@omgbase/oqx 0.7.0 → 0.9.0

package/README.md

@@ -101,8 +101,51 @@ oqx`label: name, decade: age / 10 from ${people} where name == "Bob"`;
 // [{ label: "Bob", decade: 4.1 }]
 ```
 
+An item that is not a plain navigation — a call, arithmetic, a comparison — has
+no natural key, so it must be aliased (`n: size(jobs)`), unless the projection is
+in `values` mode (next).
+
 The `select` keyword is optional and works in any position — `select name from …`
-is identical to `name from …`. (It's the hook for a future `select distinct`.)
+is identical to `name from …` (and hosts `select distinct`, §6).
+
+**`values` — scalar projection.** Ordinarily every row projects to a record. Add
+`values` after a projection of exactly **one** item to get the value itself:
+
+```js
+oqx`name values from ${people}`;                       // ["Bob", "Alice", "Carol"]
+oqx`name.upper() values from ${people} where age < 30`; // ["CAROL"]  (no alias needed)
+oqx`${people} first { name values where age > 50 }`;    // "Alice"
+```
+
+`values` is a result-shape mode, not a consumer: it works in the top-level
+projection and inside any `collect` / `first` / `single` block, and composes with
+`distinct` (`select distinct employer values from ${jobs}` is the distinct set of
+employers as strings, not `{ employer }` records). An alias, if present, is
+ignored; a lift (`^name:`) cannot be combined with it.
+
+**`$value` — the current item.** Every scope has a current value; `$value` is
+that exact value, whatever its type (an object row or a plain scalar). Bare names
+still navigate it (`name` ≡ `$value.name`), so `$value` matters exactly where
+there is nothing to navigate: collections of numbers or strings, or handing the
+whole row somewhere. Together with `values` this makes scalar collections
+first-class:
+
+```js
+const scores = [10, 60, 70, 45];
+oqx`$value values from ${scores} where $value > 50`;              // [60, 70]
+oqx`$value values from ${scores} order by $value desc`;           // [70, 60, 45, 10]
+
+const players = [{ name: "Ann", scores: [10, 60, 70] }, { name: "Ben", scores: [45] }];
+oqx`name, big: scores collect { $value values where $value > 50 } from ${players}`;
+// [{ name: "Ann", big: [60, 70] }, { name: "Ben", big: [] }]
+
+oqx`employee: $value from ${people} where name == "Bob"`;         // [{ employee: <Bob> }]
+```
+
+Inside a nested block `$value` is the inner item; the enclosing row is `^$value`
+(§3). At the root scope (before any row) it is absent. Plain objects are **not**
+iterable through `$value` — a record stays a record; converting one to a
+collection of entries is a separate, explicit step (`entries()`, planned).
 
 ### 3. Predicates (where)
 
@@ -223,12 +266,13 @@ oqx`name from ${people} where title.lower() == "director"`;  // → Alice
 
 ### 5. Consumers
 
-A consumer shapes a result set. There are five:
+A consumer shapes a result set. There are six:
 
 | Consumer  | Returns                        |
 | --------- | ------------------------------ |
 | `collect` | an array (the default)         |
-| `exists`  | a boolean                      |
+| `exists`  | a boolean — one or more rows   |
+| `none`    | a boolean — zero rows (the complement of `exists`) |
 | `count`   | a number                       |
 | `first`   | one record, or `null`          |
 | `single`  | one record, or `null`; throws if more than one matches |
@@ -258,8 +302,14 @@ cardinality:
 ```js
 oqx`name from ${people} where jobs exists { !end }`;   // has a current job → Bob, Carol
 oqx`name from ${people} where jobs count {} >= 2`;     // ≥2 jobs → Bob, Alice
+oqx`name from ${people} where jobs none { where end }`; // no past job → Carol
 ```
 
+`none { … }` is exactly `!… exists { … }`, kept as its own word because the
+cardinality is the point. It is also how you say "every": *all* members active is
+`members none { where !active }` — there is deliberately no `all { … }`, whose
+block would have to mean something different from every other consumer's.
+
 In a projection, `collect` yields a nested array; `first` / `single` yield one
 nested record:
 
@@ -340,6 +390,26 @@ oqx`name from ${people} where city == "NYC" order by age desc`;
 // [{ name: "Bob" }, { name: "Carol" }]
 ```
 
+### 8b. Bounding: `limit` / `offset`
+
+`limit N` and `offset N` bound the row set **after** `where`, `order by`, and
+`distinct`, and **before** the consumer reduces it — so they mean the same thing
+under every consumer: `count { … limit 5 }` is at most 5, `first { … offset 1 }`
+is the second row, `exists { offset 2 }` asks for a third. They work at the top
+level and inside any block, and `N` may be a literal, a `${…}` binding, or an
+outer reference — `limit ^n` reads the enclosing row's `n`, as `^` does everywhere
+inside `{ … }`; it must be a non-negative integer.
+
+```js
+oqx`name values from ${people} order by age desc limit 2`;                 // ["Alice", "Bob"]
+oqx`name values from ${people} order by age desc offset 1 limit 1`;        // ["Bob"]
+oqx`name, latest: jobs collect { employer values order by start desc limit 1 } from ${people}`;
+oqx`name from ${people} where jobs exists { offset 1 }`;                   // has a second job
+```
+
+A storage adapter that pushes the whole query may translate them to SQL
+`LIMIT`/`OFFSET`; the shipped `SqliteTable` leaves them to the residual.
+
 ### 9. Recursion: `follow`
 
 `follow <relation>` turns a query into a bounded recursive traversal: the `where`
@@ -392,15 +462,19 @@ your relation returns fresh objects rather than shared references.
 name, alias: expr, nested: rel collect { … }   projection (select optional)
 from ${source}                                  source collection
 where a == b && rel exists { … } || !c          predicate tree + nested ops
+where rel none { … }                             zero rows (≡ !rel exists { … }; "all" = none over the complement)
 where x in lo..hi / lo...hi / ..hi / lo..        range membership (incl. / excl. / open-ended)
 where x in range(field)                          coerce a string field to a range, then test coverage
 name                                             the CURRENT row's field only (never climbs)
-^name / ^^name                                   read an enclosing row's field (exactly N scopes out)
+$value                                           the current item itself (a scalar row, or the whole object)
+<expr> values                                    scalar projection: the value, not a { name: value } record
+^name / ^^name                                   read an enclosing row's field (exactly N scopes out); ^$value = the enclosing row
 ^name: expr  /  ^^name: expr                     lift/export a value N scopes out (flatten-append)
 ^rel collect { … }  /  ^^root exists { … }       nested consumer over an enclosing row's relation / a named root
 order by expr desc, expr2                        ordering
+limit n / offset n                               bound the row set (after where/order/distinct, before the consumer)
 follow rel { where … frontier … depth n by … }  recursion ($depth/$stop/$leaf/$frontier)
-${source} <collect|exists|count|first|single> { … }   whole-query consumer
+${source} <collect|exists|none|count|first|single> { … }   whole-query consumer
 ```
 
 ## Data context: string queries and named roots
@@ -482,7 +556,7 @@ new PlannedEngine(planner).run(parse('name from emp where dept == "eng" && level
 
 This is the seam an omgbase adapter uses: its existing OQX→SQL compiler (docs/
 blocks/nodes, the relations table, `$` intrinsics, `WITH RECURSIVE` for `follow`)
-becomes a `QueryPlanner`, while oqx-js contributes the parser, IR, semantics
+becomes a `QueryPlanner`, while oqx contributes the parser, IR, semantics
 contract, and residual executor.
 
 ## Requirements

package/dist/adapters/sqlite.d.ts.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
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+{"version":3,"file":"sqlite.d.ts","sourceRoot":"","sources":["../../src/adapters/sqlite.ts"],"names":[],"mappings":"AAcA,OAAO,EAAE,YAAY,EAAE,MAAM,aAAa,CAAC;AAC3C,OAAO,KAAK,EAAE,KAAK,EAAQ,MAAM,WAAW,CAAC;AAC7C,OAAO,KAAK,EAAE,IAAI,EAAE,YAAY,EAAE,MAAM,eAAe,CAAC;AAGxD,MAAM,WAAW,kBAAkB;IACjC,qEAAqE;IACrE,OAAO,EAAE,SAAS,MAAM,EAAE,CAAC;IAC3B,6EAA6E;IAC7E,WAAW,CAAC,EAAE,SAAS,MAAM,EAAE,CAAC;IAChC,+EAA+E;IAC/E,GAAG,CAAC,EAAE,CAAC,GAAG,EAAE,MAAM,CAAC,MAAM,EAAE,OAAO,CAAC,KAAK,OAAO,CAAC;CACjD;AAOD,qBAAa,WAAY,YAAW,YAAY;IAC9C,OAAO,CAAC,EAAE,CAAe;IACzB,OAAO,CAAC,KAAK,CAAS;IACtB,OAAO,CAAC,OAAO,CAAc;IAC7B,OAAO,CAAC,IAAI,CAAqB;gBAErB,EAAE,EAAE,YAAY,EAAE,KAAK,EAAE,MAAM,EAAE,IAAI,EAAE,kBAAkB;IAOrE,IAAI,CAAC,KAAK,EAAE,KAAK,EAAE,MAAM,EAAE,SAAS,OAAO,EAAE,GAAG,IAAI,GAAG,IAAI;IAwB3D,OAAO,CAAC,YAAY;IAYpB,OAAO,CAAC,SAAS;IAkBjB,OAAO,CAAC,MAAM;CAWf"}

package/dist/adapters/sqlite.js

@@ -36,10 +36,12 @@ export class SqliteTable {
         const { pushed, residual } = partitionPushable(query.where, (e) => this.translatable(e));
         const sqlParams = [];
         const whereSql = pushed.map((e) => this.translate(e, params, sqlParams)).join(" AND ");
-        // A LIMIT is only safe when nothing is left to filter in-memory and the
-        // result is unordered (first/single are "some row" without an order by).
+        // A LIMIT is only safe when nothing is left to filter in-memory, the result
+        // is unordered (first/single are "some row" without an order by), and the
+        // query carries no limit/offset of its own (the residual applies those, so
+        // a SQL LIMIT underneath would starve them).
         let tail = "";
-        if (!residual && !query.orderBy) {
+        if (!residual && !query.orderBy && !query.limit && !query.offset) {
             if (query.consumer === "first")
                 tail = " LIMIT 1";
             else if (query.consumer === "single")

package/dist/adapters/sqlite.js.map

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package/dist/ast.d.ts

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
-/** Query consumers — how a (sub)query's row set is shaped. */
-export type Consumer = "collect" | "exists" | "count" | "first" | "single";
+/** Query consumers — how a (sub)query's row set is shaped. `none` is the
+ * zero-cardinality complement of `exists` (true iff the block yields no rows). */
+export type Consumer = "collect" | "exists" | "none" | "count" | "first" | "single";
 /** Comparison operators usable in a `count { … } <op> <int>` test. */
 export type RelOp = "==" | "!=" | "<" | "<=" | ">" | ">=";
 /** Scalar value/predicate expression, evaluated against a row scope + bindings. */
@@ -102,6 +103,18 @@ export interface Subquery {
     select: SelectItem[];
     orderBy: OrderSpec[] | null;
     follow: Follow | null;
+    /** `values` — scalar projection mode: the (single) projected expression is the
+     * row's result itself rather than being wrapped in a `{ name: value }` record,
+     * so `name values` yields `["Bob", …]` and `$value values` yields the rows. */
+    values?: boolean;
+    /** `limit N` / `offset N` — bound the row set AFTER where/order/distinct and
+     * BEFORE the consumer reduces it, so `count { … limit 5 }` is at most 5 and
+     * `first { … offset 1 }` is the second row. Each is a value expression
+     * (a literal, a `${…}` binding, or an outer reference) read as part of the
+     * block — `^n` is the enclosing row's field, as everywhere inside `{ … }` —
+     * and must yield a non-negative integer. */
+    limit?: Expr;
+    offset?: Expr;
 }
 /** The where-clause boolean tree: OQX owns &&/||/!/grouping so consumer ops
  * (invisible to the scalar evaluator) compose with scalar predicates. */
@@ -129,5 +142,10 @@ export interface Query {
     follow: Follow | null;
     /** `distinct` — dedup the result rows by their projected value (see OpNode). */
     distinct?: boolean;
+    /** `values` — scalar projection mode (see Subquery). */
+    values?: boolean;
+    /** `limit N` / `offset N` (see Subquery); evaluated at the root scope. */
+    limit?: Expr;
+    offset?: Expr;
 }
 //# sourceMappingURL=ast.d.ts.map

package/dist/ast.d.ts.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
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package/dist/engine.d.ts

@@ -7,6 +7,9 @@ export type OqxResult = {
 } | {
     consumer: "exists";
     exists: boolean;
+} | {
+    consumer: "none";
+    none: boolean;
 } | {
     consumer: "count";
     count: number;
@@ -25,6 +28,7 @@ export declare class InMemoryEngine implements Engine {
     private ctx;
     constructor(context?: DataContext);
     run(query: Query, bindings?: readonly unknown[]): OqxResult;
+    private boundOf;
     private matches;
     private rowsOf;
     private child;
@@ -33,8 +37,10 @@ export declare class InMemoryEngine implements Engine {
     private followWalk;
     private shape;
     private projectRow;
+    private itemValue;
     private evalWhere;
     private evalWhereOp;
+    private opRows;
     private anyMatch;
     private iterMatchRows;
     private matchRows;

package/dist/engine.d.ts.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"version":3,"file":"engine.d.ts","sourceRoot":"","sources":["../src/engine.ts"],"names":[],"mappings":"AAcA,OAAO,KAAK,EACV,KAAK,EACN,MAAM,UAAU,CAAC;AAClB,OAAO,KAAK,EAAE,WAAW,EAAE,MAAM,cAAc,CAAC;AAOhD,yEAAyE;AACzE,MAAM,MAAM,SAAS,GACjB;IAAE,QAAQ,EAAE,SAAS,CAAC;IAAC,IAAI,EAAE,OAAO,EAAE,CAAA;CAAE,GACxC;IAAE,QAAQ,EAAE,QAAQ,CAAC;IAAC,MAAM,EAAE,OAAO,CAAA;CAAE,GACvC;IAAE,QAAQ,EAAE,OAAO,CAAC;IAAC,KAAK,EAAE,MAAM,CAAA;CAAE,GACpC;IAAE,QAAQ,EAAE,OAAO,CAAC;IAAC,GAAG,EAAE,OAAO,GAAG,IAAI,CAAA;CAAE,GAC1C;IAAE,QAAQ,EAAE,QAAQ,CAAC;IAAC,GAAG,EAAE,OAAO,GAAG,IAAI,CAAA;CAAE,CAAC;AAEhD,6EAA6E;AAC7E,MAAM,WAAW,MAAM;IACrB,GAAG,CAAC,KAAK,EAAE,KAAK,EAAE,QAAQ,EAAE,SAAS,OAAO,EAAE,GAAG,SAAS,CAAC;CAC5D;AAkBD,qBAAa,cAAe,YAAW,MAAM;IAC3C,OAAO,CAAC,GAAG,CAAc;gBAEb,OAAO,GAAE,WAAkC;IAIvD,GAAG,CAAC,KAAK,EAAE,KAAK,EAAE,QAAQ,GAAE,SAAS,OAAO,EAAO,GAAG,SAAS;IAsC/D,OAAO,CAAC,OAAO;IAKf,OAAO,CAAC,MAAM;IAId,OAAO,CAAC,KAAK;IAMb,OAAO,CAAC,SAAS;IAcjB,OAAO,CAAC,iBAAiB;IA2BzB,OAAO,CAAC,UAAU;IA6DlB,OAAO,CAAC,KAAK;IAYb,OAAO,CAAC,UAAU;IAWlB,OAAO,CAAC,SAAS;IAcjB,OAAO,CAAC,WAAW;IA6BnB,OAAO,CAAC,QAAQ;IAKhB,OAAO,CAAE,aAAa;IAStB,OAAO,CAAC,SAAS;IAKjB,OAAO,CAAC,gBAAgB;IAyBxB,OAAO,CAAC,UAAU;IAwBlB,OAAO,CAAC,QAAQ;IAqDhB,OAAO,CAAC,SAAS;IAOjB,OAAO,CAAC,QAAQ;CAYjB;AA+ED,8EAA8E;AAC9E,wBAAgB,QAAQ,CAAC,KAAK,EAAE,KAAK,EAAE,QAAQ,EAAE,SAAS,OAAO,EAAE,EAAE,KAAK,EAAE,OAAO,GAAG,SAAS,CAG9F"}
+{"version":3,"file":"engine.d.ts","sourceRoot":"","sources":["../src/engine.ts"],"names":[],"mappings":"AAcA,OAAO,KAAK,EACV,KAAK,EACN,MAAM,UAAU,CAAC;AAClB,OAAO,KAAK,EAAE,WAAW,EAAE,MAAM,cAAc,CAAC;AAOhD,yEAAyE;AACzE,MAAM,MAAM,SAAS,GACjB;IAAE,QAAQ,EAAE,SAAS,CAAC;IAAC,IAAI,EAAE,OAAO,EAAE,CAAA;CAAE,GACxC;IAAE,QAAQ,EAAE,QAAQ,CAAC;IAAC,MAAM,EAAE,OAAO,CAAA;CAAE,GACvC;IAAE,QAAQ,EAAE,MAAM,CAAC;IAAC,IAAI,EAAE,OAAO,CAAA;CAAE,GACnC;IAAE,QAAQ,EAAE,OAAO,CAAC;IAAC,KAAK,EAAE,MAAM,CAAA;CAAE,GACpC;IAAE,QAAQ,EAAE,OAAO,CAAC;IAAC,GAAG,EAAE,OAAO,GAAG,IAAI,CAAA;CAAE,GAC1C;IAAE,QAAQ,EAAE,QAAQ,CAAC;IAAC,GAAG,EAAE,OAAO,GAAG,IAAI,CAAA;CAAE,CAAC;AAEhD,6EAA6E;AAC7E,MAAM,WAAW,MAAM;IACrB,GAAG,CAAC,KAAK,EAAE,KAAK,EAAE,QAAQ,EAAE,SAAS,OAAO,EAAE,GAAG,SAAS,CAAC;CAC5D;AA0BD,qBAAa,cAAe,YAAW,MAAM;IAC3C,OAAO,CAAC,GAAG,CAAc;gBAEb,OAAO,GAAE,WAAkC;IAIvD,GAAG,CAAC,KAAK,EAAE,KAAK,EAAE,QAAQ,GAAE,SAAS,OAAO,EAAO,GAAG,SAAS;IAmD/D,OAAO,CAAC,OAAO;IAef,OAAO,CAAC,OAAO;IAKf,OAAO,CAAC,MAAM;IAId,OAAO,CAAC,KAAK;IAMb,OAAO,CAAC,SAAS;IAejB,OAAO,CAAC,iBAAiB;IA2BzB,OAAO,CAAC,UAAU;IA6DlB,OAAO,CAAC,KAAK;IAeb,OAAO,CAAC,UAAU;IASlB,OAAO,CAAC,SAAS;IAMjB,OAAO,CAAC,SAAS;IAcjB,OAAO,CAAC,WAAW;IAiCnB,OAAO,CAAC,MAAM;IAQd,OAAO,CAAC,QAAQ;IAKhB,OAAO,CAAE,aAAa;IAStB,OAAO,CAAC,SAAS;IAKjB,OAAO,CAAC,gBAAgB;IA2BxB,OAAO,CAAC,UAAU;IAwBlB,OAAO,CAAC,QAAQ;IAuDhB,OAAO,CAAC,SAAS;IAQjB,OAAO,CAAC,QAAQ;CAYjB;AAyFD,8EAA8E;AAC9E,wBAAgB,QAAQ,CAAC,KAAK,EAAE,KAAK,EAAE,QAAQ,EAAE,SAAS,OAAO,EAAE,EAAE,KAAK,EAAE,OAAO,GAAG,SAAS,CAG9F"}

package/dist/engine.js

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ import { OqxError } from "./errors.js";
 import { equals, relate, arith, membership, truthy, toNumber, compareForSort, makeRange, } from "./semantics.js";
 const RECUR = new Set(["$depth", "$stop", "$leaf", "$frontier", "$ordinal"]);
 const HARD_DEPTH_CAP = 8;
+const UNBOUNDED = { offset: 0, limit: null };
 export class InMemoryEngine {
     ctx;
     constructor(context = new DefaultContext()) {
@@ -27,26 +28,36 @@ export class InMemoryEngine {
         for (const proj of query.from) {
             rows = rows.flatMap((r) => this.rowsOf(this.evalExpr(proj, this.child(r, root))));
         }
+        const bound = this.boundOf(query, root);
         if (query.follow)
-            return this.runFollow(query, rows, root);
+            return this.runFollow(query, rows, root, bound);
         // Consumer-directed short-circuits (skipped under `distinct`, which must
-        // materialize + dedup by projection before reducing).
-        if (!query.distinct && query.consumer === "exists") {
-            for (const r of rows)
-                if (this.matches(query.where, r, root))
-                    return { consumer: "exists", exists: true };
-            return { consumer: "exists", exists: false };
-        }
-        if (!query.distinct && query.consumer === "count") {
-            let count = 0;
-            for (const r of rows)
-                if (this.matches(query.where, r, root))
-                    count++;
-            return { consumer: "count", count };
+        // materialize + dedup by projection before reducing). Counting never
+        // materializes rows; exists/none stop as soon as the bound is known to be
+        // non-empty (the (offset+1)th match — or the first, when unbounded).
+        if (!query.distinct && (query.consumer === "exists" || query.consumer === "none" || query.consumer === "count")) {
+            const need = query.consumer === "count" ? Infinity : bound.offset + 1;
+            let n = 0;
+            for (const r of rows) {
+                if (this.matches(query.where, r, root)) {
+                    n++;
+                    if (n >= need)
+                        break;
+                }
+            }
+            const m = boundedCount(n, bound);
+            if (query.consumer === "count")
+                return { consumer: "count", count: m };
+            if (query.consumer === "exists")
+                return { consumer: "exists", exists: m > 0 };
+            return { consumer: "none", none: m === 0 };
         }
-        const cap = !query.orderBy && !query.distinct && query.consumer === "first" ? 1
-            : !query.orderBy && !query.distinct && query.consumer === "single" ? 2
-                : Infinity;
+        // first/single over an unordered, non-distinct set need only the rows up to
+        // the bound: offset + 1 (first) / offset + 2 (single, to detect a second).
+        const want = query.consumer === "first" ? 1 : query.consumer === "single" ? 2 : Infinity;
+        const cap = !query.orderBy && !query.distinct && want !== Infinity
+            ? bound.offset + Math.min(want, bound.limit ?? want)
+            : Infinity;
         let kept = [];
         for (const r of rows) {
             const s = { row: r, parent: root, bindings, lifts: {} };
@@ -58,8 +69,29 @@ export class InMemoryEngine {
         }
         this.sortScopes(kept, query.orderBy);
         if (query.distinct)
-            kept = this.dedupByProjection(kept, query.select);
-        return this.shape(query.consumer, kept, query.select);
+            kept = this.dedupByProjection(kept, query);
+        kept = sliceBound(kept, bound);
+        return this.shape(query.consumer, kept, query);
+    }
+    // Evaluate a block's `limit`/`offset`. The bound is part of the block, so it
+    // is read in a row-less scope INSIDE it: a bare name is absent (there is no
+    // current item yet), `^name` is the enclosing row — exactly as in the block's
+    // body — and literals/bindings are themselves. For a top-level query `scope`
+    // is the root. Each must be a non-negative integer.
+    boundOf(b, enclosing) {
+        if (!b.limit && !b.offset)
+            return UNBOUNDED;
+        const scope = enclosing.parent === null ? enclosing : { row: undefined, parent: enclosing, bindings: enclosing.bindings };
+        const read = (e, word) => {
+            if (!e)
+                return null;
+            const v = this.evalExpr(e, scope);
+            if (typeof v !== "number" || !Number.isInteger(v) || v < 0) {
+                throw new OqxError(`${word} must be a non-negative integer (got ${JSON.stringify(v ?? null)})`, "eval");
+            }
+            return v;
+        };
+        return { offset: read(b.offset, "offset") ?? 0, limit: read(b.limit, "limit") };
     }
     // A where match that needs no lift capture (exists/count fast paths).
     matches(where, row, parent) {
@@ -74,7 +106,7 @@ export class InMemoryEngine {
         return { row, parent, bindings: parent.bindings };
     }
     // ---- follow ---------------------------------------------------------------
-    runFollow(query, rows, root) {
+    runFollow(query, rows, root, bound) {
         const { seed, post } = query.where ? partitionRecur(query.where) : { seed: null, post: null };
         const seeds = seed ? rows.filter((r) => this.matches(seed, r, root)) : rows;
         const occ = this.followWalk(seeds, query.follow, root);
@@ -83,19 +115,20 @@ export class InMemoryEngine {
             scopes = scopes.filter((s) => this.evalWhere(post, s));
         this.sortScopes(scopes, query.orderBy);
         if (query.distinct)
-            scopes = this.dedupByProjection(scopes, query.select);
-        return this.shape(query.consumer, scopes, query.select);
+            scopes = this.dedupByProjection(scopes, query);
+        scopes = sliceBound(scopes, bound);
+        return this.shape(query.consumer, scopes, query);
     }
     // Dedup scopes by their PROJECTED value (`distinct`): keep the first scope per
     // distinct projection, preserving order. An empty projection dedups by row
     // identity (so `count distinct { }` counts distinct rows).
-    dedupByProjection(scopes, select) {
+    dedupByProjection(scopes, proj) {
         const seen = new Set();
         const out = [];
         for (const s of scopes) {
-            const key = select.length === 0
+            const key = proj.select.length === 0
                 ? `i:${String(this.ctx.identity(s.row))}`
-                : `p:${stableStringify(this.projectRow(select, s))}`;
+                : `p:${stableStringify(this.projectRow(proj, s))}`;
             if (seen.has(key))
                 continue;
             seen.add(key);
@@ -176,27 +209,35 @@ export class InMemoryEngine {
         }));
     }
     // ---- consumer shaping -----------------------------------------------------
-    shape(consumer, scopes, select) {
+    shape(consumer, scopes, proj) {
         switch (consumer) {
             case "exists": return { consumer, exists: scopes.length > 0 };
+            case "none": return { consumer, none: scopes.length === 0 };
             case "count": return { consumer, count: scopes.length };
-            case "collect": return { consumer, rows: scopes.map((s) => this.projectRow(select, s)) };
-            case "first": return { consumer, row: scopes.length > 0 ? this.projectRow(select, scopes[0]) : null };
+            case "collect": return { consumer, rows: scopes.map((s) => this.projectRow(proj, s)) };
+            case "first": return { consumer, row: scopes.length > 0 ? this.projectRow(proj, scopes[0]) : null };
             case "single":
                 if (scopes.length > 1)
                     throw new OqxError(`single { … } matched ${scopes.length} rows; use first { … } for zero-or-one`, "eval");
-                return { consumer, row: scopes.length > 0 ? this.projectRow(select, scopes[0]) : null };
+                return { consumer, row: scopes.length > 0 ? this.projectRow(proj, scopes[0]) : null };
         }
     }
-    projectRow(select, scope) {
+    // The per-row result: the raw row (empty projection), the single item's value
+    // itself (`values` mode), or a `{ name: value }` record.
+    projectRow(proj, scope) {
+        const { select } = proj;
         if (select.length === 0)
             return scope.row;
+        if (proj.values)
+            return this.itemValue(select[0], scope);
         const out = {};
-        for (const item of select) {
-            out[item.name] = item.kind === "field" ? this.evalExpr(item.expr, scope) : this.evalCollectValue(item.op, scope);
-        }
+        for (const item of select)
+            out[item.name] = this.itemValue(item, scope);
         return out;
     }
+    itemValue(item, scope) {
+        return item.kind === "field" ? this.evalExpr(item.expr, scope) : this.evalCollectValue(item.op, scope);
+    }
     // ---- where evaluation -----------------------------------------------------
     evalWhere(w, scope) {
         switch (w.kind) {
@@ -216,10 +257,15 @@ export class InMemoryEngine {
     evalWhereOp(op, scope) {
         if (op.sub.follow)
             throw new OqxError("`follow` is only valid on a select-position collect { … }, not a where op", "eval");
-        if (op.op === "exists")
-            return this.anyMatch(op, scope);
+        const bound = this.boundOf(op.sub, scope);
+        if (op.op === "exists" || op.op === "none") {
+            // Unbounded: stop at the first match (dedup cannot change emptiness).
+            // Bounded: the offset/limit decide emptiness, so materialize the set.
+            const any = bound === UNBOUNDED ? this.anyMatch(op, scope) : this.opRows(op, scope, bound).length > 0;
+            return op.op === "exists" ? any : !any;
+        }
         if (op.op === "collect") {
-            const matched = this.matchRows(op, scope);
+            const matched = this.opRows(op, scope, bound);
             for (const item of op.sub.select) {
                 if (item.kind !== "field")
                     continue;
@@ -237,13 +283,18 @@ export class InMemoryEngine {
             return matched.length > 0;
         }
         if (op.op === "count") {
-            let rows = this.matchRows(op, scope);
-            if (op.distinct)
-                rows = this.dedupByProjection(rows, op.sub.select);
-            const n = rows.length;
+            const n = this.opRows(op, scope, bound).length;
             return op.countCmp ? compareCount(n, op.countCmp) : n > 0;
         }
-        return this.matchRows(op, scope).length > 0;
+        return this.opRows(op, scope, bound).length > 0;
+    }
+    // The rows a consumer op reduces: matched → ordered → distinct → bounded.
+    opRows(op, scope, bound) {
+        let scopes = this.matchRows(op, scope);
+        this.sortScopes(scopes, op.sub.orderBy);
+        if (op.distinct)
+            scopes = this.dedupByProjection(scopes, op.sub);
+        return sliceBound(scopes, bound);
     }
     // Short-circuiting existence check over a consumer receiver.
     anyMatch(op, scope) {
@@ -269,6 +320,7 @@ export class InMemoryEngine {
     // A select-position collect/first/single, optionally recursive via `follow`.
     evalCollectValue(op, scope) {
         const sub = op.sub;
+        const bound = this.boundOf(sub, scope);
         let scopes;
         if (sub.follow) {
             let rows = this.rowsOf(this.evalExpr(op.receiver, scope));
@@ -276,20 +328,21 @@ export class InMemoryEngine {
                 rows = rows.flatMap((r) => this.rowsOf(this.evalExpr(proj, this.child(r, scope))));
             const seeds = sub.where ? rows.filter((r) => this.evalWhere(sub.where, { row: r, parent: scope, bindings: scope.bindings, lifts: {} })) : rows;
             scopes = this.followWalk(seeds, sub.follow, scope).map((o) => ({ row: o.row, parent: scope, bindings: scope.bindings, meta: o.meta }));
+            this.sortScopes(scopes, sub.orderBy);
+            if (op.distinct)
+                scopes = this.dedupByProjection(scopes, sub);
+            scopes = sliceBound(scopes, bound);
         }
         else {
-            scopes = this.matchRows(op, scope);
+            scopes = this.opRows(op, scope, bound);
         }
-        this.sortScopes(scopes, sub.orderBy);
-        if (op.distinct)
-            scopes = this.dedupByProjection(scopes, sub.select);
         switch (op.op) {
-            case "collect": return scopes.map((s) => this.projectRow(sub.select, s));
-            case "first": return scopes.length > 0 ? this.projectRow(sub.select, scopes[0]) : null;
+            case "collect": return scopes.map((s) => this.projectRow(sub, s));
+            case "first": return scopes.length > 0 ? this.projectRow(sub, scopes[0]) : null;
             case "single":
                 if (scopes.length > 1)
                     throw new OqxError(`single { … } for '${describeReceiver(op.receiver)}' matched ${scopes.length} rows`, "eval");
-                return scopes.length > 0 ? this.projectRow(sub.select, scopes[0]) : null;
+                return scopes.length > 0 ? this.projectRow(sub, scopes[0]) : null;
             default: throw new OqxError(`${op.op} { … } is not valid in select position`, "eval");
         }
     }
@@ -362,9 +415,11 @@ export class InMemoryEngine {
         }
     }
     // Resolve a name against ONE scope — never its ancestors. A scope provides,
-    // in order: the recursion intrinsics (`$depth`, …) when it is a follow
-    // occurrence; values lifted into it by `^name:` items; then either the row's
-    // own property or, for the root scope (no row), the context's named roots.
+    // in order: `$value` (the scope's row itself — the current item, whatever its
+    // type, so scalar collections are queryable; absent at the root, which has no
+    // row); the recursion intrinsics (`$depth`, …) when it is a follow occurrence;
+    // values lifted into it by `^name:` items; then either the row's own property
+    // or, for the root scope (no row), the context's named roots.
     //
     // A name the scope lacks is simply absent (undefined). It does NOT fall
     // through to an enclosing scope, so a query's meaning never depends on which
@@ -373,6 +428,8 @@ export class InMemoryEngine {
     // always spelled explicitly as `^name`. Present-but-falsy values (null, false,
     // 0, "") need no special case — there is no "absent, so look outward" rule.
     resolveIn(name, scope) {
+        if (name === "$value")
+            return scope.parent === null ? undefined : scope.row;
         if (RECUR.has(name))
             return scope.meta ? scope.meta[name] : undefined;
         if (scope.lifts && name in scope.lifts)
@@ -417,6 +474,16 @@ function stableStringify(v) {
 function compareCount(n, cmp) {
     return relate(cmp.op, n, cmp.value);
 }
+// Apply a bound to an ordered row set / to a match count.
+function sliceBound(rows, b) {
+    if (b === UNBOUNDED)
+        return rows;
+    return rows.slice(b.offset, b.limit == null ? undefined : b.offset + b.limit);
+}
+function boundedCount(n, b) {
+    const rest = Math.max(0, n - b.offset);
+    return b.limit == null ? rest : Math.min(rest, b.limit);
+}
 // Order `&&` conjuncts so cheap scalar leaves run before consumer-op leaves.
 function orderByCost(parts) {
     return [...parts].sort((a, b) => whereCost(a) - whereCost(b));