@optimystic/db-core 0.25.1 → 0.27.0

package/src/cohort-topic/wire/validate.ts

@@ -1,512 +1,504 @@
-/**
- * Cohort-topic substrate — per-message structural validation.
- *
- * Each validator narrows an already-parsed `unknown` (the output of `JSON.parse` on a decoded
- * frame) to a concrete V1 interface, throwing {@link CohortWireError} on any structural defect:
- * missing required field, wrong `v`, out-of-enum discriminant, a byte field that does not decode
- * as base64url, or an out-of-range numeric. Validators never return partial data — they either
- * narrow cleanly or throw.
- */
-
-import { DEFAULT_D_MAX_CAP } from "../dmax.js";
-import {
-	assignDefined,
-	asObject,
-	b64urlField,
-	b64urlFixedLen,
-	failWire as fail,
-	optBool,
-	optFiniteNumber,
-	optString,
-	optStringArray,
-	reqBool,
-	reqEnum,
-	reqFiniteNumber,
-	reqString,
-	reqStringArray,
-	requireV1,
-} from "./primitives.js";
-import type {
-	ChildLinkRefV1,
-	ChildLinkReplyV1,
-	ChildLinkV1,
-	CohortGossipV1,
-	CohortTopicSummary,
-	DemotionNoticeV1,
-	GossipRecordRefV1,
-	GossipRecordV1,
-	MembershipCertV1,
-	PromotionNoticeV1,
-	RegisterReplyV1,
-	RegisterResult,
-	RegisterV1,
-	RenewReplyV1,
-	RenewV1,
-	SignKind,
-	SignRequestV1,
-	SignReplyV1,
-	TopicTrafficV1,
-} from "./types.js";
-
-// The generic structural-validation primitives (`fail`/`asObject`/`req*`/`opt*`/`b64url*`/`reqEnum`/…)
-// live in ./primitives.js and are imported above; only the cohort-topic domain validators and the
-// tier-semantics helpers below stay local. `CohortWireError` is re-exported here so existing importers
-// of this module (codec, wire/index, matchmaking, reactivity) are unaffected by the move.
-export { CohortWireError } from "./primitives.js";
-
-function tier(value: number, what: string): number {
-	if (!Number.isInteger(value) || value < 0 || value > 3) {
-		fail(`${what}: tier must be an integer in 0..3, got ${value}`);
-	}
-	return value;
-}
-
-/**
- * Validate a `treeTier` (the walk-toward-root start tier `d` a register/redirect targets): an integer in
- * `0..DEFAULT_D_MAX_CAP`. `d_max_cap` (60) is the substrate's own ceiling on useful walk depth, so a
- * `treeTier` above it cannot correspond to a real walk position. Rejecting here keeps an out-of-range value
- * from reaching `addressing.coord()` downstream — whose `coordD` throws a raw `RangeError` for a
- * non-integer / negative / `> 255` tier, an unclassified crash rather than a clean malformed-frame rejection.
- */
-function treeTier(value: number, what: string): number {
-	if (!Number.isInteger(value) || value < 0 || value > DEFAULT_D_MAX_CAP) {
-		fail(`${what}: treeTier must be an integer in 0..${DEFAULT_D_MAX_CAP}, got ${value}`);
-	}
-	return value;
-}
-
-/** Ring-coord / topic-id / epoch byte width (SHA-256 truncated to the ring width). */
-const COORD_BYTES = 32;
-/** Correlation-id byte width (a 16-byte nonce minted per walk probe / renew). */
-const CORRELATION_BYTES = 16;
-
-const REGISTER_RESULTS: readonly RegisterResult[] = [
-	"accepted",
-	"no_state",
-	"promoted",
-	"unwilling_member",
-	"unwilling_cohort",
-];
-
-export function validateRegisterV1(value: unknown): RegisterV1 {
-	const what = "RegisterV1";
-	const obj = asObject(value, what);
-	requireV1(obj, what);
-	const out: RegisterV1 = {
-		v: 1,
-		topicId: b64urlFixedLen(reqString(obj, "topicId", what), "topicId", COORD_BYTES, what),
-		tier: tier(reqFiniteNumber(obj, "tier", what), what),
-		treeTier: treeTier(reqFiniteNumber(obj, "treeTier", what), what),
-		participantCoord: b64urlField(reqString(obj, "participantCoord", what), "participantCoord", what),
-		ttl: reqFiniteNumber(obj, "ttl", what),
-		timestamp: reqFiniteNumber(obj, "timestamp", what),
-		correlationId: b64urlFixedLen(reqString(obj, "correlationId", what), "correlationId", CORRELATION_BYTES, what),
-		signature: b64urlField(reqString(obj, "signature", what), "signature", what),
-	};
-	const bootstrap = optBool(obj, "bootstrap", what);
-	if (bootstrap !== undefined) {
-		out.bootstrap = bootstrap;
-	}
-	const probe = optBool(obj, "probe", what);
-	if (probe !== undefined) {
-		out.probe = probe;
-	}
-	const followOn = optBool(obj, "followOn", what);
-	if (followOn !== undefined) {
-		out.followOn = followOn;
-	}
-	// `bootstrap`, `followOn`, and `probe` are pairwise mutually exclusive — the walk sets at most one
-	// (bootstrap only at the tier-0 root re-issue, followOn only at a `treeTier >= 1` redirect target,
-	// probe never instantiates). A frame that sets more than one is malformed / adversarial.
-	if ([bootstrap, followOn, probe].filter((flag) => flag === true).length > 1) {
-		fail(`${what}: at most one of bootstrap, followOn, probe may be set`);
-	}
-	// A follow-on is by definition a deeper-than-root growth point, so `treeTier >= 1`. A `followOn: true`
-	// at the root (treeTier 0) would be a bootstrap, not a follow-on — reject it as malformed.
-	if (followOn === true && out.treeTier < 1) {
-		fail(`${what}: followOn requires treeTier >= 1, got ${out.treeTier}`);
-	}
-	const appPayload = optString(obj, "appPayload", what);
-	if (appPayload !== undefined) {
-		out.appPayload = b64urlField(appPayload, "appPayload", what);
-	}
-	// Bootstrap-evidence envelope (base64url; present only on a `bootstrap: true` register). A non-string
-	// is rejected as malformed; an empty string is treated as absent so it normalizes to the same signed
-	// image placeholder as a missing field (see `registerSigningPayload`'s `normalizeEvidence`).
-	const bootstrapEvidence = optString(obj, "bootstrapEvidence", what);
-	if (bootstrapEvidence !== undefined && bootstrapEvidence !== "") {
-		out.bootstrapEvidence = b64urlField(bootstrapEvidence, "bootstrapEvidence", what);
-	}
-	return out;
-}
-
-function validateTopicTrafficV1(value: unknown): TopicTrafficV1 {
-	const what = "TopicTrafficV1";
-	const obj = asObject(value, what);
-	return {
-		windowSeconds: reqFiniteNumber(obj, "windowSeconds", what),
-		arrivalsPerMin: reqFiniteNumber(obj, "arrivalsPerMin", what),
-		queriesPerMin: reqFiniteNumber(obj, "queriesPerMin", what),
-		directParticipants: reqFiniteNumber(obj, "directParticipants", what),
-		childCohortCount: reqFiniteNumber(obj, "childCohortCount", what),
-	};
-}
-
-export function validateRegisterReplyV1(value: unknown): RegisterReplyV1 {
-	const what = "RegisterReplyV1";
-	const obj = asObject(value, what);
-	requireV1(obj, what);
-	const out: RegisterReplyV1 = {
-		v: 1,
-		result: reqEnum(obj, "result", REGISTER_RESULTS, what),
-	};
-	assignDefined(out, "primary", optString(obj, "primary", what));
-	assignDefined(out, "backups", optStringArray(obj, "backups", what));
-	const cohortEpoch = optString(obj, "cohortEpoch", what);
-	if (cohortEpoch !== undefined) {
-		// NOTE: cohortEpoch is NOT length-pinned though real epochs are a 32-byte SHA-256 — several
-		// test fixtures (db-core reactivity + db-p2p) feed 1-byte synthetic epochs. Pinning is tracked
-		// by debt-cohort-topic-pin-cohort-epoch. See b64urlField's note.
-		out.cohortEpoch = b64urlField(cohortEpoch, "cohortEpoch", what);
-	}
-	assignDefined(out, "cohortMembers", optStringArray(obj, "cohortMembers", what));
-	if (obj["topicTraffic"] !== undefined) {
-		out.topicTraffic = validateTopicTrafficV1(obj["topicTraffic"]);
-	}
-	// NOTE: `targetTier` is range-checked in the walk loop (walk.ts, case "promoted"), not here — an
-	// out-of-range redirect must surface as a `retry_later` outcome, not a decode-time throw.
-	assignDefined(out, "targetTier", optFiniteNumber(obj, "targetTier", what));
-	assignDefined(out, "candidateMembers", optStringArray(obj, "candidateMembers", what));
-	assignDefined(out, "retryAfterMs", optFiniteNumber(obj, "retryAfterMs", what));
-	assignDefined(out, "reason", optString(obj, "reason", what));
-	return out;
-}
-
-export function validateRenewV1(value: unknown): RenewV1 {
-	const what = "RenewV1";
-	const obj = asObject(value, what);
-	requireV1(obj, what);
-	const out: RenewV1 = {
-		v: 1,
-		topicId: b64urlFixedLen(reqString(obj, "topicId", what), "topicId", COORD_BYTES, what),
-		participantId: reqString(obj, "participantId", what),
-		correlationId: b64urlFixedLen(reqString(obj, "correlationId", what), "correlationId", CORRELATION_BYTES, what),
-		timestamp: reqFiniteNumber(obj, "timestamp", what),
-		signature: b64urlField(reqString(obj, "signature", what), "signature", what),
-	};
-	assignDefined(out, "reattach", optBool(obj, "reattach", what));
-	assignDefined(out, "withdraw", optBool(obj, "withdraw", what));
-	return out;
-}
-
-export function validateRenewReplyV1(value: unknown): RenewReplyV1 {
-	const what = "RenewReplyV1";
-	const obj = asObject(value, what);
-	requireV1(obj, what);
-	const out: RenewReplyV1 = {
-		v: 1,
-		result: reqEnum(obj, "result", ["ok", "unknown_registration", "primary_moved", "withdrawn"] as const, what),
-	};
-	assignDefined(out, "newPrimary", optString(obj, "newPrimary", what));
-	assignDefined(out, "newBackups", optStringArray(obj, "newBackups", what));
-	const cohortEpoch = optString(obj, "cohortEpoch", what);
-	if (cohortEpoch !== undefined) {
-		// NOTE: cohortEpoch is NOT length-pinned — see validateRegisterReplyV1's note and
-		// debt-cohort-topic-pin-cohort-epoch.
-		out.cohortEpoch = b64urlField(cohortEpoch, "cohortEpoch", what);
-	}
-	return out;
-}
-
-export function validatePromotionNoticeV1(value: unknown): PromotionNoticeV1 {
-	const what = "PromotionNoticeV1";
-	const obj = asObject(value, what);
-	requireV1(obj, what);
-	const fromTier = treeTier(reqFiniteNumber(obj, "fromTier", what), what);
-	const toTier = treeTier(reqFiniteNumber(obj, "toTier", what), what);
-	if (toTier !== fromTier + 1) {
-		fail(`${what}: toTier must equal fromTier + 1, got fromTier=${fromTier} toTier=${toTier}`);
-	}
-	return {
-		v: 1,
-		topicId: b64urlFixedLen(reqString(obj, "topicId", what), "topicId", COORD_BYTES, what),
-		fromTier,
-		toTier,
-		cohortCoord: b64urlFixedLen(reqString(obj, "cohortCoord", what), "cohortCoord", COORD_BYTES, what),
-		effectiveAt: reqFiniteNumber(obj, "effectiveAt", what),
-		thresholdSig: b64urlField(reqString(obj, "thresholdSig", what), "thresholdSig", what),
-		signers: reqStringArray(obj, "signers", what),
-		cohortEpoch: b64urlField(reqString(obj, "cohortEpoch", what), "cohortEpoch", what),
-	};
-}
-
-export function validateDemotionNoticeV1(value: unknown): DemotionNoticeV1 {
-	const what = "DemotionNoticeV1";
-	const obj = asObject(value, what);
-	requireV1(obj, what);
-	return {
-		v: 1,
-		topicId: b64urlFixedLen(reqString(obj, "topicId", what), "topicId", COORD_BYTES, what),
-		tier: treeTier(reqFiniteNumber(obj, "tier", what), what),
-		parentCohortCoord: b64urlFixedLen(reqString(obj, "parentCohortCoord", what), "parentCohortCoord", COORD_BYTES, what),
-		cohortCoord: b64urlFixedLen(reqString(obj, "cohortCoord", what), "cohortCoord", COORD_BYTES, what),
-		effectiveAt: reqFiniteNumber(obj, "effectiveAt", what),
-		thresholdSig: b64urlField(reqString(obj, "thresholdSig", what), "thresholdSig", what),
-		signers: reqStringArray(obj, "signers", what),
-		cohortEpoch: b64urlField(reqString(obj, "cohortEpoch", what), "cohortEpoch", what),
-	};
-}
-
-/**
- * Validate a {@link ChildLinkV1}. Enforces `childTier >= 1` (the root never links), `tier` in 0..3, and
- * well-formed base64url on every byte field. The hash-derived fields (`topicId` / `childCohortCoord` /
- * `cohortEpoch`) are additionally length-checked to exactly 32 bytes (each is a SHA-256 truncation); the
- * `childParticipantCoord` follows the lenient `RegisterV1` convention (base64url only — a participant
- * coord is not always 32 raw bytes, e.g. a multihash-encoded peer id in tests). When `minSigs`
- * is supplied AND the frame carries a threshold signature (`thresholdSig` non-empty), `signers.length` must
- * be `>= minSigs`; a key-less-interim frame carries neither, so that cross-field bound is skipped. `minSigs`
- * is optional so a bare structural decode (no quorum context) still narrows the frame.
- */
-export function validateChildLinkV1(value: unknown, minSigs?: number): ChildLinkV1 {
-	const what = "ChildLinkV1";
-	const obj = asObject(value, what);
-	requireV1(obj, what);
-	const childTier = reqFiniteNumber(obj, "childTier", what);
-	if (!Number.isInteger(childTier) || childTier < 1) {
-		fail(`${what}: childTier must be an integer >= 1, got ${childTier}`);
-	}
-	const thresholdSig = b64urlField(reqString(obj, "thresholdSig", what), "thresholdSig", what);
-	const signers = reqStringArray(obj, "signers", what).map((s) => b64urlField(s, "signers", what));
-	if (minSigs !== undefined && thresholdSig.length > 0 && signers.length < minSigs) {
-		fail(`${what}: a signed child-link needs signers.length >= ${minSigs}, got ${signers.length}`);
-	}
-	return {
-		v: 1,
-		topicId: b64urlFixedLen(reqString(obj, "topicId", what), "topicId", COORD_BYTES, what),
-		childCohortCoord: b64urlFixedLen(reqString(obj, "childCohortCoord", what), "childCohortCoord", COORD_BYTES, what),
-		childParticipantCoord: b64urlField(reqString(obj, "childParticipantCoord", what), "childParticipantCoord", what),
-		childTier,
-		tier: tier(reqFiniteNumber(obj, "tier", what), what),
-		effectiveAt: reqFiniteNumber(obj, "effectiveAt", what),
-		thresholdSig,
-		signers,
-		cohortEpoch: b64urlField(reqString(obj, "cohortEpoch", what), "cohortEpoch", what),
-	};
-}
-
-/** Validate a {@link ChildLinkReplyV1}: `result` in `linked | rejected`, optional human-readable `reason`. */
-export function validateChildLinkReplyV1(value: unknown): ChildLinkReplyV1 {
-	const what = "ChildLinkReplyV1";
-	const obj = asObject(value, what);
-	requireV1(obj, what);
-	const out: ChildLinkReplyV1 = {
-		v: 1,
-		result: reqEnum(obj, "result", ["linked", "rejected"] as const, what),
-	};
-	assignDefined(out, "reason", optString(obj, "reason", what));
-	return out;
-}
-
-function validateCohortTopicSummary(value: unknown): CohortTopicSummary {
-	const what = "CohortTopicSummary";
-	const obj = asObject(value, what);
-	return {
-		topicId: b64urlField(reqString(obj, "topicId", what), "topicId", what),
-		tier: tier(reqFiniteNumber(obj, "tier", what), what),
-		directParticipants: reqFiniteNumber(obj, "directParticipants", what),
-		arrivalsPerMin: reqFiniteNumber(obj, "arrivalsPerMin", what),
-		queriesPerMin: reqFiniteNumber(obj, "queriesPerMin", what),
-		promoted: reqBool(obj, "promoted", what),
-		childCohortCount: reqFiniteNumber(obj, "childCohortCount", what),
-	};
-}
-
-function validateGossipRecordV1(value: unknown): GossipRecordV1 {
-	const what = "GossipRecordV1";
-	const obj = asObject(value, what);
-	const out: GossipRecordV1 = {
-		topicId: b64urlFixedLen(reqString(obj, "topicId", what), "topicId", COORD_BYTES, what),
-		participantId: b64urlField(reqString(obj, "participantId", what), "participantId", what),
-		tier: tier(reqFiniteNumber(obj, "tier", what), what),
-		primary: b64urlField(reqString(obj, "primary", what), "primary", what),
-		backups: reqStringArray(obj, "backups", what).map((b) => b64urlField(b, "backups", what)),
-		attachedAt: reqFiniteNumber(obj, "attachedAt", what),
-		lastPing: reqFiniteNumber(obj, "lastPing", what),
-		ttl: reqFiniteNumber(obj, "ttl", what),
-	};
-	const appState = optString(obj, "appState", what);
-	if (appState !== undefined) {
-		out.appState = b64urlField(appState, "appState", what);
-	}
-	return out;
-}
-
-function validateGossipRecordRefV1(value: unknown): GossipRecordRefV1 {
-	const what = "GossipRecordRefV1";
-	const obj = asObject(value, what);
-	return {
-		topicId: b64urlFixedLen(reqString(obj, "topicId", what), "topicId", COORD_BYTES, what),
-		participantId: b64urlField(reqString(obj, "participantId", what), "participantId", what),
-		lastPing: reqFiniteNumber(obj, "lastPing", what),
-	};
-}
-
-function validateChildLinkRefV1(value: unknown): ChildLinkRefV1 {
-	const what = "ChildLinkRefV1";
-	const obj = asObject(value, what);
-	return {
-		topicId: b64urlFixedLen(reqString(obj, "topicId", what), "topicId", COORD_BYTES, what),
-		childCohortCoord: b64urlField(reqString(obj, "childCohortCoord", what), "childCohortCoord", what),
-		effectiveAt: reqFiniteNumber(obj, "effectiveAt", what),
-	};
-}
-
-/** `willingnessBits` carries exactly 4 bits (T0..T3) as a single hex nibble. */
-const WILLINGNESS_RE = /^[0-9a-fA-F]$/;
-
-export function validateCohortGossipV1(value: unknown): CohortGossipV1 {
-	const what = "CohortGossipV1";
-	const obj = asObject(value, what);
-	requireV1(obj, what);
-	const willingnessBits = reqString(obj, "willingnessBits", what);
-	if (!WILLINGNESS_RE.test(willingnessBits)) {
-		fail(`${what}: field "willingnessBits" must be a single hex nibble (4 bits)`);
-	}
-	const loadBuckets = obj["loadBuckets"];
-	if (!Array.isArray(loadBuckets) || loadBuckets.length !== 4) {
-		fail(`${what}: field "loadBuckets" must be an array of length 4`);
-	}
-	for (const bucket of loadBuckets) {
-		if (typeof bucket !== "number" || !Number.isInteger(bucket) || bucket < 0 || bucket > 7) {
-			fail(`${what}: each loadBuckets entry must be an integer in 0..7`);
-		}
-	}
-	const summaries = obj["topicSummaries"];
-	if (!Array.isArray(summaries)) {
-		fail(`${what}: field "topicSummaries" must be an array`);
-	}
-	const treeTier = reqFiniteNumber(obj, "treeTier", what);
-	if (!Number.isInteger(treeTier) || treeTier < 0) {
-		fail(`${what}: field "treeTier" must be a non-negative integer, got ${treeTier}`);
-	}
-	const out: CohortGossipV1 = {
-		v: 1,
-		fromMember: reqString(obj, "fromMember", what),
-		coord: b64urlFixedLen(reqString(obj, "coord", what), "coord", COORD_BYTES, what),
-		cohortEpoch: b64urlField(reqString(obj, "cohortEpoch", what), "cohortEpoch", what),
-		treeTier,
-		willingnessBits,
-		loadBuckets: loadBuckets as number[],
-		windowSeconds: reqFiniteNumber(obj, "windowSeconds", what),
-		topicSummaries: summaries.map(validateCohortTopicSummary),
-		timestamp: reqFiniteNumber(obj, "timestamp", what),
-		signature: b64urlField(reqString(obj, "signature", what), "signature", what),
-	};
-	const records = obj["records"];
-	if (records !== undefined) {
-		if (!Array.isArray(records)) {
-			fail(`${what}: field "records" must be an array when present`);
-		}
-		out.records = records.map(validateGossipRecordV1);
-	}
-	const evicted = obj["evicted"];
-	if (evicted !== undefined) {
-		if (!Array.isArray(evicted)) {
-			fail(`${what}: field "evicted" must be an array when present`);
-		}
-		out.evicted = evicted.map(validateGossipRecordRefV1);
-	}
-	const childLinks = obj["childLinks"];
-	if (childLinks !== undefined) {
-		if (!Array.isArray(childLinks)) {
-			fail(`${what}: field "childLinks" must be an array when present`);
-		}
-		out.childLinks = childLinks.map(validateChildLinkRefV1);
-	}
-	const childUnlinks = obj["childUnlinks"];
-	if (childUnlinks !== undefined) {
-		if (!Array.isArray(childUnlinks)) {
-			fail(`${what}: field "childUnlinks" must be an array when present`);
-		}
-		out.childUnlinks = childUnlinks.map(validateChildLinkRefV1);
-	}
-	return out;
-}
-
-const SIGN_KINDS: readonly SignKind[] = ["membership", "promotion", "demotion", "rotation", "childlink"];
-
-export function validateSignRequestV1(value: unknown): SignRequestV1 {
-	const what = "SignRequestV1";
-	const obj = asObject(value, what);
-	requireV1(obj, what);
-	return {
-		v: 1,
-		kind: reqEnum(obj, "kind", SIGN_KINDS, what),
-		coord: b64urlFixedLen(reqString(obj, "coord", what), "coord", COORD_BYTES, what),
-		cohortEpoch: b64urlField(reqString(obj, "cohortEpoch", what), "cohortEpoch", what),
-		payload: b64urlField(reqString(obj, "payload", what), "payload", what),
-	};
-}
-
-export function validateSignReplyV1(value: unknown): SignReplyV1 {
-	const what = "SignReplyV1";
-	const obj = asObject(value, what);
-	requireV1(obj, what);
-	// Discriminated by `refused`: a refusal carries a reason; an endorsement carries signer + signature.
-	if (obj["refused"] !== undefined) {
-		if (obj["refused"] !== true) {
-			fail(`${what}: field "refused" must be true when present`);
-		}
-		return { v: 1, refused: true, reason: reqString(obj, "reason", what) };
-	}
-	return {
-		v: 1,
-		signer: b64urlField(reqString(obj, "signer", what), "signer", what),
-		signature: b64urlField(reqString(obj, "signature", what), "signature", what),
-	};
-}
-
-export function validateMembershipCertV1(value: unknown): MembershipCertV1 {
-	const what = "MembershipCertV1";
-	const obj = asObject(value, what);
-	requireV1(obj, what);
-	const out: MembershipCertV1 = {
-		v: 1,
-		cohortCoord: b64urlFixedLen(reqString(obj, "cohortCoord", what), "cohortCoord", COORD_BYTES, what),
-		cohortEpoch: b64urlField(reqString(obj, "cohortEpoch", what), "cohortEpoch", what),
-		members: reqStringArray(obj, "members", what),
-		stabilizedAt: reqFiniteNumber(obj, "stabilizedAt", what),
-		thresholdSig: b64urlField(reqString(obj, "thresholdSig", what), "thresholdSig", what),
-		signers: reqStringArray(obj, "signers", what),
-	};
-	const attestation = optString(obj, "fretAttestation", what);
-	if (attestation !== undefined) {
-		out.fretAttestation = b64urlField(attestation, "fretAttestation", what);
-	}
-	validateRotationAttestation(obj, out, what);
-	return out;
-}
-
-/**
- * Validate the optional rotation attestation as an all-or-nothing group: either all three of
- * `prevEpoch`/`rotationSig`/`rotationSigners` are present (and well-formed) or all are absent. A
- * partial set is a {@link CohortWireError}. `rotationSigners` is validated only as a string array (its
- * elements are decoded per-element later, mirroring `signers`).
- */
-function validateRotationAttestation(obj: Record<string, unknown>, out: MembershipCertV1, what: string): void {
-	const prevEpoch = optString(obj, "prevEpoch", what);
-	const rotationSig = optString(obj, "rotationSig", what);
-	const rotationSigners = optStringArray(obj, "rotationSigners", what);
-	const presentCount = [prevEpoch, rotationSig, rotationSigners].filter((v) => v !== undefined).length;
-	if (presentCount === 0) {
-		return;
-	}
-	if (presentCount !== 3) {
-		fail(`${what}: rotation attestation requires all of prevEpoch, rotationSig, rotationSigners — or none`);
-	}
-	// prevEpoch is a prior cohortEpoch, so it inherits cohortEpoch's leniency (see the b64urlField note
-	// and debt-cohort-topic-pin-cohort-epoch).
-	out.prevEpoch = b64urlField(prevEpoch!, "prevEpoch", what);
-	out.rotationSig = b64urlField(rotationSig!, "rotationSig", what);
-	out.rotationSigners = rotationSigners!;
-}
+/**
+ * Cohort-topic substrate — per-message structural validation.
+ *
+ * Each validator narrows an already-parsed `unknown` (the output of `JSON.parse` on a decoded
+ * frame) to a concrete V1 interface, throwing {@link CohortWireError} on any structural defect:
+ * missing required field, wrong `v`, out-of-enum discriminant, a byte field that does not decode
+ * as base64url, or an out-of-range numeric. Validators never return partial data — they either
+ * narrow cleanly or throw.
+ */
+
+import { DEFAULT_D_MAX_CAP } from "../dmax.js";
+import {
+	assignDefined,
+	asObject,
+	b64urlField,
+	b64urlFixedLen,
+	COORD_BYTES,
+	failWire as fail,
+	optBool,
+	optFiniteNumber,
+	optString,
+	optStringArray,
+	reqBool,
+	reqEnum,
+	reqFiniteNumber,
+	reqString,
+	reqStringArray,
+	requireV1,
+} from "./primitives.js";
+import type {
+	ChildLinkRefV1,
+	ChildLinkReplyV1,
+	ChildLinkV1,
+	CohortGossipV1,
+	CohortTopicSummary,
+	DemotionNoticeV1,
+	GossipRecordRefV1,
+	GossipRecordV1,
+	MembershipCertV1,
+	PromotionNoticeV1,
+	RegisterReplyV1,
+	RegisterResult,
+	RegisterV1,
+	RenewReplyV1,
+	RenewV1,
+	SignKind,
+	SignRequestV1,
+	SignReplyV1,
+	TopicTrafficV1,
+} from "./types.js";
+
+// The generic structural-validation primitives (`fail`/`asObject`/`req*`/`opt*`/`b64url*`/`reqEnum`/…)
+// live in ./primitives.js and are imported above; only the cohort-topic domain validators and the
+// tier-semantics helpers below stay local. `CohortWireError` is re-exported here so existing importers
+// of this module (codec, wire/index, matchmaking, reactivity) are unaffected by the move.
+export { CohortWireError } from "./primitives.js";
+
+function tier(value: number, what: string): number {
+	if (!Number.isInteger(value) || value < 0 || value > 3) {
+		fail(`${what}: tier must be an integer in 0..3, got ${value}`);
+	}
+	return value;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Validate a `treeTier` (the walk-toward-root start tier `d` a register/redirect targets): an integer in
+ * `0..DEFAULT_D_MAX_CAP`. `d_max_cap` (60) is the substrate's own ceiling on useful walk depth, so a
+ * `treeTier` above it cannot correspond to a real walk position. Rejecting here keeps an out-of-range value
+ * from reaching `addressing.coord()` downstream — whose `coordD` throws a raw `RangeError` for a
+ * non-integer / negative / `> 255` tier, an unclassified crash rather than a clean malformed-frame rejection.
+ */
+function treeTier(value: number, what: string): number {
+	if (!Number.isInteger(value) || value < 0 || value > DEFAULT_D_MAX_CAP) {
+		fail(`${what}: treeTier must be an integer in 0..${DEFAULT_D_MAX_CAP}, got ${value}`);
+	}
+	return value;
+}
+
+/** Correlation-id byte width (a 16-byte nonce minted per walk probe / renew). */
+const CORRELATION_BYTES = 16;
+
+const REGISTER_RESULTS: readonly RegisterResult[] = [
+	"accepted",
+	"no_state",
+	"promoted",
+	"unwilling_member",
+	"unwilling_cohort",
+];
+
+export function validateRegisterV1(value: unknown): RegisterV1 {
+	const what = "RegisterV1";
+	const obj = asObject(value, what);
+	requireV1(obj, what);
+	const out: RegisterV1 = {
+		v: 1,
+		topicId: b64urlFixedLen(reqString(obj, "topicId", what), "topicId", COORD_BYTES, what),
+		tier: tier(reqFiniteNumber(obj, "tier", what), what),
+		treeTier: treeTier(reqFiniteNumber(obj, "treeTier", what), what),
+		participantCoord: b64urlField(reqString(obj, "participantCoord", what), "participantCoord", what),
+		ttl: reqFiniteNumber(obj, "ttl", what),
+		timestamp: reqFiniteNumber(obj, "timestamp", what),
+		correlationId: b64urlFixedLen(reqString(obj, "correlationId", what), "correlationId", CORRELATION_BYTES, what),
+		signature: b64urlField(reqString(obj, "signature", what), "signature", what),
+	};
+	const bootstrap = optBool(obj, "bootstrap", what);
+	if (bootstrap !== undefined) {
+		out.bootstrap = bootstrap;
+	}
+	const probe = optBool(obj, "probe", what);
+	if (probe !== undefined) {
+		out.probe = probe;
+	}
+	const followOn = optBool(obj, "followOn", what);
+	if (followOn !== undefined) {
+		out.followOn = followOn;
+	}
+	// `bootstrap`, `followOn`, and `probe` are pairwise mutually exclusive — the walk sets at most one
+	// (bootstrap only at the tier-0 root re-issue, followOn only at a `treeTier >= 1` redirect target,
+	// probe never instantiates). A frame that sets more than one is malformed / adversarial.
+	if ([bootstrap, followOn, probe].filter((flag) => flag === true).length > 1) {
+		fail(`${what}: at most one of bootstrap, followOn, probe may be set`);
+	}
+	// A follow-on is by definition a deeper-than-root growth point, so `treeTier >= 1`. A `followOn: true`
+	// at the root (treeTier 0) would be a bootstrap, not a follow-on — reject it as malformed.
+	if (followOn === true && out.treeTier < 1) {
+		fail(`${what}: followOn requires treeTier >= 1, got ${out.treeTier}`);
+	}
+	const appPayload = optString(obj, "appPayload", what);
+	if (appPayload !== undefined) {
+		out.appPayload = b64urlField(appPayload, "appPayload", what);
+	}
+	// Bootstrap-evidence envelope (base64url; present only on a `bootstrap: true` register). A non-string
+	// is rejected as malformed; an empty string is treated as absent so it normalizes to the same signed
+	// image placeholder as a missing field (see `registerSigningPayload`'s `normalizeEvidence`).
+	const bootstrapEvidence = optString(obj, "bootstrapEvidence", what);
+	if (bootstrapEvidence !== undefined && bootstrapEvidence !== "") {
+		out.bootstrapEvidence = b64urlField(bootstrapEvidence, "bootstrapEvidence", what);
+	}
+	return out;
+}
+
+function validateTopicTrafficV1(value: unknown): TopicTrafficV1 {
+	const what = "TopicTrafficV1";
+	const obj = asObject(value, what);
+	return {
+		windowSeconds: reqFiniteNumber(obj, "windowSeconds", what),
+		arrivalsPerMin: reqFiniteNumber(obj, "arrivalsPerMin", what),
+		queriesPerMin: reqFiniteNumber(obj, "queriesPerMin", what),
+		directParticipants: reqFiniteNumber(obj, "directParticipants", what),
+		childCohortCount: reqFiniteNumber(obj, "childCohortCount", what),
+	};
+}
+
+export function validateRegisterReplyV1(value: unknown): RegisterReplyV1 {
+	const what = "RegisterReplyV1";
+	const obj = asObject(value, what);
+	requireV1(obj, what);
+	const out: RegisterReplyV1 = {
+		v: 1,
+		result: reqEnum(obj, "result", REGISTER_RESULTS, what),
+	};
+	assignDefined(out, "primary", optString(obj, "primary", what));
+	assignDefined(out, "backups", optStringArray(obj, "backups", what));
+	const cohortEpoch = optString(obj, "cohortEpoch", what);
+	if (cohortEpoch !== undefined) {
+		out.cohortEpoch = b64urlFixedLen(cohortEpoch, "cohortEpoch", COORD_BYTES, what);
+	}
+	assignDefined(out, "cohortMembers", optStringArray(obj, "cohortMembers", what));
+	if (obj["topicTraffic"] !== undefined) {
+		out.topicTraffic = validateTopicTrafficV1(obj["topicTraffic"]);
+	}
+	// NOTE: `targetTier` is range-checked in the walk loop (walk.ts, case "promoted"), not here — an
+	// out-of-range redirect must surface as a `retry_later` outcome, not a decode-time throw.
+	assignDefined(out, "targetTier", optFiniteNumber(obj, "targetTier", what));
+	assignDefined(out, "candidateMembers", optStringArray(obj, "candidateMembers", what));
+	assignDefined(out, "retryAfterMs", optFiniteNumber(obj, "retryAfterMs", what));
+	assignDefined(out, "reason", optString(obj, "reason", what));
+	return out;
+}
+
+export function validateRenewV1(value: unknown): RenewV1 {
+	const what = "RenewV1";
+	const obj = asObject(value, what);
+	requireV1(obj, what);
+	const out: RenewV1 = {
+		v: 1,
+		topicId: b64urlFixedLen(reqString(obj, "topicId", what), "topicId", COORD_BYTES, what),
+		participantId: reqString(obj, "participantId", what),
+		correlationId: b64urlFixedLen(reqString(obj, "correlationId", what), "correlationId", CORRELATION_BYTES, what),
+		timestamp: reqFiniteNumber(obj, "timestamp", what),
+		signature: b64urlField(reqString(obj, "signature", what), "signature", what),
+	};
+	assignDefined(out, "reattach", optBool(obj, "reattach", what));
+	assignDefined(out, "withdraw", optBool(obj, "withdraw", what));
+	return out;
+}
+
+export function validateRenewReplyV1(value: unknown): RenewReplyV1 {
+	const what = "RenewReplyV1";
+	const obj = asObject(value, what);
+	requireV1(obj, what);
+	const out: RenewReplyV1 = {
+		v: 1,
+		result: reqEnum(obj, "result", ["ok", "unknown_registration", "primary_moved", "withdrawn"] as const, what),
+	};
+	assignDefined(out, "newPrimary", optString(obj, "newPrimary", what));
+	assignDefined(out, "newBackups", optStringArray(obj, "newBackups", what));
+	const cohortEpoch = optString(obj, "cohortEpoch", what);
+	if (cohortEpoch !== undefined) {
+		out.cohortEpoch = b64urlFixedLen(cohortEpoch, "cohortEpoch", COORD_BYTES, what);
+	}
+	return out;
+}
+
+export function validatePromotionNoticeV1(value: unknown): PromotionNoticeV1 {
+	const what = "PromotionNoticeV1";
+	const obj = asObject(value, what);
+	requireV1(obj, what);
+	const fromTier = treeTier(reqFiniteNumber(obj, "fromTier", what), what);
+	const toTier = treeTier(reqFiniteNumber(obj, "toTier", what), what);
+	if (toTier !== fromTier + 1) {
+		fail(`${what}: toTier must equal fromTier + 1, got fromTier=${fromTier} toTier=${toTier}`);
+	}
+	return {
+		v: 1,
+		topicId: b64urlFixedLen(reqString(obj, "topicId", what), "topicId", COORD_BYTES, what),
+		fromTier,
+		toTier,
+		cohortCoord: b64urlFixedLen(reqString(obj, "cohortCoord", what), "cohortCoord", COORD_BYTES, what),
+		effectiveAt: reqFiniteNumber(obj, "effectiveAt", what),
+		thresholdSig: b64urlField(reqString(obj, "thresholdSig", what), "thresholdSig", what),
+		signers: reqStringArray(obj, "signers", what),
+		cohortEpoch: b64urlFixedLen(reqString(obj, "cohortEpoch", what), "cohortEpoch", COORD_BYTES, what),
+	};
+}
+
+export function validateDemotionNoticeV1(value: unknown): DemotionNoticeV1 {
+	const what = "DemotionNoticeV1";
+	const obj = asObject(value, what);
+	requireV1(obj, what);
+	return {
+		v: 1,
+		topicId: b64urlFixedLen(reqString(obj, "topicId", what), "topicId", COORD_BYTES, what),
+		tier: treeTier(reqFiniteNumber(obj, "tier", what), what),
+		parentCohortCoord: b64urlFixedLen(reqString(obj, "parentCohortCoord", what), "parentCohortCoord", COORD_BYTES, what),
+		cohortCoord: b64urlFixedLen(reqString(obj, "cohortCoord", what), "cohortCoord", COORD_BYTES, what),
+		effectiveAt: reqFiniteNumber(obj, "effectiveAt", what),
+		thresholdSig: b64urlField(reqString(obj, "thresholdSig", what), "thresholdSig", what),
+		signers: reqStringArray(obj, "signers", what),
+		cohortEpoch: b64urlFixedLen(reqString(obj, "cohortEpoch", what), "cohortEpoch", COORD_BYTES, what),
+	};
+}
+
+/**
+ * Validate a {@link ChildLinkV1}. Enforces `childTier >= 1` (the root never links), `tier` in 0..3, and
+ * well-formed base64url on every byte field. The hash-derived fields (`topicId` / `childCohortCoord` /
+ * `cohortEpoch`) are additionally length-checked to exactly 32 bytes (each is a SHA-256 truncation); the
+ * `childParticipantCoord` follows the lenient `RegisterV1` convention (base64url only — a participant
+ * coord is not always 32 raw bytes, e.g. a multihash-encoded peer id in tests). When `minSigs`
+ * is supplied AND the frame carries a threshold signature (`thresholdSig` non-empty), `signers.length` must
+ * be `>= minSigs`; a key-less-interim frame carries neither, so that cross-field bound is skipped. `minSigs`
+ * is optional so a bare structural decode (no quorum context) still narrows the frame.
+ */
+export function validateChildLinkV1(value: unknown, minSigs?: number): ChildLinkV1 {
+	const what = "ChildLinkV1";
+	const obj = asObject(value, what);
+	requireV1(obj, what);
+	const childTier = reqFiniteNumber(obj, "childTier", what);
+	if (!Number.isInteger(childTier) || childTier < 1) {
+		fail(`${what}: childTier must be an integer >= 1, got ${childTier}`);
+	}
+	const thresholdSig = b64urlField(reqString(obj, "thresholdSig", what), "thresholdSig", what);
+	const signers = reqStringArray(obj, "signers", what).map((s) => b64urlField(s, "signers", what));
+	if (minSigs !== undefined && thresholdSig.length > 0 && signers.length < minSigs) {
+		fail(`${what}: a signed child-link needs signers.length >= ${minSigs}, got ${signers.length}`);
+	}
+	return {
+		v: 1,
+		topicId: b64urlFixedLen(reqString(obj, "topicId", what), "topicId", COORD_BYTES, what),
+		childCohortCoord: b64urlFixedLen(reqString(obj, "childCohortCoord", what), "childCohortCoord", COORD_BYTES, what),
+		childParticipantCoord: b64urlField(reqString(obj, "childParticipantCoord", what), "childParticipantCoord", what),
+		childTier,
+		tier: tier(reqFiniteNumber(obj, "tier", what), what),
+		effectiveAt: reqFiniteNumber(obj, "effectiveAt", what),
+		thresholdSig,
+		signers,
+		cohortEpoch: b64urlFixedLen(reqString(obj, "cohortEpoch", what), "cohortEpoch", COORD_BYTES, what),
+	};
+}
+
+/** Validate a {@link ChildLinkReplyV1}: `result` in `linked | rejected`, optional human-readable `reason`. */
+export function validateChildLinkReplyV1(value: unknown): ChildLinkReplyV1 {
+	const what = "ChildLinkReplyV1";
+	const obj = asObject(value, what);
+	requireV1(obj, what);
+	const out: ChildLinkReplyV1 = {
+		v: 1,
+		result: reqEnum(obj, "result", ["linked", "rejected"] as const, what),
+	};
+	assignDefined(out, "reason", optString(obj, "reason", what));
+	return out;
+}
+
+function validateCohortTopicSummary(value: unknown): CohortTopicSummary {
+	const what = "CohortTopicSummary";
+	const obj = asObject(value, what);
+	return {
+		topicId: b64urlField(reqString(obj, "topicId", what), "topicId", what),
+		tier: tier(reqFiniteNumber(obj, "tier", what), what),
+		directParticipants: reqFiniteNumber(obj, "directParticipants", what),
+		arrivalsPerMin: reqFiniteNumber(obj, "arrivalsPerMin", what),
+		queriesPerMin: reqFiniteNumber(obj, "queriesPerMin", what),
+		promoted: reqBool(obj, "promoted", what),
+		childCohortCount: reqFiniteNumber(obj, "childCohortCount", what),
+	};
+}
+
+function validateGossipRecordV1(value: unknown): GossipRecordV1 {
+	const what = "GossipRecordV1";
+	const obj = asObject(value, what);
+	const out: GossipRecordV1 = {
+		topicId: b64urlFixedLen(reqString(obj, "topicId", what), "topicId", COORD_BYTES, what),
+		participantId: b64urlField(reqString(obj, "participantId", what), "participantId", what),
+		tier: tier(reqFiniteNumber(obj, "tier", what), what),
+		primary: b64urlField(reqString(obj, "primary", what), "primary", what),
+		backups: reqStringArray(obj, "backups", what).map((b) => b64urlField(b, "backups", what)),
+		attachedAt: reqFiniteNumber(obj, "attachedAt", what),
+		lastPing: reqFiniteNumber(obj, "lastPing", what),
+		ttl: reqFiniteNumber(obj, "ttl", what),
+	};
+	const appState = optString(obj, "appState", what);
+	if (appState !== undefined) {
+		out.appState = b64urlField(appState, "appState", what);
+	}
+	return out;
+}
+
+function validateGossipRecordRefV1(value: unknown): GossipRecordRefV1 {
+	const what = "GossipRecordRefV1";
+	const obj = asObject(value, what);
+	return {
+		topicId: b64urlFixedLen(reqString(obj, "topicId", what), "topicId", COORD_BYTES, what),
+		participantId: b64urlField(reqString(obj, "participantId", what), "participantId", what),
+		lastPing: reqFiniteNumber(obj, "lastPing", what),
+	};
+}
+
+function validateChildLinkRefV1(value: unknown): ChildLinkRefV1 {
+	const what = "ChildLinkRefV1";
+	const obj = asObject(value, what);
+	return {
+		topicId: b64urlFixedLen(reqString(obj, "topicId", what), "topicId", COORD_BYTES, what),
+		childCohortCoord: b64urlField(reqString(obj, "childCohortCoord", what), "childCohortCoord", what),
+		effectiveAt: reqFiniteNumber(obj, "effectiveAt", what),
+	};
+}
+
+/** `willingnessBits` carries exactly 4 bits (T0..T3) as a single hex nibble. */
+const WILLINGNESS_RE = /^[0-9a-fA-F]$/;
+
+export function validateCohortGossipV1(value: unknown): CohortGossipV1 {
+	const what = "CohortGossipV1";
+	const obj = asObject(value, what);
+	requireV1(obj, what);
+	const willingnessBits = reqString(obj, "willingnessBits", what);
+	if (!WILLINGNESS_RE.test(willingnessBits)) {
+		fail(`${what}: field "willingnessBits" must be a single hex nibble (4 bits)`);
+	}
+	const loadBuckets = obj["loadBuckets"];
+	if (!Array.isArray(loadBuckets) || loadBuckets.length !== 4) {
+		fail(`${what}: field "loadBuckets" must be an array of length 4`);
+	}
+	for (const bucket of loadBuckets) {
+		if (typeof bucket !== "number" || !Number.isInteger(bucket) || bucket < 0 || bucket > 7) {
+			fail(`${what}: each loadBuckets entry must be an integer in 0..7`);
+		}
+	}
+	const summaries = obj["topicSummaries"];
+	if (!Array.isArray(summaries)) {
+		fail(`${what}: field "topicSummaries" must be an array`);
+	}
+	const treeTier = reqFiniteNumber(obj, "treeTier", what);
+	if (!Number.isInteger(treeTier) || treeTier < 0) {
+		fail(`${what}: field "treeTier" must be a non-negative integer, got ${treeTier}`);
+	}
+	const out: CohortGossipV1 = {
+		v: 1,
+		fromMember: reqString(obj, "fromMember", what),
+		coord: b64urlFixedLen(reqString(obj, "coord", what), "coord", COORD_BYTES, what),
+		cohortEpoch: b64urlFixedLen(reqString(obj, "cohortEpoch", what), "cohortEpoch", COORD_BYTES, what),
+		treeTier,
+		willingnessBits,
+		loadBuckets: loadBuckets as number[],
+		windowSeconds: reqFiniteNumber(obj, "windowSeconds", what),
+		topicSummaries: summaries.map(validateCohortTopicSummary),
+		timestamp: reqFiniteNumber(obj, "timestamp", what),
+		signature: b64urlField(reqString(obj, "signature", what), "signature", what),
+	};
+	const records = obj["records"];
+	if (records !== undefined) {
+		if (!Array.isArray(records)) {
+			fail(`${what}: field "records" must be an array when present`);
+		}
+		out.records = records.map(validateGossipRecordV1);
+	}
+	const evicted = obj["evicted"];
+	if (evicted !== undefined) {
+		if (!Array.isArray(evicted)) {
+			fail(`${what}: field "evicted" must be an array when present`);
+		}
+		out.evicted = evicted.map(validateGossipRecordRefV1);
+	}
+	const childLinks = obj["childLinks"];
+	if (childLinks !== undefined) {
+		if (!Array.isArray(childLinks)) {
+			fail(`${what}: field "childLinks" must be an array when present`);
+		}
+		out.childLinks = childLinks.map(validateChildLinkRefV1);
+	}
+	const childUnlinks = obj["childUnlinks"];
+	if (childUnlinks !== undefined) {
+		if (!Array.isArray(childUnlinks)) {
+			fail(`${what}: field "childUnlinks" must be an array when present`);
+		}
+		out.childUnlinks = childUnlinks.map(validateChildLinkRefV1);
+	}
+	return out;
+}
+
+const SIGN_KINDS: readonly SignKind[] = ["membership", "promotion", "demotion", "rotation", "childlink"];
+
+export function validateSignRequestV1(value: unknown): SignRequestV1 {
+	const what = "SignRequestV1";
+	const obj = asObject(value, what);
+	requireV1(obj, what);
+	return {
+		v: 1,
+		kind: reqEnum(obj, "kind", SIGN_KINDS, what),
+		coord: b64urlFixedLen(reqString(obj, "coord", what), "coord", COORD_BYTES, what),
+		cohortEpoch: b64urlFixedLen(reqString(obj, "cohortEpoch", what), "cohortEpoch", COORD_BYTES, what),
+		payload: b64urlField(reqString(obj, "payload", what), "payload", what),
+	};
+}
+
+export function validateSignReplyV1(value: unknown): SignReplyV1 {
+	const what = "SignReplyV1";
+	const obj = asObject(value, what);
+	requireV1(obj, what);
+	// Discriminated by `refused`: a refusal carries a reason; an endorsement carries signer + signature.
+	if (obj["refused"] !== undefined) {
+		if (obj["refused"] !== true) {
+			fail(`${what}: field "refused" must be true when present`);
+		}
+		return { v: 1, refused: true, reason: reqString(obj, "reason", what) };
+	}
+	return {
+		v: 1,
+		signer: b64urlField(reqString(obj, "signer", what), "signer", what),
+		signature: b64urlField(reqString(obj, "signature", what), "signature", what),
+	};
+}
+
+export function validateMembershipCertV1(value: unknown): MembershipCertV1 {
+	const what = "MembershipCertV1";
+	const obj = asObject(value, what);
+	requireV1(obj, what);
+	const out: MembershipCertV1 = {
+		v: 1,
+		cohortCoord: b64urlFixedLen(reqString(obj, "cohortCoord", what), "cohortCoord", COORD_BYTES, what),
+		cohortEpoch: b64urlFixedLen(reqString(obj, "cohortEpoch", what), "cohortEpoch", COORD_BYTES, what),
+		members: reqStringArray(obj, "members", what),
+		stabilizedAt: reqFiniteNumber(obj, "stabilizedAt", what),
+		thresholdSig: b64urlField(reqString(obj, "thresholdSig", what), "thresholdSig", what),
+		signers: reqStringArray(obj, "signers", what),
+	};
+	const attestation = optString(obj, "fretAttestation", what);
+	if (attestation !== undefined) {
+		out.fretAttestation = b64urlField(attestation, "fretAttestation", what);
+	}
+	validateRotationAttestation(obj, out, what);
+	return out;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Validate the optional rotation attestation as an all-or-nothing group: either all three of
+ * `prevEpoch`/`rotationSig`/`rotationSigners` are present (and well-formed) or all are absent. A
+ * partial set is a {@link CohortWireError}. `rotationSigners` is validated only as a string array (its
+ * elements are decoded per-element later, mirroring `signers`).
+ */
+function validateRotationAttestation(obj: Record<string, unknown>, out: MembershipCertV1, what: string): void {
+	const prevEpoch = optString(obj, "prevEpoch", what);
+	const rotationSig = optString(obj, "rotationSig", what);
+	const rotationSigners = optStringArray(obj, "rotationSigners", what);
+	const presentCount = [prevEpoch, rotationSig, rotationSigners].filter((v) => v !== undefined).length;
+	if (presentCount === 0) {
+		return;
+	}
+	if (presentCount !== 3) {
+		fail(`${what}: rotation attestation requires all of prevEpoch, rotationSig, rotationSigners — or none`);
+	}
+	out.prevEpoch = b64urlFixedLen(prevEpoch!, "prevEpoch", COORD_BYTES, what);
+	out.rotationSig = b64urlField(rotationSig!, "rotationSig", what);
+	out.rotationSigners = rotationSigners!;
+}