@openclaw/firecrawl-plugin 2026.9.4 → 2026.9.6

package/node_modules/zod/src/v4/core/json-schema-processors.ts

@@ -1,18 +1,130 @@
 import type * as checks from "./checks.js";
 import type * as JSONSchema from "./json-schema.js";
+import * as regexes from "./regexes.js";
 import type { $ZodRegistry } from "./registries.js";
+import { base64Charset, base64urlCharset } from "./schemas.js";
 import type * as schemas from "./schemas.js";
 import {
+  type ProcessParams,
   type Processor,
   type RegistryToJSONSchemaParams,
+  type Seen,
+  type ToJSONSchemaContext,
   type ToJSONSchemaParams,
   type ZodStandardJSONSchemaPayload,
   extractDefs,
   finalize,
+  handleUnrepresentable,
   initializeContext,
-  process,
+  processSchema,
 } from "./to-json-schema.js";
-import { getEnumValues } from "./util.js";
+import { BIGINT_FORMAT_RANGES, NUMBER_FORMAT_RANGES, assignProp, getEnumValues } from "./util.js";
+
+// ==================== CHECK AGGREGATION ====================
+
+// constraint metadata comes from folding `def.checks` here, not from trusting `_zod.bag`: the bag is written by each check's own `onattach` in chain order, which has repeatedly produced order-dependent and lossy values (#6550). runtime checks are a conjunction, so every merge below is the conjunction's — tightest bound wins, patterns union, divisors collect, mime lists intersect
+type Bound = number | bigint | Date;
+
+interface CheckAggregate<N extends Bound = Bound> {
+  minimum?: N;
+  maximum?: N;
+  exclusiveMinimum?: N;
+  exclusiveMaximum?: N;
+  multipleOf?: number[];
+  format?: string;
+  // ORed across formats: any integer format keeps the conjunction integer, whatever format lands last
+  isInt?: boolean;
+  patterns?: Set<RegExp>;
+  mime?: string[];
+  contentEncoding?: string;
+  // a datetime that drops the offset or the seconds accepts what `date-time` forbids, so the keyword is withheld
+  laxFormat?: boolean;
+}
+
+const narrowMin = (agg: CheckAggregate, key: "minimum" | "exclusiveMinimum", value: Bound): void => {
+  if (agg[key] === undefined || value > agg[key]) agg[key] = value;
+};
+const narrowMax = (agg: CheckAggregate, key: "maximum" | "exclusiveMaximum", value: Bound): void => {
+  if (agg[key] === undefined || value < agg[key]) agg[key] = value;
+};
+const narrowBoth = (agg: CheckAggregate, value: number): void => {
+  narrowMin(agg, "minimum", value);
+  narrowMax(agg, "maximum", value);
+};
+const addDivisor = (agg: CheckAggregate, value: number): void => {
+  agg.multipleOf ??= [];
+  if (!agg.multipleOf.includes(value)) agg.multipleOf.push(value);
+};
+const addPattern = (agg: CheckAggregate, pattern: RegExp): void => {
+  agg.patterns ??= new Set();
+  agg.patterns.add(pattern);
+};
+const intersectMime = (agg: CheckAggregate, mime: string[]): void => {
+  agg.mime = agg.mime ? agg.mime.filter((m) => mime.includes(m)) : [...mime];
+};
+// last-wins, matching the bag's historical write order; the flag keeps an integer format from being lost to a later float one
+const setFormat = (agg: CheckAggregate, format: string): void => {
+  agg.format = format;
+  if (format.includes("int")) agg.isInt = true;
+};
+
+type Contributor = (agg: CheckAggregate, def: any) => void;
+const minContributor: Contributor = (agg, def) => narrowMin(agg, "minimum", def.minimum);
+const maxContributor: Contributor = (agg, def) => narrowMax(agg, "maximum", def.maximum);
+const formatContributor =
+  (ranges: Record<string, [Bound, Bound]>): Contributor =>
+  (agg, def) => {
+    setFormat(agg, def.format);
+    const [minimum, maximum] = ranges[def.format]!;
+    narrowMin(agg, "minimum", minimum);
+    narrowMax(agg, "maximum", maximum);
+  };
+
+const contributors: Record<string, Contributor> = {
+  greater_than: (agg, def) => narrowMin(agg, def.inclusive ? "minimum" : "exclusiveMinimum", def.value),
+  less_than: (agg, def) => narrowMax(agg, def.inclusive ? "maximum" : "exclusiveMaximum", def.value),
+  multiple_of: (agg, def) => addDivisor(agg, def.value),
+  number_format: formatContributor(NUMBER_FORMAT_RANGES),
+  bigint_format: formatContributor(BIGINT_FORMAT_RANGES),
+  min_length: minContributor,
+  max_length: maxContributor,
+  length_equals: (agg, def) => narrowBoth(agg, def.length),
+  min_size: minContributor,
+  max_size: maxContributor,
+  size_equals: (agg, def) => narrowBoth(agg, def.size),
+  string_format: (agg, def) => {
+    setFormat(agg, def.format);
+    if (def.pattern) addPattern(agg, def.pattern);
+    if (def.format === "base64" || def.format === "base64url") agg.contentEncoding = def.format;
+    if (def.local || def.precision === -1) agg.laxFormat = true;
+  },
+  mime_type: (agg, def) => intersectMime(agg, def.mime),
+};
+
+export function aggregateChecks<N extends Bound = Bound>(schema: schemas.$ZodType): CheckAggregate<N> {
+  const agg: CheckAggregate = {};
+  const def = schema._zod.def;
+  // a format schema is its own first check, same rule as $ZodType init
+  const list: checks.$ZodCheck[] = schema._zod.traits.has("$ZodCheck")
+    ? [schema as unknown as checks.$ZodCheck, ...(def.checks ?? [])]
+    : (def.checks ?? []);
+  for (const ch of list) contributors[ch._zod.def.check]?.(agg, ch._zod.def);
+
+  // reconcile with the bag so third-party onattach contributions still land; first-party residue is never tighter than the fold, so merging it back is idempotent for one and additive for the other
+  const bag = schema._zod.bag as Omit<CheckAggregate, "multipleOf"> & { multipleOf?: number };
+  if (bag.minimum !== undefined) narrowMin(agg, "minimum", bag.minimum);
+  if (bag.exclusiveMinimum !== undefined) narrowMin(agg, "exclusiveMinimum", bag.exclusiveMinimum);
+  if (bag.maximum !== undefined) narrowMax(agg, "maximum", bag.maximum);
+  if (bag.exclusiveMaximum !== undefined) narrowMax(agg, "exclusiveMaximum", bag.exclusiveMaximum);
+  if (bag.multipleOf !== undefined) addDivisor(agg, bag.multipleOf);
+  if (bag.format !== undefined) {
+    agg.format ??= bag.format;
+    if (bag.format.includes("int")) agg.isInt = true;
+  }
+  if (bag.mime) intersectMime(agg, bag.mime);
+  for (const pattern of bag.patterns ?? []) addPattern(agg, pattern);
+  return agg as CheckAggregate<N>;
+}
 
 const formatMap: Partial<Record<checks.$ZodStringFormats, string | undefined>> = {
   guid: "uuid",
@@ -24,11 +136,17 @@ const formatMap: Partial<Record<checks.$ZodStringFormats, string | undefined>> =
 
 // ==================== SIMPLE TYPE PROCESSORS ====================
 
+// the runtime patterns are lax so parse paths never overflow the regex stack; the emitted schema swaps in the exact block forms, which zod itself never executes
+const exactPatterns: Map<RegExp, RegExp> = new Map([
+  [base64Charset, regexes.base64],
+  [base64urlCharset, regexes.base64url],
+]);
+const exactPattern = (p: RegExp): RegExp => exactPatterns.get(p) ?? p;
+
 export const stringProcessor: Processor<schemas.$ZodString> = (schema, ctx, _json, _params) => {
   const json = _json as JSONSchema.StringSchema;
   json.type = "string";
-  const { minimum, maximum, format, patterns, contentEncoding } = schema._zod
-    .bag as schemas.$ZodStringInternals<unknown>["bag"];
+  const { minimum, maximum, format, patterns, contentEncoding, laxFormat } = aggregateChecks(schema);
   if (typeof minimum === "number") json.minLength = minimum;
   if (typeof maximum === "number") json.maxLength = maximum;
   // custom pattern overrides format
@@ -36,19 +154,18 @@ export const stringProcessor: Processor<schemas.$ZodString> = (schema, ctx, _jso
     json.format = formatMap[format as checks.$ZodStringFormats] ?? format;
     if (json.format === "") delete json.format; // empty format is not valid
 
-    // JSON Schema format: "time" requires a full time with offset or Z
-    // z.iso.time() does not include timezone information, so format: "time" should never be used
-    if (format === "time") {
+    // `z.iso.time()` is never full-time, and `laxFormat` carries the datetime shapes that also accept what their keyword forbids
+    if (format === "time" || laxFormat) {
       delete json.format;
     }
   }
   if (contentEncoding) json.contentEncoding = contentEncoding;
   if (patterns && patterns.size > 0) {
-    const regexes = [...patterns];
-    if (regexes.length === 1) json.pattern = regexes[0]!.source;
-    else if (regexes.length > 1) {
+    const patternList = [...patterns].map(exactPattern);
+    if (patternList.length === 1) json.pattern = patternList[0]!.source;
+    else if (patternList.length > 1) {
       json.allOf = [
-        ...regexes.map((regex) => ({
+        ...patternList.map((regex) => ({
           ...(ctx.target === "draft-07" || ctx.target === "draft-04" || ctx.target === "openapi-3.0"
             ? ({ type: "string" } as const)
             : {}),
@@ -59,11 +176,10 @@ export const stringProcessor: Processor<schemas.$ZodString> = (schema, ctx, _jso
   }
 };
 
-export const numberProcessor: Processor<schemas.$ZodNumber> = (schema, ctx, _json, _params) => {
+export const numberProcessor: Processor<schemas.$ZodNumber> = (schema, ctx, _json, params) => {
   const json = _json as JSONSchema.NumberSchema | JSONSchema.IntegerSchema;
-  const { minimum, maximum, format, multipleOf, exclusiveMaximum, exclusiveMinimum } = schema._zod.bag;
-  if (typeof format === "string" && format.includes("int")) json.type = "integer";
-  else json.type = "number";
+  const { minimum, maximum, multipleOf, exclusiveMaximum, exclusiveMinimum, isInt } = aggregateChecks<number>(schema);
+  json.type = isInt ? "integer" : "number";
 
   // when both minimum and exclusiveMinimum exist, pick the more restrictive one
   const exMin = typeof exclusiveMinimum === "number" && exclusiveMinimum >= (minimum ?? Number.NEGATIVE_INFINITY);
@@ -92,23 +208,37 @@ export const numberProcessor: Processor<schemas.$ZodNumber> = (schema, ctx, _jso
     json.maximum = maximum;
   }
 
-  if (typeof multipleOf === "number") json.multipleOf = multipleOf;
+  if (multipleOf) {
+    // JSON Schema requires a divisor strictly greater than zero, and a non-finite one does not survive JSON at all. A negative divisor accepts exactly what its absolute value accepts, so it still maps; zero, NaN and Infinity have no keyword form.
+    const divisors = new Set<number>();
+    for (const divisor of multipleOf) {
+      if (Number.isFinite(divisor) && divisor !== 0) divisors.add(Math.abs(divisor));
+      else
+        handleUnrepresentable(
+          schema,
+          ctx,
+          json,
+          params,
+          `A multipleOf divisor of ${divisor} cannot be represented in JSON Schema`
+        );
+    }
+    // chained divisors are a conjunction the keyword cannot carry alone, so extras ride an allOf, same as stacked patterns
+    const [first, ...rest] = divisors;
+    if (first !== undefined) json.multipleOf = first;
+    if (rest.length) json.allOf = [...(json.allOf ?? []), ...rest.map((m) => ({ multipleOf: m }))];
+  }
 };
 
 export const booleanProcessor: Processor<schemas.$ZodBoolean> = (_schema, _ctx, json, _params) => {
   (json as JSONSchema.BooleanSchema).type = "boolean";
 };
 
-export const bigintProcessor: Processor<schemas.$ZodBigInt> = (_schema, ctx, _json, _params) => {
-  if (ctx.unrepresentable === "throw") {
-    throw new Error("BigInt cannot be represented in JSON Schema");
-  }
+export const bigintProcessor: Processor<schemas.$ZodBigInt> = (schema, ctx, json, params) => {
+  handleUnrepresentable(schema, ctx, json, params, "BigInt cannot be represented in JSON Schema");
 };
 
-export const symbolProcessor: Processor<schemas.$ZodSymbol> = (_schema, ctx, _json, _params) => {
-  if (ctx.unrepresentable === "throw") {
-    throw new Error("Symbols cannot be represented in JSON Schema");
-  }
+export const symbolProcessor: Processor<schemas.$ZodSymbol> = (schema, ctx, json, params) => {
+  handleUnrepresentable(schema, ctx, json, params, "Symbols cannot be represented in JSON Schema");
 };
 
 export const nullProcessor: Processor<schemas.$ZodNull> = (_schema, ctx, json, _params) => {
@@ -121,16 +251,12 @@ export const nullProcessor: Processor<schemas.$ZodNull> = (_schema, ctx, json, _
   }
 };
 
-export const undefinedProcessor: Processor<schemas.$ZodUndefined> = (_schema, ctx, _json, _params) => {
-  if (ctx.unrepresentable === "throw") {
-    throw new Error("Undefined cannot be represented in JSON Schema");
-  }
+export const undefinedProcessor: Processor<schemas.$ZodUndefined> = (schema, ctx, json, params) => {
+  handleUnrepresentable(schema, ctx, json, params, "Undefined cannot be represented in JSON Schema");
 };
 
-export const voidProcessor: Processor<schemas.$ZodVoid> = (_schema, ctx, _json, _params) => {
-  if (ctx.unrepresentable === "throw") {
-    throw new Error("Void cannot be represented in JSON Schema");
-  }
+export const voidProcessor: Processor<schemas.$ZodVoid> = (schema, ctx, json, params) => {
+  handleUnrepresentable(schema, ctx, json, params, "Void cannot be represented in JSON Schema");
 };
 
 export const neverProcessor: Processor<schemas.$ZodNever> = (_schema, _ctx, json, _params) => {
@@ -145,37 +271,46 @@ export const unknownProcessor: Processor<schemas.$ZodUnknown> = (_schema, _ctx,
   // empty schema accepts anything
 };
 
-export const dateProcessor: Processor<schemas.$ZodDate> = (_schema, ctx, _json, _params) => {
-  if (ctx.unrepresentable === "throw") {
-    throw new Error("Date cannot be represented in JSON Schema");
-  }
+export const dateProcessor: Processor<schemas.$ZodDate> = (schema, ctx, json, params) => {
+  handleUnrepresentable(schema, ctx, json, params, "Date cannot be represented in JSON Schema");
 };
 
 export const enumProcessor: Processor<schemas.$ZodEnum> = (schema, _ctx, json, _params) => {
   const def = schema._zod.def as schemas.$ZodEnumDef;
   const values = getEnumValues(def.entries);
+
+  // an empty enum accepts nothing, same as z.never()
+  if (values.length === 0) {
+    json.not = {};
+    return;
+  }
+
   // Number enums can have both string and number values
   if (values.every((v) => typeof v === "number")) json.type = "number";
   if (values.every((v) => typeof v === "string")) json.type = "string";
   json.enum = values;
 };
 
-export const literalProcessor: Processor<schemas.$ZodLiteral> = (schema, ctx, json, _params) => {
+export const literalProcessor: Processor<schemas.$ZodLiteral> = (schema, ctx, json, params) => {
   const def = schema._zod.def as schemas.$ZodLiteralDef<any>;
+
+  // a literal with no values accepts nothing, same as z.never()
+  if (def.values.length === 0) {
+    json.not = {};
+    return;
+  }
+
   const vals: (string | number | boolean | null)[] = [];
   for (const val of def.values) {
     if (val === undefined) {
-      if (ctx.unrepresentable === "throw") {
-        throw new Error("Literal `undefined` cannot be represented in JSON Schema");
-      } else {
-        // do not add to vals
-      }
+      // a custom schema replaces the whole literal, so there is nothing left to accumulate
+      if (handleUnrepresentable(schema, ctx, json, params, "Literal `undefined` cannot be represented in JSON Schema"))
+        return;
+      // otherwise do not add to vals
     } else if (typeof val === "bigint") {
-      if (ctx.unrepresentable === "throw") {
-        throw new Error("BigInt literals cannot be represented in JSON Schema");
-      } else {
-        vals.push(Number(val));
-      }
+      if (handleUnrepresentable(schema, ctx, json, params, "BigInt literals cannot be represented in JSON Schema"))
+        return;
+      vals.push(Number(val));
     } else {
       vals.push(val);
     }
@@ -199,10 +334,8 @@ export const literalProcessor: Processor<schemas.$ZodLiteral> = (schema, ctx, js
   }
 };
 
-export const nanProcessor: Processor<schemas.$ZodNaN> = (_schema, ctx, _json, _params) => {
-  if (ctx.unrepresentable === "throw") {
-    throw new Error("NaN cannot be represented in JSON Schema");
-  }
+export const nanProcessor: Processor<schemas.$ZodNaN> = (schema, ctx, json, params) => {
+  handleUnrepresentable(schema, ctx, json, params, "NaN cannot be represented in JSON Schema");
 };
 
 export const templateLiteralProcessor: Processor<schemas.$ZodTemplateLiteral> = (schema, _ctx, json, _params) => {
@@ -215,60 +348,43 @@ export const templateLiteralProcessor: Processor<schemas.$ZodTemplateLiteral> =
 
 export const fileProcessor: Processor<schemas.$ZodFile> = (schema, _ctx, json, _params) => {
   const _json = json as JSONSchema.StringSchema;
-  const file: JSONSchema.StringSchema = {
-    type: "string",
-    format: "binary",
-    contentEncoding: "binary",
-  };
+  _json.type = "string";
+  _json.format = "binary";
+  _json.contentEncoding = "binary";
 
-  const { minimum, maximum, mime } = schema._zod.bag as schemas.$ZodFileInternals["bag"];
-  if (minimum !== undefined) file.minLength = minimum;
-  if (maximum !== undefined) file.maxLength = maximum;
-  if (mime) {
-    if (mime.length === 1) {
-      file.contentMediaType = mime[0]!;
-      Object.assign(_json, file);
-    } else {
-      Object.assign(_json, file); // shared props at root
-      _json.anyOf = mime.map((m) => ({ contentMediaType: m })); // only contentMediaType differs
-    }
-  } else {
-    Object.assign(_json, file);
-  }
+  const { minimum, maximum, mime } = aggregateChecks<number>(schema);
+  if (minimum !== undefined) _json.minLength = minimum;
+  if (maximum !== undefined) _json.maxLength = maximum;
+  if (!mime) return;
+  // an empty intersection means the mime checks share no value, so nothing passes at runtime; `anyOf` must be non-empty, so the false schema is `not: {}`
+  if (mime.length === 0) _json.not = {};
+  else if (mime.length === 1) _json.contentMediaType = mime[0]!;
+  // only contentMediaType differs, so the shared props stay at the root
+  else _json.anyOf = mime.map((m) => ({ contentMediaType: m }));
 };
 
 export const successProcessor: Processor<schemas.$ZodSuccess> = (_schema, _ctx, json, _params) => {
   (json as JSONSchema.BooleanSchema).type = "boolean";
 };
 
-export const customProcessor: Processor<schemas.$ZodCustom> = (_schema, ctx, _json, _params) => {
-  if (ctx.unrepresentable === "throw") {
-    throw new Error("Custom types cannot be represented in JSON Schema");
-  }
+export const customProcessor: Processor<schemas.$ZodCustom> = (schema, ctx, json, params) => {
+  handleUnrepresentable(schema, ctx, json, params, "Custom types cannot be represented in JSON Schema");
 };
 
-export const functionProcessor: Processor<schemas.$ZodFunction> = (_schema, ctx, _json, _params) => {
-  if (ctx.unrepresentable === "throw") {
-    throw new Error("Function types cannot be represented in JSON Schema");
-  }
+export const functionProcessor: Processor<schemas.$ZodFunction> = (schema, ctx, json, params) => {
+  handleUnrepresentable(schema, ctx, json, params, "Function types cannot be represented in JSON Schema");
 };
 
-export const transformProcessor: Processor<schemas.$ZodTransform> = (_schema, ctx, _json, _params) => {
-  if (ctx.unrepresentable === "throw") {
-    throw new Error("Transforms cannot be represented in JSON Schema");
-  }
+export const transformProcessor: Processor<schemas.$ZodTransform> = (schema, ctx, json, params) => {
+  handleUnrepresentable(schema, ctx, json, params, "Transforms cannot be represented in JSON Schema");
 };
 
-export const mapProcessor: Processor<schemas.$ZodMap> = (_schema, ctx, _json, _params) => {
-  if (ctx.unrepresentable === "throw") {
-    throw new Error("Map cannot be represented in JSON Schema");
-  }
+export const mapProcessor: Processor<schemas.$ZodMap> = (schema, ctx, json, params) => {
+  handleUnrepresentable(schema, ctx, json, params, "Map cannot be represented in JSON Schema");
 };
 
-export const setProcessor: Processor<schemas.$ZodSet> = (_schema, ctx, _json, _params) => {
-  if (ctx.unrepresentable === "throw") {
-    throw new Error("Set cannot be represented in JSON Schema");
-  }
+export const setProcessor: Processor<schemas.$ZodSet> = (schema, ctx, json, params) => {
+  handleUnrepresentable(schema, ctx, json, params, "Set cannot be represented in JSON Schema");
 };
 
 // ==================== COMPOSITE TYPE PROCESSORS ====================
@@ -276,46 +392,73 @@ export const setProcessor: Processor<schemas.$ZodSet> = (_schema, ctx, _json, _p
 export const arrayProcessor: Processor<schemas.$ZodArray> = (schema, ctx, _json, params) => {
   const json = _json as JSONSchema.ArraySchema;
   const def = schema._zod.def as schemas.$ZodArrayDef;
-  const { minimum, maximum } = schema._zod.bag;
+  const { minimum, maximum } = aggregateChecks(schema);
   if (typeof minimum === "number") json.minItems = minimum;
   if (typeof maximum === "number") json.maxItems = maximum;
 
   json.type = "array";
-  json.items = process(def.element, ctx as any, {
+  json.items = processSchema(def.element, ctx as any, {
     ...params,
     path: [...params.path, "items"],
   });
 };
 
+// Transform and catch set `optin = "optional"` at runtime so the parser lets them observe an
+// absent key, but their declared input type stays required. An input JSON Schema describes the
+// declared type, so resolve past them to the schema that actually carries the optionality.
+// Used by both `objectProcessor` (for `required`) and `tupleProcessor` (for `minItems`); see
+// wiki/optionality.md, "The JSON Schema emitter reads the *static* value".
+function inputOptin(schema: schemas.$ZodType): "optional" | "defaulted" | undefined {
+  const def = schema._zod.def;
+  if (def.type === "pipe" && (def as schemas.$ZodPipeDef).in._zod.traits.has("$ZodTransform")) {
+    return inputOptin((def as schemas.$ZodPipeDef).out);
+  }
+  if (def.type === "catch") {
+    return inputOptin((def as schemas.$ZodCatchDef).innerType);
+  }
+  return schema._zod.optin;
+}
+
 export const objectProcessor: Processor<schemas.$ZodObject> = (schema, ctx, _json, params) => {
   const json = _json as JSONSchema.ObjectSchema;
   const def = schema._zod.def as schemas.$ZodObjectDef;
+  const shape = def.shape;
+
+  // dropping it while still emitting `additionalProperties: false` would emit a schema that rejects data this one requires
+  const symbolKeys = Object.getOwnPropertySymbols(shape);
+  if (
+    symbolKeys.length &&
+    handleUnrepresentable(schema, ctx, json, params, "Symbol keys cannot be represented in JSON Schema")
+  ) {
+    return;
+  }
+
   json.type = "object";
   json.properties = {};
-  const shape = def.shape;
 
   for (const key in shape) {
-    json.properties[key] = process(shape[key]!, ctx as any, {
-      ...params,
-      path: [...params.path, "properties", key],
-    });
+    // assignProp so a __proto__ key becomes an own property instead of hitting the inherited setter on the plain {} we build into
+    assignProp(
+      json.properties,
+      key,
+      processSchema(shape[key]!, ctx as any, {
+        ...params,
+        path: [...params.path, "properties", key],
+      })
+    );
   }
 
   // required keys
-  const allKeys = new Set(Object.keys(shape));
-  const requiredKeys = new Set(
-    [...allKeys].filter((key) => {
-      const v = def.shape[key]!._zod;
-      if (ctx.io === "input") {
-        return v.optin === undefined;
-      } else {
-        return v.optout === undefined;
-      }
-    })
-  );
+  const requiredKeys: string[] = [];
+  for (const key of Object.keys(shape)) {
+    const field = def.shape[key]!;
+    if (ctx.io === "input" ? inputOptin(field) === undefined : field._zod.optout === undefined) {
+      requiredKeys.push(key);
+    }
+  }
 
-  if (requiredKeys.size > 0) {
-    json.required = Array.from(requiredKeys);
+  if (requiredKeys.length > 0) {
+    json.required = requiredKeys;
   }
 
   // catchall
@@ -326,7 +469,7 @@ export const objectProcessor: Processor<schemas.$ZodObject> = (schema, ctx, _jso
     // regular
     if (ctx.io === "output") json.additionalProperties = false;
   } else if (def.catchall) {
-    json.additionalProperties = process(def.catchall, ctx as any, {
+    json.additionalProperties = processSchema(def.catchall, ctx as any, {
       ...params,
       path: [...params.path, "additionalProperties"],
     });
@@ -335,11 +478,10 @@ export const objectProcessor: Processor<schemas.$ZodObject> = (schema, ctx, _jso
 
 export const unionProcessor: Processor<schemas.$ZodUnion> = (schema, ctx, json, params) => {
   const def = schema._zod.def as schemas.$ZodUnionDef;
-  // Exclusive unions (inclusive === false) use oneOf (exactly one match) instead of anyOf (one or more matches)
-  // This includes both z.xor() and discriminated unions
+  // Exclusive unions (inclusive === false) use oneOf (exactly one match) instead of anyOf (one or more matches). This includes both z.xor() and discriminated unions
   const isExclusive = def.inclusive === false;
   const options = def.options.map((x, i) =>
-    process(x, ctx as any, {
+    processSchema(x, ctx as any, {
       ...params,
       path: [...params.path, isExclusive ? "oneOf" : "anyOf", i],
     })
@@ -353,11 +495,11 @@ export const unionProcessor: Processor<schemas.$ZodUnion> = (schema, ctx, json,
 
 export const intersectionProcessor: Processor<schemas.$ZodIntersection> = (schema, ctx, json, params) => {
   const def = schema._zod.def as schemas.$ZodIntersectionDef;
-  const a = process(def.left, ctx as any, {
+  const a = processSchema(def.left, ctx as any, {
     ...params,
     path: [...params.path, "allOf", 0],
   });
-  const b = process(def.right, ctx as any, {
+  const b = processSchema(def.right, ctx as any, {
     ...params,
     path: [...params.path, "allOf", 1],
   });
@@ -368,6 +510,8 @@ export const intersectionProcessor: Processor<schemas.$ZodIntersection> = (schem
     ...(isSimpleIntersection(b) ? (b.allOf as any[]) : [b]),
   ];
   json.allOf = allOf;
+  // Recorded innermost first, so a nested intersection has already folded by the time this one is considered. The array is the handle rather than the schema, because a wrapper that inherits this schema shares the same array; `finalize` folds every object holding it. See `foldIntersection`.
+  ctx.intersections.push(allOf);
 };
 
 export const tupleProcessor: Processor<schemas.$ZodTuple> = (schema, ctx, _json, params) => {
@@ -380,23 +524,37 @@ export const tupleProcessor: Processor<schemas.$ZodTuple> = (schema, ctx, _json,
     ctx.target === "draft-2020-12" ? "items" : ctx.target === "openapi-3.0" ? "items" : "additionalItems";
 
   const prefixItems = def.items.map((x, i) =>
-    process(x, ctx as any, {
+    processSchema(x, ctx as any, {
       ...params,
       path: [...params.path, prefixPath, i],
     })
   );
   const rest = def.rest
-    ? process(def.rest, ctx as any, {
+    ? processSchema(def.rest, ctx as any, {
         ...params,
         path: [...params.path, restPath, ...(ctx.target === "openapi-3.0" ? [def.items.length] : [])],
       })
     : null;
 
+  let minItems = def.items.length;
+  while (minItems > 0) {
+    const item = def.items[minItems - 1] as schemas.$ZodType;
+    const optional = ctx.io === "input" ? inputOptin(item) !== undefined : item._zod.optout === "optional";
+    if (!optional) break;
+    minItems--;
+  }
+  const maxItems = def.items.length;
+  const isClosed = !def.rest;
+
   if (ctx.target === "draft-2020-12") {
     json.prefixItems = prefixItems;
-    if (rest) {
+    if (isClosed) {
+      json.items = false;
+    } else if (rest) {
       json.items = rest;
     }
+    if (minItems > 0) json.minItems = minItems;
+    if (isClosed) json.maxItems = maxItems;
   } else if (ctx.target === "openapi-3.0") {
     json.items = {
       anyOf: prefixItems,
@@ -405,57 +563,139 @@ export const tupleProcessor: Processor<schemas.$ZodTuple> = (schema, ctx, _json,
     if (rest) {
       json.items.anyOf!.push(rest);
     }
-    json.minItems = prefixItems.length;
-    if (!rest) {
-      json.maxItems = prefixItems.length;
-    }
+    if (minItems > 0) json.minItems = minItems;
+    if (isClosed) json.maxItems = maxItems;
   } else {
     json.items = prefixItems;
-    if (rest) {
+    if (isClosed) {
+      json.additionalItems = false;
+    } else if (rest) {
       json.additionalItems = rest;
     }
+    if (minItems > 0) json.minItems = minItems;
+    if (isClosed) json.maxItems = maxItems;
   }
 
-  // length
-  const { minimum, maximum } = schema._zod.bag as {
-    minimum?: number;
-    maximum?: number;
-  };
+  // explicit user-defined length checks take precedence
+  const { minimum, maximum } = aggregateChecks(schema);
   if (typeof minimum === "number") json.minItems = minimum;
   if (typeof maximum === "number") json.maxItems = maximum;
 };
 
+/** JSON object keys are always strings, so a numeric record key schema is re-expressed over the
+ * numeric-string form the record parser matches. Deferred to `finalize`, after the flatten: a key
+ * behind a wrapper only carries its own `type` before then, and a union key only has its branches.
+ *
+ * A numeric bound cannot apply to a property name, so `minimum` and its siblings are dropped rather
+ * than carried over: keeping them beside `type: "string"` reproduces the match-nothing schema this
+ * exists to fix. A key that carries one therefore emits wider than the record parses — `z.record(z.number().min(5), V)`
+ * accepts `"3"` — which is the deliberate trade, since throwing on it would reject an ordinary schema
+ * outright. */
+function stringifyKeyNames(
+  bySchema: Map<JSONSchema.BaseSchema, Seen>,
+  json: JSONSchema.BaseSchema,
+  visited: Set<JSONSchema.BaseSchema>
+): JSONSchema.BaseSchema {
+  // an extracted key that rewrites cannot go on sharing its definition — the string form a key position needs is not the number form every other reference wants — so it inlines. One that does not rewrite keeps the `$ref`.
+  if (json.$ref) {
+    // a recursive key holds its own reference inside its definition, so a node already on the path is left alone rather than resolved again
+    if (visited.has(json)) return json;
+    visited.add(json);
+    const def = bySchema.get(json)?.def;
+    if (!def) return json;
+    const inlined = stringifyKeyNames(bySchema, def, visited);
+    return inlined === def ? json : inlined;
+  }
+
+  for (const keyword of ["anyOf", "oneOf"] as const) {
+    const branches = json[keyword];
+    if (!Array.isArray(branches)) continue;
+    const mapped = branches.map((branch) => stringifyKeyNames(bySchema, branch, visited));
+    // rebuilding regardless would detach a key that had nothing to re-express, dropping its `$ref` and leaking the internal `id`
+    if (mapped.some((branch, i) => branch !== branches[i])) json = { ...json, [keyword]: mapped };
+  }
+
+  // a member that already admits a string leaves the key unconstrained, so the node's own type re-expresses only when every member is numeric
+  const types = Array.isArray(json.type) ? json.type : [json.type];
+  const numericType = !types.includes("string") && types.some((t) => t === "number" || t === "integer");
+  // a heterogeneous key carries no type at all, so its numeric members are caught here instead
+  const values = json.enum ?? (json.const !== undefined ? [json.const] : undefined);
+  if (!numericType && !values?.some((v) => typeof v === "number")) return json;
+
+  const { minimum, maximum, exclusiveMinimum, exclusiveMaximum, multipleOf, format, id, ...rest } = json;
+  if (rest.enum) rest.enum = rest.enum.map((v) => (typeof v === "number" ? String(v) : v));
+  else if (typeof rest.const === "number") rest.const = String(rest.const);
+  // a heterogeneous key keeps its absent type: the stringified members already say what a key may be
+  if (!numericType) return rest;
+  rest.type = "string";
+  if (!values) rest.pattern = (types.includes("number") ? regexes.number : regexes.integer).source;
+  return rest;
+}
+
+/** Every record of one conversion, so the carriers are found in a single pass rather than once per record. */
+const pendingRecords = new WeakMap<ToJSONSchemaContext, schemas.$ZodType[]>();
+
+function rewriteKeyNames(ctx: ToJSONSchemaContext): void {
+  // an extracted key is resolved by the object `extractToDef` left in its place, so the map is built once rather than searched per reference. `_zod.toJSONSchema` can hand the same object to two schemas, so the first entry carrying a body wins, as a search would have found it.
+  const bySchema = new Map<JSONSchema.BaseSchema, Seen>();
+  for (const entry of ctx.seen.values()) {
+    if (entry.def && !bySchema.has(entry.schema)) bySchema.set(entry.schema, entry);
+  }
+
+  const rewrites = new Map<JSONSchema.BaseSchema, JSONSchema.BaseSchema>();
+  for (const record of pendingRecords.get(ctx) ?? []) {
+    const seen = ctx.seen.get(record);
+    const names = (seen?.def ?? seen?.schema)?.propertyNames;
+    if (!names || names === true || rewrites.has(names)) continue;
+    const rewritten = stringifyKeyNames(bySchema, names, new Set());
+    if (rewritten !== names) rewrites.set(names, rewritten);
+  }
+  if (!rewrites.size) return;
+
+  // the flatten has already copied each record's own properties onto every wrapper by reference, and an extracted body is another such copy, so every carrier holding a rewritten key is updated together
+  for (const entry of ctx.seen.values()) {
+    for (const carrier of [entry.schema, entry.def]) {
+      const rewritten = carrier && rewrites.get(carrier.propertyNames as JSONSchema.BaseSchema);
+      if (rewritten) carrier!.propertyNames = rewritten;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
 export const recordProcessor: Processor<schemas.$ZodRecord> = (schema, ctx, _json, params) => {
   const json = _json as JSONSchema.ObjectSchema;
   const def = schema._zod.def as schemas.$ZodRecordDef;
   json.type = "object";
 
-  // For looseRecord with regex patterns, use patternProperties
-  // This correctly represents "only validate keys matching the pattern" semantics
-  // and composes well with allOf (intersections)
+  // For looseRecord with regex patterns, use patternProperties. This correctly represents "only validate keys matching the pattern" semantics and composes well with allOf (intersections)
   const keyType = def.keyType as schemas.$ZodTypes;
-  const keyBag = keyType._zod.bag as schemas.$ZodStringInternals<unknown>["bag"] | undefined;
-  const patterns = keyBag?.patterns;
+  const patterns = aggregateChecks(keyType).patterns;
 
   if (def.mode === "loose" && patterns && patterns.size > 0) {
     // Use patternProperties for looseRecord with regex patterns
-    const valueSchema = process(def.valueType, ctx as any, {
+    const valueSchema = processSchema(def.valueType, ctx as any, {
       ...params,
       path: [...params.path, "patternProperties", "*"],
     });
     json.patternProperties = {};
     for (const pattern of patterns) {
-      json.patternProperties[pattern.source] = valueSchema;
+      assignProp(json.patternProperties, exactPattern(pattern).source, valueSchema);
     }
   } else {
     // Default behavior: use propertyNames + additionalProperties
     if (ctx.target === "draft-07" || ctx.target === "draft-2020-12") {
-      json.propertyNames = process(def.keyType, ctx as any, {
+      json.propertyNames = processSchema(def.keyType, ctx as any, {
         ...params,
         path: [...params.path, "propertyNames"],
       });
+      let pending = pendingRecords.get(ctx);
+      if (!pending) {
+        pending = [];
+        pendingRecords.set(ctx, pending);
+        ctx.deferred.push(() => rewriteKeyNames(ctx));
+      }
+      pending.push(schema);
     }
-    json.additionalProperties = process(def.valueType, ctx as any, {
+    json.additionalProperties = processSchema(def.valueType, ctx as any, {
       ...params,
       path: [...params.path, "additionalProperties"],
     });
@@ -463,20 +703,22 @@ export const recordProcessor: Processor<schemas.$ZodRecord> = (schema, ctx, _jso
 
   // Add required for keys with discrete values (enum, literal, etc.)
   const keyValues = keyType._zod.values;
-  if (keyValues) {
+  // Every key shares one value schema, so an optional-in value makes the whole key set omittable on input. Output keeps them: the exhaustive branch assigns every key, even one whose value came back undefined.
+  const omittableOnInput = ctx.io === "input" && inputOptin(def.valueType as schemas.$ZodType) !== undefined;
+  if (keyValues && !def.partial && !omittableOnInput) {
     const validKeyValues = [...keyValues].filter(
       (v): v is string | number => typeof v === "string" || typeof v === "number"
     );
 
     if (validKeyValues.length > 0) {
-      json.required = validKeyValues as string[];
+      json.required = validKeyValues.map(String);
     }
   }
 };
 
 export const nullableProcessor: Processor<schemas.$ZodNullable> = (schema, ctx, json, params) => {
   const def = schema._zod.def as schemas.$ZodNullableDef;
-  const inner = process(def.innerType, ctx as any, params);
+  const inner = processSchema(def.innerType, ctx as any, params);
   const seen = ctx.seen.get(schema)!;
   if (ctx.target === "openapi-3.0") {
     seen.ref = def.innerType;
@@ -488,37 +730,63 @@ export const nullableProcessor: Processor<schemas.$ZodNullable> = (schema, ctx,
 
 export const nonoptionalProcessor: Processor<schemas.$ZodNonOptional> = (schema, ctx, _json, params) => {
   const def = schema._zod.def as schemas.$ZodNonOptionalDef;
-  process(def.innerType, ctx as any, params);
+  processSchema(def.innerType, ctx as any, params);
   const seen = ctx.seen.get(schema)!;
   seen.ref = def.innerType;
 };
 
+/** Round-trips a default value through JSON so the emitted schema is guaranteed to be valid JSON.
+ * A BigInt has no reliable encoding, so it goes through `unrepresentable` like any other
+ * unrepresentable value. Returns a sentinel when the caller must not write a default of its own. */
+const UNREPRESENTABLE_DEFAULT = Symbol();
+function serializeDefaultValue(
+  value: unknown,
+  schema: schemas.$ZodType,
+  ctx: ToJSONSchemaContext,
+  json: JSONSchema.BaseSchema,
+  params: ProcessParams
+): any {
+  let unrepresentable = false;
+  const serialized = JSON.stringify(value, (_, val) => {
+    if (typeof val !== "bigint") return val;
+    unrepresentable = true;
+    return null;
+  });
+  if (!unrepresentable) return JSON.parse(serialized);
+  handleUnrepresentable(schema, ctx, json, params, "BigInt defaults cannot be represented in JSON Schema");
+  return UNREPRESENTABLE_DEFAULT;
+}
+
 export const defaultProcessor: Processor<schemas.$ZodDefault> = (schema, ctx, json, params) => {
   const def = schema._zod.def as schemas.$ZodDefaultDef;
-  process(def.innerType, ctx as any, params);
+  processSchema(def.innerType, ctx as any, params);
   const seen = ctx.seen.get(schema)!;
   seen.ref = def.innerType;
-  json.default = JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(def.defaultValue));
+  const value = serializeDefaultValue(def.defaultValue, schema, ctx as ToJSONSchemaContext, json, params);
+  if (value !== UNREPRESENTABLE_DEFAULT) json.default = value;
 };
 
 export const prefaultProcessor: Processor<schemas.$ZodPrefault> = (schema, ctx, json, params) => {
   const def = schema._zod.def as schemas.$ZodPrefaultDef;
-  process(def.innerType, ctx as any, params);
+  processSchema(def.innerType, ctx as any, params);
   const seen = ctx.seen.get(schema)!;
   seen.ref = def.innerType;
-  if (ctx.io === "input") json._prefault = JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(def.defaultValue));
+  if (ctx.io !== "input") return;
+  const value = serializeDefaultValue(def.defaultValue, schema, ctx as ToJSONSchemaContext, json, params);
+  if (value !== UNREPRESENTABLE_DEFAULT) json._prefault = value;
 };
 
 export const catchProcessor: Processor<schemas.$ZodCatch> = (schema, ctx, json, params) => {
   const def = schema._zod.def as schemas.$ZodCatchDef;
-  process(def.innerType, ctx as any, params);
+  processSchema(def.innerType, ctx as any, params);
   const seen = ctx.seen.get(schema)!;
   seen.ref = def.innerType;
   let catchValue: any;
   try {
     catchValue = def.catchValue(undefined as any);
   } catch {
-    throw new Error("Dynamic catch values are not supported in JSON Schema");
+    handleUnrepresentable(schema, ctx, json, params, "Dynamic catch values are not supported in JSON Schema");
+    return;
   }
   json.default = catchValue;
 };
@@ -527,14 +795,14 @@ export const pipeProcessor: Processor<schemas.$ZodPipe> = (schema, ctx, _json, p
   const def = schema._zod.def as schemas.$ZodPipeDef;
   const inIsTransform = def.in._zod.traits.has("$ZodTransform");
   const innerType = ctx.io === "input" ? (inIsTransform ? def.out : def.in) : def.out;
-  process(innerType, ctx as any, params);
+  processSchema(innerType, ctx as any, params);
   const seen = ctx.seen.get(schema)!;
   seen.ref = innerType;
 };
 
 export const readonlyProcessor: Processor<schemas.$ZodReadonly> = (schema, ctx, json, params) => {
   const def = schema._zod.def as schemas.$ZodReadonlyDef;
-  process(def.innerType, ctx as any, params);
+  processSchema(def.innerType, ctx as any, params);
   const seen = ctx.seen.get(schema)!;
   seen.ref = def.innerType;
   json.readOnly = true;
@@ -542,21 +810,21 @@ export const readonlyProcessor: Processor<schemas.$ZodReadonly> = (schema, ctx,
 
 export const promiseProcessor: Processor<schemas.$ZodPromise> = (schema, ctx, _json, params) => {
   const def = schema._zod.def as schemas.$ZodPromiseDef;
-  process(def.innerType, ctx as any, params);
+  processSchema(def.innerType, ctx as any, params);
   const seen = ctx.seen.get(schema)!;
   seen.ref = def.innerType;
 };
 
 export const optionalProcessor: Processor<schemas.$ZodOptional> = (schema, ctx, _json, params) => {
   const def = schema._zod.def as schemas.$ZodOptionalDef;
-  process(def.innerType, ctx as any, params);
+  processSchema(def.innerType, ctx as any, params);
   const seen = ctx.seen.get(schema)!;
   seen.ref = def.innerType;
 };
 
 export const lazyProcessor: Processor<schemas.$ZodLazy> = (schema, ctx, _json, params) => {
   const innerType = (schema as schemas.$ZodLazy)._zod.innerType;
-  process(innerType, ctx as any, params);
+  processSchema(innerType, ctx as any, params);
   const seen = ctx.seen.get(schema)!;
   seen.ref = innerType;
 };
@@ -628,7 +896,7 @@ export function toJSONSchema(
     // First pass: process all schemas to build the seen map
     for (const entry of registry._idmap.entries()) {
       const [_, schema] = entry;
-      process(schema, ctx as any);
+      processSchema(schema, ctx as any);
     }
 
     const schemas: Record<string, JSONSchema.BaseSchema> = {};
@@ -645,7 +913,7 @@ export function toJSONSchema(
     for (const entry of registry._idmap.entries()) {
       const [key, schema] = entry;
       extractDefs(ctx as any, schema);
-      schemas[key] = finalize(ctx as any, schema);
+      assignProp(schemas, key, finalize(ctx as any, schema));
     }
 
     if (Object.keys(defs).length > 0) {
@@ -660,7 +928,7 @@ export function toJSONSchema(
 
   // Single schema case
   const ctx = initializeContext({ ...params, processors: allProcessors });
-  process(input, ctx as any);
+  processSchema(input, ctx as any);
   extractDefs(ctx as any, input);
   return finalize(ctx as any, input);
 }