@optimystic/db-core 0.21.0 → 0.24.0

package/src/cohort-topic/walk.ts

@@ -1,326 +1,326 @@
-/**
- * Cohort-topic substrate — walk-toward-root lookup / registration.
- *
- * Transcribed from `docs/cohort-topic.md` §Tree growth and lookup (§Lookup loop) and folded back
- * from the simulator-validated `packages/substrate-simulator/src/walk.ts`. A participant resolves a
- * topic by walking **toward the root** from `d_max`, probing one tier coordinate per RPC. The walk's
- * single-direction discipline is the anti-flood backbone: it only ever moves inward (toward the root)
- * on `NoState`, and the *only* outward move is following an explicit `Promoted` redirect.
- *
- * Reply handling (§Lookup):
- * - **`accepted`** → done; return the reply (carries `primary`/`backups`/`cohortEpoch` to cache).
- * - **`no_state`** at tier `d` → step one tier toward the root (`d − 1`); no traffic signal. At the
- *   root (`d − 1 < 0`) re-issue once at tier 0 with `bootstrap: true` (cold-start request). **If this
- *   `no_state` is the redirect target of a `Promoted` this walk just followed** (`followedPromoted`),
- *   the deeper child is cold: a register re-issues **once** at the same tier with `followOn: true` (a
- *   deeper-tier cold-start, gated by the same evidence a `bootstrap` pays), then backs off if that too
- *   returns `no_state`; a probe never instantiates, so it backs off immediately. This is what lets a
- *   join that lands on a freshly-promoted-but-not-yet-grown branch converge instead of oscillating.
- * - **`promoted(targetTier)`** → recompute `coord_targetTier(self, topicId)` and register there — the
- *   one outward move, taken only on this explicit redirect.
- * - **`unwilling_member(candidates)`** → retry the **same** coord at a named alternative member
- *   (spatial move within the cohort), via a direct dial.
- * - **`unwilling_cohort(retryAfter)`** → back off in **time**; the walk terminates with
- *   {@link RetryLaterOutcome} and the caller restarts a fresh {@link WalkEngine.register} after
- *   `afterMs` — which begins again at `d_max`, decorrelating retries across the ring (§Anti-flood
- *   claim 4: never re-hit the declined coord immediately).
- *
- * This module is FRET-free: it drives the {@link ITopicRouter} port (db-p2p binds it to FRET's
- * `RouteAndMaybeAct` / direct dial) and the {@link TierAddressing} math, and delegates building +
- * signing the {@link RegisterV1} to the injected {@link RegisterMessageFactory} (participant identity
- * and crypto live there, not here).
- */
-
-import type { ITopicRouter, PeerRef } from "./ports.js";
-import type { TierAddressing } from "./addressing.js";
-import type { DMaxComputer } from "./dmax.js";
-import { DEFAULT_D_MAX_CAP } from "./dmax.js";
-import { backoffRetryMs } from "./willingness.js";
-import { b64urlToBytes, decodeRegisterReplyV1, encodeCohortMessage } from "./wire/codec.js";
-import type { RegisterReplyV1, RegisterV1 } from "./wire/types.js";
-
-/** The walk landed: the cohort accepted the registration. `reply` carries the cohort cache fields. */
-export interface AcceptedWalkOutcome {
-	readonly kind: "accepted";
-	readonly reply: RegisterReplyV1;
-	/**
-	 * The accepted register probe's own `correlationId`. The participant echoes it on every renew for this
-	 * registration so `RenewV1.correlationId` "matches original `RegisterV1`" (docs §Wire, RenewV1). Each
-	 * probe carries a distinct correlationId; this is the one the cohort admitted.
-	 */
-	readonly correlationId: string;
-}
-
-/**
- * The walk hit a `Promoted` redirect and the engine was configured **not** to follow it
- * ({@link WalkConfig.followPromoted} `= false`): the caller recomputes `coord_targetTier` and
- * registers there itself. With the default (`followPromoted = true`) the engine follows the redirect
- * internally and this outcome never surfaces.
- */
-export interface PromotedWalkOutcome {
-	readonly kind: "promoted";
-	readonly targetTier: number;
-}
-
-/**
- * The walk backed off in time (`unwilling_cohort`, exhausted sibling retries, a failed cold-start, or
- * the safety step cap). The caller waits `afterMs` then calls {@link WalkEngine.register} again, which
- * restarts at `d_max`.
- */
-export interface RetryLaterOutcome {
-	readonly kind: "retry_later";
-	readonly afterMs: number;
-}
-
-export type WalkOutcome = AcceptedWalkOutcome | PromotedWalkOutcome | RetryLaterOutcome;
-
-/** Builds (and signs) the {@link RegisterV1} for one probe; owns participant identity + crypto. */
-export interface RegisterMessageFactory {
-	/**
-	 * Produce a signed `RegisterV1` for this participant at walk position `treeTier`. `bootstrap` is set
-	 * only on the root cold-start re-issue; `followOn` only on the dedicated re-issue after a `Promoted`
-	 * redirect target answered `NoState` (§Cold-start). `appPayload` is the opaque application slot. On
-	 * either cold-start re-issue the factory mints and attaches the signed `bootstrapEvidence` envelope
-	 * (§Anti-DoS — a follow-on is gated identically to a bootstrap) via the injected builder seam before
-	 * signing — keyed off `bootstrap`/`followOn`, so no extra parameter is needed (the walk decides both
-	 * internally, not the application). `bootstrap`, `followOn`, and `probe` are mutually exclusive.
-	 */
-	build(params: {
-		topicId: Uint8Array;
-		tier: number;
-		treeTier: number;
-		bootstrap: boolean;
-		/** Follow-on cold-start re-issue after a `Promoted` redirect target answered `NoState` (`treeTier >= 1`). */
-		followOn: boolean;
-		/** Read-only lookup probe: the factory stamps `RegisterV1.probe` and never mints cold-start evidence. */
-		probe: boolean;
-		appPayload?: Uint8Array;
-	}): Promise<RegisterV1>;
-}
-
-export interface WalkConfig {
-	/** Cohort size requested from the router (`wantK`). Default 16. */
-	wantK?: number;
-	/** Threshold signers requested from the router (`minSigs = k − x`). Default 14. */
-	minSigs?: number;
-	/** Max `unwilling_member` sibling retries at one coord before treating it as a cohort decline. Default `wantK`. */
-	maxMemberRetries?: number;
-	/**
-	 * Whether to follow a `Promoted` redirect internally (recompute coord + continue) or surface it as
-	 * a {@link PromotedWalkOutcome} for the caller to drive. Default `true` (self-contained walk).
-	 */
-	followPromoted?: boolean;
-	/**
-	 * Hard cap on probe RPCs in one walk — a safety valve against pathological oscillation between an
-	 * inward `NoState` step and an outward `Promoted` redirect in a malformed tree. Default scales with
-	 * `d_max`. Exceeding it yields a {@link RetryLaterOutcome}.
-	 */
-	maxSteps?: number;
-	/** `max_message_bytes` ceiling for the encoded register frame. Defaults to the codec default. */
-	maxMessageBytes?: number;
-}
-
-export interface WalkEngineDeps {
-	router: ITopicRouter;
-	addressing: TierAddressing;
-	/** Computes the walk start tier `d_max` from the current network-size estimate. */
-	dmax: DMaxComputer;
-	/** This participant's peer id — the `P` in `coord_d(P, topicId)`. */
-	self: Uint8Array;
-	/** Builds + signs the per-probe `RegisterV1`. */
-	factory: RegisterMessageFactory;
-	config?: WalkConfig;
-}
-
-/** Drives a participant's walk-toward-root registration over the injected router + addressing. */
-export interface WalkEngine {
-	/**
-	 * Walk from `d_max` toward the root registering for `topicId` at op `tier`, following `Promoted`
-	 * redirects outward. Resolves with the terminal {@link WalkOutcome}. With `opts.probe` the walk is a
-	 * **read-only lookup**: identical routing discipline, but the terminal cohort classifies rather than
-	 * admits and the root `no_state` branch backs off instead of issuing a `bootstrap: true` cold-start
-	 * (a probe never instantiates a cold root).
-	 */
-	register(topicId: Uint8Array, tier: number, appPayload?: Uint8Array, opts?: { probe?: boolean }): Promise<WalkOutcome>;
-}
-
-/**
- * A walk tier is valid iff it is an integer in `0..DEFAULT_D_MAX_CAP` — the substrate's own walk-depth
- * ceiling. A `promoted` reply's explicit `targetTier` is untrusted: an out-of-range value (non-integer,
- * negative, or above the ceiling) cannot name a real cohort and would reach `addressing.coord()` →
- * `coordD`, which throws a raw `RangeError`. Matches the range the wire `treeTier` validator enforces.
- */
-function isValidTreeTier(value: number): boolean {
-	return Number.isInteger(value) && value >= 0 && value <= DEFAULT_D_MAX_CAP;
-}
-
-class RouterWalkEngine implements WalkEngine {
-	private readonly wantK: number;
-	private readonly minSigs: number;
-	private readonly maxMemberRetries: number;
-	private readonly followPromoted: boolean;
-	private readonly configuredMaxSteps?: number;
-	private readonly maxMessageBytes?: number;
-
-	constructor(private readonly deps: WalkEngineDeps) {
-		const cfg = deps.config ?? {};
-		this.wantK = cfg.wantK ?? 16;
-		this.minSigs = cfg.minSigs ?? 14;
-		this.maxMemberRetries = cfg.maxMemberRetries ?? this.wantK;
-		this.followPromoted = cfg.followPromoted ?? true;
-		this.configuredMaxSteps = cfg.maxSteps;
-		this.maxMessageBytes = cfg.maxMessageBytes;
-	}
-
-	async register(topicId: Uint8Array, tier: number, appPayload?: Uint8Array, opts?: { probe?: boolean }): Promise<WalkOutcome> {
-		const dMax = this.deps.dmax.dMax();
-		const maxSteps = this.configuredMaxSteps ?? 2 * (dMax + 2) + this.maxMemberRetries + 8;
-		const probe = opts?.probe ?? false;
-
-		let d = dMax;
-		let bootstrap = false;
-		let followOn = false;
-		// Member ids (base64url) already dialed on this walk's `unwilling_member` retries. Tracking WHICH
-		// members were tried — not a positional counter — lets each fresh candidate list be consumed from
-		// its best (index-0) member; a counter would permanently skip index 0 of every list after the first.
-		const triedMembers = new Set<string>();
-		let dialTarget: PeerRef | undefined;
-		let steps = 0;
-		// True once this walk has followed a `Promoted` redirect outward (either mode). On a subsequent
-		// `NoState` the redirect target is cold: a probe backs off (never instantiates), a register
-		// re-issues once with `followOn: true` to instantiate the child, then backs off.
-		let followedPromoted = false;
-		// True once the register path has spent its single `followOn: true` re-issue at the cold child.
-		let followOnReissued = false;
-
-		for (;;) {
-			if (++steps > maxSteps) {
-				// Safety valve: a well-formed tree converges well within this bound. Surface a temporal
-				// back-off rather than spin.
-				return { kind: "retry_later", afterMs: backoffRetryMs(0) };
-			}
-
-			const reg = await this.deps.factory.build({ topicId, tier, treeTier: d, bootstrap, followOn, probe, appPayload });
-			const activity = encodeCohortMessage(reg, this.maxMessageBytes);
-			const raw = dialTarget !== undefined
-				? await this.deps.router.dialMember(dialTarget, activity)
-				: await this.deps.router.routeAndAct(this.deps.addressing.coord(d, this.deps.self, topicId), activity, {
-					wantK: this.wantK,
-					minSigs: this.minSigs,
-				});
-			const reply = decodeRegisterReplyV1(raw, this.maxMessageBytes);
-
-			switch (reply.result) {
-				case "accepted": {
-					// Surface the accepted probe's correlationId so the participant's renewals can echo it
-					// (RenewV1 correlationId "matches original RegisterV1"). `reg` is the frame just admitted.
-					return { kind: "accepted", reply, correlationId: reg.correlationId };
-				}
-				case "no_state": {
-					// Step toward the root. The cohort served nothing here; no spatial sibling state.
-					dialTarget = undefined;
-					triedMembers.clear(); // a spatial move to a new coord starts sibling retries fresh
-					if (followedPromoted) {
-						// The `Promoted` redirect target is cold (not yet instantiated). Walking inward to the
-						// promoting ancestor would just re-trigger the redirect and oscillate, so handle it here.
-						if (probe) {
-							// A probe never instantiates — back off immediately (mirror of the register re-issue).
-							return { kind: "retry_later", afterMs: backoffRetryMs(0) };
-						}
-						if (!followOnReissued) {
-							// Re-issue ONCE at the SAME child tier as a follow-on cold-start: RegisterV1{ followOn:
-							// true } + minted evidence. The mirror of the root NoState → bootstrap:true re-issue.
-							followOn = true;
-							followOnReissued = true;
-							break; // re-register at the same coord/tier, now carrying followOn
-						}
-						// The follow-on re-issue still got NoState → the cold child's quorum is unwilling to
-						// instantiate. Back off in time; do NOT loop inward.
-						return { kind: "retry_later", afterMs: backoffRetryMs(0) };
-					}
-					const next = d - 1;
-					if (next < 0) {
-						if (bootstrap) {
-							// Already re-issued at the root as a bootstrap and still nothing — no cohort
-							// anywhere will instantiate right now. Back off in time.
-							return { kind: "retry_later", afterMs: backoffRetryMs(0) };
-						}
-						if (probe) {
-							// A read-only probe never instantiates a cold root: the topic exists nowhere, so
-							// resolve "not found / back off" rather than re-issuing with bootstrap:true.
-							return { kind: "retry_later", afterMs: backoffRetryMs(0) };
-						}
-						// Root returned NoState → cold-start: re-issue once at tier 0 with bootstrap:true.
-						d = 0;
-						bootstrap = true;
-						break;
-					}
-					d = next;
-					bootstrap = false;
-					break;
-				}
-				case "promoted": {
-					dialTarget = undefined;
-					triedMembers.clear(); // spatial move to the redirect target: sibling retries start fresh
-					bootstrap = false;
-					const targetTier = reply.targetTier ?? d + 1;
-					// The cohort names the tier to jump outward to. When it supplied `targetTier` EXPLICITLY it is
-					// untrusted: an out-of-range value would reach `coord()` → `coordD` and throw a raw RangeError,
-					// an unclassified crash out of register()/lookup() rather than a clean outcome. Bound it before
-					// BOTH adoption sites (the followPromoted-false surface below and the `d = targetTier` hop) and
-					// back off in time instead. Only the EXPLICIT attacker value is the hazard; the `d + 1`
-					// fallback is left unchecked because `d` is walk-bounded to `dMax + maxSteps` (≈190 under the
-					// default `maxSteps`), comfortably under coordD's 255 range.
-					// NOTE: `maxSteps` is operator-configurable — a value above ~195 plus an adversarial chain of
-					// no-`targetTier` `promoted` replies (each bumps `d` by +1) could push the `d + 1` fallback
-					// past coordD's range and reintroduce the RangeError. If maxSteps is ever raised that high,
-					// bound the fallback here too.
-					if (reply.targetTier !== undefined && !isValidTreeTier(targetTier)) {
-						return { kind: "retry_later", afterMs: backoffRetryMs(0) };
-					}
-					// Following a (fresh) redirect: mark it, and reset the follow-on latch so a cold child at
-					// THIS target gets its own single follow-on re-issue. The honest flow re-registers the
-					// child with a PLAIN frame first (followOn false) and only escalates to followOn on its
-					// NoState — so clear the flag here; the NoState branch re-arms it.
-					followedPromoted = true;
-					followOn = false;
-					followOnReissued = false;
-					if (!this.followPromoted) {
-						return { kind: "promoted", targetTier };
-					}
-					d = targetTier; // the one outward move — recompute coord at the redirect target
-					break;
-				}
-				case "unwilling_member": {
-					const candidates = reply.candidateMembers ?? [];
-					// Consume this (possibly fresh) list from its best (index-0) member: pick the FIRST
-					// candidate not already dialed on this walk. A positional `memberAttempts % len` offset
-					// would skip index 0 of every list after the first, permanently starving the best member.
-					const next = candidates.find((c) => !triedMembers.has(c));
-					if (next === undefined || triedMembers.size >= this.maxMemberRetries) {
-						// No untried candidate offered (or the retry cap is spent) → fall through to a
-						// cohort-level temporal back-off, restarting at d_max on the caller's retry.
-						return { kind: "retry_later", afterMs: backoffRetryMs(0) };
-					}
-					// Retry the SAME coord at a named alternative member (spatial move within the cohort).
-					triedMembers.add(next);
-					dialTarget = { id: b64urlToBytes(next) };
-					break;
-				}
-				case "unwilling_cohort": {
-					// Back off in TIME, no spatial move; the caller restarts at d_max after the delay.
-					return { kind: "retry_later", afterMs: reply.retryAfterMs ?? backoffRetryMs(0) };
-				}
-				default: {
-					// Exhaustive over RegisterResult; an unknown result is treated as a temporal decline.
-					return { kind: "retry_later", afterMs: backoffRetryMs(0) };
-				}
-			}
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-/** Build a {@link WalkEngine} over the injected router, addressing, `d_max`, and message factory. */
-export function createWalkEngine(deps: WalkEngineDeps): WalkEngine {
-	return new RouterWalkEngine(deps);
-}
+/**
+ * Cohort-topic substrate — walk-toward-root lookup / registration.
+ *
+ * Transcribed from `docs/cohort-topic.md` §Tree growth and lookup (§Lookup loop) and folded back
+ * from the simulator-validated `packages/substrate-simulator/src/walk.ts`. A participant resolves a
+ * topic by walking **toward the root** from `d_max`, probing one tier coordinate per RPC. The walk's
+ * single-direction discipline is the anti-flood backbone: it only ever moves inward (toward the root)
+ * on `NoState`, and the *only* outward move is following an explicit `Promoted` redirect.
+ *
+ * Reply handling (§Lookup):
+ * - **`accepted`** → done; return the reply (carries `primary`/`backups`/`cohortEpoch` to cache).
+ * - **`no_state`** at tier `d` → step one tier toward the root (`d − 1`); no traffic signal. At the
+ *   root (`d − 1 < 0`) re-issue once at tier 0 with `bootstrap: true` (cold-start request). **If this
+ *   `no_state` is the redirect target of a `Promoted` this walk just followed** (`followedPromoted`),
+ *   the deeper child is cold: a register re-issues **once** at the same tier with `followOn: true` (a
+ *   deeper-tier cold-start, gated by the same evidence a `bootstrap` pays), then backs off if that too
+ *   returns `no_state`; a probe never instantiates, so it backs off immediately. This is what lets a
+ *   join that lands on a freshly-promoted-but-not-yet-grown branch converge instead of oscillating.
+ * - **`promoted(targetTier)`** → recompute `coord_targetTier(self, topicId)` and register there — the
+ *   one outward move, taken only on this explicit redirect.
+ * - **`unwilling_member(candidates)`** → retry the **same** coord at a named alternative member
+ *   (spatial move within the cohort), via a direct dial.
+ * - **`unwilling_cohort(retryAfter)`** → back off in **time**; the walk terminates with
+ *   {@link RetryLaterOutcome} and the caller restarts a fresh {@link WalkEngine.register} after
+ *   `afterMs` — which begins again at `d_max`, decorrelating retries across the ring (§Anti-flood
+ *   claim 4: never re-hit the declined coord immediately).
+ *
+ * This module is FRET-free: it drives the {@link ITopicRouter} port (db-p2p binds it to FRET's
+ * `RouteAndMaybeAct` / direct dial) and the {@link TierAddressing} math, and delegates building +
+ * signing the {@link RegisterV1} to the injected {@link RegisterMessageFactory} (participant identity
+ * and crypto live there, not here).
+ */
+
+import type { ITopicRouter, PeerRef } from "./ports.js";
+import type { TierAddressing } from "./addressing.js";
+import type { DMaxComputer } from "./dmax.js";
+import { DEFAULT_D_MAX_CAP } from "./dmax.js";
+import { backoffRetryMs } from "./willingness.js";
+import { b64urlToBytes, decodeRegisterReplyV1, encodeCohortMessage } from "./wire/codec.js";
+import type { RegisterReplyV1, RegisterV1 } from "./wire/types.js";
+
+/** The walk landed: the cohort accepted the registration. `reply` carries the cohort cache fields. */
+export interface AcceptedWalkOutcome {
+	readonly kind: "accepted";
+	readonly reply: RegisterReplyV1;
+	/**
+	 * The accepted register probe's own `correlationId`. The participant echoes it on every renew for this
+	 * registration so `RenewV1.correlationId` "matches original `RegisterV1`" (docs §Wire, RenewV1). Each
+	 * probe carries a distinct correlationId; this is the one the cohort admitted.
+	 */
+	readonly correlationId: string;
+}
+
+/**
+ * The walk hit a `Promoted` redirect and the engine was configured **not** to follow it
+ * ({@link WalkConfig.followPromoted} `= false`): the caller recomputes `coord_targetTier` and
+ * registers there itself. With the default (`followPromoted = true`) the engine follows the redirect
+ * internally and this outcome never surfaces.
+ */
+export interface PromotedWalkOutcome {
+	readonly kind: "promoted";
+	readonly targetTier: number;
+}
+
+/**
+ * The walk backed off in time (`unwilling_cohort`, exhausted sibling retries, a failed cold-start, or
+ * the safety step cap). The caller waits `afterMs` then calls {@link WalkEngine.register} again, which
+ * restarts at `d_max`.
+ */
+export interface RetryLaterOutcome {
+	readonly kind: "retry_later";
+	readonly afterMs: number;
+}
+
+export type WalkOutcome = AcceptedWalkOutcome | PromotedWalkOutcome | RetryLaterOutcome;
+
+/** Builds (and signs) the {@link RegisterV1} for one probe; owns participant identity + crypto. */
+export interface RegisterMessageFactory {
+	/**
+	 * Produce a signed `RegisterV1` for this participant at walk position `treeTier`. `bootstrap` is set
+	 * only on the root cold-start re-issue; `followOn` only on the dedicated re-issue after a `Promoted`
+	 * redirect target answered `NoState` (§Cold-start). `appPayload` is the opaque application slot. On
+	 * either cold-start re-issue the factory mints and attaches the signed `bootstrapEvidence` envelope
+	 * (§Anti-DoS — a follow-on is gated identically to a bootstrap) via the injected builder seam before
+	 * signing — keyed off `bootstrap`/`followOn`, so no extra parameter is needed (the walk decides both
+	 * internally, not the application). `bootstrap`, `followOn`, and `probe` are mutually exclusive.
+	 */
+	build(params: {
+		topicId: Uint8Array;
+		tier: number;
+		treeTier: number;
+		bootstrap: boolean;
+		/** Follow-on cold-start re-issue after a `Promoted` redirect target answered `NoState` (`treeTier >= 1`). */
+		followOn: boolean;
+		/** Read-only lookup probe: the factory stamps `RegisterV1.probe` and never mints cold-start evidence. */
+		probe: boolean;
+		appPayload?: Uint8Array;
+	}): Promise<RegisterV1>;
+}
+
+export interface WalkConfig {
+	/** Cohort size requested from the router (`wantK`). Default 16. */
+	wantK?: number;
+	/** Threshold signers requested from the router (`minSigs = k − x`). Default 14. */
+	minSigs?: number;
+	/** Max `unwilling_member` sibling retries at one coord before treating it as a cohort decline. Default `wantK`. */
+	maxMemberRetries?: number;
+	/**
+	 * Whether to follow a `Promoted` redirect internally (recompute coord + continue) or surface it as
+	 * a {@link PromotedWalkOutcome} for the caller to drive. Default `true` (self-contained walk).
+	 */
+	followPromoted?: boolean;
+	/**
+	 * Hard cap on probe RPCs in one walk — a safety valve against pathological oscillation between an
+	 * inward `NoState` step and an outward `Promoted` redirect in a malformed tree. Default scales with
+	 * `d_max`. Exceeding it yields a {@link RetryLaterOutcome}.
+	 */
+	maxSteps?: number;
+	/** `max_message_bytes` ceiling for the encoded register frame. Defaults to the codec default. */
+	maxMessageBytes?: number;
+}
+
+export interface WalkEngineDeps {
+	router: ITopicRouter;
+	addressing: TierAddressing;
+	/** Computes the walk start tier `d_max` from the current network-size estimate. */
+	dmax: DMaxComputer;
+	/** This participant's peer id — the `P` in `coord_d(P, topicId)`. */
+	self: Uint8Array;
+	/** Builds + signs the per-probe `RegisterV1`. */
+	factory: RegisterMessageFactory;
+	config?: WalkConfig;
+}
+
+/** Drives a participant's walk-toward-root registration over the injected router + addressing. */
+export interface WalkEngine {
+	/**
+	 * Walk from `d_max` toward the root registering for `topicId` at op `tier`, following `Promoted`
+	 * redirects outward. Resolves with the terminal {@link WalkOutcome}. With `opts.probe` the walk is a
+	 * **read-only lookup**: identical routing discipline, but the terminal cohort classifies rather than
+	 * admits and the root `no_state` branch backs off instead of issuing a `bootstrap: true` cold-start
+	 * (a probe never instantiates a cold root).
+	 */
+	register(topicId: Uint8Array, tier: number, appPayload?: Uint8Array, opts?: { probe?: boolean }): Promise<WalkOutcome>;
+}
+
+/**
+ * A walk tier is valid iff it is an integer in `0..DEFAULT_D_MAX_CAP` — the substrate's own walk-depth
+ * ceiling. A `promoted` reply's explicit `targetTier` is untrusted: an out-of-range value (non-integer,
+ * negative, or above the ceiling) cannot name a real cohort and would reach `addressing.coord()` →
+ * `coordD`, which throws a raw `RangeError`. Matches the range the wire `treeTier` validator enforces.
+ */
+function isValidTreeTier(value: number): boolean {
+	return Number.isInteger(value) && value >= 0 && value <= DEFAULT_D_MAX_CAP;
+}
+
+class RouterWalkEngine implements WalkEngine {
+	private readonly wantK: number;
+	private readonly minSigs: number;
+	private readonly maxMemberRetries: number;
+	private readonly followPromoted: boolean;
+	private readonly configuredMaxSteps?: number;
+	private readonly maxMessageBytes?: number;
+
+	constructor(private readonly deps: WalkEngineDeps) {
+		const cfg = deps.config ?? {};
+		this.wantK = cfg.wantK ?? 16;
+		this.minSigs = cfg.minSigs ?? 14;
+		this.maxMemberRetries = cfg.maxMemberRetries ?? this.wantK;
+		this.followPromoted = cfg.followPromoted ?? true;
+		this.configuredMaxSteps = cfg.maxSteps;
+		this.maxMessageBytes = cfg.maxMessageBytes;
+	}
+
+	async register(topicId: Uint8Array, tier: number, appPayload?: Uint8Array, opts?: { probe?: boolean }): Promise<WalkOutcome> {
+		const dMax = this.deps.dmax.dMax();
+		const maxSteps = this.configuredMaxSteps ?? 2 * (dMax + 2) + this.maxMemberRetries + 8;
+		const probe = opts?.probe ?? false;
+
+		let d = dMax;
+		let bootstrap = false;
+		let followOn = false;
+		// Member ids (base64url) already dialed on this walk's `unwilling_member` retries. Tracking WHICH
+		// members were tried — not a positional counter — lets each fresh candidate list be consumed from
+		// its best (index-0) member; a counter would permanently skip index 0 of every list after the first.
+		const triedMembers = new Set<string>();
+		let dialTarget: PeerRef | undefined;
+		let steps = 0;
+		// True once this walk has followed a `Promoted` redirect outward (either mode). On a subsequent
+		// `NoState` the redirect target is cold: a probe backs off (never instantiates), a register
+		// re-issues once with `followOn: true` to instantiate the child, then backs off.
+		let followedPromoted = false;
+		// True once the register path has spent its single `followOn: true` re-issue at the cold child.
+		let followOnReissued = false;
+
+		for (;;) {
+			if (++steps > maxSteps) {
+				// Safety valve: a well-formed tree converges well within this bound. Surface a temporal
+				// back-off rather than spin.
+				return { kind: "retry_later", afterMs: backoffRetryMs(0) };
+			}
+
+			const reg = await this.deps.factory.build({ topicId, tier, treeTier: d, bootstrap, followOn, probe, appPayload });
+			const activity = encodeCohortMessage(reg, this.maxMessageBytes);
+			const raw = dialTarget !== undefined
+				? await this.deps.router.dialMember(dialTarget, activity)
+				: await this.deps.router.routeAndAct(this.deps.addressing.coord(d, this.deps.self, topicId), activity, {
+					wantK: this.wantK,
+					minSigs: this.minSigs,
+				});
+			const reply = decodeRegisterReplyV1(raw, this.maxMessageBytes);
+
+			switch (reply.result) {
+				case "accepted": {
+					// Surface the accepted probe's correlationId so the participant's renewals can echo it
+					// (RenewV1 correlationId "matches original RegisterV1"). `reg` is the frame just admitted.
+					return { kind: "accepted", reply, correlationId: reg.correlationId };
+				}
+				case "no_state": {
+					// Step toward the root. The cohort served nothing here; no spatial sibling state.
+					dialTarget = undefined;
+					triedMembers.clear(); // a spatial move to a new coord starts sibling retries fresh
+					if (followedPromoted) {
+						// The `Promoted` redirect target is cold (not yet instantiated). Walking inward to the
+						// promoting ancestor would just re-trigger the redirect and oscillate, so handle it here.
+						if (probe) {
+							// A probe never instantiates — back off immediately (mirror of the register re-issue).
+							return { kind: "retry_later", afterMs: backoffRetryMs(0) };
+						}
+						if (!followOnReissued) {
+							// Re-issue ONCE at the SAME child tier as a follow-on cold-start: RegisterV1{ followOn:
+							// true } + minted evidence. The mirror of the root NoState → bootstrap:true re-issue.
+							followOn = true;
+							followOnReissued = true;
+							break; // re-register at the same coord/tier, now carrying followOn
+						}
+						// The follow-on re-issue still got NoState → the cold child's quorum is unwilling to
+						// instantiate. Back off in time; do NOT loop inward.
+						return { kind: "retry_later", afterMs: backoffRetryMs(0) };
+					}
+					const next = d - 1;
+					if (next < 0) {
+						if (bootstrap) {
+							// Already re-issued at the root as a bootstrap and still nothing — no cohort
+							// anywhere will instantiate right now. Back off in time.
+							return { kind: "retry_later", afterMs: backoffRetryMs(0) };
+						}
+						if (probe) {
+							// A read-only probe never instantiates a cold root: the topic exists nowhere, so
+							// resolve "not found / back off" rather than re-issuing with bootstrap:true.
+							return { kind: "retry_later", afterMs: backoffRetryMs(0) };
+						}
+						// Root returned NoState → cold-start: re-issue once at tier 0 with bootstrap:true.
+						d = 0;
+						bootstrap = true;
+						break;
+					}
+					d = next;
+					bootstrap = false;
+					break;
+				}
+				case "promoted": {
+					dialTarget = undefined;
+					triedMembers.clear(); // spatial move to the redirect target: sibling retries start fresh
+					bootstrap = false;
+					const targetTier = reply.targetTier ?? d + 1;
+					// The cohort names the tier to jump outward to. When it supplied `targetTier` EXPLICITLY it is
+					// untrusted: an out-of-range value would reach `coord()` → `coordD` and throw a raw RangeError,
+					// an unclassified crash out of register()/lookup() rather than a clean outcome. Bound it before
+					// BOTH adoption sites (the followPromoted-false surface below and the `d = targetTier` hop) and
+					// back off in time instead. Only the EXPLICIT attacker value is the hazard; the `d + 1`
+					// fallback is left unchecked because `d` is walk-bounded to `dMax + maxSteps` (≈190 under the
+					// default `maxSteps`), comfortably under coordD's 255 range.
+					// NOTE: `maxSteps` is operator-configurable — a value above ~195 plus an adversarial chain of
+					// no-`targetTier` `promoted` replies (each bumps `d` by +1) could push the `d + 1` fallback
+					// past coordD's range and reintroduce the RangeError. If maxSteps is ever raised that high,
+					// bound the fallback here too.
+					if (reply.targetTier !== undefined && !isValidTreeTier(targetTier)) {
+						return { kind: "retry_later", afterMs: backoffRetryMs(0) };
+					}
+					// Following a (fresh) redirect: mark it, and reset the follow-on latch so a cold child at
+					// THIS target gets its own single follow-on re-issue. The honest flow re-registers the
+					// child with a PLAIN frame first (followOn false) and only escalates to followOn on its
+					// NoState — so clear the flag here; the NoState branch re-arms it.
+					followedPromoted = true;
+					followOn = false;
+					followOnReissued = false;
+					if (!this.followPromoted) {
+						return { kind: "promoted", targetTier };
+					}
+					d = targetTier; // the one outward move — recompute coord at the redirect target
+					break;
+				}
+				case "unwilling_member": {
+					const candidates = reply.candidateMembers ?? [];
+					// Consume this (possibly fresh) list from its best (index-0) member: pick the FIRST
+					// candidate not already dialed on this walk. A positional `memberAttempts % len` offset
+					// would skip index 0 of every list after the first, permanently starving the best member.
+					const next = candidates.find((c) => !triedMembers.has(c));
+					if (next === undefined || triedMembers.size >= this.maxMemberRetries) {
+						// No untried candidate offered (or the retry cap is spent) → fall through to a
+						// cohort-level temporal back-off, restarting at d_max on the caller's retry.
+						return { kind: "retry_later", afterMs: backoffRetryMs(0) };
+					}
+					// Retry the SAME coord at a named alternative member (spatial move within the cohort).
+					triedMembers.add(next);
+					dialTarget = { id: b64urlToBytes(next) };
+					break;
+				}
+				case "unwilling_cohort": {
+					// Back off in TIME, no spatial move; the caller restarts at d_max after the delay.
+					return { kind: "retry_later", afterMs: reply.retryAfterMs ?? backoffRetryMs(0) };
+				}
+				default: {
+					// Exhaustive over RegisterResult; an unknown result is treated as a temporal decline.
+					return { kind: "retry_later", afterMs: backoffRetryMs(0) };
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+/** Build a {@link WalkEngine} over the injected router, addressing, `d_max`, and message factory. */
+export function createWalkEngine(deps: WalkEngineDeps): WalkEngine {
+	return new RouterWalkEngine(deps);
+}