # as OpenSSL may take time to load.
+        @ssl_context = OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext.new
+      end
+
+      if proxy? then
+        conn_addr = proxy_address
+        conn_port = proxy_port
+      else
+        conn_addr = conn_address
+        conn_port = port
+      end
+
+      debug "opening connection to #{conn_addr}:#{conn_port}..."
+      s = Timeout.timeout(@open_timeout, Net::OpenTimeout) {
+        begin
+          TCPSocket.open(conn_addr, conn_port, @local_host, @local_port)
+        rescue => e
+          raise e, "Failed to open TCP connection to " +
+            "#{conn_addr}:#{conn_port} (#{e.message})"
+        end
+      }
+      s.setsockopt(Socket::IPPROTO_TCP, Socket::TCP_NODELAY, 1)
+      debug "opened"
+      if use_ssl?
+        if proxy?
+          plain_sock = BufferedIO.new(s, read_timeout: @read_timeout,
+                                      write_timeout: @write_timeout,
+                                      continue_timeout: @continue_timeout,
+                                      debug_output: @debug_output)
+          buf = +"CONNECT #{conn_address}:#{@port} HTTP/#{HTTPVersion}\r\n" \
+            "Host: #{@address}:#{@port}\r\n"
+          if proxy_user
+            credential = ["#{proxy_user}:#{proxy_pass}"].pack('m0')
+            buf << "Proxy-Authorization: Basic #{credential}\r\n"
+          end
+          buf << "\r\n"
+          plain_sock.write(buf)
+          HTTPResponse.read_new(plain_sock).value
+          # assuming nothing left in buffers after successful CONNECT response
+        end
+
+        ssl_parameters = Hash.new
+        iv_list = instance_variables
+        SSL_IVNAMES.each_with_index do |ivname, i|
+          if iv_list.include?(ivname)
+            value = instance_variable_get(ivname)
+            unless value.nil?
+              ssl_parameters[SSL_ATTRIBUTES[i]] = value
+            end
+          end
+        end
+        @ssl_context.set_params(ssl_parameters)
+        unless @ssl_context.session_cache_mode.nil? # a dummy method on JRuby
+          @ssl_context.session_cache_mode =
+              OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext::SESSION_CACHE_CLIENT |
+                  OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext::SESSION_CACHE_NO_INTERNAL_STORE
+        end
+        if @ssl_context.respond_to?(:session_new_cb) # not implemented under JRuby
+          @ssl_context.session_new_cb = proc {|sock, sess| @ssl_session = sess }
+        end
+
+        # Still do the post_connection_check below even if connecting
+        # to IP address
+        verify_hostname = @ssl_context.verify_hostname
+
+        # Server Name Indication (SNI) RFC 3546/6066
+        case @address
+        when Resolv::IPv4::Regex, Resolv::IPv6::Regex
+          # don't set SNI, as IP addresses in SNI is not valid
+          # per RFC 6066, section 3.
+
+          # Avoid openssl warning
+          @ssl_context.verify_hostname = false
+        else
+          ssl_host_address = @address
+        end
+
+        debug "starting SSL for #{conn_addr}:#{conn_port}..."
+        s = OpenSSL::SSL::SSLSocket.new(s, @ssl_context)
+        s.sync_close = true
+        s.hostname = ssl_host_address if s.respond_to?(:hostname=) && ssl_host_address
+
+        if @ssl_session and
+           Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_REALTIME) < @ssl_session.time.to_f + @ssl_session.timeout
+          s.session = @ssl_session
+        end
+        ssl_socket_connect(s, @open_timeout)
+        if (@ssl_context.verify_mode != OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_NONE) && verify_hostname
+          s.post_connection_check(@address)
+        end
+        debug "SSL established, protocol: #{s.ssl_version}, cipher: #{s.cipher[0]}"
+      end
+      @socket = BufferedIO.new(s, read_timeout: @read_timeout,
+                               write_timeout: @write_timeout,
+                               continue_timeout: @continue_timeout,
+                               debug_output: @debug_output)
+      @last_communicated = nil
+      on_connect
+    rescue => exception
+      if s
+        debug "Conn close because of connect error #{exception}"
+        s.close
+      end
+      raise
+    end
+    private :connect
+
+    def on_connect
+    end
+    private :on_connect
+
+    # Finishes the \HTTP session:
+    #
+    #   http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
+    #   http.start
+    #   http.started? # => true
+    #   http.finish   # => nil
+    #   http.started? # => false
+    #
+    # Raises IOError if not in a session.
+    def finish
+      raise IOError, 'HTTP session not yet started' unless started?
+      do_finish
+    end
+
+    def do_finish
+      @started = false
+      @socket.close if @socket
+      @socket = nil
+    end
+    private :do_finish
+
+    #
+    # proxy
+    #
+
+    public
+
+    # no proxy
+    @is_proxy_class = false
+    @proxy_from_env = false
+    @proxy_addr = nil
+    @proxy_port = nil
+    @proxy_user = nil
+    @proxy_pass = nil
+
+    # Creates an \HTTP proxy class which behaves like \Net::HTTP, but
+    # performs all access via the specified proxy.
+    #
+    # This class is obsolete.  You may pass these same parameters directly to
+    # \Net::HTTP.new.  See Net::HTTP.new for details of the arguments.
+    def HTTP.Proxy(p_addr = :ENV, p_port = nil, p_user = nil, p_pass = nil) #:nodoc:
+      return self unless p_addr
+
+      Class.new(self) {
+        @is_proxy_class = true
+
+        if p_addr == :ENV then
+          @proxy_from_env = true
+          @proxy_address = nil
+          @proxy_port    = nil
+        else
+          @proxy_from_env = false
+          @proxy_address = p_addr
+          @proxy_port    = p_port || default_port
+        end
+
+        @proxy_user = p_user
+        @proxy_pass = p_pass
+      }
+    end
+
+    class << HTTP
+      # Returns true if self is a class which was created by HTTP::Proxy.
+      def proxy_class?
+        defined?(@is_proxy_class) ? @is_proxy_class : false
+      end
+
+      # Returns the address of the proxy host, or +nil+ if none;
+      # see Net::HTTP@Proxy+Server.
+      attr_reader :proxy_address
+
+      # Returns the port number of the proxy host, or +nil+ if none;
+      # see Net::HTTP@Proxy+Server.
+      attr_reader :proxy_port
+
+      # Returns the user name for accessing the proxy, or +nil+ if none;
+      # see Net::HTTP@Proxy+Server.
+      attr_reader :proxy_user
+
+      # Returns the password for accessing the proxy, or +nil+ if none;
+      # see Net::HTTP@Proxy+Server.
+      attr_reader :proxy_pass
+    end
+
+    # Returns +true+ if a proxy server is defined, +false+ otherwise;
+    # see {Proxy Server}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP@Proxy+Server].
+    def proxy?
+      !!(@proxy_from_env ? proxy_uri : @proxy_address)
+    end
+
+    # Returns +true+ if the proxy server is defined in the environment,
+    # +false+ otherwise;
+    # see {Proxy Server}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP@Proxy+Server].
+    def proxy_from_env?
+      @proxy_from_env
+    end
+
+    # The proxy URI determined from the environment for this connection.
+    def proxy_uri # :nodoc:
+      return if @proxy_uri == false
+      @proxy_uri ||= URI::HTTP.new(
+        "http", nil, address, port, nil, nil, nil, nil, nil
+      ).find_proxy || false
+      @proxy_uri || nil
+    end
+
+    # Returns the address of the proxy server, if defined, +nil+ otherwise;
+    # see {Proxy Server}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP@Proxy+Server].
+    def proxy_address
+      if @proxy_from_env then
+        proxy_uri&.hostname
+      else
+        @proxy_address
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Returns the port number of the proxy server, if defined, +nil+ otherwise;
+    # see {Proxy Server}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP@Proxy+Server].
+    def proxy_port
+      if @proxy_from_env then
+        proxy_uri&.port
+      else
+        @proxy_port
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Returns the user name of the proxy server, if defined, +nil+ otherwise;
+    # see {Proxy Server}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP@Proxy+Server].
+    def proxy_user
+      if @proxy_from_env
+        user = proxy_uri&.user
+        unescape(user) if user
+      else
+        @proxy_user
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Returns the password of the proxy server, if defined, +nil+ otherwise;
+    # see {Proxy Server}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP@Proxy+Server].
+    def proxy_pass
+      if @proxy_from_env
+        pass = proxy_uri&.password
+        unescape(pass) if pass
+      else
+        @proxy_pass
+      end
+    end
+
+    alias proxyaddr proxy_address   #:nodoc: obsolete
+    alias proxyport proxy_port      #:nodoc: obsolete
+
+    private
+
+    def unescape(value)
+      require 'cgi/util'
+      CGI.unescape(value)
+    end
+
+    # without proxy, obsolete
+
+    def conn_address # :nodoc:
+      @ipaddr || address()
+    end
+
+    def conn_port # :nodoc:
+      port()
+    end
+
+    def edit_path(path)
+      if proxy?
+        if path.start_with?("ftp://") || use_ssl?
+          path
+        else
+          "http://#{addr_port}#{path}"
+        end
+      else
+        path
+      end
+    end
+
+    #
+    # HTTP operations
+    #
+
+    public
+
+    # :call-seq:
+    #    get(path, initheader = nil) {|res| ... }
+    #
+    # Sends a GET request to the server;
+    # returns an instance of a subclass of Net::HTTPResponse.
+    #
+    # The request is based on the Net::HTTP::Get object
+    # created from string +path+ and initial headers hash +initheader+.
+    #
+    # With a block given, calls the block with the response body:
+    #
+    #   http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
+    #   http.get('/todos/1') do |res|
+    #     p res
+    #   end # => #<Net::HTTPOK 200 OK readbody=true>
+    #
+    # Output:
+    #
+    #   "{\n  \"userId\": 1,\n  \"id\": 1,\n  \"title\": \"delectus aut autem\",\n  \"completed\": false\n}"
+    #
+    # With no block given, simply returns the response object:
+    #
+    #   http.get('/') # => #<Net::HTTPOK 200 OK readbody=true>
+    #
+    # Related:
+    #
+    # - Net::HTTP::Get: request class for \HTTP method GET.
+    # - Net::HTTP.get: sends GET request, returns response body.
+    #
+    def get(path, initheader = nil, dest = nil, &block) # :yield: +body_segment+
+      res = nil
+
+      request(Get.new(path, initheader)) {|r|
+        r.read_body dest, &block
+        res = r
+      }
+      res
+    end
+
+    # Sends a HEAD request to the server;
+    # returns an instance of a subclass of Net::HTTPResponse.
+    #
+    # The request is based on the Net::HTTP::Head object
+    # created from string +path+ and initial headers hash +initheader+:
+    #
+    #   res = http.head('/todos/1') # => #<Net::HTTPOK 200 OK readbody=true>
+    #   res.body                    # => nil
+    #   res.to_hash.take(3)
+    #   # =>
+    #   [["date", ["Wed, 15 Feb 2023 15:25:42 GMT"]],
+    #    ["content-type", ["application/json; charset=utf-8"]],
+    #    ["connection", ["close"]]]
+    #
+    def head(path, initheader = nil)
+      request(Head.new(path, initheader))
+    end
+
+    # :call-seq:
+    #    post(path, data, initheader = nil) {|res| ... }
+    #
+    # Sends a POST request to the server;
+    # returns an instance of a subclass of Net::HTTPResponse.
+    #
+    # The request is based on the Net::HTTP::Post object
+    # created from string +path+, string +data+, and initial headers hash +initheader+.
+    #
+    # With a block given, calls the block with the response body:
+    #
+    #   data = '{"userId": 1, "id": 1, "title": "delectus aut autem", "completed": false}'
+    #   http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
+    #   http.post('/todos', data) do |res|
+    #     p res
+    #   end # => #<Net::HTTPCreated 201 Created readbody=true>
+    #
+    # Output:
+    #
+    #   "{\n  \"{\\\"userId\\\": 1, \\\"id\\\": 1, \\\"title\\\": \\\"delectus aut autem\\\", \\\"completed\\\": false}\": \"\",\n  \"id\": 201\n}"
+    #
+    # With no block given, simply returns the response object:
+    #
+    #   http.post('/todos', data) # => #<Net::HTTPCreated 201 Created readbody=true>
+    #
+    # Related:
+    #
+    # - Net::HTTP::Post: request class for \HTTP method POST.
+    # - Net::HTTP.post: sends POST request, returns response body.
+    #
+    def post(path, data, initheader = nil, dest = nil, &block) # :yield: +body_segment+
+      send_entity(path, data, initheader, dest, Post, &block)
+    end
+
+    # :call-seq:
+    #    patch(path, data, initheader = nil) {|res| ... }
+    #
+    # Sends a PATCH request to the server;
+    # returns an instance of a subclass of Net::HTTPResponse.
+    #
+    # The request is based on the Net::HTTP::Patch object
+    # created from string +path+, string +data+, and initial headers hash +initheader+.
+    #
+    # With a block given, calls the block with the response body:
+    #
+    #   data = '{"userId": 1, "id": 1, "title": "delectus aut autem", "completed": false}'
+    #   http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
+    #   http.patch('/todos/1', data) do |res|
+    #     p res
+    #   end # => #<Net::HTTPOK 200 OK readbody=true>
+    #
+    # Output:
+    #
+    #   "{\n  \"userId\": 1,\n  \"id\": 1,\n  \"title\": \"delectus aut autem\",\n  \"completed\": false,\n  \"{\\\"userId\\\": 1, \\\"id\\\": 1, \\\"title\\\": \\\"delectus aut autem\\\", \\\"completed\\\": false}\": \"\"\n}"
+    #
+    # With no block given, simply returns the response object:
+    #
+    #   http.patch('/todos/1', data) # => #<Net::HTTPCreated 201 Created readbody=true>
+    #
+    def patch(path, data, initheader = nil, dest = nil, &block) # :yield: +body_segment+
+      send_entity(path, data, initheader, dest, Patch, &block)
+    end
+
+    # Sends a PUT request to the server;
+    # returns an instance of a subclass of Net::HTTPResponse.
+    #
+    # The request is based on the Net::HTTP::Put object
+    # created from string +path+, string +data+, and initial headers hash +initheader+.
+    #
+    #   data = '{"userId": 1, "id": 1, "title": "delectus aut autem", "completed": false}'
+    #   http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
+    #   http.put('/todos/1', data) # => #<Net::HTTPOK 200 OK readbody=true>
+    #
+    def put(path, data, initheader = nil)
+      request(Put.new(path, initheader), data)
+    end
+
+    # Sends a PROPPATCH request to the server;
+    # returns an instance of a subclass of Net::HTTPResponse.
+    #
+    # The request is based on the Net::HTTP::Proppatch object
+    # created from string +path+, string +body+, and initial headers hash +initheader+.
+    #
+    #   data = '{"userId": 1, "id": 1, "title": "delectus aut autem", "completed": false}'
+    #   http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
+    #   http.proppatch('/todos/1', data)
+    #
+    def proppatch(path, body, initheader = nil)
+      request(Proppatch.new(path, initheader), body)
+    end
+
+    # Sends a LOCK request to the server;
+    # returns an instance of a subclass of Net::HTTPResponse.
+    #
+    # The request is based on the Net::HTTP::Lock object
+    # created from string +path+, string +body+, and initial headers hash +initheader+.
+    #
+    #   data = '{"userId": 1, "id": 1, "title": "delectus aut autem", "completed": false}'
+    #   http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
+    #   http.lock('/todos/1', data)
+    #
+    def lock(path, body, initheader = nil)
+      request(Lock.new(path, initheader), body)
+    end
+
+    # Sends an UNLOCK request to the server;
+    # returns an instance of a subclass of Net::HTTPResponse.
+    #
+    # The request is based on the Net::HTTP::Unlock object
+    # created from string +path+, string +body+, and initial headers hash +initheader+.
+    #
+    #   data = '{"userId": 1, "id": 1, "title": "delectus aut autem", "completed": false}'
+    #   http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
+    #   http.unlock('/todos/1', data)
+    #
+    def unlock(path, body, initheader = nil)
+      request(Unlock.new(path, initheader), body)
+    end
+
+    # Sends an Options request to the server;
+    # returns an instance of a subclass of Net::HTTPResponse.
+    #
+    # The request is based on the Net::HTTP::Options object
+    # created from string +path+ and initial headers hash +initheader+.
+    #
+    #   http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
+    #   http.options('/')
+    #
+    def options(path, initheader = nil)
+      request(Options.new(path, initheader))
+    end
+
+    # Sends a PROPFIND request to the server;
+    # returns an instance of a subclass of Net::HTTPResponse.
+    #
+    # The request is based on the Net::HTTP::Propfind object
+    # created from string +path+, string +body+, and initial headers hash +initheader+.
+    #
+    #   data = '{"userId": 1, "id": 1, "title": "delectus aut autem", "completed": false}'
+    #   http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
+    #   http.propfind('/todos/1', data)
+    #
+    def propfind(path, body = nil, initheader = {'Depth' => '0'})
+      request(Propfind.new(path, initheader), body)
+    end
+
+    # Sends a DELETE request to the server;
+    # returns an instance of a subclass of Net::HTTPResponse.
+    #
+    # The request is based on the Net::HTTP::Delete object
+    # created from string +path+ and initial headers hash +initheader+.
+    #
+    #   http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
+    #   http.delete('/todos/1')
+    #
+    def delete(path, initheader = {'Depth' => 'Infinity'})
+      request(Delete.new(path, initheader))
+    end
+
+    # Sends a MOVE request to the server;
+    # returns an instance of a subclass of Net::HTTPResponse.
+    #
+    # The request is based on the Net::HTTP::Move object
+    # created from string +path+ and initial headers hash +initheader+.
+    #
+    #   http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
+    #   http.move('/todos/1')
+    #
+    def move(path, initheader = nil)
+      request(Move.new(path, initheader))
+    end
+
+    # Sends a COPY request to the server;
+    # returns an instance of a subclass of Net::HTTPResponse.
+    #
+    # The request is based on the Net::HTTP::Copy object
+    # created from string +path+ and initial headers hash +initheader+.
+    #
+    #   http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
+    #   http.copy('/todos/1')
+    #
+    def copy(path, initheader = nil)
+      request(Copy.new(path, initheader))
+    end
+
+    # Sends a MKCOL request to the server;
+    # returns an instance of a subclass of Net::HTTPResponse.
+    #
+    # The request is based on the Net::HTTP::Mkcol object
+    # created from string +path+, string +body+, and initial headers hash +initheader+.
+    #
+    #   data = '{"userId": 1, "id": 1, "title": "delectus aut autem", "completed": false}'
+    #   http.mkcol('/todos/1', data)
+    #   http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
+    #
+    def mkcol(path, body = nil, initheader = nil)
+      request(Mkcol.new(path, initheader), body)
+    end
+
+    # Sends a TRACE request to the server;
+    # returns an instance of a subclass of Net::HTTPResponse.
+    #
+    # The request is based on the Net::HTTP::Trace object
+    # created from string +path+ and initial headers hash +initheader+.
+    #
+    #   http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
+    #   http.trace('/todos/1')
+    #
+    def trace(path, initheader = nil)
+      request(Trace.new(path, initheader))
+    end
+
+    # Sends a GET request to the server;
+    # forms the response into a Net::HTTPResponse object.
+    #
+    # The request is based on the Net::HTTP::Get object
+    # created from string +path+ and initial headers hash +initheader+.
+    #
+    # With no block given, returns the response object:
+    #
+    #   http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
+    #   http.request_get('/todos') # => #<Net::HTTPOK 200 OK readbody=true>
+    #
+    # With a block given, calls the block with the response object
+    # and returns the response object:
+    #
+    #   http.request_get('/todos') do |res|
+    #     p res
+    #   end # => #<Net::HTTPOK 200 OK readbody=true>
+    #
+    # Output:
+    #
+    #   #<Net::HTTPOK 200 OK readbody=false>
+    #
+    def request_get(path, initheader = nil, &block) # :yield: +response+
+      request(Get.new(path, initheader), &block)
+    end
+
+    # Sends a HEAD request to the server;
+    # returns an instance of a subclass of Net::HTTPResponse.
+    #
+    # The request is based on the Net::HTTP::Head object
+    # created from string +path+ and initial headers hash +initheader+.
+    #
+    #   http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
+    #   http.head('/todos/1') # => #<Net::HTTPOK 200 OK readbody=true>
+    #
+    def request_head(path, initheader = nil, &block)
+      request(Head.new(path, initheader), &block)
+    end
+
+    # Sends a POST request to the server;
+    # forms the response into a Net::HTTPResponse object.
+    #
+    # The request is based on the Net::HTTP::Post object
+    # created from string +path+, string +data+, and initial headers hash +initheader+.
+    #
+    # With no block given, returns the response object:
+    #
+    #   http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
+    #   http.post('/todos', 'xyzzy')
+    #   # => #<Net::HTTPCreated 201 Created readbody=true>
+    #
+    # With a block given, calls the block with the response body
+    # and returns the response object:
+    #
+    #   http.post('/todos', 'xyzzy') do |res|
+    #     p res
+    #   end # => #<Net::HTTPCreated 201 Created readbody=true>
+    #
+    # Output:
+    #
+    #   "{\n  \"xyzzy\": \"\",\n  \"id\": 201\n}"
+    #
+    def request_post(path, data, initheader = nil, &block) # :yield: +response+
+      request Post.new(path, initheader), data, &block
+    end
+
+    # Sends a PUT request to the server;
+    # returns an instance of a subclass of Net::HTTPResponse.
+    #
+    # The request is based on the Net::HTTP::Put object
+    # created from string +path+, string +data+, and initial headers hash +initheader+.
+    #
+    #   http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
+    #   http.put('/todos/1', 'xyzzy')
+    #   # => #<Net::HTTPOK 200 OK readbody=true>
+    #
+    def request_put(path, data, initheader = nil, &block)   #:nodoc:
+      request Put.new(path, initheader), data, &block
+    end
+
+    alias get2   request_get    #:nodoc: obsolete
+    alias head2  request_head   #:nodoc: obsolete
+    alias post2  request_post   #:nodoc: obsolete
+    alias put2   request_put    #:nodoc: obsolete
+
+    # Sends an \HTTP request to the server;
+    # returns an instance of a subclass of Net::HTTPResponse.
+    #
+    # The request is based on the Net::HTTPRequest object
+    # created from string +path+, string +data+, and initial headers hash +header+.
+    # That object is an instance of the
+    # {subclass of Net::HTTPRequest}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTPRequest@Request+Subclasses],
+    # that corresponds to the given uppercase string +name+,
+    # which must be
+    # an {HTTP request method}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP#Request_methods]
+    # or a {WebDAV request method}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebDAV#Implementation].
+    #
+    # Examples:
+    #
+    #   http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
+    #   http.send_request('GET', '/todos/1')
+    #   # => #<Net::HTTPOK 200 OK readbody=true>
+    #   http.send_request('POST', '/todos', 'xyzzy')
+    #   # => #<Net::HTTPCreated 201 Created readbody=true>
+    #
+    def send_request(name, path, data = nil, header = nil)
+      has_response_body = name != 'HEAD'
+      r = HTTPGenericRequest.new(name,(data ? true : false),has_response_body,path,header)
+      request r, data
+    end
+
+    # Sends the given request +req+ to the server;
+    # forms the response into a Net::HTTPResponse object.
+    #
+    # The given +req+ must be an instance of a
+    # {subclass of Net::HTTPRequest}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTPRequest@Request+Subclasses].
+    # Argument +body+ should be given only if needed for the request.
+    #
+    # With no block given, returns the response object:
+    #
+    #   http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
+    #
+    #   req = Net::HTTP::Get.new('/todos/1')
+    #   http.request(req)
+    #   # => #<Net::HTTPOK 200 OK readbody=true>
+    #
+    #   req = Net::HTTP::Post.new('/todos')
+    #   http.request(req, 'xyzzy')
+    #   # => #<Net::HTTPCreated 201 Created readbody=true>
+    #
+    # With a block given, calls the block with the response and returns the response:
+    #
+    #   req = Net::HTTP::Get.new('/todos/1')
+    #   http.request(req) do |res|
+    #     p res
+    #   end # => #<Net::HTTPOK 200 OK readbody=true>
+    #
+    # Output:
+    #
+    #   #<Net::HTTPOK 200 OK readbody=false>
+    #
+    def request(req, body = nil, &block)  # :yield: +response+
+      unless started?
+        start {
+          req['connection'] ||= 'close'
+          return request(req, body, &block)
+        }
+      end
+      if proxy_user()
+        req.proxy_basic_auth proxy_user(), proxy_pass() unless use_ssl?
+      end
+      req.set_body_internal body
+      res = transport_request(req, &block)
+      if sspi_auth?(res)
+        sspi_auth(req)
+        res = transport_request(req, &block)
+      end
+      res
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    # Executes a request which uses a representation
+    # and returns its body.
+    def send_entity(path, data, initheader, dest, type, &block)
+      res = nil
+      request(type.new(path, initheader), data) {|r|
+        r.read_body dest, &block
+        res = r
+      }
+      res
+    end
+
+    IDEMPOTENT_METHODS_ = %w/GET HEAD PUT DELETE OPTIONS TRACE/ # :nodoc:
+
+    def transport_request(req)
+      count = 0
+      begin
+        begin_transport req
+        res = catch(:response) {
+          begin
+            req.exec @socket, @curr_http_version, edit_path(req.path)
+          rescue Errno::EPIPE
+            # Failure when writing full request, but we can probably
+            # still read the received response.
+          end
+
+          begin
+            res = HTTPResponse.read_new(@socket)
+            res.decode_content = req.decode_content
+            res.body_encoding = @response_body_encoding
+            res.ignore_eof = @ignore_eof
+          end while res.kind_of?(HTTPInformation)
+
+          res.uri = req.uri
+
+          res
+        }
+        res.reading_body(@socket, req.response_body_permitted?) {
+          yield res if block_given?
+        }
+      rescue Net::OpenTimeout
+        raise
+      rescue Net::ReadTimeout, IOError, EOFError,
+             Errno::ECONNRESET, Errno::ECONNABORTED, Errno::EPIPE, Errno::ETIMEDOUT,
+             # avoid a dependency on OpenSSL
+             defined?(OpenSSL::SSL) ? OpenSSL::SSL::SSLError : IOError,
+             Timeout::Error => exception
+        if count < max_retries && IDEMPOTENT_METHODS_.include?(req.method)
+          count += 1
+          @socket.close if @socket
+          debug "Conn close because of error #{exception}, and retry"
+          retry
+        end
+        debug "Conn close because of error #{exception}"
+        @socket.close if @socket
+        raise
+      end
+
+      end_transport req, res
+      res
+    rescue => exception
+      debug "Conn close because of error #{exception}"
+      @socket.close if @socket
+      raise exception
+    end
+
+    def begin_transport(req)
+      if @socket.closed?
+        connect
+      elsif @last_communicated
+        if @last_communicated + @keep_alive_timeout < Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_MONOTONIC)
+          debug 'Conn close because of keep_alive_timeout'
+          @socket.close
+          connect
+        elsif @socket.io.to_io.wait_readable(0) && @socket.eof?
+          debug "Conn close because of EOF"
+          @socket.close
+          connect
+        end
+      end
+
+      if not req.response_body_permitted? and @close_on_empty_response
+        req['connection'] ||= 'close'
+      end
+
+      req.update_uri address, port, use_ssl?
+      req['host'] ||= addr_port()
+    end
+
+    def end_transport(req, res)
+      @curr_http_version = res.http_version
+      @last_communicated = nil
+      if @socket.closed?
+        debug 'Conn socket closed'
+      elsif not res.body and @close_on_empty_response
+        debug 'Conn close'
+        @socket.close
+      elsif keep_alive?(req, res)
+        debug 'Conn keep-alive'
+        @last_communicated = Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_MONOTONIC)
+      else
+        debug 'Conn close'
+        @socket.close
+      end
+    end
+
+    def keep_alive?(req, res)
+      return false if req.connection_close?
+      if @curr_http_version <= '1.0'
+        res.connection_keep_alive?
+      else   # HTTP/1.1 or later
+        not res.connection_close?
+      end
+    end
+
+    def sspi_auth?(res)
+      return false unless @sspi_enabled
+      if res.kind_of?(HTTPProxyAuthenticationRequired) and
+          proxy? and res["Proxy-Authenticate"].include?("Negotiate")
+        begin
+          require 'win32/sspi'
+          true
+        rescue LoadError
+          false
+        end
+      else
+        false
+      end
+    end
+
+    def sspi_auth(req)
+      n = Win32::SSPI::NegotiateAuth.new
+      req["Proxy-Authorization"] = "Negotiate #{n.get_initial_token}"
+      # Some versions of ISA will close the connection if this isn't present.
+      req["Connection"] = "Keep-Alive"
+      req["Proxy-Connection"] = "Keep-Alive"
+      res = transport_request(req)
+      authphrase = res["Proxy-Authenticate"]  or return res
+      req["Proxy-Authorization"] = "Negotiate #{n.complete_authentication(authphrase)}"
+    rescue => err
+      raise HTTPAuthenticationError.new('HTTP authentication failed', err)
+    end
+
+    #
+    # utils
+    #
+
+    private
+
+    def addr_port
+      addr = address
+      addr = "[#{addr}]" if addr.include?(":")
+      default_port = use_ssl? ? HTTP.https_default_port : HTTP.http_default_port
+      default_port == port ? addr : "#{addr}:#{port}"
+    end
+
+    # Adds a message to debugging output
+    def debug(msg)
+      return unless @debug_output
+      @debug_output << msg
+      @debug_output << "\n"
+    end
+
+    alias_method :D, :debug
+  end
+
+end
+
+require_relative 'http/exceptions'
+
+require_relative 'http/header'
+
+require_relative 'http/generic_request'
+require_relative 'http/request'
+require_relative 'http/requests'
+
+require_relative 'http/response'
+require_relative 'http/responses'
+
+require_relative 'http/proxy_delta'
+
+require_relative 'http/backward'