@osmix/vt 0.0.2 → 0.0.6

package/dist/types.d.ts.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
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+{"version":3,"file":"types.d.ts","sourceRoot":"","sources":["../src/types.ts"],"names":[],"mappings":"AAAA;;;;;;;GAOG;AAEH,OAAO,KAAK,EAAE,OAAO,EAAE,EAAE,EAAE,MAAM,qBAAqB,CAAA;AAEtD;;;GAGG;AACH,MAAM,MAAM,uBAAuB,GAAG,EAAE,EAAE,EAAE,CAAA;AAE5C;;;GAGG;AACH,MAAM,MAAM,yBAAyB,GAAG;IACvC,QAAQ,CAAC,EAAE,MAAM,CAAA;IACjB,OAAO,CAAC,EAAE,MAAM,CAAA;CAChB,GAAG,OAAO,CAAA;AAEX;;;GAGG;AACH,MAAM,MAAM,mBAAmB,GAAG;IACjC,KAAK,EAAE,CAAC,CAAA;IACR,IAAI,EAAE,CAAC,CAAA;IACP,OAAO,EAAE,CAAC,CAAA;CACV,CAAA;AAED;;;GAGG;AACH,MAAM,WAAW,eAAe;IAC/B,EAAE,EAAE,MAAM,CAAA;IACV,IAAI,EAAE,mBAAmB,CAAC,MAAM,mBAAmB,CAAC,CAAA;IACpD,UAAU,EAAE,yBAAyB,CAAA;IACrC,QAAQ,EAAE,uBAAuB,CAAA;CACjC;AAED;;;GAGG;AACH,MAAM,MAAM,UAAU,GAAG;IACxB,IAAI,EAAE,MAAM,CAAA;IACZ,OAAO,EAAE,MAAM,CAAA;IACf,MAAM,EAAE,MAAM,CAAA;IACd,QAAQ,EAAE,SAAS,CAAC,eAAe,CAAC,CAAA;CACpC,CAAA"}

package/dist/types.js

@@ -1 +1,9 @@
+/**
+ * Type definitions for vector tile encoding.
+ *
+ * These types represent the intermediate format used when converting
+ * OSM entities to Mapbox Vector Tile features.
+ *
+ * @module
+ */
 //# sourceMappingURL=types.js.map

package/dist/types.js.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"version":3,"file":"types.js","sourceRoot":"","sources":["../src/types.ts"],"names":[],"mappings":""}
+{"version":3,"file":"types.js","sourceRoot":"","sources":["../src/types.ts"],"names":[],"mappings":"AAAA;;;;;;;GAOG"}

package/dist/write-vt-pbf.d.ts

@@ -1,6 +1,20 @@
+/**
+ * Vector tile PBF writer.
+ *
+ * Encodes vector tile layers and features into the Mapbox Vector Tile
+ * binary format (PBF/protobuf). Handles key/value deduplication,
+ * geometry encoding with delta compression, and proper command sequences.
+ *
+ * @see https://github.com/mapbox/vector-tile-spec
+ *
+ * @module
+ */
 import type { VtPbfLayer } from "./types";
 /**
- * Write Vector Tile Layers to a PBF buffer
+ * Write vector tile layers to a PBF buffer.
+ *
+ * @param layers - Array of layers to encode.
+ * @returns ArrayBuffer containing the encoded vector tile.
  */
 export default function writeVtPbf(layers: VtPbfLayer[]): ArrayBuffer;
 //# sourceMappingURL=write-vt-pbf.d.ts.map

package/dist/write-vt-pbf.d.ts.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"version":3,"file":"write-vt-pbf.d.ts","sourceRoot":"","sources":["../src/write-vt-pbf.ts"],"names":[],"mappings":"AACA,OAAO,KAAK,EAAE,UAAU,EAAmB,MAAM,SAAS,CAAA;AAU1D;;GAEG;AACH,MAAM,CAAC,OAAO,UAAU,UAAU,CAAC,MAAM,EAAE,UAAU,EAAE,GAKxB,WAAW,CACzC"}
+{"version":3,"file":"write-vt-pbf.d.ts","sourceRoot":"","sources":["../src/write-vt-pbf.ts"],"names":[],"mappings":"AAAA;;;;;;;;;;GAUG;AAIH,OAAO,KAAK,EAAE,UAAU,EAAmB,MAAM,SAAS,CAAA;AAW1D;;;;;GAKG;AACH,MAAM,CAAC,OAAO,UAAU,UAAU,CAAC,MAAM,EAAE,UAAU,EAAE,GAKxB,WAAW,CACzC"}

package/dist/write-vt-pbf.js

@@ -1,6 +1,21 @@
+/**
+ * Vector tile PBF writer.
+ *
+ * Encodes vector tile layers and features into the Mapbox Vector Tile
+ * binary format (PBF/protobuf). Handles key/value deduplication,
+ * geometry encoding with delta compression, and proper command sequences.
+ *
+ * @see https://github.com/mapbox/vector-tile-spec
+ *
+ * @module
+ */
+import { zigzag, zigzag32 } from "@osmix/shared/zigzag";
 import Pbf from "pbf";
 /**
- * Write Vector Tile Layers to a PBF buffer
+ * Write vector tile layers to a PBF buffer.
+ *
+ * @param layers - Array of layers to encode.
+ * @returns ArrayBuffer containing the encoded vector tile.
  */
 export default function writeVtPbf(layers) {
     const pbf = new Pbf();
@@ -40,7 +55,11 @@ function writeLayer(layer, pbf) {
 }
 function writeFeature(ctx, pbf) {
     if (ctx.feature.id !== undefined) {
-        pbf.writeVarintField(1, ctx.feature.id);
+        const id = ctx.feature.id;
+        // Use zigzag encoding for IDs to convert negative IDs to positive numbers
+        // that can be properly decoded. Uses arithmetic-based encoding to support
+        // the full safe integer range.
+        pbf.writeVarintField(1, zigzag(id));
     }
     pbf.writeMessage(2, writeProperties, ctx);
     pbf.writeVarintField(3, ctx.feature.type);
@@ -74,9 +93,6 @@ function writeProperties(ctx, pbf) {
 function command(cmd, length) {
     return (length << 3) + (cmd & 0x7);
 }
-function zigzag(num) {
-    return (num << 1) ^ (num >> 31);
-}
 function writeGeometry(feature, pbf) {
     const type = feature.type;
     let x = 0;
@@ -97,8 +113,9 @@ function writeGeometry(feature, pbf) {
             }
             const dx = xy[0] - x;
             const dy = xy[1] - y;
-            pbf.writeVarint(zigzag(dx));
-            pbf.writeVarint(zigzag(dy));
+            // Use bitwise zigzag for geometry deltas (small values, 32-bit is sufficient)
+            pbf.writeVarint(zigzag32(dx));
+            pbf.writeVarint(zigzag32(dy));
             x += dx;
             y += dy;
         });

package/dist/write-vt-pbf.js.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
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package/package.json

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 	"$schema": "https://json.schemastore.org/package",
 	"name": "@osmix/vt",
 	"type": "module",
-	"version": "0.0.2",
+	"version": "0.0.6",
 	"description": "Encode Osmix binary overlay tiles directly into Mapbox Vector Tiles",
 	"main": "./src/index.ts",
 	"publishConfig": {
@@ -34,19 +34,18 @@
 	"scripts": {
 		"build": "tsc",
 		"prepublishOnly": "tsc",
-		"test": "vitest",
-		"typecheck": "tsc --noEmit"
+		"test": "bun test",
+		"typecheck": "tsgo --noEmit"
 	},
 	"dependencies": {
+		"@types/bun": "catalog:",
 		"@osmix/shared": "workspace:*",
-		"@osmix/json": "workspace:*",
 		"pbf": "catalog:"
 	},
 	"devDependencies": {
+		"@mapbox/tilebelt": "^2.0.2",
 		"@mapbox/vector-tile": "^2.0.4",
 		"@osmix/core": "workspace:*",
-		"@types/node": "catalog:",
-		"typescript": "catalog:",
-		"vitest": "catalog:"
+		"typescript": "catalog:"
 	}
 }

package/src/encode.test.ts

@@ -1,12 +1,14 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from "bun:test"
+import { pointToTile } from "@mapbox/tilebelt"
 import { VectorTile } from "@mapbox/vector-tile"
-import { Osmix } from "@osmix/core"
-import SphericalMercatorTile from "@osmix/shared/spherical-mercator"
+import { Osm } from "@osmix/core"
+import { llToTilePx } from "@osmix/shared/tile"
 import type { GeoBbox2D, Tile } from "@osmix/shared/types"
+import { decodeZigzag } from "@osmix/shared/zigzag"
 import Protobuf from "pbf"
-import { assert, describe, expect, it } from "vitest"
 import { OsmixVtEncoder } from "./encode"
 
-const osm = new Osmix()
+const osm = new Osm()
 osm.nodes.addNode({
 	id: 1,
 	lat: 40,
@@ -38,6 +40,7 @@ osm.nodes.addNode({
 osm.ways.addWay({
 	id: 5,
 	refs: [1, 2],
+	tags: { highway: "primary" },
 })
 osm.buildIndexes()
 osm.buildSpatialIndexes()
@@ -51,14 +54,7 @@ function decodeTile(data: ArrayBuffer) {
 }
 
 const extent = 4096
-const merc = new SphericalMercatorTile({ size: extent })
 
-function pointToTile(lon: number, lat: number, z: number): Tile {
-	const [px, py] = merc.px([lon, lat], z)
-	const x = Math.floor(px / extent)
-	const y = Math.floor(py / extent)
-	return [x, y, z]
-}
 function bboxToTile(bbox: GeoBbox2D, z = 8): Tile {
 	const [minX, minY, maxX, maxY] = bbox
 	const centerLon = (minX + maxX) / 2
@@ -76,29 +72,423 @@ describe("OsmixVtEncoder", () => {
 		expect(result.byteLength).toBeGreaterThan(0)
 
 		const layers = decodeTile(result)
-		assert.isDefined(layers[NODE_LAYER_ID])
-		expect(layers[NODE_LAYER_ID].length).toBe(1)
-		assert.isDefined(layers[WAY_LAYER_ID])
-		expect(layers[WAY_LAYER_ID].length).toBe(1)
+		expect(layers[NODE_LAYER_ID]).toBeDefined()
+		expect(layers[NODE_LAYER_ID]?.length).toBe(1)
+		expect(layers[WAY_LAYER_ID]).toBeDefined()
+		expect(layers[WAY_LAYER_ID]?.length).toBe(1)
 
-		const features = [
-			layers[NODE_LAYER_ID].feature(0),
-			layers[WAY_LAYER_ID].feature(0),
-		]
+		const nodeLayer = layers[NODE_LAYER_ID]
+		const wayLayer = layers[WAY_LAYER_ID]
+		if (!nodeLayer || !wayLayer) throw new Error("Layers not found")
+		const features = [nodeLayer.feature(0), wayLayer.feature(0)]
 
 		const node = features.find(
 			(feature) => feature.properties["type"] === "node",
 		)
-		expect(node?.id).toBe(1)
+		// IDs are zigzag-encoded, so decode them
+		if (node?.id !== undefined) {
+			const decodedId = decodeZigzag(node.id)
+			expect(decodedId).toBe(1)
+		}
 		expect(node?.type).toBe(1)
 		const nodeGeom = node?.loadGeometry()
 		expect(nodeGeom?.[0]?.[0]?.x).toBeTypeOf("number")
 		expect(nodeGeom?.[0]?.[0]?.y).toBeTypeOf("number")
 
 		const way = features.find((feature) => feature.properties["type"] === "way")
-		expect(way?.id).toBe(5)
+		// IDs are zigzag-encoded, so decode them
+		if (way?.id !== undefined) {
+			const decodedId = decodeZigzag(way.id)
+			expect(decodedId).toBe(5)
+		}
 		expect(way?.type).toBe(2)
 		const wayGeom = way?.loadGeometry()
 		expect(wayGeom?.[0]?.length).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(2)
 	})
+
+	it("encodes area ways as polygons with proper winding order", () => {
+		const testOsm = new Osm()
+		// Create a closed way that should be treated as an area
+		testOsm.nodes.addNode({ id: 10, lat: 40.7, lon: -74.0 })
+		testOsm.nodes.addNode({ id: 11, lat: 40.71, lon: -74.0 })
+		testOsm.nodes.addNode({ id: 12, lat: 40.71, lon: -74.01 })
+		testOsm.nodes.addNode({ id: 13, lat: 40.7, lon: -74.01 })
+		testOsm.ways.addWay({
+			id: 20,
+			refs: [10, 11, 12, 13, 10], // Closed ring
+			tags: { building: "yes", area: "yes" },
+		})
+		testOsm.buildIndexes()
+		testOsm.buildSpatialIndexes()
+
+		const bbox = testOsm.bbox()
+		const tile = bboxToTile(bbox)
+		const encoder = new OsmixVtEncoder(testOsm)
+		const result = encoder.getTile(tile)
+
+		const layers = decodeTile(result)
+		const wayLayer = layers[`@osmix:${testOsm.id}:ways`]
+		expect(wayLayer?.length).toBe(1)
+
+		const feature = wayLayer?.feature(0)
+		if (!feature) throw new Error("Feature not found")
+		expect(feature.type).toBe(3) // POLYGON type
+		expect(feature.properties["type"]).toBe("way")
+		expect(feature.properties["building"]).toBe("yes")
+
+		const geometry = feature.loadGeometry()
+		expect(geometry.length).toBeGreaterThan(0)
+		// Should have at least one ring (outer ring)
+		expect(geometry[0]?.length).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(4) // At least 4 points for a polygon
+	})
+
+	it("handles multiple rings for polygons (infrastructure for holes)", () => {
+		const testOsm = new Osm()
+		// Create an area way
+		testOsm.nodes.addNode({ id: 20, lat: 40.7, lon: -74.0 })
+		testOsm.nodes.addNode({ id: 21, lat: 40.71, lon: -74.0 })
+		testOsm.nodes.addNode({ id: 22, lat: 40.71, lon: -74.01 })
+		testOsm.nodes.addNode({ id: 23, lat: 40.7, lon: -74.01 })
+		testOsm.ways.addWay({
+			id: 30,
+			refs: [20, 21, 22, 23, 20],
+			tags: { building: "yes", area: "yes" },
+		})
+		testOsm.buildIndexes()
+		testOsm.buildSpatialIndexes()
+
+		const bbox = testOsm.bbox()
+		const tile = bboxToTile(bbox)
+		const encoder = new OsmixVtEncoder(testOsm)
+
+		// Test that clipProjectedPolygon returns array of rings
+		const way = testOsm.ways.getById(30)
+		expect(way).toBeDefined()
+		const points = way!.refs.map((ref) => {
+			const node = testOsm.nodes.getById(ref)
+			return llToTilePx([node!.lon, node!.lat], tile, extent)
+		})
+
+		const clippedRings = encoder["clipProjectedPolygon"](points)
+		expect(Array.isArray(clippedRings)).toBe(true)
+		expect(clippedRings.length).toBeGreaterThan(0)
+		expect(Array.isArray(clippedRings[0])).toBe(true)
+	})
+
+	it("processes polygon rings with correct winding order (outer clockwise, inner counterclockwise)", () => {
+		const testOsm = new Osm()
+		testOsm.nodes.addNode({ id: 30, lat: 40.7, lon: -74.0 })
+		testOsm.nodes.addNode({ id: 31, lat: 40.71, lon: -74.0 })
+		testOsm.nodes.addNode({ id: 32, lat: 40.71, lon: -74.01 })
+		testOsm.nodes.addNode({ id: 33, lat: 40.7, lon: -74.01 })
+		testOsm.ways.addWay({
+			id: 40,
+			refs: [30, 31, 32, 33, 30],
+			tags: { building: "yes", area: "yes" },
+		})
+		testOsm.buildIndexes()
+		testOsm.buildSpatialIndexes()
+
+		const bbox = testOsm.bbox()
+		const tile = bboxToTile(bbox)
+		const encoder = new OsmixVtEncoder(testOsm)
+
+		const way = testOsm.ways.getById(40)
+		const points = way!.refs.map((ref) => {
+			const node = testOsm.nodes.getById(ref)
+			return llToTilePx([node!.lon, node!.lat], tile, extent)
+		})
+
+		const clippedRings = encoder["clipProjectedPolygon"](points)
+		const outerRing = clippedRings[0]
+		expect(outerRing).toBeDefined()
+
+		// Process as outer ring (should be clockwise)
+		const processedOuter = encoder["processClippedPolygonRing"](
+			outerRing!,
+			true,
+		)
+		expect(processedOuter.length).toBeGreaterThan(0)
+
+		// Process as inner ring (should be counterclockwise)
+		const processedInner = encoder["processClippedPolygonRing"](
+			outerRing!,
+			false,
+		)
+		expect(processedInner.length).toBeGreaterThan(0)
+
+		// Verify they have opposite winding (area should have opposite signs)
+		const outerArea = processedOuter.reduce((sum, p, i) => {
+			const next = processedOuter[(i + 1) % processedOuter.length]
+			if (!next) return sum
+			return sum + (p[0] * next[1] - next[0] * p[1])
+		}, 0)
+		const innerArea = processedInner.reduce((sum, p, i) => {
+			const next = processedInner[(i + 1) % processedInner.length]
+			if (!next) return sum
+			return sum + (p[0] * next[1] - next[0] * p[1])
+		}, 0)
+
+		// Outer should be clockwise (negative area), inner should be counterclockwise (positive area)
+		expect(outerArea).toBeLessThan(0)
+		expect(innerArea).toBeGreaterThan(0)
+	})
+
+	it("encodes multipolygon relation with correct winding order", () => {
+		const testOsm = new Osm()
+		// Create nodes for outer square
+		testOsm.nodes.addNode({ id: 1, lat: -1.0, lon: -1.0 })
+		testOsm.nodes.addNode({ id: 2, lat: -1.0, lon: 1.0 })
+		testOsm.nodes.addNode({ id: 3, lat: 1.0, lon: 1.0 })
+		testOsm.nodes.addNode({ id: 4, lat: 1.0, lon: -1.0 })
+		// Create nodes for inner triangle
+		testOsm.nodes.addNode({ id: 5, lat: -0.5, lon: 0.0 })
+		testOsm.nodes.addNode({ id: 6, lat: 0.5, lon: 0.0 })
+		testOsm.nodes.addNode({ id: 7, lat: 0.0, lon: 0.5 })
+
+		// Create outer way
+		testOsm.ways.addWay({
+			id: 10,
+			refs: [1, 2, 3, 4, 1],
+			tags: {},
+		})
+		// Create inner way
+		testOsm.ways.addWay({
+			id: 11,
+			refs: [5, 6, 7, 5],
+			tags: {},
+		})
+
+		// Create multipolygon relation
+		testOsm.relations.addRelation({
+			id: 20,
+			tags: { type: "multipolygon", name: "test" },
+			members: [
+				{ type: "way", ref: 10, role: "outer" },
+				{ type: "way", ref: 11, role: "inner" },
+			],
+		})
+
+		testOsm.buildIndexes()
+		testOsm.buildSpatialIndexes()
+
+		const bbox: GeoBbox2D = [-2, -2, 2, 2]
+		const tile = bboxToTile(bbox)
+		const encoder = new OsmixVtEncoder(testOsm)
+
+		const features = Array.from(
+			encoder.relationFeatures(bbox, (ll) => llToTilePx(ll, tile, extent)),
+		)
+		expect(features.length).toBeGreaterThan(0)
+
+		const relationFeature = features[0]
+		expect(relationFeature).toBeDefined()
+		expect(relationFeature?.type).toBe(3) // POLYGON
+
+		const geometry = relationFeature?.geometry
+		expect(geometry).toBeDefined()
+		expect(Array.isArray(geometry)).toBe(true)
+		if (geometry && Array.isArray(geometry) && geometry.length > 0) {
+			const outerRing = geometry[0]
+			expect(outerRing).toBeDefined()
+			if (outerRing && Array.isArray(outerRing) && outerRing.length > 0) {
+				// Verify outer ring is clockwise (negative signed area)
+				const outerArea = outerRing.reduce((sum, p, i) => {
+					const next = outerRing[(i + 1) % outerRing.length]
+					if (!next) return sum
+					return sum + (p[0] * next[1] - next[0] * p[1])
+				}, 0)
+				expect(outerArea).toBeLessThan(0) // Clockwise
+
+				// If there's an inner ring, verify it's counterclockwise
+				if (geometry.length > 1) {
+					const innerRing = geometry[1]
+					if (innerRing && Array.isArray(innerRing) && innerRing.length > 0) {
+						const innerArea = innerRing.reduce((sum, p, i) => {
+							const next = innerRing[(i + 1) % innerRing.length]
+							if (!next) return sum
+							return sum + (p[0] * next[1] - next[0] * p[1])
+						}, 0)
+						expect(innerArea).toBeGreaterThan(0) // Counterclockwise
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	})
+
+	it("encodes area way as polygon with correct winding order", () => {
+		const testOsm = new Osm()
+		// Create a square polygon
+		testOsm.nodes.addNode({ id: 1, lat: 40.7, lon: -74.0 })
+		testOsm.nodes.addNode({ id: 2, lat: 40.71, lon: -74.0 })
+		testOsm.nodes.addNode({ id: 3, lat: 40.71, lon: -74.01 })
+		testOsm.nodes.addNode({ id: 4, lat: 40.7, lon: -74.01 })
+		testOsm.ways.addWay({
+			id: 10,
+			refs: [1, 2, 3, 4, 1],
+			tags: { area: "yes", building: "yes" },
+		})
+		testOsm.buildIndexes()
+		testOsm.buildSpatialIndexes()
+
+		const bbox = testOsm.bbox()
+		const tile = bboxToTile(bbox)
+		const encoder = new OsmixVtEncoder(testOsm)
+
+		const features = Array.from(
+			encoder.wayFeatures(bbox, (ll) => llToTilePx(ll, tile, extent)),
+		)
+		const polygonFeature = features.find((f) => f.type === 3) // POLYGON
+		expect(polygonFeature).toBeDefined()
+
+		if (polygonFeature?.geometry) {
+			const geometry = polygonFeature.geometry
+			if (Array.isArray(geometry) && geometry.length > 0) {
+				const ring = geometry[0]
+				if (ring && Array.isArray(ring) && ring.length > 0) {
+					// Verify clockwise winding (negative area)
+					const area = ring.reduce((sum, p, i) => {
+						const next = ring[(i + 1) % ring.length]
+						if (!next) return sum
+						return sum + (p[0] * next[1] - next[0] * p[1])
+					}, 0)
+					expect(area).toBeLessThan(0) // Should be clockwise for MVT
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	})
+
+	it("encodes negative IDs correctly", () => {
+		const testOsm = new Osm()
+		// Create nodes with negative IDs (like from GeoJSON import)
+		testOsm.nodes.addNode({
+			id: -1,
+			lat: 40.7,
+			lon: -74.0,
+			tags: { name: "Negative Node" },
+		})
+		testOsm.nodes.addNode({
+			id: -2,
+			lat: 40.71,
+			lon: -74.01,
+			tags: { name: "Another Negative Node" },
+		})
+		testOsm.ways.addWay({
+			id: -10,
+			refs: [-1, -2],
+			tags: { highway: "primary" },
+		})
+		testOsm.buildIndexes()
+		testOsm.buildSpatialIndexes()
+
+		const bbox = testOsm.bbox()
+		const tile = bboxToTile(bbox)
+		const encoder = new OsmixVtEncoder(testOsm)
+		const result = encoder.getTile(tile)
+
+		expect(result.byteLength).toBeGreaterThan(0)
+
+		const layers = decodeTile(result)
+		const nodeLayer = layers[NODE_LAYER_ID]
+		const wayLayer = layers[WAY_LAYER_ID]
+
+		expect(nodeLayer).toBeDefined()
+		expect(wayLayer).toBeDefined()
+
+		// Check that negative IDs are zigzag-encoded and can be decoded back
+		if (nodeLayer && nodeLayer.length > 0) {
+			const nodeFeature = nodeLayer.feature(0)
+			// IDs are zigzag-encoded, so decode them
+			if (nodeFeature.id !== undefined) {
+				const decodedId = decodeZigzag(nodeFeature.id)
+				expect(decodedId).toBe(-1)
+			}
+		}
+
+		if (wayLayer && wayLayer.length > 0) {
+			const wayFeature = wayLayer.feature(0)
+			// IDs are zigzag-encoded, so decode them
+			if (wayFeature.id !== undefined) {
+				const decodedId = decodeZigzag(wayFeature.id)
+				expect(decodedId).toBe(-10)
+			}
+		}
+	})
+
+	it("accepts IDs at the boundaries of safe integer range", () => {
+		const testOsm = new Osm()
+		// Add nodes for ways to reference
+		testOsm.nodes.addNode({ id: 1, lat: 40.7, lon: -74.0 })
+		testOsm.nodes.addNode({ id: 2, lat: 40.71, lon: -74.01 })
+		// Test minimum valid ID (way)
+		testOsm.ways.addWay({
+			id: -Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER,
+			refs: [1, 2],
+			tags: { highway: "primary" },
+		})
+		// Test maximum valid ID (node with tags)
+		testOsm.nodes.addNode({
+			id: Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER,
+			lat: 40.72,
+			lon: -74.02,
+			tags: { name: "Max ID" },
+		})
+		testOsm.buildIndexes()
+		testOsm.buildSpatialIndexes()
+
+		const bbox = testOsm.bbox()
+		const tile = bboxToTile(bbox)
+		const encoder = new OsmixVtEncoder(testOsm)
+
+		// Should not throw - this verifies the IDs are within the valid range
+		const result = encoder.getTile(tile)
+		expect(result.byteLength).toBeGreaterThan(0)
+	})
+
+	it("encodes and decodes large negative IDs correctly", () => {
+		const testOsm = new Osm()
+		// Test with a large negative ID (much larger than 32-bit range)
+		const largeNegativeId = -1000000000 // -1 billion
+		// Add a node for the way to reference
+		testOsm.nodes.addNode({ id: 1, lat: 40.71, lon: -74.01 })
+		testOsm.nodes.addNode({
+			id: largeNegativeId,
+			lat: 40.7,
+			lon: -74.0,
+			tags: { name: "Large Negative ID" },
+		})
+		// Add a dummy way so way spatial index can be built
+		testOsm.ways.addWay({
+			id: 100,
+			refs: [1],
+			tags: {},
+		})
+		testOsm.buildIndexes()
+		testOsm.buildSpatialIndexes()
+
+		const bbox = testOsm.bbox()
+		const tile = bboxToTile(bbox)
+		const encoder = new OsmixVtEncoder(testOsm)
+		const result = encoder.getTile(tile)
+
+		const layers = decodeTile(result)
+		const nodeLayer = layers[NODE_LAYER_ID]
+
+		expect(nodeLayer).toBeDefined()
+		if (nodeLayer && nodeLayer.length > 0) {
+			// Find the node with the large negative ID
+			let found = false
+			for (let i = 0; i < nodeLayer.length; i++) {
+				const nodeFeature = nodeLayer.feature(i)
+				if (nodeFeature.id !== undefined) {
+					const decodedId = decodeZigzag(nodeFeature.id)
+					if (decodedId === largeNegativeId) {
+						found = true
+						break
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			expect(found).toBe(true)
+		}
+	})
 })