@open-mercato/shared 0.6.6-develop.6384.1.f06fc0b42c → 0.6.6-develop.6386.1.391a1afb9e

package/src/lib/modules/resource-usage.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,1213 @@
+import fs from 'node:fs'
+import path from 'node:path'
+import { parseBooleanWithDefault } from '../boolean'
+import { parseNumberWithDefault } from '../number'
+
+const GLOBAL_KEY = '__openMercatoModuleResourceUsage__'
+const NS_PER_MS = 1_000_000
+const MICROS_PER_MS = 1000
+const DEFAULT_RECENT_SAMPLE_LIMIT = 128
+const DEFAULT_TOP_OPERATIONS_LIMIT = 5
+const TIME_BUCKET_RETENTION_MS = 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000
+const SNAPSHOT_THROTTLE_MS = 5_000
+const SNAPSHOT_MAX_AGE_MS = 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000
+const MINUTE_MS = 60 * 1000
+const MODULE_RESOURCE_USAGE_BUCKET_INTERVAL_MS = 5 * MINUTE_MS
+const MODULE_RESOURCE_USAGE_STARTUP_STAGE_MS = 5 * MINUTE_MS
+
+export type ModuleResourceSurface = 'api' | 'subscriber' | 'worker' | 'custom'
+
+export type ModuleResourceUsageInput = {
+  moduleId?: string | null
+  surface: ModuleResourceSurface
+  operation: string
+  resourceId?: string | null
+}
+
+export type ModuleResourceUsageEntry = {
+  moduleId: string
+  surface: ModuleResourceSurface
+  operation: string
+  resourceId: string | null
+  calls: number
+  errors: number
+  // How many of `calls` overlapped in wall-clock time with another tracked call anywhere in
+  // the process. process.cpuUsage()/process.memoryUsage() are process-wide, so a call's own
+  // CPU/heap/RSS deltas can include work actually done by a concurrent call during that window.
+  // A high concurrentCalls share means the CPU/heap/RSS numbers here are less trustworthy as
+  // this specific operation's own cost.
+  concurrentCalls: number
+  totalDurationMs: number
+  maxDurationMs: number
+  p95DurationMs: number
+  totalCpuUserMs: number
+  totalCpuSystemMs: number
+  maxCpuMs: number
+  totalHeapDeltaBytes: number
+  positiveHeapDeltaBytes: number
+  maxHeapDeltaBytes: number
+  totalRssDeltaBytes: number
+  positiveRssDeltaBytes: number
+  maxRssDeltaBytes: number
+  firstSeenAt: string
+  lastSeenAt: string
+}
+
+export type ModuleResourceUsageSurfaceSummary = {
+  surface: ModuleResourceSurface
+  calls: number
+  errors: number
+  totalDurationMs: number
+  p95DurationMs: number
+  totalCpuMs: number
+  positiveHeapDeltaBytes: number
+  positiveRssDeltaBytes: number
+}
+
+export type ModuleResourceUsageModuleSummary = {
+  moduleId: string
+  calls: number
+  errors: number
+  totalDurationMs: number
+  p95DurationMs: number
+  totalCpuMs: number
+  positiveHeapDeltaBytes: number
+  positiveRssDeltaBytes: number
+  surfaces: ModuleResourceUsageSurfaceSummary[]
+  topOperations: ModuleResourceUsageEntry[]
+  candidateReasons: string[]
+}
+
+export type ModuleResourceUsageTimeBucketModule = {
+  moduleId: string
+  calls: number
+  errors: number
+  totalDurationMs: number
+  p95DurationMs: number
+  totalCpuMs: number
+  positiveHeapDeltaBytes: number
+  positiveRssDeltaBytes: number
+  surfaces: ModuleResourceUsageSurfaceSummary[]
+  topOperations: ModuleResourceUsageEntry[]
+  candidateReasons: string[]
+}
+
+export type ModuleResourceUsageTimeBucket = {
+  bucketStart: string
+  bucketEnd: string
+  bucketIntervalMs: number
+  stage: 'startup' | 'running'
+  partial: boolean
+  totals: {
+    modules: number
+    calls: number
+    errors: number
+    totalDurationMs: number
+    totalCpuMs: number
+    positiveHeapDeltaBytes: number
+    positiveRssDeltaBytes: number
+  }
+  modules: ModuleResourceUsageTimeBucketModule[]
+}
+
+export type ModuleResourceUsageReport = {
+  generatedAt: string
+  startedAt: string
+  enabled: boolean
+  bucketIntervalMs: number
+  totals: {
+    modules: number
+    operations: number
+    calls: number
+    errors: number
+    totalDurationMs: number
+    totalCpuMs: number
+    positiveHeapDeltaBytes: number
+    positiveRssDeltaBytes: number
+  }
+  thresholds: ModuleResourceUsageThresholds
+  modules: ModuleResourceUsageModuleSummary[]
+  candidates: ModuleResourceUsageModuleSummary[]
+  buckets: ModuleResourceUsageTimeBucket[]
+}
+
+export type ModuleResourceUsageThresholds = {
+  p95DurationMs: number
+  cpuMs: number
+  positiveHeapDeltaBytes: number
+  positiveRssDeltaBytes: number
+  errors: number
+}
+
+type MutableEntry = Omit<ModuleResourceUsageEntry, 'p95DurationMs'> & {
+  recentDurationsMs: number[]
+}
+
+type MutableTimeBucketModule = Omit<ModuleResourceUsageTimeBucketModule, 'p95DurationMs' | 'surfaces' | 'topOperations' | 'candidateReasons'> & {
+  recentDurationsMs: number[]
+  operations: Map<string, MutableEntry>
+}
+
+type MutableTimeBucket = {
+  bucketStartMs: number
+  bucketEndMs: number
+  modules: Map<string, MutableTimeBucketModule>
+}
+
+// A live token per currently in-flight withModuleResourceUsage call. Used to detect when two
+// tracked calls overlap in wall-clock time, since process.cpuUsage()/process.memoryUsage() can't
+// distinguish which concurrent call actually did the work (see ModuleResourceUsageEntry.concurrentCalls).
+type ActiveCallToken = { tainted: boolean }
+
+type ResourceUsageState = {
+  startedAt: string
+  entries: Map<string, MutableEntry>
+  buckets: Map<string, MutableTimeBucket>
+  activeCalls: Set<ActiveCallToken>
+  lastSnapshotAt: number
+  shutdownHookRegistered: boolean
+  // The bucket interval buckets were last re-keyed for. migrateMutableTimeBuckets only needs to
+  // run again if this stops matching moduleResourceUsageBucketIntervalMs() (e.g. a dev HMR reload
+  // picked up a source change to the interval constant) — it's a hardcoded constant today, so in
+  // the common case this lets getState() skip rebuilding the whole buckets map on every call.
+  migratedIntervalMs: number
+}
+
+function getState(): ResourceUsageState {
+  const existing = (globalThis as Record<string, unknown>)[GLOBAL_KEY]
+  if (existing && typeof existing === 'object' && (existing as ResourceUsageState).entries instanceof Map) {
+    const state = existing as ResourceUsageState
+    if (!(state.buckets instanceof Map)) state.buckets = new Map()
+    if (!(state.activeCalls instanceof Set)) state.activeCalls = new Set()
+    const currentIntervalMs = moduleResourceUsageBucketIntervalMs()
+    if (state.migratedIntervalMs !== currentIntervalMs) {
+      migrateMutableTimeBuckets(state, currentIntervalMs)
+      state.migratedIntervalMs = currentIntervalMs
+    }
+    registerSnapshotShutdownHook(state)
+    return state
+  }
+  const state: ResourceUsageState = {
+    startedAt: new Date().toISOString(),
+    entries: new Map(),
+    buckets: new Map(),
+    activeCalls: new Set(),
+    lastSnapshotAt: 0,
+    shutdownHookRegistered: false,
+    migratedIntervalMs: moduleResourceUsageBucketIntervalMs(),
+  }
+  ;(globalThis as Record<string, unknown>)[GLOBAL_KEY] = state
+  registerSnapshotShutdownHook(state)
+  return state
+}
+
+function migrateMutableTimeBuckets(state: ResourceUsageState, intervalMs: number): void {
+  const migratedBuckets = new Map<string, MutableTimeBucket>()
+  for (const bucket of state.buckets.values()) {
+    if (!(bucket.modules instanceof Map)) continue
+    const bucketStartMs = Number.isFinite(bucket.bucketStartMs)
+      ? Math.floor(bucket.bucketStartMs / intervalMs) * intervalMs
+      : null
+    if (bucketStartMs === null) continue
+    const key = String(bucketStartMs)
+    const targetBucket = migratedBuckets.get(key) ?? {
+      bucketStartMs,
+      bucketEndMs: bucketStartMs + intervalMs,
+      modules: new Map(),
+    }
+    mergeMutableTimeBucket(targetBucket, bucket)
+    migratedBuckets.set(key, targetBucket)
+  }
+  state.buckets = migratedBuckets
+}
+
+function trimRecentDurations(values: number[]): number[] {
+  if (values.length <= DEFAULT_RECENT_SAMPLE_LIMIT) return values
+  return values.slice(values.length - DEFAULT_RECENT_SAMPLE_LIMIT)
+}
+
+function mergeMutableEntry(target: MutableEntry, source: MutableEntry): void {
+  target.calls += source.calls
+  target.errors += source.errors
+  target.concurrentCalls += source.concurrentCalls
+  target.totalDurationMs += source.totalDurationMs
+  target.maxDurationMs = Math.max(target.maxDurationMs, source.maxDurationMs)
+  target.totalCpuUserMs += source.totalCpuUserMs
+  target.totalCpuSystemMs += source.totalCpuSystemMs
+  target.maxCpuMs = Math.max(target.maxCpuMs, source.maxCpuMs)
+  target.totalHeapDeltaBytes += source.totalHeapDeltaBytes
+  target.positiveHeapDeltaBytes += source.positiveHeapDeltaBytes
+  target.maxHeapDeltaBytes = Math.max(target.maxHeapDeltaBytes, source.maxHeapDeltaBytes)
+  target.totalRssDeltaBytes += source.totalRssDeltaBytes
+  target.positiveRssDeltaBytes += source.positiveRssDeltaBytes
+  target.maxRssDeltaBytes = Math.max(target.maxRssDeltaBytes, source.maxRssDeltaBytes)
+  target.firstSeenAt = target.firstSeenAt < source.firstSeenAt ? target.firstSeenAt : source.firstSeenAt
+  target.lastSeenAt = target.lastSeenAt > source.lastSeenAt ? target.lastSeenAt : source.lastSeenAt
+  target.recentDurationsMs = trimRecentDurations([
+    ...target.recentDurationsMs,
+    ...(Array.isArray(source.recentDurationsMs) ? source.recentDurationsMs : []),
+  ])
+}
+
+function cloneMutableEntry(entry: MutableEntry): MutableEntry {
+  return {
+    ...entry,
+    recentDurationsMs: trimRecentDurations(Array.isArray(entry.recentDurationsMs) ? [...entry.recentDurationsMs] : []),
+  }
+}
+
+function mergeMutableTimeBucket(targetBucket: MutableTimeBucket, sourceBucket: MutableTimeBucket): void {
+  for (const sourceModule of sourceBucket.modules.values()) {
+    if (!Array.isArray(sourceModule.recentDurationsMs)) sourceModule.recentDurationsMs = []
+    if (!(sourceModule.operations instanceof Map)) sourceModule.operations = new Map()
+    const targetModule = targetBucket.modules.get(sourceModule.moduleId)
+    if (!targetModule) {
+      targetBucket.modules.set(sourceModule.moduleId, {
+        moduleId: sourceModule.moduleId,
+        calls: sourceModule.calls,
+        errors: sourceModule.errors,
+        totalDurationMs: sourceModule.totalDurationMs,
+        totalCpuMs: sourceModule.totalCpuMs,
+        positiveHeapDeltaBytes: sourceModule.positiveHeapDeltaBytes,
+        positiveRssDeltaBytes: sourceModule.positiveRssDeltaBytes,
+        recentDurationsMs: trimRecentDurations([...sourceModule.recentDurationsMs]),
+        operations: new Map(Array.from(sourceModule.operations.entries()).map(([key, entry]) => [key, cloneMutableEntry(entry)])),
+      })
+      continue
+    }
+    targetModule.calls += sourceModule.calls
+    targetModule.errors += sourceModule.errors
+    targetModule.totalDurationMs += sourceModule.totalDurationMs
+    targetModule.totalCpuMs += sourceModule.totalCpuMs
+    targetModule.positiveHeapDeltaBytes += sourceModule.positiveHeapDeltaBytes
+    targetModule.positiveRssDeltaBytes += sourceModule.positiveRssDeltaBytes
+    targetModule.recentDurationsMs = trimRecentDurations([
+      ...targetModule.recentDurationsMs,
+      ...sourceModule.recentDurationsMs,
+    ])
+    for (const [operationKey, sourceOperation] of sourceModule.operations) {
+      const targetOperation = targetModule.operations.get(operationKey)
+      if (!targetOperation) {
+        targetModule.operations.set(operationKey, cloneMutableEntry(sourceOperation))
+        continue
+      }
+      mergeMutableEntry(targetOperation, sourceOperation)
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+export function resetModuleResourceUsage(): void {
+  ;(globalThis as Record<string, unknown>)[GLOBAL_KEY] = {
+    startedAt: new Date().toISOString(),
+    entries: new Map(),
+    buckets: new Map(),
+    activeCalls: new Set(),
+    lastSnapshotAt: 0,
+    shutdownHookRegistered: false,
+    migratedIntervalMs: moduleResourceUsageBucketIntervalMs(),
+  } satisfies ResourceUsageState
+}
+
+export function clearModuleResourceUsageData(): void {
+  resetModuleResourceUsage()
+  try {
+    fs.rmSync(getSnapshotDir(), { recursive: true, force: true })
+  } catch {
+    // Telemetry is diagnostic only; clearing in-memory state is still useful if files cannot be removed.
+  }
+}
+
+export function isModuleResourceUsageEnabled(): boolean {
+  return parseBooleanWithDefault(process.env.OM_MODULE_RESOURCE_USAGE, true)
+}
+
+function isSnapshotEnabled(): boolean {
+  return parseBooleanWithDefault(process.env.OM_MODULE_RESOURCE_USAGE_SNAPSHOT, process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'test')
+}
+
+export function inferModuleIdFromResourceId(resourceId: string | null | undefined): string | null {
+  if (!resourceId) return null
+  const trimmed = resourceId.trim()
+  if (!trimmed) return null
+  const colon = trimmed.indexOf(':')
+  if (colon > 0) return trimmed.slice(0, colon)
+  const dot = trimmed.indexOf('.')
+  if (dot > 0) return trimmed.slice(0, dot)
+  return null
+}
+
+function normalizeModuleId(input: ModuleResourceUsageInput): string | null {
+  const explicit = input.moduleId?.trim()
+  if (explicit) return explicit
+  return inferModuleIdFromResourceId(input.resourceId) ?? inferModuleIdFromResourceId(input.operation)
+}
+
+function nowNs(): bigint {
+  return process.hrtime.bigint()
+}
+
+function durationMs(startNs: bigint): number {
+  const elapsed = nowNs() - startNs
+  if (elapsed <= BigInt(0)) return 0
+  return Number(elapsed) / NS_PER_MS
+}
+
+function round(value: number, precision = 100): number {
+  if (!Number.isFinite(value)) return 0
+  return Math.round(value * precision) / precision
+}
+
+function safeMemoryUsage(): NodeJS.MemoryUsage | null {
+  try {
+    return process.memoryUsage()
+  } catch {
+    return null
+  }
+}
+
+function entryKey(input: Required<Pick<ModuleResourceUsageInput, 'surface' | 'operation'>> & { moduleId: string }): string {
+  return `${input.moduleId}\u0000${input.surface}\u0000${input.operation}`
+}
+
+function getOrCreateEntry(input: ModuleResourceUsageInput & { moduleId: string }, timestamp: string): MutableEntry {
+  const state = getState()
+  const key = entryKey(input)
+  const existing = state.entries.get(key)
+  if (existing) return existing
+  const created: MutableEntry = {
+    moduleId: input.moduleId,
+    surface: input.surface,
+    operation: input.operation,
+    resourceId: input.resourceId ?? null,
+    calls: 0,
+    errors: 0,
+    concurrentCalls: 0,
+    totalDurationMs: 0,
+    maxDurationMs: 0,
+    totalCpuUserMs: 0,
+    totalCpuSystemMs: 0,
+    maxCpuMs: 0,
+    totalHeapDeltaBytes: 0,
+    positiveHeapDeltaBytes: 0,
+    maxHeapDeltaBytes: 0,
+    totalRssDeltaBytes: 0,
+    positiveRssDeltaBytes: 0,
+    maxRssDeltaBytes: 0,
+    firstSeenAt: timestamp,
+    lastSeenAt: timestamp,
+    recentDurationsMs: [],
+  }
+  state.entries.set(key, created)
+  return created
+}
+
+function getOrCreateTimeBucket(state: ResourceUsageState, timestamp: string): MutableTimeBucket | null {
+  const timestampMs = Date.parse(timestamp)
+  if (!Number.isFinite(timestampMs)) return null
+  const intervalMs = moduleResourceUsageBucketIntervalMs()
+  const bucketStartMs = Math.floor(timestampMs / intervalMs) * intervalMs
+  const key = String(bucketStartMs)
+  const existing = state.buckets.get(key)
+  if (existing) return existing
+  const created: MutableTimeBucket = {
+    bucketStartMs,
+    bucketEndMs: bucketStartMs + intervalMs,
+    modules: new Map(),
+  }
+  state.buckets.set(key, created)
+  pruneTimeBuckets(state)
+  return created
+}
+
+function getOrCreateTimeBucketModule(bucket: MutableTimeBucket, moduleId: string): MutableTimeBucketModule {
+  const existing = bucket.modules.get(moduleId)
+  if (existing) {
+    if (!Array.isArray(existing.recentDurationsMs)) existing.recentDurationsMs = []
+    if (!(existing.operations instanceof Map)) existing.operations = new Map()
+    return existing
+  }
+  const created: MutableTimeBucketModule = {
+    moduleId,
+    calls: 0,
+    errors: 0,
+    totalDurationMs: 0,
+    totalCpuMs: 0,
+    positiveHeapDeltaBytes: 0,
+    positiveRssDeltaBytes: 0,
+    recentDurationsMs: [],
+    operations: new Map(),
+  }
+  bucket.modules.set(moduleId, created)
+  return created
+}
+
+function getOrCreateTimeBucketOperation(
+  bucketModule: MutableTimeBucketModule,
+  input: ModuleResourceUsageInput & { moduleId: string },
+  timestamp: string,
+): MutableEntry {
+  const key = entryKey(input)
+  const existing = bucketModule.operations.get(key)
+  if (existing) return existing
+  const created: MutableEntry = {
+    moduleId: input.moduleId,
+    surface: input.surface,
+    operation: input.operation,
+    resourceId: input.resourceId ?? null,
+    calls: 0,
+    errors: 0,
+    concurrentCalls: 0,
+    totalDurationMs: 0,
+    maxDurationMs: 0,
+    totalCpuUserMs: 0,
+    totalCpuSystemMs: 0,
+    maxCpuMs: 0,
+    totalHeapDeltaBytes: 0,
+    positiveHeapDeltaBytes: 0,
+    maxHeapDeltaBytes: 0,
+    totalRssDeltaBytes: 0,
+    positiveRssDeltaBytes: 0,
+    maxRssDeltaBytes: 0,
+    firstSeenAt: timestamp,
+    lastSeenAt: timestamp,
+    recentDurationsMs: [],
+  }
+  bucketModule.operations.set(key, created)
+  return created
+}
+
+function pruneTimeBuckets(state: ResourceUsageState): void {
+  const limit = moduleResourceUsageBucketLimit()
+  if (state.buckets.size <= limit) return
+  const keys = Array.from(state.buckets.entries())
+    .sort((a, b) => a[1].bucketStartMs - b[1].bucketStartMs)
+    .map(([key]) => key)
+  while (state.buckets.size > limit) {
+    const key = keys.shift()
+    if (!key) break
+    state.buckets.delete(key)
+  }
+}
+
+function recordTimeBucket(input: ModuleResourceUsageInput & { moduleId: string }, timestamp: string, metrics: {
+  durationMs: number
+  cpuUserMs: number
+  cpuSystemMs: number
+  cpuMs: number
+  heapDeltaBytes: number
+  rssDeltaBytes: number
+  status: 'ok' | 'error'
+  concurrentTainted: boolean
+}): void {
+  const state = getState()
+  const bucket = getOrCreateTimeBucket(state, timestamp)
+  if (!bucket) return
+  const bucketModule = getOrCreateTimeBucketModule(bucket, input.moduleId)
+  bucketModule.calls += 1
+  if (metrics.status === 'error') bucketModule.errors += 1
+  bucketModule.totalDurationMs += metrics.durationMs
+  bucketModule.totalCpuMs += metrics.cpuMs
+  bucketModule.positiveHeapDeltaBytes += Math.max(metrics.heapDeltaBytes, 0)
+  bucketModule.positiveRssDeltaBytes += Math.max(metrics.rssDeltaBytes, 0)
+  bucketModule.recentDurationsMs.push(metrics.durationMs)
+  if (bucketModule.recentDurationsMs.length > DEFAULT_RECENT_SAMPLE_LIMIT) {
+    bucketModule.recentDurationsMs.splice(0, bucketModule.recentDurationsMs.length - DEFAULT_RECENT_SAMPLE_LIMIT)
+  }
+  const operation = getOrCreateTimeBucketOperation(bucketModule, input, timestamp)
+  operation.calls += 1
+  if (metrics.status === 'error') operation.errors += 1
+  if (metrics.concurrentTainted) operation.concurrentCalls += 1
+  operation.totalDurationMs += metrics.durationMs
+  operation.maxDurationMs = Math.max(operation.maxDurationMs, metrics.durationMs)
+  operation.totalCpuUserMs += metrics.cpuUserMs
+  operation.totalCpuSystemMs += metrics.cpuSystemMs
+  operation.maxCpuMs = Math.max(operation.maxCpuMs, metrics.cpuMs)
+  operation.totalHeapDeltaBytes += metrics.heapDeltaBytes
+  operation.positiveHeapDeltaBytes += Math.max(metrics.heapDeltaBytes, 0)
+  operation.maxHeapDeltaBytes = Math.max(operation.maxHeapDeltaBytes, metrics.heapDeltaBytes)
+  operation.totalRssDeltaBytes += metrics.rssDeltaBytes
+  operation.positiveRssDeltaBytes += Math.max(metrics.rssDeltaBytes, 0)
+  operation.maxRssDeltaBytes = Math.max(operation.maxRssDeltaBytes, metrics.rssDeltaBytes)
+  operation.lastSeenAt = timestamp
+  operation.recentDurationsMs.push(metrics.durationMs)
+  if (operation.recentDurationsMs.length > DEFAULT_RECENT_SAMPLE_LIMIT) {
+    operation.recentDurationsMs.splice(0, operation.recentDurationsMs.length - DEFAULT_RECENT_SAMPLE_LIMIT)
+  }
+}
+
+function recordModuleResourceUsage(input: ModuleResourceUsageInput, metrics: {
+  durationMs: number
+  cpuUserMicros: number
+  cpuSystemMicros: number
+  heapDeltaBytes: number
+  rssDeltaBytes: number
+  status: 'ok' | 'error'
+  concurrentTainted: boolean
+}): void {
+  const moduleId = normalizeModuleId(input)
+  if (!moduleId) return
+  const timestamp = new Date().toISOString()
+  const entry = getOrCreateEntry({ ...input, moduleId }, timestamp)
+  const cpuUserMs = metrics.cpuUserMicros / MICROS_PER_MS
+  const cpuSystemMs = metrics.cpuSystemMicros / MICROS_PER_MS
+  const cpuMs = cpuUserMs + cpuSystemMs
+  entry.calls += 1
+  if (metrics.status === 'error') entry.errors += 1
+  if (metrics.concurrentTainted) entry.concurrentCalls += 1
+  entry.totalDurationMs += metrics.durationMs
+  entry.maxDurationMs = Math.max(entry.maxDurationMs, metrics.durationMs)
+  entry.totalCpuUserMs += cpuUserMs
+  entry.totalCpuSystemMs += cpuSystemMs
+  entry.maxCpuMs = Math.max(entry.maxCpuMs, cpuMs)
+  entry.totalHeapDeltaBytes += metrics.heapDeltaBytes
+  entry.positiveHeapDeltaBytes += Math.max(metrics.heapDeltaBytes, 0)
+  entry.maxHeapDeltaBytes = Math.max(entry.maxHeapDeltaBytes, metrics.heapDeltaBytes)
+  entry.totalRssDeltaBytes += metrics.rssDeltaBytes
+  entry.positiveRssDeltaBytes += Math.max(metrics.rssDeltaBytes, 0)
+  entry.maxRssDeltaBytes = Math.max(entry.maxRssDeltaBytes, metrics.rssDeltaBytes)
+  entry.lastSeenAt = timestamp
+  entry.recentDurationsMs.push(metrics.durationMs)
+  if (entry.recentDurationsMs.length > DEFAULT_RECENT_SAMPLE_LIMIT) {
+    entry.recentDurationsMs.splice(0, entry.recentDurationsMs.length - DEFAULT_RECENT_SAMPLE_LIMIT)
+  }
+  recordTimeBucket({ ...input, moduleId }, timestamp, {
+    durationMs: metrics.durationMs,
+    cpuUserMs,
+    cpuSystemMs,
+    cpuMs,
+    heapDeltaBytes: metrics.heapDeltaBytes,
+    rssDeltaBytes: metrics.rssDeltaBytes,
+    status: metrics.status,
+    concurrentTainted: metrics.concurrentTainted,
+  })
+  flushModuleResourceUsageSnapshot(false)
+}
+
+export async function withModuleResourceUsage<T>(
+  input: ModuleResourceUsageInput,
+  fn: () => Promise<T> | T,
+): Promise<T> {
+  if (!isModuleResourceUsageEnabled() || !normalizeModuleId(input)) {
+    return Promise.resolve(fn())
+  }
+  const state = getState()
+  // Mark this call tainted if another tracked call is already in flight, and mark every
+  // currently in-flight call tainted too, since process.cpuUsage()/process.memoryUsage() can't
+  // separate their concurrent work from ours (see ModuleResourceUsageEntry.concurrentCalls).
+  const token: ActiveCallToken = { tainted: state.activeCalls.size > 0 }
+  if (token.tainted) {
+    for (const other of state.activeCalls) other.tainted = true
+  }
+  state.activeCalls.add(token)
+  const startNs = nowNs()
+  const startCpu = process.cpuUsage()
+  const startMemory = safeMemoryUsage()
+  // Recording must never override the wrapped call's real outcome: `fn()` is awaited in its own
+  // try/catch, and the bookkeeping below always runs in a try/catch of its own so a bug in the
+  // telemetry path can only be lost silently, never surface as a fake success/failure for `fn()`.
+  let result: T
+  try {
+    result = await Promise.resolve(fn())
+  } catch (error) {
+    state.activeCalls.delete(token)
+    try {
+      const cpu = process.cpuUsage(startCpu)
+      const endMemory = safeMemoryUsage()
+      recordModuleResourceUsage(input, {
+        durationMs: durationMs(startNs),
+        cpuUserMicros: cpu.user,
+        cpuSystemMicros: cpu.system,
+        heapDeltaBytes: endMemory && startMemory ? endMemory.heapUsed - startMemory.heapUsed : 0,
+        rssDeltaBytes: endMemory && startMemory ? endMemory.rss - startMemory.rss : 0,
+        status: 'error',
+        concurrentTainted: token.tainted,
+      })
+    } catch {
+      // Telemetry bookkeeping is diagnostic only; never mask the real error from the wrapped call.
+    }
+    throw error
+  }
+  state.activeCalls.delete(token)
+  try {
+    const cpu = process.cpuUsage(startCpu)
+    const endMemory = safeMemoryUsage()
+    recordModuleResourceUsage(input, {
+      durationMs: durationMs(startNs),
+      cpuUserMicros: cpu.user,
+      cpuSystemMicros: cpu.system,
+      heapDeltaBytes: endMemory && startMemory ? endMemory.heapUsed - startMemory.heapUsed : 0,
+      rssDeltaBytes: endMemory && startMemory ? endMemory.rss - startMemory.rss : 0,
+      status: 'ok',
+      concurrentTainted: token.tainted,
+    })
+  } catch {
+    // Telemetry bookkeeping is diagnostic only; never mask the real result from the wrapped call.
+  }
+  return result
+}
+
+function percentile(values: number[], p: number): number {
+  if (!values.length) return 0
+  const sorted = values.slice().sort((a, b) => a - b)
+  const index = Math.min(sorted.length - 1, Math.max(0, Math.ceil((p / 100) * sorted.length) - 1))
+  return sorted[index]
+}
+
+function serializeEntry(entry: MutableEntry): ModuleResourceUsageEntry {
+  return {
+    moduleId: entry.moduleId,
+    surface: entry.surface,
+    operation: entry.operation,
+    resourceId: entry.resourceId,
+    calls: entry.calls,
+    errors: entry.errors,
+    concurrentCalls: entry.concurrentCalls,
+    totalDurationMs: round(entry.totalDurationMs),
+    maxDurationMs: round(entry.maxDurationMs),
+    p95DurationMs: round(percentile(entry.recentDurationsMs, 95)),
+    totalCpuUserMs: round(entry.totalCpuUserMs),
+    totalCpuSystemMs: round(entry.totalCpuSystemMs),
+    maxCpuMs: round(entry.maxCpuMs),
+    totalHeapDeltaBytes: Math.round(entry.totalHeapDeltaBytes),
+    positiveHeapDeltaBytes: Math.round(entry.positiveHeapDeltaBytes),
+    maxHeapDeltaBytes: Math.round(entry.maxHeapDeltaBytes),
+    totalRssDeltaBytes: Math.round(entry.totalRssDeltaBytes),
+    positiveRssDeltaBytes: Math.round(entry.positiveRssDeltaBytes),
+    maxRssDeltaBytes: Math.round(entry.maxRssDeltaBytes),
+    firstSeenAt: entry.firstSeenAt,
+    lastSeenAt: entry.lastSeenAt,
+  }
+}
+
+function timeBucketTotals(modules: ModuleResourceUsageTimeBucketModule[]): ModuleResourceUsageTimeBucket['totals'] {
+  return {
+    modules: modules.length,
+    calls: modules.reduce((sum, module) => sum + module.calls, 0),
+    errors: modules.reduce((sum, module) => sum + module.errors, 0),
+    totalDurationMs: round(modules.reduce((sum, module) => sum + module.totalDurationMs, 0)),
+    totalCpuMs: round(modules.reduce((sum, module) => sum + module.totalCpuMs, 0)),
+    positiveHeapDeltaBytes: modules.reduce((sum, module) => sum + module.positiveHeapDeltaBytes, 0),
+    positiveRssDeltaBytes: modules.reduce((sum, module) => sum + module.positiveRssDeltaBytes, 0),
+  }
+}
+
+function surfaceSummaries(entries: ModuleResourceUsageEntry[]): ModuleResourceUsageSurfaceSummary[] {
+  const surfaces = new Map<ModuleResourceSurface, ModuleResourceUsageEntry[]>()
+  for (const entry of entries) {
+    const list = surfaces.get(entry.surface) ?? []
+    list.push(entry)
+    surfaces.set(entry.surface, list)
+  }
+  return Array.from(surfaces.entries()).map(([surface, surfaceEntries]) => ({
+    surface,
+    calls: surfaceEntries.reduce((sum, entry) => sum + entry.calls, 0),
+    errors: surfaceEntries.reduce((sum, entry) => sum + entry.errors, 0),
+    totalDurationMs: round(surfaceEntries.reduce((sum, entry) => sum + entry.totalDurationMs, 0)),
+    p95DurationMs: round(Math.max(...surfaceEntries.map((entry) => entry.p95DurationMs), 0)),
+    totalCpuMs: round(surfaceEntries.reduce((sum, entry) => sum + entry.totalCpuUserMs + entry.totalCpuSystemMs, 0)),
+    positiveHeapDeltaBytes: surfaceEntries.reduce((sum, entry) => sum + entry.positiveHeapDeltaBytes, 0),
+    positiveRssDeltaBytes: surfaceEntries.reduce((sum, entry) => sum + entry.positiveRssDeltaBytes, 0),
+  })).sort((a, b) => b.totalCpuMs - a.totalCpuMs || b.totalDurationMs - a.totalDurationMs)
+}
+
+function moduleResourceUsageBucketStage(bucketStartMs: number, bucketEndMs: number, startedAtMs: number): ModuleResourceUsageTimeBucket['stage'] {
+  if (!Number.isFinite(bucketStartMs) || !Number.isFinite(bucketEndMs) || !Number.isFinite(startedAtMs)) return 'running'
+  return bucketEndMs > startedAtMs && bucketStartMs < startedAtMs + MODULE_RESOURCE_USAGE_STARTUP_STAGE_MS
+    ? 'startup'
+    : 'running'
+}
+
+function serializeTimeBucket(bucket: MutableTimeBucket, nowMs: number, startedAtMs: number): ModuleResourceUsageTimeBucket {
+  const thresholds = getModuleResourceUsageThresholds()
+  const modules = Array.from(bucket.modules.values()).map((module) => ({
+    module,
+    operations: module.operations instanceof Map
+      ? Array.from(module.operations.values()).map(serializeEntry)
+      : [],
+  })).map(({ module, operations }) => {
+    const summaryBase = {
+      moduleId: module.moduleId,
+      calls: module.calls,
+      errors: module.errors,
+      totalDurationMs: round(module.totalDurationMs),
+      p95DurationMs: round(percentile(module.recentDurationsMs, 95)),
+      totalCpuMs: round(module.totalCpuMs),
+      positiveHeapDeltaBytes: Math.round(module.positiveHeapDeltaBytes),
+      positiveRssDeltaBytes: Math.round(module.positiveRssDeltaBytes),
+      surfaces: surfaceSummaries(operations),
+      topOperations: operations
+        .slice()
+        .sort((a, b) => (b.totalCpuUserMs + b.totalCpuSystemMs) - (a.totalCpuUserMs + a.totalCpuSystemMs) || b.totalDurationMs - a.totalDurationMs)
+        .slice(0, DEFAULT_TOP_OPERATIONS_LIMIT),
+    }
+    return {
+      ...summaryBase,
+      candidateReasons: buildCandidateReasons(summaryBase, thresholds),
+    }
+  }).sort((a, b) =>
+    b.candidateReasons.length - a.candidateReasons.length
+      || b.totalCpuMs - a.totalCpuMs
+      || b.positiveRssDeltaBytes - a.positiveRssDeltaBytes
+      || b.calls - a.calls
+  )
+  return {
+    bucketStart: new Date(bucket.bucketStartMs).toISOString(),
+    bucketEnd: new Date(bucket.bucketEndMs).toISOString(),
+    bucketIntervalMs: bucket.bucketEndMs - bucket.bucketStartMs,
+    stage: moduleResourceUsageBucketStage(bucket.bucketStartMs, bucket.bucketEndMs, startedAtMs),
+    partial: bucket.bucketStartMs < startedAtMs || nowMs < bucket.bucketEndMs,
+    totals: timeBucketTotals(modules),
+    modules,
+  }
+}
+
+function serializeTimeBuckets(state: ResourceUsageState): ModuleResourceUsageTimeBucket[] {
+  const nowMs = Date.now()
+  const startedAtMs = Date.parse(state.startedAt)
+  return Array.from(state.buckets.values())
+    .sort((a, b) => a.bucketStartMs - b.bucketStartMs)
+    .map((bucket) => serializeTimeBucket(bucket, nowMs, Number.isFinite(startedAtMs) ? startedAtMs : nowMs))
+}
+
+function getSnapshotDir(): string {
+  const configured = process.env.OM_MODULE_RESOURCE_USAGE_DIR?.trim()
+  return configured ? path.resolve(configured) : path.resolve(process.cwd(), '.mercato/module-resource-usage')
+}
+
+function getSnapshotPath(): string {
+  return path.join(getSnapshotDir(), `process-${process.pid}.json`)
+}
+
+function registerSnapshotShutdownHook(state: ResourceUsageState): void {
+  if (state.shutdownHookRegistered) return
+  const flush = () => {
+    try {
+      flushModuleResourceUsageSnapshot(true)
+    } catch {
+      // Best-effort diagnostic snapshot; never block process shutdown.
+    }
+  }
+  process.once('beforeExit', flush)
+  state.shutdownHookRegistered = true
+}
+
+// Fire-and-forget: nothing in this process depends on the write completing (readers always
+// skip their own pid's file — see readSnapshotPayloads), so there's no reason for the write to
+// block the tracked call, event dispatch, or report request that triggered it. This mirrors the
+// existing fire-and-forget queue-close pattern in registerProducerShutdownHook (bus.ts): Node's
+// event loop stays alive for the pending promise, so even the beforeExit-triggered flush below
+// still completes before the process actually exits, as long as nothing calls process.exit()
+// first.
+let snapshotWriteSequence = 0
+
+// Writes atomically: serialize to a unique temp file, then rename onto the final path. rename is
+// atomic on POSIX, so a concurrent reader (this process's report, another process's directory scan,
+// or a test) always observes either the previous complete file or the new complete file — never the
+// empty/partial content window that a direct writeFile to snapshotPath would briefly expose.
+function writeSnapshotFileAsync(dir: string, snapshotPath: string, payload: unknown): void {
+  const tempPath = `${snapshotPath}.${process.pid}.${snapshotWriteSequence++}.tmp`
+  fs.promises.mkdir(dir, { recursive: true })
+    .then(() => fs.promises.writeFile(tempPath, JSON.stringify(payload, null, 2)))
+    .then(() => fs.promises.rename(tempPath, snapshotPath))
+    .catch(() => {
+      // Snapshot files are diagnostic only; in-memory reporting still works. Best-effort cleanup of
+      // the temp file if the rename never happened; ignore if it is already gone.
+      fs.promises.unlink(tempPath).catch(() => {})
+    })
+}
+
+function flushModuleResourceUsageSnapshot(force: boolean): void {
+  if (!isSnapshotEnabled()) return
+  const state = getState()
+  const now = Date.now()
+  if (!force && now - state.lastSnapshotAt < SNAPSHOT_THROTTLE_MS) return
+  state.lastSnapshotAt = now
+  try {
+    const payload = {
+      pid: process.pid,
+      generatedAt: new Date().toISOString(),
+      startedAt: state.startedAt,
+      entries: Array.from(state.entries.values()).map(serializeEntry),
+      buckets: serializeTimeBuckets(state),
+    }
+    writeSnapshotFileAsync(getSnapshotDir(), getSnapshotPath(), payload)
+  } catch {
+    // Snapshot files are diagnostic only; in-memory reporting still works.
+  }
+}
+
+type SnapshotPayload = {
+  pid?: unknown
+  generatedAt?: unknown
+  startedAt?: unknown
+  entries?: unknown
+  buckets?: unknown
+}
+
+function isFreshSnapshot(payload: SnapshotPayload): boolean {
+  if (typeof payload.generatedAt !== 'string') return false
+  const generatedAt = Date.parse(payload.generatedAt)
+  return Number.isFinite(generatedAt) && Date.now() - generatedAt <= SNAPSHOT_MAX_AGE_MS
+}
+
+// Reads every other process's snapshot file exactly once. Both readSnapshotEntries and
+// readSnapshotBuckets used to each force a flush and independently re-scan/re-parse the whole
+// directory; callers now do that single scan once (see getModuleResourceUsageReport) and pass
+// the result to both.
+// Restarts/redeploys/autoscaling leave one snapshot file behind per historical process. Prune
+// stale ones opportunistically here (best-effort, never blocks the read) so the directory doesn't
+// grow without bound in a long-running deployment.
+function pruneStaleSnapshotFile(filePath: string): void {
+  fs.promises.unlink(filePath).catch(() => {
+    // Snapshot files are diagnostic only; leave it for a later pass if it can't be removed now.
+  })
+}
+
+function readSnapshotPayloads(): SnapshotPayload[] {
+  if (!isSnapshotEnabled()) return []
+  const dir = getSnapshotDir()
+  if (!fs.existsSync(dir)) return []
+  const payloads: SnapshotPayload[] = []
+  for (const file of fs.readdirSync(dir)) {
+    if (!file.endsWith('.json')) continue
+    const filePath = path.join(dir, file)
+    try {
+      const payload = JSON.parse(fs.readFileSync(filePath, 'utf8')) as SnapshotPayload
+      if (payload.pid === process.pid) continue
+      if (!isFreshSnapshot(payload)) {
+        pruneStaleSnapshotFile(filePath)
+        continue
+      }
+      payloads.push(payload)
+    } catch {
+      // Ignore malformed or concurrently-written snapshots.
+    }
+  }
+  return payloads
+}
+
+function readSnapshotEntries(payloads: SnapshotPayload[]): ModuleResourceUsageEntry[] {
+  const entries: ModuleResourceUsageEntry[] = []
+  for (const payload of payloads) {
+    if (!Array.isArray(payload.entries)) continue
+    for (const entry of payload.entries) {
+      if (!entry || typeof entry !== 'object') continue
+      const candidate = entry as Partial<ModuleResourceUsageEntry>
+      if (typeof candidate.moduleId !== 'string' || typeof candidate.operation !== 'string') continue
+      if (!candidate.surface) continue
+      entries.push(candidate as ModuleResourceUsageEntry)
+    }
+  }
+  return entries
+}
+
+function readSnapshotBuckets(payloads: SnapshotPayload[]): ModuleResourceUsageTimeBucket[] {
+  const buckets: ModuleResourceUsageTimeBucket[] = []
+  for (const payload of payloads) {
+    try {
+      if (!Array.isArray(payload.buckets)) continue
+      for (const bucket of payload.buckets) {
+        if (!bucket || typeof bucket !== 'object') continue
+        const candidate = bucket as Partial<ModuleResourceUsageTimeBucket>
+        if (typeof candidate.bucketStart !== 'string' || typeof candidate.bucketEnd !== 'string') continue
+        if (!Array.isArray(candidate.modules)) continue
+        const modules = (candidate.modules as Partial<ModuleResourceUsageTimeBucketModule>[]).map(normalizeTimeBucketModule)
+        buckets.push({
+          bucketStart: candidate.bucketStart,
+          bucketEnd: candidate.bucketEnd,
+          bucketIntervalMs: normalizeBucketIntervalMs(candidate),
+          stage: candidate.stage === 'startup' || candidate.stage === 'running'
+            ? candidate.stage
+            : moduleResourceUsageBucketStage(
+              Date.parse(candidate.bucketStart),
+              Date.parse(candidate.bucketEnd),
+              typeof payload.startedAt === 'string' ? Date.parse(payload.startedAt) : Date.parse(candidate.bucketStart),
+            ),
+          partial: candidate.partial === true,
+          totals: candidate.totals ?? timeBucketTotals(modules),
+          modules,
+        })
+      }
+    } catch {
+      // Ignore malformed or concurrently-written snapshots.
+    }
+  }
+  return buckets
+}
+
+function normalizeBucketIntervalMs(bucket: Partial<ModuleResourceUsageTimeBucket>): number {
+  if (Number.isFinite(bucket.bucketIntervalMs) && Number(bucket.bucketIntervalMs) > 0) {
+    return Number(bucket.bucketIntervalMs)
+  }
+  const bucketStartMs = typeof bucket.bucketStart === 'string' ? Date.parse(bucket.bucketStart) : NaN
+  const bucketEndMs = typeof bucket.bucketEnd === 'string' ? Date.parse(bucket.bucketEnd) : NaN
+  const inferred = bucketEndMs - bucketStartMs
+  return Number.isFinite(inferred) && inferred > 0 ? inferred : moduleResourceUsageBucketIntervalMs()
+}
+
+function normalizeTimeBucketModule(module: Partial<ModuleResourceUsageTimeBucketModule>): ModuleResourceUsageTimeBucketModule {
+  return {
+    moduleId: typeof module.moduleId === 'string' ? module.moduleId : 'unknown',
+    calls: Number.isFinite(module.calls) ? Number(module.calls) : 0,
+    errors: Number.isFinite(module.errors) ? Number(module.errors) : 0,
+    totalDurationMs: Number.isFinite(module.totalDurationMs) ? Number(module.totalDurationMs) : 0,
+    p95DurationMs: Number.isFinite(module.p95DurationMs) ? Number(module.p95DurationMs) : 0,
+    totalCpuMs: Number.isFinite(module.totalCpuMs) ? Number(module.totalCpuMs) : 0,
+    positiveHeapDeltaBytes: Number.isFinite(module.positiveHeapDeltaBytes) ? Number(module.positiveHeapDeltaBytes) : 0,
+    positiveRssDeltaBytes: Number.isFinite(module.positiveRssDeltaBytes) ? Number(module.positiveRssDeltaBytes) : 0,
+    surfaces: Array.isArray(module.surfaces) ? module.surfaces : [],
+    topOperations: Array.isArray(module.topOperations) ? module.topOperations : [],
+    candidateReasons: Array.isArray(module.candidateReasons) ? module.candidateReasons : [],
+  }
+}
+
+function mergeEntries(entries: ModuleResourceUsageEntry[]): ModuleResourceUsageEntry[] {
+  const merged = new Map<string, ModuleResourceUsageEntry>()
+  for (const entry of entries) {
+    const key = entryKey({ moduleId: entry.moduleId, surface: entry.surface, operation: entry.operation })
+    const existing = merged.get(key)
+    if (!existing) {
+      merged.set(key, {
+        ...entry,
+        // Snapshot files written by an older process before concurrentCalls existed lack it.
+        concurrentCalls: Number.isFinite(entry.concurrentCalls) ? entry.concurrentCalls : 0,
+      })
+      continue
+    }
+    existing.calls += entry.calls
+    existing.errors += entry.errors
+    existing.concurrentCalls += Number.isFinite(entry.concurrentCalls) ? entry.concurrentCalls : 0
+    existing.totalDurationMs = round(existing.totalDurationMs + entry.totalDurationMs)
+    existing.maxDurationMs = Math.max(existing.maxDurationMs, entry.maxDurationMs)
+    existing.p95DurationMs = Math.max(existing.p95DurationMs, entry.p95DurationMs)
+    existing.totalCpuUserMs = round(existing.totalCpuUserMs + entry.totalCpuUserMs)
+    existing.totalCpuSystemMs = round(existing.totalCpuSystemMs + entry.totalCpuSystemMs)
+    existing.maxCpuMs = Math.max(existing.maxCpuMs, entry.maxCpuMs)
+    existing.totalHeapDeltaBytes += entry.totalHeapDeltaBytes
+    existing.positiveHeapDeltaBytes += entry.positiveHeapDeltaBytes
+    existing.maxHeapDeltaBytes = Math.max(existing.maxHeapDeltaBytes, entry.maxHeapDeltaBytes)
+    existing.totalRssDeltaBytes += entry.totalRssDeltaBytes
+    existing.positiveRssDeltaBytes += entry.positiveRssDeltaBytes
+    existing.maxRssDeltaBytes = Math.max(existing.maxRssDeltaBytes, entry.maxRssDeltaBytes)
+    existing.firstSeenAt = existing.firstSeenAt < entry.firstSeenAt ? existing.firstSeenAt : entry.firstSeenAt
+    existing.lastSeenAt = existing.lastSeenAt > entry.lastSeenAt ? existing.lastSeenAt : entry.lastSeenAt
+  }
+  return Array.from(merged.values())
+}
+
+function mergeSurfaceSummaries(surfaces: ModuleResourceUsageSurfaceSummary[]): ModuleResourceUsageSurfaceSummary[] {
+  const merged = new Map<ModuleResourceSurface, ModuleResourceUsageSurfaceSummary>()
+  for (const surface of surfaces) {
+    const existing = merged.get(surface.surface)
+    if (!existing) {
+      merged.set(surface.surface, { ...surface })
+      continue
+    }
+    existing.calls += surface.calls
+    existing.errors += surface.errors
+    existing.totalDurationMs = round(existing.totalDurationMs + surface.totalDurationMs)
+    existing.p95DurationMs = Math.max(existing.p95DurationMs, surface.p95DurationMs)
+    existing.totalCpuMs = round(existing.totalCpuMs + surface.totalCpuMs)
+    existing.positiveHeapDeltaBytes += surface.positiveHeapDeltaBytes
+    existing.positiveRssDeltaBytes += surface.positiveRssDeltaBytes
+  }
+  return Array.from(merged.values()).sort((a, b) => b.totalCpuMs - a.totalCpuMs || b.totalDurationMs - a.totalDurationMs)
+}
+
+function mergeOperationEntries(entries: ModuleResourceUsageEntry[]): ModuleResourceUsageEntry[] {
+  return mergeEntries(entries)
+    .sort((a, b) => (b.totalCpuUserMs + b.totalCpuSystemMs) - (a.totalCpuUserMs + a.totalCpuSystemMs) || b.totalDurationMs - a.totalDurationMs)
+    .slice(0, DEFAULT_TOP_OPERATIONS_LIMIT)
+}
+
+function mergeTimeBuckets(buckets: ModuleResourceUsageTimeBucket[]): ModuleResourceUsageTimeBucket[] {
+  const merged = new Map<string, ModuleResourceUsageTimeBucket>()
+  const thresholds = getModuleResourceUsageThresholds()
+  for (const bucket of buckets) {
+    const bucketStartMs = Date.parse(bucket.bucketStart)
+    if (!Number.isFinite(bucketStartMs)) continue
+    const bucketIntervalMs = normalizeBucketIntervalMs(bucket)
+    const key = `${bucket.bucketStart}\u0000${bucketIntervalMs}`
+    const existing = merged.get(key)
+    if (!existing) {
+      const modules = bucket.modules.map((module) => {
+        const normalizedModule = normalizeTimeBucketModule(module)
+        return {
+          ...normalizedModule,
+          candidateReasons: buildCandidateReasons(normalizedModule, thresholds),
+        }
+      })
+      merged.set(key, {
+        bucketStart: bucket.bucketStart,
+        bucketEnd: bucket.bucketEnd,
+        bucketIntervalMs,
+        stage: bucket.stage,
+        partial: bucket.partial,
+        totals: timeBucketTotals(modules),
+        modules,
+      })
+      continue
+    }
+    existing.partial = existing.partial || bucket.partial
+    if (existing.stage !== 'startup') existing.stage = bucket.stage
+    const modulesById = new Map(existing.modules.map((module) => [module.moduleId, module]))
+    for (const module of bucket.modules) {
+      const normalizedModule = normalizeTimeBucketModule(module)
+      const current = modulesById.get(normalizedModule.moduleId)
+      if (!current) {
+        const created = {
+          ...normalizedModule,
+          candidateReasons: buildCandidateReasons(normalizedModule, thresholds),
+        }
+        existing.modules.push(created)
+        modulesById.set(normalizedModule.moduleId, created)
+        continue
+      }
+      current.calls += normalizedModule.calls
+      current.errors += normalizedModule.errors
+      current.totalDurationMs = round(current.totalDurationMs + normalizedModule.totalDurationMs)
+      current.p95DurationMs = Math.max(current.p95DurationMs, normalizedModule.p95DurationMs)
+      current.totalCpuMs = round(current.totalCpuMs + normalizedModule.totalCpuMs)
+      current.positiveHeapDeltaBytes += normalizedModule.positiveHeapDeltaBytes
+      current.positiveRssDeltaBytes += normalizedModule.positiveRssDeltaBytes
+      current.surfaces = mergeSurfaceSummaries([...current.surfaces, ...normalizedModule.surfaces])
+      current.topOperations = mergeOperationEntries([...current.topOperations, ...normalizedModule.topOperations])
+      current.candidateReasons = buildCandidateReasons(current, thresholds)
+    }
+    existing.modules.sort((a, b) =>
+      b.totalCpuMs - a.totalCpuMs
+        || b.positiveRssDeltaBytes - a.positiveRssDeltaBytes
+        || b.calls - a.calls
+    )
+    existing.totals = timeBucketTotals(existing.modules)
+  }
+  return Array.from(merged.values())
+    .sort((a, b) => a.bucketStart.localeCompare(b.bucketStart))
+    .slice(-moduleResourceUsageBucketLimit())
+}
+
+function readNumberEnv(name: string, fallback: number): number {
+  return parseNumberWithDefault(process.env[name], fallback, { min: 0 })
+}
+
+function moduleResourceUsageBucketIntervalMs(): number {
+  return MODULE_RESOURCE_USAGE_BUCKET_INTERVAL_MS
+}
+
+function moduleResourceUsageBucketLimit(): number {
+  return Math.max(1, Math.ceil(TIME_BUCKET_RETENTION_MS / moduleResourceUsageBucketIntervalMs()))
+}
+
+export function getModuleResourceUsageThresholds(): ModuleResourceUsageThresholds {
+  return {
+    p95DurationMs: readNumberEnv('OM_MODULE_RESOURCE_HEAVY_P95_MS', 5_000),
+    cpuMs: readNumberEnv('OM_MODULE_RESOURCE_HEAVY_CPU_MS', 25_000),
+    positiveHeapDeltaBytes: readNumberEnv('OM_MODULE_RESOURCE_HEAVY_HEAP_BYTES', 250 * 1024 * 1024),
+    positiveRssDeltaBytes: readNumberEnv('OM_MODULE_RESOURCE_HEAVY_RSS_BYTES', 250 * 1024 * 1024),
+    errors: readNumberEnv('OM_MODULE_RESOURCE_HEAVY_ERRORS', 10),
+  }
+}
+
+function buildCandidateReasons(
+  summary: Omit<ModuleResourceUsageModuleSummary, 'candidateReasons'>,
+  thresholds: ModuleResourceUsageThresholds,
+): string[] {
+  const reasons: string[] = []
+  if (summary.p95DurationMs >= thresholds.p95DurationMs) reasons.push('p95_duration')
+  if (summary.totalCpuMs >= thresholds.cpuMs) reasons.push('cpu')
+  if (summary.positiveHeapDeltaBytes >= thresholds.positiveHeapDeltaBytes) reasons.push('heap_allocations')
+  if (summary.positiveRssDeltaBytes >= thresholds.positiveRssDeltaBytes) reasons.push('rss_growth')
+  if (summary.errors >= thresholds.errors) reasons.push('errors')
+  return reasons
+}
+
+export function getModuleResourceUsageReport(): ModuleResourceUsageReport {
+  const state = getState()
+  // Force our own snapshot to disk once (fire-and-forget — see writeSnapshotFileAsync) so other
+  // processes viewing the report around the same time see fresh data, then read every other
+  // process's snapshot file exactly once and derive both entries and buckets from that one scan.
+  flushModuleResourceUsageSnapshot(true)
+  const snapshotPayloads = readSnapshotPayloads()
+  const entries = mergeEntries([
+    ...Array.from(state.entries.values()).map(serializeEntry),
+    ...readSnapshotEntries(snapshotPayloads),
+  ])
+  const buckets = mergeTimeBuckets([
+    ...serializeTimeBuckets(state),
+    ...readSnapshotBuckets(snapshotPayloads),
+  ])
+  const thresholds = getModuleResourceUsageThresholds()
+  const modules = new Map<string, ModuleResourceUsageEntry[]>()
+  for (const entry of entries) {
+    const list = modules.get(entry.moduleId) ?? []
+    list.push(entry)
+    modules.set(entry.moduleId, list)
+  }
+
+  const moduleSummaries: ModuleResourceUsageModuleSummary[] = []
+  for (const [moduleId, moduleEntries] of modules) {
+    const surfaces = new Map<ModuleResourceSurface, ModuleResourceUsageEntry[]>()
+    for (const entry of moduleEntries) {
+      const list = surfaces.get(entry.surface) ?? []
+      list.push(entry)
+      surfaces.set(entry.surface, list)
+    }
+    const totalDurationMs = moduleEntries.reduce((sum, entry) => sum + entry.totalDurationMs, 0)
+    const totalCpuMs = moduleEntries.reduce((sum, entry) => sum + entry.totalCpuUserMs + entry.totalCpuSystemMs, 0)
+    const summaryBase = {
+      moduleId,
+      calls: moduleEntries.reduce((sum, entry) => sum + entry.calls, 0),
+      errors: moduleEntries.reduce((sum, entry) => sum + entry.errors, 0),
+      totalDurationMs: round(totalDurationMs),
+      p95DurationMs: round(Math.max(...moduleEntries.map((entry) => entry.p95DurationMs), 0)),
+      totalCpuMs: round(totalCpuMs),
+      positiveHeapDeltaBytes: moduleEntries.reduce((sum, entry) => sum + entry.positiveHeapDeltaBytes, 0),
+      positiveRssDeltaBytes: moduleEntries.reduce((sum, entry) => sum + entry.positiveRssDeltaBytes, 0),
+      surfaces: Array.from(surfaces.entries()).map(([surface, surfaceEntries]) => ({
+        surface,
+        calls: surfaceEntries.reduce((sum, entry) => sum + entry.calls, 0),
+        errors: surfaceEntries.reduce((sum, entry) => sum + entry.errors, 0),
+        totalDurationMs: round(surfaceEntries.reduce((sum, entry) => sum + entry.totalDurationMs, 0)),
+        p95DurationMs: round(Math.max(...surfaceEntries.map((entry) => entry.p95DurationMs), 0)),
+        totalCpuMs: round(surfaceEntries.reduce((sum, entry) => sum + entry.totalCpuUserMs + entry.totalCpuSystemMs, 0)),
+        positiveHeapDeltaBytes: surfaceEntries.reduce((sum, entry) => sum + entry.positiveHeapDeltaBytes, 0),
+        positiveRssDeltaBytes: surfaceEntries.reduce((sum, entry) => sum + entry.positiveRssDeltaBytes, 0),
+      })).sort((a, b) => b.totalCpuMs - a.totalCpuMs || b.totalDurationMs - a.totalDurationMs),
+      topOperations: moduleEntries
+        .slice()
+        .sort((a, b) => (b.totalCpuUserMs + b.totalCpuSystemMs) - (a.totalCpuUserMs + a.totalCpuSystemMs) || b.totalDurationMs - a.totalDurationMs)
+        .slice(0, DEFAULT_TOP_OPERATIONS_LIMIT),
+    }
+    moduleSummaries.push({
+      ...summaryBase,
+      candidateReasons: buildCandidateReasons(summaryBase, thresholds),
+    })
+  }
+
+  const sortedModules = moduleSummaries.sort((a, b) =>
+    b.candidateReasons.length - a.candidateReasons.length
+      || b.totalCpuMs - a.totalCpuMs
+      || b.totalDurationMs - a.totalDurationMs
+  )
+
+  return {
+    generatedAt: new Date().toISOString(),
+    startedAt: state.startedAt,
+    enabled: isModuleResourceUsageEnabled(),
+    bucketIntervalMs: moduleResourceUsageBucketIntervalMs(),
+    totals: {
+      modules: sortedModules.length,
+      operations: entries.length,
+      calls: entries.reduce((sum, entry) => sum + entry.calls, 0),
+      errors: entries.reduce((sum, entry) => sum + entry.errors, 0),
+      totalDurationMs: round(entries.reduce((sum, entry) => sum + entry.totalDurationMs, 0)),
+      totalCpuMs: round(entries.reduce((sum, entry) => sum + entry.totalCpuUserMs + entry.totalCpuSystemMs, 0)),
+      positiveHeapDeltaBytes: entries.reduce((sum, entry) => sum + entry.positiveHeapDeltaBytes, 0),
+      positiveRssDeltaBytes: entries.reduce((sum, entry) => sum + entry.positiveRssDeltaBytes, 0),
+    },
+    thresholds,
+    modules: sortedModules,
+    candidates: sortedModules.filter((module) => module.candidateReasons.length > 0),
+    buckets,
+  }
+}