@openclaw/zalouser 2026.5.20 → 2026.5.22

package/node_modules/zod/src/v4/classic/tests/to-json-schema.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,3125 @@
+import { Validator } from "@seriousme/openapi-schema-validator";
+import { describe, expect, test } from "vitest";
+import * as z from "zod";
+// import * as zCore from "zod/v4/core";
+
+const openAPI30Validator = new Validator();
+/** @see https://github.com/colinhacks/zod/issues/5147 */
+const validateOpenAPI30Schema = async (zodJSONSchema: Record<string, unknown>): Promise<true> => {
+  const res = await openAPI30Validator.validate({
+    openapi: "3.0.0",
+    info: {
+      title: "SampleApi",
+      description: "Sample backend service",
+      version: "1.0.0",
+    },
+    components: { schemas: { test: zodJSONSchema } },
+    paths: {},
+  });
+
+  if (!res.valid) {
+    // `console.error` should make `vitest` trow an unhandled error
+    // printing the validation messages in consoles
+    console.error(
+      `OpenAPI schema is not valid against ${openAPI30Validator.version}`,
+      JSON.stringify(res.errors, null, 2)
+    );
+  }
+
+  return true;
+};
+
+describe("toJSONSchema", () => {
+  test("primitive types", () => {
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(z.string())).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "type": "string",
+      }
+    `);
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(z.number())).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "type": "number",
+      }
+    `);
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(z.boolean())).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "type": "boolean",
+      }
+    `);
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(z.null())).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "type": "null",
+      }
+    `);
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(z.undefined(), { unrepresentable: "any" })).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+      }
+    `);
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(z.any())).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+      }
+    `);
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(z.unknown())).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+      }
+    `);
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(z.never())).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "not": {},
+      }
+    `);
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(z.email())).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "format": "email",
+        "pattern": "^(?!\\.)(?!.*\\.\\.)([A-Za-z0-9_'+\\-\\.]*)[A-Za-z0-9_+-]@([A-Za-z0-9][A-Za-z0-9\\-]*\\.)+[A-Za-z]{2,}$",
+        "type": "string",
+      }
+    `);
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(z.iso.datetime())).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "format": "date-time",
+        "pattern": "^(?:(?:\\d\\d[2468][048]|\\d\\d[13579][26]|\\d\\d0[48]|[02468][048]00|[13579][26]00)-02-29|\\d{4}-(?:(?:0[13578]|1[02])-(?:0[1-9]|[12]\\d|3[01])|(?:0[469]|11)-(?:0[1-9]|[12]\\d|30)|(?:02)-(?:0[1-9]|1\\d|2[0-8])))T(?:(?:[01]\\d|2[0-3]):[0-5]\\d(?::[0-5]\\d(?:\\.\\d+)?)?(?:Z))$",
+        "type": "string",
+      }
+    `);
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(z.iso.date())).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "format": "date",
+        "pattern": "^(?:(?:\\d\\d[2468][048]|\\d\\d[13579][26]|\\d\\d0[48]|[02468][048]00|[13579][26]00)-02-29|\\d{4}-(?:(?:0[13578]|1[02])-(?:0[1-9]|[12]\\d|3[01])|(?:0[469]|11)-(?:0[1-9]|[12]\\d|30)|(?:02)-(?:0[1-9]|1\\d|2[0-8])))$",
+        "type": "string",
+      }
+    `);
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(z.iso.time())).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "pattern": "^(?:[01]\\d|2[0-3]):[0-5]\\d(?::[0-5]\\d(?:\\.\\d+)?)?$",
+        "type": "string",
+      }
+    `);
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(z.iso.time({ precision: -1 }))).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "pattern": "^(?:[01]\\d|2[0-3]):[0-5]\\d$",
+        "type": "string",
+      }
+    `);
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(z.iso.time({ precision: 0 }))).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "pattern": "^(?:[01]\\d|2[0-3]):[0-5]\\d:[0-5]\\d$",
+        "type": "string",
+      }
+    `);
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(z.iso.time({ precision: 3 }))).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "pattern": "^(?:[01]\\d|2[0-3]):[0-5]\\d:[0-5]\\d\\.\\d{3}$",
+        "type": "string",
+      }
+    `);
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(z.iso.duration())).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "format": "duration",
+        "pattern": "^P(?:(\\d+W)|(?!.*W)(?=\\d|T\\d)(\\d+Y)?(\\d+M)?(\\d+D)?(T(?=\\d)(\\d+H)?(\\d+M)?(\\d+([.,]\\d+)?S)?)?)$",
+        "type": "string",
+      }
+    `);
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(z.ipv4())).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "format": "ipv4",
+        "pattern": "^(?:(?:25[0-5]|2[0-4][0-9]|1[0-9][0-9]|[1-9][0-9]|[0-9])\\.){3}(?:25[0-5]|2[0-4][0-9]|1[0-9][0-9]|[1-9][0-9]|[0-9])$",
+        "type": "string",
+      }
+    `);
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(z.ipv6())).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "format": "ipv6",
+        "pattern": "^(([0-9a-fA-F]{1,4}:){7}[0-9a-fA-F]{1,4}|([0-9a-fA-F]{1,4}:){1,7}:|([0-9a-fA-F]{1,4}:){1,6}:[0-9a-fA-F]{1,4}|([0-9a-fA-F]{1,4}:){1,5}(:[0-9a-fA-F]{1,4}){1,2}|([0-9a-fA-F]{1,4}:){1,4}(:[0-9a-fA-F]{1,4}){1,3}|([0-9a-fA-F]{1,4}:){1,3}(:[0-9a-fA-F]{1,4}){1,4}|([0-9a-fA-F]{1,4}:){1,2}(:[0-9a-fA-F]{1,4}){1,5}|[0-9a-fA-F]{1,4}:((:[0-9a-fA-F]{1,4}){1,6})|:((:[0-9a-fA-F]{1,4}){1,7}|:))$",
+        "type": "string",
+      }
+    `);
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(z.mac())).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "format": "mac",
+        "pattern": "^(?:[0-9A-F]{2}:){5}[0-9A-F]{2}$|^(?:[0-9a-f]{2}:){5}[0-9a-f]{2}$",
+        "type": "string",
+      }
+    `);
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(z.mac({ delimiter: ":" }))).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "format": "mac",
+        "pattern": "^(?:[0-9A-F]{2}:){5}[0-9A-F]{2}$|^(?:[0-9a-f]{2}:){5}[0-9a-f]{2}$",
+        "type": "string",
+      }
+    `);
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(z.mac({ delimiter: "-" }))).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "format": "mac",
+        "pattern": "^(?:[0-9A-F]{2}-){5}[0-9A-F]{2}$|^(?:[0-9a-f]{2}-){5}[0-9a-f]{2}$",
+        "type": "string",
+      }
+    `);
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(z.uuid())).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "format": "uuid",
+        "pattern": "^([0-9a-fA-F]{8}-[0-9a-fA-F]{4}-[1-8][0-9a-fA-F]{3}-[89abAB][0-9a-fA-F]{3}-[0-9a-fA-F]{12}|00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000|ffffffff-ffff-ffff-ffff-ffffffffffff)$",
+        "type": "string",
+      }
+    `);
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(z.guid())).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "format": "uuid",
+        "pattern": "^([0-9a-fA-F]{8}-[0-9a-fA-F]{4}-[0-9a-fA-F]{4}-[0-9a-fA-F]{4}-[0-9a-fA-F]{12})$",
+        "type": "string",
+      }
+    `);
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(z.url())).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "format": "uri",
+        "type": "string",
+      }
+    `);
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(z.base64())).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "contentEncoding": "base64",
+        "format": "base64",
+        "pattern": "^$|^(?:[0-9a-zA-Z+/]{4})*(?:(?:[0-9a-zA-Z+/]{2}==)|(?:[0-9a-zA-Z+/]{3}=))?$",
+        "type": "string",
+      }
+    `);
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(z.cuid())).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "format": "cuid",
+        "pattern": "^[cC][0-9a-z]{6,}$",
+        "type": "string",
+      }
+    `);
+    // expect(z.toJSONSchema(z.regex(/asdf/))).toMatchInlineSnapshot();
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(z.emoji())).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "format": "emoji",
+        "pattern": "^(\\p{Extended_Pictographic}|\\p{Emoji_Component})+$",
+        "type": "string",
+      }
+    `);
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(z.nanoid())).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "format": "nanoid",
+        "pattern": "^[a-zA-Z0-9_-]{21}$",
+        "type": "string",
+      }
+    `);
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(z.cuid2())).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "format": "cuid2",
+        "pattern": "^[0-9a-z]+$",
+        "type": "string",
+      }
+    `);
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(z.ulid())).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "format": "ulid",
+        "pattern": "^[0-9A-HJKMNP-TV-Za-hjkmnp-tv-z]{26}$",
+        "type": "string",
+      }
+    `);
+    // expect(z.toJSONSchema(z.cidr())).toMatchInlineSnapshot();
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(z.number())).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "type": "number",
+      }
+    `);
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(z.int())).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "maximum": 9007199254740991,
+        "minimum": -9007199254740991,
+        "type": "integer",
+      }
+    `);
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(z.int32())).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "maximum": 2147483647,
+        "minimum": -2147483648,
+        "type": "integer",
+      }
+    `);
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(z.float32())).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "maximum": 3.4028234663852886e+38,
+        "minimum": -3.4028234663852886e+38,
+        "type": "number",
+      }
+    `);
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(z.float64())).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "maximum": 1.7976931348623157e+308,
+        "minimum": -1.7976931348623157e+308,
+        "type": "number",
+      }
+    `);
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(z.jwt())).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "format": "jwt",
+        "type": "string",
+      }
+    `);
+  });
+
+  test("unsupported schema types", () => {
+    expect(() => z.toJSONSchema(z.bigint())).toThrow("BigInt cannot be represented in JSON Schema");
+    expect(() => z.toJSONSchema(z.int64())).toThrow("BigInt cannot be represented in JSON Schema");
+    expect(() => z.toJSONSchema(z.symbol())).toThrow("Symbols cannot be represented in JSON Schema");
+    expect(() => z.toJSONSchema(z.void())).toThrow("Void cannot be represented in JSON Schema");
+    expect(() => z.toJSONSchema(z.undefined())).toThrow("Undefined cannot be represented in JSON Schema");
+    expect(() => z.toJSONSchema(z.date())).toThrow("Date cannot be represented in JSON Schema");
+    expect(() => z.toJSONSchema(z.map(z.string(), z.number()))).toThrow("Map cannot be represented in JSON Schema");
+    expect(() => z.toJSONSchema(z.set(z.string()))).toThrow("Set cannot be represented in JSON Schema");
+    expect(() => z.toJSONSchema(z.custom(() => true))).toThrow("Custom types cannot be represented in JSON Schema");
+
+    // Transform
+    const transformSchema = z.string().transform((val) => Number.parseInt(val));
+    expect(() => z.toJSONSchema(transformSchema)).toThrow("Transforms cannot be represented in JSON Schema");
+
+    // Static catch values
+    const staticCatchSchema = z.string().catch(() => "sup");
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(staticCatchSchema)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "default": "sup",
+        "type": "string",
+      }
+    `);
+
+    // Dynamic catch values
+    const dynamicCatchSchema = z.string().catch((ctx) => `${ctx.issues.length}`);
+    expect(() => z.toJSONSchema(dynamicCatchSchema)).toThrow("Dynamic catch values are not supported in JSON Schema");
+  });
+
+  test("string formats", () => {
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(z.string().email())).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "format": "email",
+        "pattern": "^(?!\\.)(?!.*\\.\\.)([A-Za-z0-9_'+\\-\\.]*)[A-Za-z0-9_+-]@([A-Za-z0-9][A-Za-z0-9\\-]*\\.)+[A-Za-z]{2,}$",
+        "type": "string",
+      }
+    `);
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(z.string().uuid())).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "format": "uuid",
+        "pattern": "^([0-9a-fA-F]{8}-[0-9a-fA-F]{4}-[1-8][0-9a-fA-F]{3}-[89abAB][0-9a-fA-F]{3}-[0-9a-fA-F]{12}|00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000|ffffffff-ffff-ffff-ffff-ffffffffffff)$",
+        "type": "string",
+      }
+    `);
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(z.iso.datetime())).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "format": "date-time",
+        "pattern": "^(?:(?:\\d\\d[2468][048]|\\d\\d[13579][26]|\\d\\d0[48]|[02468][048]00|[13579][26]00)-02-29|\\d{4}-(?:(?:0[13578]|1[02])-(?:0[1-9]|[12]\\d|3[01])|(?:0[469]|11)-(?:0[1-9]|[12]\\d|30)|(?:02)-(?:0[1-9]|1\\d|2[0-8])))T(?:(?:[01]\\d|2[0-3]):[0-5]\\d(?::[0-5]\\d(?:\\.\\d+)?)?(?:Z))$",
+        "type": "string",
+      }
+    `);
+
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(z.iso.date())).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "format": "date",
+        "pattern": "^(?:(?:\\d\\d[2468][048]|\\d\\d[13579][26]|\\d\\d0[48]|[02468][048]00|[13579][26]00)-02-29|\\d{4}-(?:(?:0[13578]|1[02])-(?:0[1-9]|[12]\\d|3[01])|(?:0[469]|11)-(?:0[1-9]|[12]\\d|30)|(?:02)-(?:0[1-9]|1\\d|2[0-8])))$",
+        "type": "string",
+      }
+    `);
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(z.iso.time())).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "pattern": "^(?:[01]\\d|2[0-3]):[0-5]\\d(?::[0-5]\\d(?:\\.\\d+)?)?$",
+        "type": "string",
+      }
+    `);
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(z.iso.duration())).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "format": "duration",
+        "pattern": "^P(?:(\\d+W)|(?!.*W)(?=\\d|T\\d)(\\d+Y)?(\\d+M)?(\\d+D)?(T(?=\\d)(\\d+H)?(\\d+M)?(\\d+([.,]\\d+)?S)?)?)$",
+        "type": "string",
+      }
+    `);
+    // expect(z.toJSONSchema(z.string().ip())).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+    //   {
+    //     "pattern": /\\(\\^\\(\\?:\\(\\?:25\\[0-5\\]\\|2\\[0-4\\]\\[0-9\\]\\|1\\[0-9\\]\\[0-9\\]\\|\\[1-9\\]\\[0-9\\]\\|\\[0-9\\]\\)\\\\\\.\\)\\{3\\}\\(\\?:25\\[0-5\\]\\|2\\[0-4\\]\\[0-9\\]\\|1\\[0-9\\]\\[0-9\\]\\|\\[1-9\\]\\[0-9\\]\\|\\[0-9\\]\\)\\$\\)\\|\\(\\^\\(\\(\\[a-fA-F0-9\\]\\{1,4\\}:\\)\\{7\\}\\|::\\(\\[a-fA-F0-9\\]\\{1,4\\}:\\)\\{0,6\\}\\|\\(\\[a-fA-F0-9\\]\\{1,4\\}:\\)\\{1\\}:\\(\\[a-fA-F0-9\\]\\{1,4\\}:\\)\\{0,5\\}\\|\\(\\[a-fA-F0-9\\]\\{1,4\\}:\\)\\{2\\}:\\(\\[a-fA-F0-9\\]\\{1,4\\}:\\)\\{0,4\\}\\|\\(\\[a-fA-F0-9\\]\\{1,4\\}:\\)\\{3\\}:\\(\\[a-fA-F0-9\\]\\{1,4\\}:\\)\\{0,3\\}\\|\\(\\[a-fA-F0-9\\]\\{1,4\\}:\\)\\{4\\}:\\(\\[a-fA-F0-9\\]\\{1,4\\}:\\)\\{0,2\\}\\|\\(\\[a-fA-F0-9\\]\\{1,4\\}:\\)\\{5\\}:\\(\\[a-fA-F0-9\\]\\{1,4\\}:\\)\\{0,1\\}\\)\\(\\[a-fA-F0-9\\]\\{1,4\\}\\|\\(\\(\\(25\\[0-5\\]\\)\\|\\(2\\[0-4\\]\\[0-9\\]\\)\\|\\(1\\[0-9\\]\\{2\\}\\)\\|\\(\\[0-9\\]\\{1,2\\}\\)\\)\\\\\\.\\)\\{3\\}\\(\\(25\\[0-5\\]\\)\\|\\(2\\[0-4\\]\\[0-9\\]\\)\\|\\(1\\[0-9\\]\\{2\\}\\)\\|\\(\\[0-9\\]\\{1,2\\}\\)\\)\\)\\$\\)/,
+    //     "type": "string",
+    //   }
+    // `);
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(z.ipv4())).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "format": "ipv4",
+        "pattern": "^(?:(?:25[0-5]|2[0-4][0-9]|1[0-9][0-9]|[1-9][0-9]|[0-9])\\.){3}(?:25[0-5]|2[0-4][0-9]|1[0-9][0-9]|[1-9][0-9]|[0-9])$",
+        "type": "string",
+      }
+    `);
+
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(z.ipv6())).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "format": "ipv6",
+        "pattern": "^(([0-9a-fA-F]{1,4}:){7}[0-9a-fA-F]{1,4}|([0-9a-fA-F]{1,4}:){1,7}:|([0-9a-fA-F]{1,4}:){1,6}:[0-9a-fA-F]{1,4}|([0-9a-fA-F]{1,4}:){1,5}(:[0-9a-fA-F]{1,4}){1,2}|([0-9a-fA-F]{1,4}:){1,4}(:[0-9a-fA-F]{1,4}){1,3}|([0-9a-fA-F]{1,4}:){1,3}(:[0-9a-fA-F]{1,4}){1,4}|([0-9a-fA-F]{1,4}:){1,2}(:[0-9a-fA-F]{1,4}){1,5}|[0-9a-fA-F]{1,4}:((:[0-9a-fA-F]{1,4}){1,6})|:((:[0-9a-fA-F]{1,4}){1,7}|:))$",
+        "type": "string",
+      }
+    `);
+
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(z.mac())).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "format": "mac",
+        "pattern": "^(?:[0-9A-F]{2}:){5}[0-9A-F]{2}$|^(?:[0-9a-f]{2}:){5}[0-9a-f]{2}$",
+        "type": "string",
+      }
+    `);
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(z.mac({ delimiter: ":" }))).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "format": "mac",
+        "pattern": "^(?:[0-9A-F]{2}:){5}[0-9A-F]{2}$|^(?:[0-9a-f]{2}:){5}[0-9a-f]{2}$",
+        "type": "string",
+      }
+    `);
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(z.mac({ delimiter: "-" }))).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "format": "mac",
+        "pattern": "^(?:[0-9A-F]{2}-){5}[0-9A-F]{2}$|^(?:[0-9a-f]{2}-){5}[0-9a-f]{2}$",
+        "type": "string",
+      }
+    `);
+
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(z.base64())).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "contentEncoding": "base64",
+        "format": "base64",
+        "pattern": "^$|^(?:[0-9a-zA-Z+/]{4})*(?:(?:[0-9a-zA-Z+/]{2}==)|(?:[0-9a-zA-Z+/]{3}=))?$",
+        "type": "string",
+      }
+    `);
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(z.url())).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "format": "uri",
+        "type": "string",
+      }
+    `);
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(z.guid())).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "format": "uuid",
+        "pattern": "^([0-9a-fA-F]{8}-[0-9a-fA-F]{4}-[0-9a-fA-F]{4}-[0-9a-fA-F]{4}-[0-9a-fA-F]{12})$",
+        "type": "string",
+      }
+    `);
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(z.string().regex(/asdf/))).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "pattern": "asdf",
+        "type": "string",
+      }
+    `);
+  });
+
+  test("string patterns", () => {
+    expect(
+      z.toJSONSchema(
+        z
+          .string()
+          .startsWith("hello")
+          .includes("cruel")
+          .includes("dark", { position: 10 })
+          .endsWith("world")
+          .regex(/stuff/)
+      )
+    ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "allOf": [
+          {
+            "pattern": "^hello.*",
+          },
+          {
+            "pattern": "cruel",
+          },
+          {
+            "pattern": "^.{10}dark",
+          },
+          {
+            "pattern": ".*world$",
+          },
+          {
+            "pattern": "stuff",
+          },
+        ],
+        "type": "string",
+      }
+    `);
+
+    expect(
+      z.toJSONSchema(
+        z
+          .string()
+          .startsWith("hello")
+          .includes("cruel")
+          .includes("dark", { position: 10 })
+          .endsWith("world")
+          .regex(/stuff/),
+        {
+          target: "draft-7",
+        }
+      )
+    ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema#",
+        "allOf": [
+          {
+            "pattern": "^hello.*",
+            "type": "string",
+          },
+          {
+            "pattern": "cruel",
+            "type": "string",
+          },
+          {
+            "pattern": "^.{10}dark",
+            "type": "string",
+          },
+          {
+            "pattern": ".*world$",
+            "type": "string",
+          },
+          {
+            "pattern": "stuff",
+            "type": "string",
+          },
+        ],
+        "type": "string",
+      }
+    `);
+  });
+
+  test("number constraints", () => {
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(z.number().min(5).max(10))).toMatchInlineSnapshot(
+      `
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "maximum": 10,
+        "minimum": 5,
+        "type": "number",
+      }
+    `
+    );
+
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(z.number().gt(5).gt(10))).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "exclusiveMinimum": 10,
+        "type": "number",
+      }
+    `);
+
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(z.number().gt(5).gte(10))).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "minimum": 10,
+        "type": "number",
+      }
+    `);
+
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(z.number().lt(5).lt(3))).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "exclusiveMaximum": 3,
+        "type": "number",
+      }
+    `);
+
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(z.number().lt(5).lt(3).lte(2))).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "maximum": 2,
+        "type": "number",
+      }
+    `);
+
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(z.number().lt(5).lte(3))).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "maximum": 3,
+        "type": "number",
+      }
+    `);
+
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(z.number().gt(5).lt(10))).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "exclusiveMaximum": 10,
+        "exclusiveMinimum": 5,
+        "type": "number",
+      }
+    `);
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(z.number().gte(5).lte(10))).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "maximum": 10,
+        "minimum": 5,
+        "type": "number",
+      }
+    `);
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(z.number().positive())).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "exclusiveMinimum": 0,
+        "type": "number",
+      }
+    `);
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(z.number().negative())).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "exclusiveMaximum": 0,
+        "type": "number",
+      }
+    `);
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(z.number().nonpositive())).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "maximum": 0,
+        "type": "number",
+      }
+    `);
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(z.number().nonnegative())).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "minimum": 0,
+        "type": "number",
+      }
+    `);
+  });
+
+  test("number constraints draft-4", () => {
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(z.number().gt(5).lt(10), { target: "draft-4" })).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "http://json-schema.org/draft-04/schema#",
+        "exclusiveMaximum": true,
+        "exclusiveMinimum": true,
+        "maximum": 10,
+        "minimum": 5,
+        "type": "number",
+      }
+    `);
+  });
+
+  test("number constraints intersection draft-04", () => {
+    // When both minimum (from .int()) and exclusiveMinimum (from .positive()) exist,
+    // the more restrictive constraint should be used
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(z.number().int().positive().lte(65535), { target: "draft-04" })).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "http://json-schema.org/draft-04/schema#",
+        "exclusiveMinimum": true,
+        "maximum": 65535,
+        "minimum": 0,
+        "type": "integer",
+      }
+    `);
+    // Same for openapi-3.0
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(z.number().int().positive().lte(65535), { target: "openapi-3.0" })).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "exclusiveMinimum": true,
+        "maximum": 65535,
+        "minimum": 0,
+        "type": "integer",
+      }
+    `);
+    // When inclusive minimum is more restrictive than exclusive minimum
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(z.number().gt(3).gte(10), { target: "draft-04" })).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "http://json-schema.org/draft-04/schema#",
+        "minimum": 10,
+        "type": "number",
+      }
+    `);
+    // Same logic for maximum constraints
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(z.number().int().negative(), { target: "draft-04" })).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "http://json-schema.org/draft-04/schema#",
+        "exclusiveMaximum": true,
+        "maximum": 0,
+        "minimum": -9007199254740991,
+        "type": "integer",
+      }
+    `);
+  });
+
+  test("target normalization draft-04 and draft-07", () => {
+    // Test that both old (draft-4, draft-7) and new (draft-04, draft-07) target formats work
+    // Test draft-04 / draft-4
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(z.number().gt(5), { target: "draft-04" })).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "http://json-schema.org/draft-04/schema#",
+        "exclusiveMinimum": true,
+        "minimum": 5,
+        "type": "number",
+      }
+    `);
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(z.number().gt(5), { target: "draft-4" })).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "http://json-schema.org/draft-04/schema#",
+        "exclusiveMinimum": true,
+        "minimum": 5,
+        "type": "number",
+      }
+    `);
+    // Test draft-07 / draft-7
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(z.number().gt(5), { target: "draft-07" })).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema#",
+        "exclusiveMinimum": 5,
+        "type": "number",
+      }
+    `);
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(z.number().gt(5), { target: "draft-7" })).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema#",
+        "exclusiveMinimum": 5,
+        "type": "number",
+      }
+    `);
+  });
+
+  test("nullable openapi-3.0", () => {
+    const schema = z.string().nullable();
+    const jsonSchema = z.toJSONSchema(schema, { target: "openapi-3.0" });
+    validateOpenAPI30Schema(jsonSchema);
+    expect(jsonSchema).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "nullable": true,
+        "type": "string",
+      }
+    `);
+  });
+
+  test("union with null openapi-3.0", () => {
+    const schema = z.union([z.string(), z.null()]);
+    const jsonSchema = z.toJSONSchema(schema, { target: "openapi-3.0" });
+    validateOpenAPI30Schema(jsonSchema);
+    expect(jsonSchema).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "anyOf": [
+          {
+            "type": "string",
+          },
+          {
+            "enum": [
+              null,
+            ],
+            "nullable": true,
+            "type": "string",
+          },
+        ],
+      }
+    `);
+  });
+
+  test("number with exclusive min-max openapi-3.0", () => {
+    const schema = z.number().lt(100).gt(1);
+    const jsonSchema = z.toJSONSchema(schema, { target: "openapi-3.0" });
+    validateOpenAPI30Schema(jsonSchema);
+    expect(jsonSchema).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "exclusiveMaximum": true,
+        "exclusiveMinimum": true,
+        "maximum": 100,
+        "minimum": 1,
+        "type": "number",
+      }
+    `);
+  });
+
+  test("arrays", () => {
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(z.array(z.string()))).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "items": {
+          "type": "string",
+        },
+        "type": "array",
+      }
+    `);
+  });
+
+  test("unions", () => {
+    const schema = z.union([z.string(), z.number()]);
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(schema)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "anyOf": [
+          {
+            "type": "string",
+          },
+          {
+            "type": "number",
+          },
+        ],
+      }
+    `);
+  });
+
+  test("discriminated unions", () => {
+    const schema = z.discriminatedUnion("type", [
+      z.object({ type: z.literal("success"), data: z.string() }),
+      z.object({ type: z.literal("error"), message: z.string() }),
+    ]);
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(schema)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "oneOf": [
+          {
+            "additionalProperties": false,
+            "properties": {
+              "data": {
+                "type": "string",
+              },
+              "type": {
+                "const": "success",
+                "type": "string",
+              },
+            },
+            "required": [
+              "type",
+              "data",
+            ],
+            "type": "object",
+          },
+          {
+            "additionalProperties": false,
+            "properties": {
+              "message": {
+                "type": "string",
+              },
+              "type": {
+                "const": "error",
+                "type": "string",
+              },
+            },
+            "required": [
+              "type",
+              "message",
+            ],
+            "type": "object",
+          },
+        ],
+      }
+    `);
+  });
+
+  test("intersections", () => {
+    const schema = z.intersection(z.object({ name: z.string() }), z.object({ age: z.number() }));
+
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(schema)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "allOf": [
+          {
+            "additionalProperties": false,
+            "properties": {
+              "name": {
+                "type": "string",
+              },
+            },
+            "required": [
+              "name",
+            ],
+            "type": "object",
+          },
+          {
+            "additionalProperties": false,
+            "properties": {
+              "age": {
+                "type": "number",
+              },
+            },
+            "required": [
+              "age",
+            ],
+            "type": "object",
+          },
+        ],
+      }
+    `);
+  });
+
+  test("record", () => {
+    const schema = z.record(z.string(), z.boolean());
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(schema)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "additionalProperties": {
+          "type": "boolean",
+        },
+        "propertyNames": {
+          "type": "string",
+        },
+        "type": "object",
+      }
+    `);
+  });
+
+  test("record openapi-3.0", () => {
+    const schema = z.record(z.string(), z.boolean());
+    const jsonSchema = z.toJSONSchema(schema, { target: "openapi-3.0" });
+    validateOpenAPI30Schema(jsonSchema);
+    expect(jsonSchema).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "additionalProperties": {
+          "type": "boolean",
+        },
+        "type": "object",
+      }
+    `);
+  });
+
+  test("record with enum keys adds required", () => {
+    const schema = z.record(z.enum(["key1", "key2"]), z.number());
+
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(schema)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "additionalProperties": {
+          "type": "number",
+        },
+        "propertyNames": {
+          "enum": [
+            "key1",
+            "key2",
+          ],
+          "type": "string",
+        },
+        "required": [
+          "key1",
+          "key2",
+        ],
+        "type": "object",
+      }
+    `);
+  });
+
+  test("record filters enum values to strings and numbers for required", () => {
+    enum NumberEnum {
+      Zero = 0,
+      One = 1,
+    }
+    const schema = z.record(z.enum(NumberEnum), z.string());
+
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(schema)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "additionalProperties": {
+          "type": "string",
+        },
+        "propertyNames": {
+          "enum": [
+            0,
+            1,
+          ],
+          "type": "number",
+        },
+        "required": [
+          0,
+          1,
+        ],
+        "type": "object",
+      }
+    `);
+  });
+
+  test("strict record with regex key uses propertyNames", () => {
+    const schema = z.record(z.string().regex(/^label:[a-z]{2}$/), z.string());
+
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(schema)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "additionalProperties": {
+          "type": "string",
+        },
+        "propertyNames": {
+          "pattern": "^label:[a-z]{2}$",
+          "type": "string",
+        },
+        "type": "object",
+      }
+    `);
+  });
+
+  test("looseRecord with regex key uses patternProperties", () => {
+    const schema = z.looseRecord(z.string().regex(/^label:[a-z]{2}$/), z.string());
+
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(schema)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "patternProperties": {
+          "^label:[a-z]{2}$": {
+            "type": "string",
+          },
+        },
+        "type": "object",
+      }
+    `);
+  });
+
+  test("looseRecord with multiple regex patterns uses patternProperties", () => {
+    const schema = z.looseRecord(
+      z
+        .string()
+        .regex(/^prefix_/)
+        .regex(/_suffix$/),
+      z.number()
+    );
+
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(schema)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "patternProperties": {
+          "^prefix_": {
+            "type": "number",
+          },
+          "_suffix$": {
+            "type": "number",
+          },
+        },
+        "type": "object",
+      }
+    `);
+  });
+
+  test("looseRecord without regex key uses propertyNames", () => {
+    // looseRecord with plain string key should still use propertyNames
+    const schema = z.looseRecord(z.string(), z.boolean());
+
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(schema)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "additionalProperties": {
+          "type": "boolean",
+        },
+        "propertyNames": {
+          "type": "string",
+        },
+        "type": "object",
+      }
+    `);
+  });
+
+  test("intersection of object with looseRecord uses patternProperties", () => {
+    const zLabeled = z.object({ label: z.string() });
+    const zLocalizedLabeled = z.looseRecord(z.string().regex(/^label:[a-z]{2}$/), z.string());
+    const schema = zLabeled.and(zLocalizedLabeled);
+
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(schema)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "allOf": [
+          {
+            "additionalProperties": false,
+            "properties": {
+              "label": {
+                "type": "string",
+              },
+            },
+            "required": [
+              "label",
+            ],
+            "type": "object",
+          },
+          {
+            "patternProperties": {
+              "^label:[a-z]{2}$": {
+                "type": "string",
+              },
+            },
+            "type": "object",
+          },
+        ],
+      }
+    `);
+  });
+
+  test("tuple", () => {
+    const schema = z.tuple([z.string(), z.number()]);
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(schema)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "prefixItems": [
+          {
+            "type": "string",
+          },
+          {
+            "type": "number",
+          },
+        ],
+        "type": "array",
+      }
+    `);
+  });
+
+  test("tuple with rest", () => {
+    const schema = z.tuple([z.string(), z.number()]).rest(z.boolean());
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(schema)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "items": {
+          "type": "boolean",
+        },
+        "prefixItems": [
+          {
+            "type": "string",
+          },
+          {
+            "type": "number",
+          },
+        ],
+        "type": "array",
+      }
+    `);
+  });
+
+  test("tuple openapi-3.0", () => {
+    const schema = z.tuple([z.string(), z.number()]);
+    const jsonSchema = z.toJSONSchema(schema, { target: "openapi-3.0" });
+    validateOpenAPI30Schema(jsonSchema);
+    expect(jsonSchema).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "items": {
+          "anyOf": [
+            {
+              "type": "string",
+            },
+            {
+              "type": "number",
+            },
+          ],
+        },
+        "maxItems": 2,
+        "minItems": 2,
+        "type": "array",
+      }
+    `);
+  });
+
+  test("tuple with rest openapi-3.0", () => {
+    const schema = z.tuple([z.string(), z.number()]).rest(z.boolean());
+    const jsonSchema = z.toJSONSchema(schema, { target: "openapi-3.0" });
+    validateOpenAPI30Schema(jsonSchema);
+    expect(jsonSchema).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "items": {
+          "anyOf": [
+            {
+              "type": "string",
+            },
+            {
+              "type": "number",
+            },
+            {
+              "type": "boolean",
+            },
+          ],
+        },
+        "minItems": 3,
+        "type": "array",
+      }
+    `);
+  });
+
+  test("tuple with null openapi-3.0", () => {
+    const schema = z.tuple([z.string(), z.number(), z.null()]);
+    const jsonSchema = z.toJSONSchema(schema, { target: "openapi-3.0" });
+    validateOpenAPI30Schema(jsonSchema);
+    expect(jsonSchema).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "items": {
+          "anyOf": [
+            {
+              "type": "string",
+            },
+            {
+              "type": "number",
+            },
+            {
+              "enum": [
+                null,
+              ],
+              "nullable": true,
+              "type": "string",
+            },
+          ],
+        },
+        "maxItems": 3,
+        "minItems": 3,
+        "type": "array",
+      }
+    `);
+  });
+
+  test("tuple draft-7", () => {
+    const schema = z.tuple([z.string(), z.number()]);
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(schema, { target: "draft-7", io: "input" })).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema#",
+        "items": [
+          {
+            "type": "string",
+          },
+          {
+            "type": "number",
+          },
+        ],
+        "type": "array",
+      }
+    `);
+  });
+
+  test("tuple with rest draft-7", () => {
+    const schema = z.tuple([z.string(), z.number()]).rest(z.boolean());
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(schema, { target: "draft-7", io: "input" })).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema#",
+        "additionalItems": {
+          "type": "boolean",
+        },
+        "items": [
+          {
+            "type": "string",
+          },
+          {
+            "type": "number",
+          },
+        ],
+        "type": "array",
+      }
+    `);
+  });
+
+  test("tuple with rest draft-7 - issue #5151 regression test", () => {
+    // This test addresses issue #5151: tuple with rest elements and ids
+    // in draft-7 had incorrect internal path handling affecting complex scenarios
+    const primarySchema = z.string().meta({ id: "primary" });
+    const restSchema = z.number().meta({ id: "rest" });
+    const testSchema = z.tuple([primarySchema], restSchema);
+
+    // Test both final output structure AND internal path handling
+    const capturedPaths: string[] = [];
+    const result = z.toJSONSchema(testSchema, {
+      target: "draft-7",
+      override: (ctx) => capturedPaths.push(ctx.path.join("/")),
+    });
+
+    // Verify correct draft-7 structure with metadata extraction
+    expect(result).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema#",
+        "additionalItems": {
+          "$ref": "#/definitions/rest",
+        },
+        "definitions": {
+          "primary": {
+            "type": "string",
+          },
+          "rest": {
+            "type": "number",
+          },
+        },
+        "items": [
+          {
+            "$ref": "#/definitions/primary",
+          },
+        ],
+        "type": "array",
+      }
+    `);
+
+    // Verify internal paths are correct (this was the actual bug)
+    expect(capturedPaths).toContain("items/0"); // prefix items should use "items" path
+    expect(capturedPaths).toContain("additionalItems"); // rest should use "additionalItems" path
+    expect(capturedPaths).not.toContain("prefixItems/0"); // should not use draft-2020-12 paths
+
+    // Structural validations
+    expect(Array.isArray(result.items)).toBe(true);
+    expect(result.additionalItems).toBeDefined();
+  });
+
+  test("promise", () => {
+    const schema = z.promise(z.string());
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(schema)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "type": "string",
+      }
+    `);
+  });
+
+  test("lazy", () => {
+    const schema = z.lazy(() => z.string());
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(schema)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "type": "string",
+      }
+    `);
+  });
+
+  // enum
+  test("enum", () => {
+    const a = z.enum(["a", "b", "c"]);
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(a)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "enum": [
+          "a",
+          "b",
+          "c",
+        ],
+        "type": "string",
+      }
+    `);
+
+    enum B {
+      A = 0,
+      B = 1,
+      C = 2,
+    }
+
+    const b = z.enum(B);
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(b)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "enum": [
+          0,
+          1,
+          2,
+        ],
+        "type": "number",
+      }
+    `);
+  });
+
+  // literal
+  test("literal", () => {
+    const a = z.literal("hello");
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(a)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "const": "hello",
+        "type": "string",
+      }
+    `);
+
+    const b = z.literal(7);
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(b)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "const": 7,
+        "type": "number",
+      }
+    `);
+
+    const c = z.literal(["hello", undefined, null, 5, BigInt(1324)]);
+    expect(() => z.toJSONSchema(c)).toThrow();
+
+    const d = z.literal(["hello", null, 5]);
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(d)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "enum": [
+          "hello",
+          null,
+          5,
+        ],
+      }
+    `);
+
+    const e = z.literal(["hello", "zod", "v4"]);
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(e)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "enum": [
+          "hello",
+          "zod",
+          "v4",
+        ],
+        "type": "string",
+      }
+    `);
+  });
+
+  test("literal draft-4", () => {
+    const a = z.literal("hello");
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(a, { target: "draft-4" })).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "http://json-schema.org/draft-04/schema#",
+        "enum": [
+          "hello",
+        ],
+        "type": "string",
+      }
+    `);
+  });
+
+  // pipe
+  test("pipe", () => {
+    const schema = z
+      .string()
+      .transform((val) => Number.parseInt(val))
+      .pipe(z.number());
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(schema)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "type": "number",
+      }
+    `);
+  });
+
+  test("simple objects", () => {
+    const schema = z.object({
+      name: z.string(),
+      age: z.number(),
+    });
+
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(schema)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(
+      `
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "additionalProperties": false,
+        "properties": {
+          "age": {
+            "type": "number",
+          },
+          "name": {
+            "type": "string",
+          },
+        },
+        "required": [
+          "name",
+          "age",
+        ],
+        "type": "object",
+      }
+    `
+    );
+  });
+
+  test("additionalproperties in z.object", () => {
+    const a = z.object({
+      name: z.string(),
+    });
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(a)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "additionalProperties": false,
+        "properties": {
+          "name": {
+            "type": "string",
+          },
+        },
+        "required": [
+          "name",
+        ],
+        "type": "object",
+      }
+    `);
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(a, { io: "input" })).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "properties": {
+          "name": {
+            "type": "string",
+          },
+        },
+        "required": [
+          "name",
+        ],
+        "type": "object",
+      }
+    `);
+    expect(
+      z.toJSONSchema(a, {
+        io: "input",
+        override(ctx) {
+          const def = ctx.zodSchema._zod.def;
+          if (def.type === "object" && !def.catchall) {
+            (ctx.jsonSchema as z.core.JSONSchema.ObjectSchema).additionalProperties = false;
+          }
+        },
+      })
+    ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "additionalProperties": false,
+        "properties": {
+          "name": {
+            "type": "string",
+          },
+        },
+        "required": [
+          "name",
+        ],
+        "type": "object",
+      }
+    `);
+  });
+
+  test("catchall objects", () => {
+    const a = z.strictObject({
+      name: z.string(),
+      age: z.number(),
+    });
+
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(a)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "additionalProperties": false,
+        "properties": {
+          "age": {
+            "type": "number",
+          },
+          "name": {
+            "type": "string",
+          },
+        },
+        "required": [
+          "name",
+          "age",
+        ],
+        "type": "object",
+      }
+    `);
+
+    const b = z
+      .object({
+        name: z.string(),
+      })
+      .catchall(z.string());
+
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(b)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "additionalProperties": {
+          "type": "string",
+        },
+        "properties": {
+          "name": {
+            "type": "string",
+          },
+        },
+        "required": [
+          "name",
+        ],
+        "type": "object",
+      }
+    `);
+
+    const c = z.looseObject({
+      name: z.string(),
+    });
+
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(c)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "additionalProperties": {},
+        "properties": {
+          "name": {
+            "type": "string",
+          },
+        },
+        "required": [
+          "name",
+        ],
+        "type": "object",
+      }
+    `);
+  });
+
+  test("optional fields - object", () => {
+    const schema = z.object({
+      required: z.string(),
+      optional: z.string().optional(),
+      nonoptional: z.string().optional().nonoptional(),
+    });
+
+    const result = z.toJSONSchema(schema);
+
+    expect(result).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "additionalProperties": false,
+        "properties": {
+          "nonoptional": {
+            "type": "string",
+          },
+          "optional": {
+            "type": "string",
+          },
+          "required": {
+            "type": "string",
+          },
+        },
+        "required": [
+          "required",
+          "nonoptional",
+        ],
+        "type": "object",
+      }
+    `);
+  });
+
+  test("recursive object", () => {
+    interface Category {
+      name: string;
+      subcategories: Category[];
+    }
+
+    const categorySchema: z.ZodType<Category> = z.object({
+      name: z.string(),
+      subcategories: z.array(z.lazy(() => categorySchema)),
+    });
+
+    const result = z.toJSONSchema(categorySchema);
+    expect(result).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "additionalProperties": false,
+        "properties": {
+          "name": {
+            "type": "string",
+          },
+          "subcategories": {
+            "items": {
+              "$ref": "#",
+            },
+            "type": "array",
+          },
+        },
+        "required": [
+          "name",
+          "subcategories",
+        ],
+        "type": "object",
+      }
+    `);
+  });
+
+  test("simple interface", () => {
+    const userSchema = z.object({
+      name: z.string(),
+      age: z.number().optional(),
+    });
+
+    const result = z.toJSONSchema(userSchema);
+    expect(result).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "additionalProperties": false,
+        "properties": {
+          "age": {
+            "type": "number",
+          },
+          "name": {
+            "type": "string",
+          },
+        },
+        "required": [
+          "name",
+        ],
+        "type": "object",
+      }
+    `);
+  });
+
+  test("catchall interface", () => {
+    const a = z.strictObject({
+      name: z.string(),
+      age: z.number(),
+    });
+
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(a)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "additionalProperties": false,
+        "properties": {
+          "age": {
+            "type": "number",
+          },
+          "name": {
+            "type": "string",
+          },
+        },
+        "required": [
+          "name",
+          "age",
+        ],
+        "type": "object",
+      }
+    `);
+
+    const b = z
+      .object({
+        name: z.string(),
+      })
+      .catchall(z.string());
+
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(b)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "additionalProperties": {
+          "type": "string",
+        },
+        "properties": {
+          "name": {
+            "type": "string",
+          },
+        },
+        "required": [
+          "name",
+        ],
+        "type": "object",
+      }
+    `);
+
+    const c = z.looseObject({
+      name: z.string(),
+    });
+
+    expect(z.toJSONSchema(c)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "additionalProperties": {},
+        "properties": {
+          "name": {
+            "type": "string",
+          },
+        },
+        "required": [
+          "name",
+        ],
+        "type": "object",
+      }
+    `);
+  });
+
+  test("recursive interface schemas", () => {
+    const TreeNodeSchema = z.object({
+      id: z.string(),
+      get children() {
+        return TreeNodeSchema;
+      },
+    });
+
+    const result = z.toJSONSchema(TreeNodeSchema);
+
+    // Should have definitions for recursive schema
+    expect(JSON.stringify(result, null, 2)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(
+      `
+      "{
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "type": "object",
+        "properties": {
+          "id": {
+            "type": "string"
+          },
+          "children": {
+            "$ref": "#"
+          }
+        },
+        "required": [
+          "id",
+          "children"
+        ],
+        "additionalProperties": false
+      }"
+    `
+    );
+  });
+
+  test("mutually recursive interface schemas", () => {
+    const FolderSchema = z.object({
+      name: z.string(),
+      get files() {
+        return z.array(FileSchema);
+      },
+    });
+
+    const FileSchema = z.object({
+      name: z.string(),
+      get parent() {
+        return FolderSchema;
+      },
+    });
+
+    const result = z.toJSONSchema(FolderSchema);
+
+    // Should have definitions for both schemas
+    expect(JSON.stringify(result, null, 2)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(
+      `
+      "{
+        "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+        "type": "object",
+        "properties": {
+          "name": {
+            "type": "string"
+          },
+          "files": {
+            "type": "array",
+            "items": {
+              "type": "object",
+              "properties": {
+                "name": {
+                  "type": "string"
+                },
+                "parent": {
+                  "$ref": "#"
+                }
+              },
+              "required": [
+                "name",
+                "parent"
+              ],
+              "additionalProperties": false
+            }
+          }
+        },
+        "required": [
+          "name",
+          "files"
+        ],
+        "additionalProperties": false
+      }"
+    `
+    );
+  });
+});
+
+test("override", () => {
+  const schema = z.toJSONSchema(z.string(), {
+    override: (ctx) => {
+      ctx.zodSchema;
+      ctx.jsonSchema;
+      ctx.jsonSchema.whatever = "sup";
+    },
+  });
+  expect(schema).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+    {
+      "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+      "type": "string",
+      "whatever": "sup",
+    }
+  `);
+});
+
+test("override: do not run on references", () => {
+  let overrideCount = 0;
+  const schema = z
+    .union([z.string().date(), z.string().datetime(), z.string().datetime({ local: true })])
+    .meta({ a: true })
+    .transform((str) => new Date(str))
+    .meta({ b: true })
+    .pipe(z.date())
+    .meta({ c: true })
+    .brand("dateIn");
+  z.toJSONSchema(schema, {
+    unrepresentable: "any",
+    io: "input",
+    override(_) {
+      overrideCount++;
+    },
+  });
+
+  expect(overrideCount).toBe(12);
+});
+
+test("override with refs", () => {
+  const a = z.string().optional();
+  const result = z.toJSONSchema(a, {
+    override(ctx) {
+      if (ctx.zodSchema._zod.def.type === "string") {
+        ctx.jsonSchema.type = "STRING" as "string";
+      }
+    },
+  });
+
+  expect(result).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+    {
+      "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+      "type": "STRING",
+    }
+  `);
+});
+
+test("override execution order", () => {
+  const schema = z.union([z.string(), z.number()]);
+  let unionSchema!: any;
+  z.toJSONSchema(schema, {
+    override(ctx) {
+      if (ctx.zodSchema._zod.def.type === "union") {
+        unionSchema = ctx.jsonSchema;
+      }
+    },
+  });
+
+  expect(unionSchema).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+    {
+      "anyOf": [
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "number",
+        },
+      ],
+    }
+  `);
+});
+
+test("override with path", () => {
+  const userSchema = z.object({
+    name: z.string(),
+    age: z.number(),
+  });
+
+  const capturedPaths: (string | number)[][] = [];
+
+  z.toJSONSchema(userSchema, {
+    override(ctx) {
+      capturedPaths.push(ctx.path);
+    },
+  });
+
+  expect(capturedPaths).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+    [
+      [
+        "properties",
+        "age",
+      ],
+      [
+        "properties",
+        "name",
+      ],
+      [],
+    ]
+  `);
+});
+
+test("pipe", () => {
+  const mySchema = z
+    .string()
+    .transform((val) => val.length)
+    .pipe(z.number());
+  // ZodPipe
+
+  const a = z.toJSONSchema(mySchema);
+  expect(a).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+    {
+      "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+      "type": "number",
+    }
+  `);
+  // => { type: "number" }
+
+  const b = z.toJSONSchema(mySchema, { io: "input" });
+  expect(b).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+    {
+      "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+      "type": "string",
+    }
+  `);
+  // => { type: "string" }
+});
+
+test("passthrough schemas", () => {
+  const Internal = z.object({
+    num: z.number(),
+    str: z.string(),
+  });
+  //.meta({ id: "Internal" });
+
+  const External = z.object({
+    a: Internal,
+    b: Internal.optional(),
+    c: z.lazy(() => Internal),
+    d: z.promise(Internal),
+    e: z.pipe(Internal, Internal),
+  });
+
+  const result = z.toJSONSchema(External, {
+    reused: "ref",
+  });
+  expect(result).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+    {
+      "$defs": {
+        "__schema0": {
+          "additionalProperties": false,
+          "properties": {
+            "num": {
+              "type": "number",
+            },
+            "str": {
+              "type": "string",
+            },
+          },
+          "required": [
+            "num",
+            "str",
+          ],
+          "type": "object",
+        },
+      },
+      "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+      "additionalProperties": false,
+      "properties": {
+        "a": {
+          "$ref": "#/$defs/__schema0",
+        },
+        "b": {
+          "$ref": "#/$defs/__schema0",
+        },
+        "c": {
+          "$ref": "#/$defs/__schema0",
+        },
+        "d": {
+          "$ref": "#/$defs/__schema0",
+        },
+        "e": {
+          "$ref": "#/$defs/__schema0",
+        },
+      },
+      "required": [
+        "a",
+        "c",
+        "d",
+        "e",
+      ],
+      "type": "object",
+    }
+  `);
+});
+
+test("extract schemas with id", () => {
+  const name = z.string().meta({ id: "name" });
+  const result = z.toJSONSchema(
+    z.object({
+      first_name: name,
+      last_name: name.nullable(),
+      middle_name: name.optional(),
+      age: z.number().meta({ id: "age" }),
+    })
+  );
+  expect(result).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+    {
+      "$defs": {
+        "age": {
+          "type": "number",
+        },
+        "name": {
+          "type": "string",
+        },
+      },
+      "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+      "additionalProperties": false,
+      "properties": {
+        "age": {
+          "$ref": "#/$defs/age",
+        },
+        "first_name": {
+          "$ref": "#/$defs/name",
+        },
+        "last_name": {
+          "anyOf": [
+            {
+              "$ref": "#/$defs/name",
+            },
+            {
+              "type": "null",
+            },
+          ],
+        },
+        "middle_name": {
+          "$ref": "#/$defs/name",
+        },
+      },
+      "required": [
+        "first_name",
+        "last_name",
+        "age",
+      ],
+      "type": "object",
+    }
+  `);
+});
+
+test("unrepresentable literal values are ignored", () => {
+  const a = z.toJSONSchema(z.literal(["hello", null, 5, BigInt(1324), undefined]), { unrepresentable: "any" });
+  expect(a).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+    {
+      "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+      "enum": [
+        "hello",
+        null,
+        5,
+        1324,
+      ],
+    }
+  `);
+
+  const b = z.toJSONSchema(z.literal([undefined, null, 5, BigInt(1324)]), {
+    unrepresentable: "any",
+  });
+  expect(b).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+    {
+      "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+      "enum": [
+        null,
+        5,
+        1324,
+      ],
+    }
+  `);
+
+  const c = z.toJSONSchema(z.literal([undefined]), {
+    unrepresentable: "any",
+  });
+  expect(c).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+    {
+      "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+    }
+  `);
+});
+
+test("describe with id", () => {
+  const jobId = z.string().meta({ id: "jobId" });
+
+  const a = z.toJSONSchema(
+    z.object({
+      current: jobId.describe("Current job"),
+      previous: jobId.describe("Previous job"),
+    })
+  );
+  expect(a).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+    {
+      "$defs": {
+        "jobId": {
+          "type": "string",
+        },
+      },
+      "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+      "additionalProperties": false,
+      "properties": {
+        "current": {
+          "$ref": "#/$defs/jobId",
+          "description": "Current job",
+        },
+        "previous": {
+          "$ref": "#/$defs/jobId",
+          "description": "Previous job",
+        },
+      },
+      "required": [
+        "current",
+        "previous",
+      ],
+      "type": "object",
+    }
+  `);
+});
+
+test("id is stripped from $defs entries (draft-2020-12)", () => {
+  // The `id` in `.meta()` is a registration tag — it determines the $defs key
+  // but should not leak into the definition body, where it is redundant.
+  const inner = z.string().meta({ id: "Inner" });
+  const result = z.toJSONSchema(z.object({ a: inner, b: inner }));
+  expect(result.$defs?.Inner).toEqual({ type: "string" });
+  expect((result.$defs?.Inner as any).id).toBeUndefined();
+});
+
+test("id is stripped from definitions entries (draft-04)", () => {
+  // In draft-04, `id` is a reserved keyword that sets a base URI for the
+  // subschema. Leaking Zod's registration tag here is semantically wrong, so
+  // ensure it is stripped.
+  const inner = z.string().meta({ id: "Inner" });
+  const result = z.toJSONSchema(z.object({ a: inner, b: inner }), { target: "draft-04" }) as any;
+  expect(result.definitions?.Inner).toEqual({ type: "string" });
+  expect(result.definitions?.Inner?.id).toBeUndefined();
+});
+
+test("id is stripped from root schema", () => {
+  // The registration tag should not appear on the root either.
+  const A = z.object({ name: z.string() }).meta({ id: "A" });
+  const result = z.toJSONSchema(A);
+  expect((result as any).id).toBeUndefined();
+});
+
+test("id is observable in override callback", () => {
+  // The strip happens after override callbacks run, so userland override code
+  // can still read `jsonSchema.id` if it wants to.
+  const inner = z.string().meta({ id: "Inner" });
+  const seenIds: Array<string | undefined> = [];
+  z.toJSONSchema(z.object({ a: inner }), {
+    override: ({ jsonSchema }) => {
+      if (jsonSchema.id !== undefined) seenIds.push(jsonSchema.id as string);
+    },
+  });
+  expect(seenIds).toContain("Inner");
+});
+
+test("describe with id on wrapper", () => {
+  // Test that $ref propagation works when processor sets a different ref (readonly -> innerType)
+  // but parent was extracted due to having an id
+  const roJobId = z.string().readonly().meta({ id: "roJobId" });
+
+  const a = z.toJSONSchema(
+    z.object({
+      current: roJobId.describe("Current readonly job"),
+      previous: roJobId.describe("Previous readonly job"),
+    })
+  );
+  expect(a).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+    {
+      "$defs": {
+        "roJobId": {
+          "readOnly": true,
+          "type": "string",
+        },
+      },
+      "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+      "additionalProperties": false,
+      "properties": {
+        "current": {
+          "$ref": "#/$defs/roJobId",
+          "description": "Current readonly job",
+        },
+        "previous": {
+          "$ref": "#/$defs/roJobId",
+          "description": "Previous readonly job",
+        },
+      },
+      "required": [
+        "current",
+        "previous",
+      ],
+      "type": "object",
+    }
+  `);
+});
+
+test("overwrite id", () => {
+  const jobId = z.string().meta({ id: "aaa" });
+
+  const a = z.toJSONSchema(
+    z.object({
+      current: jobId,
+      previous: jobId.meta({ id: "bbb" }),
+    })
+  );
+  expect(a).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+    {
+      "$defs": {
+        "aaa": {
+          "type": "string",
+        },
+        "bbb": {
+          "$ref": "#/$defs/aaa",
+        },
+      },
+      "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+      "additionalProperties": false,
+      "properties": {
+        "current": {
+          "$ref": "#/$defs/aaa",
+        },
+        "previous": {
+          "$ref": "#/$defs/bbb",
+        },
+      },
+      "required": [
+        "current",
+        "previous",
+      ],
+      "type": "object",
+    }
+  `);
+
+  const b = z.toJSONSchema(
+    z.object({
+      current: jobId,
+      previous: jobId.meta({ id: "ccc" }),
+    }),
+    {
+      reused: "ref",
+    }
+  );
+  expect(b).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+    {
+      "$defs": {
+        "aaa": {
+          "type": "string",
+        },
+        "ccc": {
+          "$ref": "#/$defs/aaa",
+        },
+      },
+      "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+      "additionalProperties": false,
+      "properties": {
+        "current": {
+          "$ref": "#/$defs/aaa",
+        },
+        "previous": {
+          "$ref": "#/$defs/ccc",
+        },
+      },
+      "required": [
+        "current",
+        "previous",
+      ],
+      "type": "object",
+    }
+  `);
+});
+
+test("overwrite descriptions", () => {
+  const field = z.string().describe("a").describe("b").describe("c");
+
+  const a = z.toJSONSchema(
+    z.object({
+      d: field.describe("d"),
+      e: field.describe("e"),
+    })
+  );
+  expect(a).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+    {
+      "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+      "additionalProperties": false,
+      "properties": {
+        "d": {
+          "description": "d",
+          "type": "string",
+        },
+        "e": {
+          "description": "e",
+          "type": "string",
+        },
+      },
+      "required": [
+        "d",
+        "e",
+      ],
+      "type": "object",
+    }
+  `);
+
+  const b = z.toJSONSchema(
+    z.object({
+      d: field.describe("d"),
+      e: field.describe("e"),
+    }),
+    {
+      reused: "ref",
+    }
+  );
+  expect(b).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+    {
+      "$defs": {
+        "__schema0": {
+          "description": "c",
+          "type": "string",
+        },
+      },
+      "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+      "additionalProperties": false,
+      "properties": {
+        "d": {
+          "$ref": "#/$defs/__schema0",
+          "description": "d",
+        },
+        "e": {
+          "$ref": "#/$defs/__schema0",
+          "description": "e",
+        },
+      },
+      "required": [
+        "d",
+        "e",
+      ],
+      "type": "object",
+    }
+  `);
+});
+
+test("top-level readonly", () => {
+  const A = z
+    .object({
+      name: z.string(),
+      get b() {
+        return B;
+      },
+    })
+    .readonly()
+    .meta({ id: "A" });
+  // z.globalRegistry.add(A, { id: "A" });
+  // .meta({ id: "A" });
+
+  const B = z
+    .object({
+      name: z.string(),
+      get a() {
+        return A;
+      },
+    })
+    .readonly()
+    .meta({ id: "B" });
+  // z.globalRegistry.add(B, { id: "B" });
+  // .meta({ id: "B" });
+
+  const result = z.toJSONSchema(A);
+  expect(result).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+    {
+      "$defs": {
+        "B": {
+          "additionalProperties": false,
+          "properties": {
+            "a": {
+              "$ref": "#",
+            },
+            "name": {
+              "type": "string",
+            },
+          },
+          "readOnly": true,
+          "required": [
+            "name",
+            "a",
+          ],
+          "type": "object",
+        },
+      },
+      "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+      "additionalProperties": false,
+      "properties": {
+        "b": {
+          "$ref": "#/$defs/B",
+        },
+        "name": {
+          "type": "string",
+        },
+      },
+      "readOnly": true,
+      "required": [
+        "name",
+        "b",
+      ],
+      "type": "object",
+    }
+  `);
+});
+
+test("basic registry", () => {
+  const myRegistry = z.registry<{ id: string }>();
+  const User = z.object({
+    name: z.string(),
+    get posts() {
+      return z.array(Post);
+    },
+  });
+
+  const Post = z.object({
+    title: z.string(),
+    content: z.string(),
+    get author() {
+      return User;
+    },
+  });
+
+  myRegistry.add(User, { id: "User" });
+  myRegistry.add(Post, { id: "Post" });
+
+  const result = z.toJSONSchema(myRegistry, {
+    uri: (id) => `https://example.com/${id}.json`,
+  });
+  expect(result).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+    {
+      "schemas": {
+        "Post": {
+          "$id": "https://example.com/Post.json",
+          "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+          "additionalProperties": false,
+          "properties": {
+            "author": {
+              "$ref": "https://example.com/User.json",
+            },
+            "content": {
+              "type": "string",
+            },
+            "title": {
+              "type": "string",
+            },
+          },
+          "required": [
+            "title",
+            "content",
+            "author",
+          ],
+          "type": "object",
+        },
+        "User": {
+          "$id": "https://example.com/User.json",
+          "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+          "additionalProperties": false,
+          "properties": {
+            "name": {
+              "type": "string",
+            },
+            "posts": {
+              "items": {
+                "$ref": "https://example.com/Post.json",
+              },
+              "type": "array",
+            },
+          },
+          "required": [
+            "name",
+            "posts",
+          ],
+          "type": "object",
+        },
+      },
+    }
+  `);
+});
+
+test("_ref", () => {
+  // const a = z.promise(z.string().describe("a"));
+  const a = z.toJSONSchema(z.promise(z.string().describe("a")));
+  expect(a).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+    {
+      "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+      "description": "a",
+      "type": "string",
+    }
+  `);
+
+  const b = z.toJSONSchema(z.lazy(() => z.string().describe("a")));
+  expect(b).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+    {
+      "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+      "description": "a",
+      "type": "string",
+    }
+  `);
+
+  const c = z.toJSONSchema(z.optional(z.string().describe("a")));
+  expect(c).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+    {
+      "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+      "description": "a",
+      "type": "string",
+    }
+  `);
+
+  const d = z.toJSONSchema(z.string().meta({ id: "foo" }).describe("bar").optional());
+  expect(d).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+    {
+      "$defs": {
+        "foo": {
+          "type": "string",
+        },
+      },
+      "$ref": "#/$defs/foo",
+      "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+      "description": "bar",
+    }
+  `);
+});
+
+test("defaults/prefaults", () => {
+  const a = z
+    .string()
+    .transform((val) => val.length)
+    .pipe(z.number());
+  const b = a.prefault("hello");
+  const c = a.default(1234);
+
+  // a
+  expect(z.toJSONSchema(a)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+    {
+      "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+      "type": "number",
+    }
+  `);
+  expect(z.toJSONSchema(a, { io: "input" })).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+    {
+      "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+      "type": "string",
+    }
+  `);
+
+  // b
+  expect(z.toJSONSchema(b)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+    {
+      "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+      "type": "number",
+    }
+  `);
+  expect(z.toJSONSchema(b, { io: "input" })).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+    {
+      "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+      "default": "hello",
+      "type": "string",
+    }
+  `);
+  // c
+  expect(z.toJSONSchema(c)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+    {
+      "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+      "default": 1234,
+      "type": "number",
+    }
+  `);
+  expect(z.toJSONSchema(c, { io: "input" })).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+    {
+      "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+      "type": "string",
+    }
+  `);
+});
+
+test("falsy prefaults (false, 0, empty string)", () => {
+  // boolean prefault false
+  const a = z.boolean().prefault(false);
+  expect(z.toJSONSchema(a, { io: "input" })).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+    {
+      "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+      "default": false,
+      "type": "boolean",
+    }
+  `);
+
+  // number prefault 0
+  const b = z.number().prefault(0);
+  expect(z.toJSONSchema(b, { io: "input" })).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+    {
+      "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+      "default": 0,
+      "type": "number",
+    }
+  `);
+
+  // string prefault empty string
+  const c = z.string().prefault("");
+  expect(z.toJSONSchema(c, { io: "input" })).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+    {
+      "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+      "default": "",
+      "type": "string",
+    }
+  `);
+});
+
+test("input type", () => {
+  const schema = z.object({
+    a: z.string(),
+    b: z.string().optional(),
+    c: z.string().default("hello"),
+    d: z.string().nullable(),
+    e: z.string().prefault("hello"),
+    f: z.string().catch("hello"),
+    g: z.never(),
+    h: z.union([z.string(), z.number().default(2)]),
+    i: z.union([z.string(), z.string().optional()]),
+  });
+  expect(z.toJSONSchema(schema, { io: "input" })).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+    {
+      "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+      "properties": {
+        "a": {
+          "type": "string",
+        },
+        "b": {
+          "type": "string",
+        },
+        "c": {
+          "default": "hello",
+          "type": "string",
+        },
+        "d": {
+          "anyOf": [
+            {
+              "type": "string",
+            },
+            {
+              "type": "null",
+            },
+          ],
+        },
+        "e": {
+          "default": "hello",
+          "type": "string",
+        },
+        "f": {
+          "default": "hello",
+          "type": "string",
+        },
+        "g": {
+          "not": {},
+        },
+        "h": {
+          "anyOf": [
+            {
+              "type": "string",
+            },
+            {
+              "default": 2,
+              "type": "number",
+            },
+          ],
+        },
+        "i": {
+          "anyOf": [
+            {
+              "type": "string",
+            },
+            {
+              "type": "string",
+            },
+          ],
+        },
+      },
+      "required": [
+        "a",
+        "d",
+        "g",
+      ],
+      "type": "object",
+    }
+  `);
+  expect(z.toJSONSchema(schema, { io: "output" })).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+    {
+      "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+      "additionalProperties": false,
+      "properties": {
+        "a": {
+          "type": "string",
+        },
+        "b": {
+          "type": "string",
+        },
+        "c": {
+          "default": "hello",
+          "type": "string",
+        },
+        "d": {
+          "anyOf": [
+            {
+              "type": "string",
+            },
+            {
+              "type": "null",
+            },
+          ],
+        },
+        "e": {
+          "type": "string",
+        },
+        "f": {
+          "default": "hello",
+          "type": "string",
+        },
+        "g": {
+          "not": {},
+        },
+        "h": {
+          "anyOf": [
+            {
+              "type": "string",
+            },
+            {
+              "default": 2,
+              "type": "number",
+            },
+          ],
+        },
+        "i": {
+          "anyOf": [
+            {
+              "type": "string",
+            },
+            {
+              "type": "string",
+            },
+          ],
+        },
+      },
+      "required": [
+        "a",
+        "c",
+        "d",
+        "e",
+        "f",
+        "g",
+        "h",
+      ],
+      "type": "object",
+    }
+  `);
+});
+
+test("examples on pipe", () => {
+  const schema = z
+    .string()
+    .meta({ examples: ["test"] })
+    .transform(Number)
+    // .pipe(z.transform(Number).meta({ examples: [4] }))
+    .meta({ examples: [4] });
+
+  const i = z.toJSONSchema(schema, { io: "input", unrepresentable: "any" });
+  expect(i).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+    {
+      "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+      "examples": [
+        "test",
+      ],
+      "type": "string",
+    }
+  `);
+  const o = z.toJSONSchema(schema, { io: "output", unrepresentable: "any" });
+  expect(o).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+    {
+      "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+      "examples": [
+        4,
+      ],
+    }
+  `);
+});
+
+// test("number checks", () => {
+//   expect(z.toJSONSchema(z.number().int())).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+//     {
+//       "maximum": 9007199254740991,
+//       "minimum": -9007199254740991,
+//       "type": "integer",
+//     }
+//   `);
+//   expect(z.toJSONSchema(z.int())).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+//     {
+//       "maximum": 9007199254740991,
+//       "minimum": -9007199254740991,
+//       "type": "integer",
+//     }
+//   `);
+//   expect(z.toJSONSchema(z.int().positive())).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+//     {
+//       "exclusiveMinimum": 0,
+//       "maximum": 9007199254740991,
+//       "minimum": -9007199254740991,
+//       "type": "integer",
+//     }
+//   `);
+//   expect(z.toJSONSchema(z.int().nonnegative())).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+//     {
+//       "maximum": 9007199254740991,
+//       "minimum": 0,
+//       "type": "integer",
+//     }
+//   `);
+//   expect(z.toJSONSchema(z.int().gt(0))).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+//     {
+//       "exclusiveMinimum": 0,
+//       "maximum": 9007199254740991,
+//       "minimum": -9007199254740991,
+//       "type": "integer",
+//     }
+//   `);
+//   expect(z.toJSONSchema(z.int().gte(0))).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+//     {
+//       "maximum": 9007199254740991,
+//       "minimum": 0,
+//       "type": "integer",
+//     }
+//   `);
+
+// });
+
+test("use output type for preprocess", () => {
+  const a = z.preprocess((val) => String(val), z.string());
+
+  expect(z.toJSONSchema(a, { io: "input" })).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+    {
+      "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+      "type": "string",
+    }
+  `);
+});
+
+test("strip output-side examples from input JSON schema for codec", () => {
+  const codec = z
+    .codec(z.string(), z.number(), { decode: (s) => Number(s), encode: (n) => String(n) })
+    .meta({ examples: [42] });
+
+  expect(z.toJSONSchema(codec, { io: "input" })).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+    {
+      "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+      "type": "string",
+    }
+  `);
+  expect(z.toJSONSchema(codec, { io: "output" })).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+    {
+      "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+      "examples": [
+        42,
+      ],
+      "type": "number",
+    }
+  `);
+});
+
+// test("isTransforming", () => {
+//   const tx = z.core.isTransforming;
+//   expect(tx(z.string())).toEqual(false);
+//   expect(tx(z.string().transform((val) => val))).toEqual(true);
+//   expect(tx(z.string().pipe(z.string()))).toEqual(false);
+//   expect(
+//     tx(
+//       z
+//         .string()
+//         .transform((val) => val)
+//         .pipe(z.string())
+//     )
+//   ).toEqual(true);
+
+//   const a = z.transform((val) => val);
+//   expect(tx(z.transform((val) => val))).toEqual(true);
+//   expect(tx(a.optional())).toEqual(true);
+
+//   const b = z.string().optional();
+//   expect(tx(b)).toEqual(false);
+
+//   const c = z.string().prefault("hello");
+//   expect(tx(c)).toEqual(false);
+
+//   const d = z.string().default("hello");
+//   expect(tx(d)).toEqual(false);
+// });
+
+test("flatten simple intersections", () => {
+  const FirstSchema = z.object({
+    testNum: z.number(),
+  });
+
+  const SecondSchema = z.object({
+    testStr: z.string(),
+  });
+
+  const ThirdSchema = z.object({
+    testBool: z.boolean(),
+  });
+
+  const HelloSchema = FirstSchema.and(SecondSchema).and(ThirdSchema).describe("123");
+
+  // Zod 3
+  // console.log(JSON.stringify(zodToJsonSchema(HelloSchema), null, 2));
+
+  // Zod 4
+  const result = z.toJSONSchema(HelloSchema, { target: "draft-7" });
+  expect(result).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+    {
+      "$schema": "http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema#",
+      "allOf": [
+        {
+          "additionalProperties": false,
+          "properties": {
+            "testNum": {
+              "type": "number",
+            },
+          },
+          "required": [
+            "testNum",
+          ],
+          "type": "object",
+        },
+        {
+          "additionalProperties": false,
+          "properties": {
+            "testStr": {
+              "type": "string",
+            },
+          },
+          "required": [
+            "testStr",
+          ],
+          "type": "object",
+        },
+        {
+          "additionalProperties": false,
+          "properties": {
+            "testBool": {
+              "type": "boolean",
+            },
+          },
+          "required": [
+            "testBool",
+          ],
+          "type": "object",
+        },
+      ],
+      "description": "123",
+    }
+  `);
+});
+
+test("z.file()", () => {
+  const a = z.file();
+  expect(z.toJSONSchema(a)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+    {
+      "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+      "contentEncoding": "binary",
+      "format": "binary",
+      "type": "string",
+    }
+  `);
+
+  const b = z.file().mime("image/png").min(1000).max(10000);
+  expect(z.toJSONSchema(b)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+    {
+      "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+      "contentEncoding": "binary",
+      "contentMediaType": "image/png",
+      "format": "binary",
+      "maxLength": 10000,
+      "minLength": 1000,
+      "type": "string",
+    }
+  `);
+
+  const c = z.file().mime(["image/png", "image/jpg"]).min(1000).max(10000);
+  expect(z.toJSONSchema(c)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+    {
+      "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+      "anyOf": [
+        {
+          "contentMediaType": "image/png",
+        },
+        {
+          "contentMediaType": "image/jpg",
+        },
+      ],
+      "contentEncoding": "binary",
+      "format": "binary",
+      "maxLength": 10000,
+      "minLength": 1000,
+      "type": "string",
+    }
+  `);
+});
+
+test("custom toJSONSchema", () => {
+  const schema = z.instanceof(Date);
+  schema._zod.toJSONSchema = () => ({
+    type: "string",
+    format: "date-time",
+  });
+
+  expect(z.toJSONSchema(schema)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+    {
+      "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+      "format": "date-time",
+      "type": "string",
+    }
+  `);
+});
+
+test("cycle detection - root", () => {
+  const schema = z.object({
+    name: z.string(),
+    get subcategories() {
+      return z.array(schema);
+    },
+  });
+
+  expect(() => z.toJSONSchema(schema, { cycles: "throw" })).toThrowErrorMatchingInlineSnapshot(`
+    [Error: Cycle detected: #/properties/subcategories/items/<root>
+
+    Set the \`cycles\` parameter to \`"ref"\` to resolve cyclical schemas with defs.]
+  `);
+});
+
+test("cycle detection - mutual recursion", () => {
+  const A = z.object({
+    name: z.string(),
+    get subcategories() {
+      return z.array(B);
+    },
+  });
+
+  const B = z.object({
+    name: z.string(),
+    get subcategories() {
+      return z.array(A);
+    },
+  });
+
+  expect(() => z.toJSONSchema(A, { cycles: "throw" })).toThrowErrorMatchingInlineSnapshot(`
+    [Error: Cycle detected: #/properties/subcategories/items/properties/subcategories/items/<root>
+
+    Set the \`cycles\` parameter to \`"ref"\` to resolve cyclical schemas with defs.]
+  `);
+});
+
+test("recursive lazy with describe does not stack overflow", () => {
+  const NodeSchema: z.ZodType = z.lazy(() =>
+    z
+      .object({
+        value: z.string().describe("node value"),
+        children: z.array(NodeSchema.describe("child node")).optional().describe("child list"),
+      })
+      .describe("tree node")
+  );
+
+  const result = z.toJSONSchema(NodeSchema, { cycles: "ref", reused: "ref" });
+  expect(result).toBeDefined();
+  expect(result.$defs).toBeDefined();
+});