@oh-my-pi/pi-tui 18.0.0 → 18.0.3

package/src/tui.ts

@@ -1,31 +1,27 @@
 /**
- * Minimal TUI implementation with differential rendering.
+ * Minimal TUI implementation with explicit history batches.
  *
- * Append-only render contract: rows committed to native scrollback are
- * immutable — the tape is the terminal's visual record. Whatever scrolls
- * above the window enters history exactly once, in order: as exact-final
- * bytes when the component seam (`NativeScrollbackLiveRegion`) declared them
- * final, else as a frozen snapshot of what was on screen. When recorded
- * history diverges from the frame (a finalized block replacing its
- * scrolled-off live render), the engine erases and replays (ED3, `CSI 3 J`)
- * so history holds the content exactly once — the same replay used for
- * gestures (session replace, resize, resetDisplay). Multiplexer panes, where
- * ED3 is unsafe, instead re-anchor and recommit below the stale fragment —
- * duplication, never loss. The engine never probes or guesses the terminal's
- * scroll position, and the hot path clamps over-wide lines instead of
- * throwing. See `docs/tui-core-renderer.md`.
+ * Two output channels: a product-owned {@link TerminalFrameProvider} returns,
+ * per frame, an optional immutable {@link HistoryBatch} (finalized transcript
+ * rows appended to native history exactly once, gated by a monotonic id and
+ * acknowledgement) plus the complete mutable viewport. The writer anchors the
+ * viewport directly below whatever history remains visible, diffs
+ * viewport-only frames, and never infers finality from a row's position.
+ * Destructive clears (ED3) happen through explicit user gestures or configured
+ * settled-width rebuilds. Hosts without a
+ * provider paint their composed children as a bounded viewport and never
+ * touch history. See `docs/tui-core-renderer.md`.
  */
 import * as fs from "node:fs";
 import { performance } from "node:perf_hooks";
-import { $flag, getDebugLogPath } from "@oh-my-pi/pi-utils";
+import { $flag, getDebugLogPath, logger } from "@oh-my-pi/pi-utils";
 import { DEFAULT_MAX_INLINE_IMAGES, ImageBudget } from "./components/image";
-import { planDeccaraFills } from "./deccara";
 import { isKeyRelease, matchesKey } from "./keys";
 import { LoopWatchdog } from "./loop-watchdog";
-import { isConPTYHosted, setAltScreenActive, type Terminal } from "./terminal";
+import { setAltScreenActive, type Terminal } from "./terminal";
 import {
+	encodeKittyDeleteAllImages,
 	encodeKittyDeleteImage,
-	encodeKittyDeletePlacement,
 	encodeKittyPlacementLine,
 	ImageProtocol,
 	isImageProtocolForced,
@@ -82,10 +78,6 @@ const PAINT_BEGIN = `${HIDE_CURSOR}${SYNC_OUTPUT_BEGIN}${DISABLE_AUTOWRAP}`;
 const PAINT_END = `${ENABLE_AUTOWRAP}${SYNC_OUTPUT_END}`;
 const PAINT_BEGIN_NO_SYNC = `${HIDE_CURSOR}${DISABLE_AUTOWRAP}`;
 const PAINT_END_NO_SYNC = ENABLE_AUTOWRAP;
-const CURSOR_BEGIN = `${HIDE_CURSOR}${SYNC_OUTPUT_BEGIN}`;
-const CURSOR_BEGIN_NO_SYNC = HIDE_CURSOR;
-const CURSOR_END = SYNC_OUTPUT_END;
-const CURSOR_END_NO_SYNC = "";
 // Mouse reporting is scoped to fullscreen overlays that opt into pointer
 // interaction. 1000h = button click tracking, 1003h = any-motion tracking for
 // hover targets, and 1006h = SGR extended coordinates past column/row 223.
@@ -93,8 +85,6 @@ const CURSOR_END_NO_SYNC = "";
 // native text selection.
 const MOUSE_TRACKING_ON = "\x1b[?1000h\x1b[?1003h\x1b[?1006h";
 const MOUSE_TRACKING_OFF = "\x1b[?1006l\x1b[?1003l\x1b[?1000l";
-const ALT_SCREEN_ENTER = "\x1b[?1049h";
-const ALT_SCREEN_EXIT = "\x1b[?1049l";
 
 type InputListenerResult = { consume?: boolean; data?: string } | undefined;
 type InputListener = (data: string) => InputListenerResult;
@@ -113,6 +103,33 @@ export interface RenderScheduler {
 export interface TUIOptions {
 	renderScheduler?: RenderScheduler;
 }
+/** Physical terminal dimensions supplied to a frame provider. */
+export interface ViewportSize {
+	readonly columns: number;
+	readonly rows: number;
+}
+
+/** Immutable finalized rows offered until the terminal accepts this identifier. */
+export interface HistoryBatch {
+	readonly id: number;
+	readonly rows: readonly string[];
+}
+
+/** One history append and the complete mutable viewport for a terminal frame. */
+export interface TerminalFramePlan {
+	readonly history?: HistoryBatch;
+	readonly viewport: readonly string[];
+}
+
+/** Produces bounded terminal frames and retires acknowledged history batches. */
+export interface TerminalFrameProvider {
+	renderFrame(viewport: ViewportSize): TerminalFramePlan;
+	acknowledgeHistory(id: number): void;
+	/** Full semantic viewport used only on the transient resize buffer. */
+	renderResizeFrame?(viewport: ViewportSize): readonly string[];
+	/** Re-offer finalized history after a display reset or resize replay. */
+	resetHistory?(): void;
+}
 
 export interface TUIStartOptions {
 	/** Clear saved native scrollback before the first paint. */
@@ -199,87 +216,6 @@ export interface OverlayFocusOwner {
 	ownsOverlayFocusTarget(component: Component): boolean;
 }
 
-/**
- * Component seam for append-only native-scrollback commits. A component whose
- * rendered rows can still change reports, after each render, the local line
- * index where that mutable suffix begins. Rows above the boundary are declared
- * FINAL — byte-stable at the current width for the component's lifetime — and
- * commit to native scrollback as exact, audited content. Rows at/after the
- * boundary repaint in place inside the visible window; when they scroll above
- * the window top they normally commit as frozen visual snapshots.
- *
- * A viewport-pinned region opts out of those mutable snapshot commits. Its
- * offscreen mutable rows are virtually clipped until the boundary advances;
- * use this for fixed-height dashboards whose frames replace each other rather
- * than append. A root that reports no seam commits everything that scrolls as
- * final (shell semantics).
- *
- * When several root children report a seam in the same frame, the topmost one
- * defines the boundary and pinning policy: commits are prefix-only, so
- * everything below the first seam is already excluded.
- */
-export interface NativeScrollbackLiveRegion {
-	getNativeScrollbackLiveRegionStart(): number | undefined;
-	/** Keeps the mutable suffix viewport-local instead of recording frozen snapshots. */
-	isNativeScrollbackLiveRegionPinned?(): boolean;
-	/**
-	 * Local row where viewport pinning begins. When omitted, pinning (if
-	 * reported) starts at {@link getNativeScrollbackLiveRegionStart}. A nested
-	 * transcript uses this to keep an earlier unpinned live seam while still
-	 * capping commits at a later pinned dashboard (hub wait, todo snapshot).
-	 */
-	getNativeScrollbackLiveRegionPinnedStart?(): number | undefined;
-}
-
-export interface NativeScrollbackCommittedRows {
-	setNativeScrollbackCommittedRows(rows: number): void;
-}
-
-/**
- * Width-independent source boundary for multiplexer resize epochs. Capture
- * reads the last rendered source state; resolve maps that same logical boundary
- * into the most recent render's physical rows at its new width. The current
- * boundary identifies the source tail after updates queued during the resize.
- */
-export interface NativeScrollbackWidthEpoch {
-	captureNativeScrollbackWidthEpoch(): unknown;
-	resolveNativeScrollbackWidthEpoch(boundary: unknown): number | undefined;
-	getNativeScrollbackWidthEpochRows(): number | undefined;
-	/** False when updates can insert before captured trailing rows. */
-	isNativeScrollbackWidthEpochAppendOnly?(boundary: unknown): boolean;
-	/** Changes when child structure mutates independently of width reflow. */
-	getNativeScrollbackWidthEpochRevision?(): number;
-}
-
-/**
- * A component that discards rows after they enter native scrollback implements
- * this hook so a destructive full replay can rehydrate its complete frame.
- */
-export interface NativeScrollbackReplay {
-	prepareNativeScrollbackReplay(): void;
-}
-
-function prepareNativeScrollbackReplay(component: Component): void {
-	(component as Component & Partial<NativeScrollbackReplay>).prepareNativeScrollbackReplay?.();
-}
-
-function setNativeScrollbackCommittedRows(component: Component, rows: number): void {
-	(component as Component & Partial<NativeScrollbackCommittedRows>).setNativeScrollbackCommittedRows?.(rows);
-}
-
-function getNativeScrollbackWidthEpoch(component: Component): NativeScrollbackWidthEpoch | undefined {
-	const candidate = component as Component & Partial<NativeScrollbackWidthEpoch>;
-	return candidate.captureNativeScrollbackWidthEpoch &&
-		candidate.resolveNativeScrollbackWidthEpoch &&
-		candidate.getNativeScrollbackWidthEpochRows
-		? (candidate as NativeScrollbackWidthEpoch)
-		: undefined;
-}
-
-function getNativeScrollbackWidthEpochRevision(component: Component): number | undefined {
-	return (component as Component & Partial<NativeScrollbackWidthEpoch>).getNativeScrollbackWidthEpochRevision?.();
-}
-
 function isOverlayFocusTarget(owner: Component, component: Component | null): boolean {
 	if (component === owner) return true;
 	if (!component) return false;
@@ -287,75 +223,6 @@ function isOverlayFocusTarget(owner: Component, component: Component | null): bo
 	return candidate.ownsOverlayFocusTarget?.(component) === true;
 }
 
-function getNativeScrollbackLiveRegionStart(component: Component): number | undefined {
-	return (component as Component & Partial<NativeScrollbackLiveRegion>).getNativeScrollbackLiveRegionStart?.();
-}
-
-function getNativeScrollbackLiveRegionPinnedStart(component: Component): number | undefined {
-	const start = (
-		component as Component & Partial<NativeScrollbackLiveRegion>
-	).getNativeScrollbackLiveRegionPinnedStart?.();
-	return start === undefined || !Number.isFinite(start) ? undefined : start;
-}
-
-/**
- * Opt-in stability report for components that mutate their returned render
- * array in place across frames (instead of returning a fresh array per
- * change). The engine reads it right after the component's `render()` returns:
- * the report counts the leading rows of the just-returned array that are
- * byte-identical to the array state the reader last observed. The engine uses
- * it to reuse the composed frame's prefix — skipping marker extraction, line
- * preparation, and the committed-prefix audit for those rows.
- *
- * Contract:
- * - Reading CONSUMES the report: it re-bases the baseline to the current
- *   array state. The accumulated count therefore covers every render since
- *   the previous read, so out-of-band `render()` calls between engine frames
- *   (an exporter walking the tree) can only lower the report, never inflate
- *   it past what the engine actually has.
- * - An implementer that cannot prove stability for a frame must lower the
- *   accumulated count to 0 for that render.
- * - Rows at or beyond the report may have been mutated in place; rows before
- *   it must be the identical string values at the identical indices.
- */
-export interface RenderStablePrefix {
-	getRenderStablePrefixRows(): number;
-}
-
-function getRenderStablePrefixRows(component: Component): number | undefined {
-	return (component as Component & Partial<RenderStablePrefix>).getRenderStablePrefixRows?.();
-}
-
-/**
- * Opt-in fast path for composing only the visible tail of a tall component
- * during a terminal resize. A drag emits a SIGWINCH burst, and the width
- * changes on every event: a full compose re-lays-out (and, for markdown,
- * re-lexes) the entire transcript per event — O(history) work that is
- * discarded the instant the next event arrives. While the resize is in flight
- * the engine paints only the viewport, so it asks each tall root child for at
- * most `maxRows` rows from the bottom of its render at `width` and skips
- * composing everything above the fold. The authoritative full paint replays
- * once the drag settles (see {@link TUI} resize handling).
- *
- * Contract:
- * - Returns the BOTTOM rows of the component's full render at `width`, in
- *   top-to-bottom order, capped at `maxRows` (fewer when the component is
- *   shorter). The rows MUST be byte-identical to the corresponding tail of
- *   what `render(width)` would have returned, modulo a one-row separator at
- *   the very top edge (a transient frame the settle paint overwrites).
- * - MUST NOT mutate any persistent full-compose state: the next `render()`
- *   (the settle paint) has to reconcile exactly as if the tail render never
- *   happened. Warming pure per-width render caches is fine and desirable.
- */
-export interface ViewportTailProvider {
-	renderViewportTail(width: number, maxRows: number): readonly string[];
-}
-
-function asViewportTailProvider(component: Component): ViewportTailProvider | undefined {
-	const candidate = component as Component & Partial<ViewportTailProvider>;
-	return typeof candidate.renderViewportTail === "function" ? (candidate as ViewportTailProvider) : undefined;
-}
-
 /**
  * Interface for components that can receive focus and display a cursor.
  * When focused, the component should emit CURSOR_MARKER at the cursor position
@@ -379,27 +246,13 @@ export interface RenderRequestOptions {
 	/** Clear terminal scrollback for intentional transcript replacement. */
 	clearScrollback?: boolean;
 }
-
 /**
- * What a settled in-place width resize (multiplexer pane or an in-place-latched
- * direct terminal) does to native scrollback, which the host rewrapped at the
- * old width:
- * - `append`: replay the transcript at the current width below the old-wrap
- *   history — one fresh copy per settled resize, nothing destroyed.
- * - `rebuild`: clear native history first (ED3) and replay — history holds the
- *   transcript exactly once at the current width. Requires a host that honors
- *   an inner ED3 (tmux does; GNU screen ignores it, degrading to `append`),
- *   and erases pre-session pane history.
- * - `preserve`: repaint the viewport only — zero history growth; scrollback
- *   keeps the old-width wrap until content next scrolls off.
+ * Controls how a settled terminal resize refreshes native history.
  *
- * The raw engine defaults to `preserve` (append-only native scrollback, the
- * engine's baseline contract); `PI_TUI_RESIZE_SCROLLBACK` overrides that
- * initial value. The coding agent applies its `tui.resizeScrollback` setting
- * (default `append`) on top at startup, so interactive sessions refresh
- * stale-width history out of the box.
+ * `append` replays the current transcript below retained history, `rebuild`
+ * clears history before replaying it, and `preserve` repaints only the viewport.
  */
-export type ResizeScrollbackMode = "rebuild" | "append" | "preserve";
+export type ResizeScrollbackMode = "append" | "rebuild" | "preserve";
 
 /** Type guard to check if a component implements Focusable */
 export function isFocusable(component: Component | null): component is Component & Focusable {
@@ -455,56 +308,6 @@ function parseSizeValue(value: SizeValue | undefined, referenceSize: number): nu
 	return undefined;
 }
 
-/**
- * Detect sessions where ED3 cannot safely rebuild scrollback. Direct HerdR
- * panes support explicit clears; nested multiplexers remain unsafe because the
- * inner tmux/screen/Zellij layer owns their history.
- */
-function isMultiplexerSession(): boolean {
-	if (!isInsideTerminalMultiplexer()) return false;
-	if (Bun.env.HERDR_ENV !== "1") return true;
-	const term = Bun.env.TERM?.toLowerCase() ?? "";
-	return Boolean(
-		Bun.env.TMUX ||
-			Bun.env.STY ||
-			Bun.env.ZELLIJ ||
-			Bun.env.CMUX_WORKSPACE_ID ||
-			Bun.env.CMUX_SURFACE_ID ||
-			Bun.env.CMUX_REMOTE_TRANSPORT ||
-			term.startsWith("tmux") ||
-			term.startsWith("screen"),
-	);
-}
-
-/**
- * Terminals that re-report their size whenever the alternate screen buffer is
- * toggled. The non-multiplexer resize fast path ({@link TUI.#beginResizeViewport})
- * borrows the alternate screen for throwaway drag frames; on these terminals
- * entering/leaving the alt buffer emits a fresh SIGWINCH (Warp reports a height
- * one row different for the alt buffer), which re-enters the fast path — a
- * self-sustaining resize loop that floods ED3 full repaints even though the
- * geometry never actually changes. Routing them through the in-place
- * (multiplexer) resize path never touches the alt buffer, breaking the loop.
- *
- * `PI_TUI_RESIZE_IN_PLACE=1|0` forces this on/off for any terminal.
- */
-function reportsSizeOnAltScreenToggle(): boolean {
-	const override = Bun.env.PI_TUI_RESIZE_IN_PLACE;
-	if (override === "0" || override === "false") return false;
-	if (override === "1" || override === "true") return true;
-	return Bun.env.TERM_PROGRAM?.toLowerCase() === "warpterminal";
-}
-
-/**
- * Resize should repaint the visible window in place — no alternate-screen
- * borrow, no ED3 scrollback rewrap — for multiplexer and direct HerdR panes,
- * plus terminals that loop on alt-screen toggles. Direct HerdR remains a
- * direct terminal for explicit transcript replacement and display reset.
- */
-function resizeRepaintsInPlace(): boolean {
-	return isMultiplexerSession() || Bun.env.HERDR_ENV === "1" || reportsSizeOnAltScreenToggle();
-}
-
 /**
  * Options for overlay positioning and sizing.
  * Values can be absolute numbers or percentage strings (e.g., "50%").
@@ -576,43 +379,18 @@ export interface OverlayHandle {
 /**
  * Container - a component that contains other components
  */
-export class Container
-	implements Component, NativeScrollbackCommittedRows, NativeScrollbackReplay, NativeScrollbackWidthEpoch
-{
+export class Container implements Component {
 	children: Component[] = [];
 
 	// Memoized concatenation of the children's latest renders. Children are
 	// still rendered every frame (renders carry side effects: image placement
-	// registration, seam/stability reports); the memo only skips rebuilding
-	// the concatenated array when every child returned the exact same array
-	// reference at the same width — which, per the Component render contract,
-	// proves the rows are byte-identical. Cleared on any child-list change and
-	// on invalidate().
+	// registration); the memo only skips rebuilding the concatenated array when
+	// every child returned the exact same array reference at the same width —
+	// which, per the Component render contract, proves the rows are
+	// byte-identical. Cleared on any child-list change and on invalidate().
 	#memoLines: string[] | undefined;
 	#memoChildLines: (readonly string[])[] = [];
-	#memoChildWidthEpochRevisions: Array<number | undefined> = [];
 	#memoWidth = -1;
-	// Child identities matching #memoChildLines. Kept separately because callers
-	// may append children after the last emitted render but before SIGWINCH.
-	#memoChildren: Component[] = [];
-	#widthEpochBoundaries = new WeakMap<
-		object,
-		{
-			component: Component;
-			childBoundary: unknown;
-			sourceIndex: number;
-			leading: ReadonlyArray<{ component: Component; revision: number | undefined; rowCount: number }>;
-			trailing: ReadonlyArray<{
-				component: Component;
-				revision: number | undefined;
-				rowCount: number;
-				hadRows: boolean;
-			}>;
-		}
-	>();
-	#activeWidthEpochBoundary: object | undefined;
-	#widthEpochRevision = 0;
-	#widthEpochChildRevisions = new WeakMap<Component, number | undefined>();
 
 	#ignoreTight = false;
 
@@ -627,7 +405,6 @@ export class Container
 
 	addChild(component: Component): void {
 		this.children.push(component);
-		this.#widthEpochRevision++;
 		if (this.#ignoreTight) {
 			component.setIgnoreTight?.(true);
 		}
@@ -638,13 +415,11 @@ export class Container
 		const index = this.children.indexOf(component);
 		if (index !== -1) {
 			this.children.splice(index, 1);
-			this.#widthEpochRevision++;
 			this.#memoLines = undefined;
 		}
 	}
 
 	clear(): void {
-		if (this.children.length > 0) this.#widthEpochRevision++;
 		this.children = [];
 		this.#memoLines = undefined;
 	}
@@ -673,223 +448,23 @@ export class Container
 		}
 	}
 
-	/**
-	 * Split the committed prefix from the container's most recently rendered
-	 * rows across its children. The memoized child arrays are the exact geometry
-	 * that produced that frame; when the child list was invalidated or rebuilt,
-	 * there is no safe old-to-new coordinate mapping, so propagation waits for
-	 * the next render/post-emit publication.
-	 */
-	setNativeScrollbackCommittedRows(rows: number): void {
-		const refs = this.#memoChildLines;
-		if (this.#memoLines === undefined || refs.length !== this.children.length) return;
-		const committed = Number.isFinite(rows) ? Math.max(0, Math.trunc(rows)) : 0;
-		let offset = 0;
-		for (let i = 0; i < this.children.length; i++) {
-			const childRows = refs[i];
-			if (childRows === undefined) return;
-			setNativeScrollbackCommittedRows(
-				this.children[i]!,
-				Math.min(childRows.length, Math.max(0, committed - offset)),
-			);
-			offset += childRows.length;
-		}
-	}
-
-	/** Recursively discard layout locks that are meaningful only to the old tape. */
-	prepareNativeScrollbackReplay(): void {
-		for (const child of this.children) prepareNativeScrollbackReplay(child);
-	}
-
-	captureNativeScrollbackWidthEpoch(): unknown {
-		const refs = this.#memoChildLines;
-		const children = this.#memoChildren;
-		if (this.#memoLines === undefined || refs.length !== children.length) return undefined;
-		for (let index = children.length - 1; index >= 0; index--) {
-			const component = children[index]!;
-			const source = getNativeScrollbackWidthEpoch(component);
-			const childBoundary = source?.captureNativeScrollbackWidthEpoch();
-			if (childBoundary === undefined) continue;
-			const marker = {};
-			this.#activeWidthEpochBoundary = marker;
-			this.#widthEpochBoundaries.set(marker, {
-				component,
-				childBoundary,
-				sourceIndex: index,
-				leading: children.slice(0, index).map((child, leadingIndex) => ({
-					component: child,
-					revision: this.#memoChildWidthEpochRevisions[leadingIndex],
-					rowCount: refs[leadingIndex]!.length,
-				})),
-				trailing: children.slice(index + 1).map((child, trailingIndex) => ({
-					component: child,
-					revision: this.#memoChildWidthEpochRevisions[index + 1 + trailingIndex],
-					rowCount: refs[index + 1 + trailingIndex]!.length,
-					hadRows: refs[index + 1 + trailingIndex]!.length > 0,
-				})),
-			});
-			return marker;
-		}
-		return undefined;
-	}
-
-	resolveNativeScrollbackWidthEpoch(boundary: unknown): number | undefined {
-		if (typeof boundary !== "object" || boundary === null) return undefined;
-		const marker = this.#widthEpochBoundaries.get(boundary);
-		if (!marker) return undefined;
-		const index = marker.sourceIndex;
-		if (
-			this.#memoChildren[index] !== marker.component ||
-			this.#memoLines === undefined ||
-			this.#memoChildLines.length !== this.#memoChildren.length
-		) {
-			return undefined;
-		}
-		for (let leadingIndex = 0; leadingIndex < marker.leading.length; leadingIndex++) {
-			const captured = marker.leading[leadingIndex]!;
-			// Resolution runs only inside a width epoch, where a leading child's
-			// physical row count legitimately changes with the new wrap — comparing
-			// it to the captured count conflates reflow with mutation and fails
-			// resolution for every wrapping revisionless child. Identity plus the
-			// width-independent revision (when the component reports one) is the
-			// stability proof; a revisionless leading child that mutated in the
-			// settle window degrades to the accepted stale-history tradeoff, the
-			// same as any off-window mutation of committed rows.
-			if (
-				this.#memoChildren[leadingIndex] !== captured.component ||
-				(captured.revision !== undefined &&
-					getNativeScrollbackWidthEpochRevision(captured.component) !== captured.revision)
-			) {
-				return undefined;
-			}
-		}
-		const childRows = getNativeScrollbackWidthEpoch(marker.component)?.resolveNativeScrollbackWidthEpoch(
-			marker.childBoundary,
-		);
-		if (childRows === undefined) return undefined;
-		let rows = childRows;
-		for (let i = 0; i < index; i++) rows += this.#memoChildLines[i]!.length;
-		for (let trailingIndex = 0; trailingIndex < marker.trailing.length; trailingIndex++) {
-			const captured = marker.trailing[trailingIndex]!;
-			const currentIndex = index + 1 + trailingIndex;
-			const currentRows = this.#memoChildLines[currentIndex];
-			if (
-				this.#memoChildren[currentIndex] !== captured.component ||
-				currentRows === undefined ||
-				(captured.revision === undefined
-					? currentRows.length !== captured.rowCount
-					: getNativeScrollbackWidthEpochRevision(captured.component) !== captured.revision)
-			) {
-				let capturedRows = 0;
-				for (let index = trailingIndex; index < marker.trailing.length; index++) {
-					capturedRows += marker.trailing[index]!.rowCount;
-				}
-				let settledRows = 0;
-				for (let index = currentIndex; index < this.#memoChildLines.length; index++) {
-					settledRows += this.#memoChildLines[index]!.length;
-				}
-				rows += Math.min(capturedRows, settledRows);
-				break;
-			}
-			rows += currentRows.length;
-		}
-		return rows;
-	}
-
-	getNativeScrollbackWidthEpochRows(): number | undefined {
-		if (this.#memoLines === undefined || this.#memoChildLines.length !== this.#memoChildren.length) return undefined;
-		const marker =
-			this.#activeWidthEpochBoundary === undefined
-				? undefined
-				: this.#widthEpochBoundaries.get(this.#activeWidthEpochBoundary);
-		if (marker !== undefined) {
-			const index = marker.sourceIndex;
-			if (this.#memoChildren[index] !== marker.component) return undefined;
-			const rows = getNativeScrollbackWidthEpoch(marker.component)?.getNativeScrollbackWidthEpochRows();
-			if (rows === undefined) return undefined;
-			let boundary = rows;
-			for (let leading = 0; leading < index; leading++) boundary += this.#memoChildLines[leading]!.length;
-			for (let trailing = index + 1; trailing < this.#memoChildLines.length; trailing++) {
-				boundary += this.#memoChildLines[trailing]!.length;
-			}
-			return boundary;
-		}
-		let offset = this.#memoLines.length;
-		for (let index = this.#memoChildren.length - 1; index >= 0; index--) {
-			offset -= this.#memoChildLines[index]!.length;
-			const rows = getNativeScrollbackWidthEpoch(this.#memoChildren[index]!)?.getNativeScrollbackWidthEpochRows();
-			if (rows !== undefined) {
-				let boundary = offset + rows;
-				for (let trailing = index + 1; trailing < this.#memoChildLines.length; trailing++) {
-					boundary += this.#memoChildLines[trailing]!.length;
-				}
-				return boundary;
-			}
-		}
-		return undefined;
-	}
-
-	isNativeScrollbackWidthEpochAppendOnly(boundary: unknown): boolean {
-		if (typeof boundary !== "object" || boundary === null) return true;
-		const marker = this.#widthEpochBoundaries.get(boundary);
-		if (!marker) return true;
-		const source = getNativeScrollbackWidthEpoch(marker.component);
-		if (source?.isNativeScrollbackWidthEpochAppendOnly?.(marker.childBoundary) === false) return false;
-		if (!marker.trailing.some(child => child.hadRows)) return true;
-		for (let trailingIndex = 0; trailingIndex < marker.trailing.length; trailingIndex++) {
-			const captured = marker.trailing[trailingIndex]!;
-			const currentIndex = marker.sourceIndex + 1 + trailingIndex;
-			const currentRows = this.#memoChildLines[currentIndex];
-			const changed =
-				this.#memoChildren[currentIndex] !== captured.component ||
-				currentRows === undefined ||
-				(captured.revision === undefined
-					? currentRows.length !== captured.rowCount
-					: getNativeScrollbackWidthEpochRevision(captured.component) !== captured.revision);
-			if (changed && (captured.hadRows || marker.trailing.slice(trailingIndex + 1).some(child => child.hadRows))) {
-				return false;
-			}
-		}
-		const previousRows = source?.resolveNativeScrollbackWidthEpoch(marker.childBoundary);
-		const currentRows = source?.getNativeScrollbackWidthEpochRows();
-		return previousRows === undefined || currentRows === undefined || currentRows <= previousRows;
-	}
-
-	getNativeScrollbackWidthEpochRevision(): number {
-		for (const child of this.children) {
-			const revision = getNativeScrollbackWidthEpochRevision(child);
-			if (!this.#widthEpochChildRevisions.has(child)) {
-				this.#widthEpochChildRevisions.set(child, revision);
-			} else if (this.#widthEpochChildRevisions.get(child) !== revision) {
-				this.#widthEpochChildRevisions.set(child, revision);
-				this.#widthEpochRevision++;
-			}
-		}
-		return this.#widthEpochRevision;
-	}
-
 	render(width: number): readonly string[] {
 		width = Math.max(1, width);
 		const children = this.children;
 		const count = children.length;
 		let refs = this.#memoChildLines;
-		let revisions = this.#memoChildWidthEpochRevisions;
 		let unchanged = this.#memoLines !== undefined && this.#memoWidth === width && refs.length === count;
 		if (refs.length !== count) {
 			refs = new Array(count);
 			this.#memoChildLines = refs;
-			revisions = new Array(count);
-			this.#memoChildWidthEpochRevisions = revisions;
 		}
 		for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
 			const childLines = children[i]!.render(width);
-			revisions[i] = getNativeScrollbackWidthEpochRevision(children[i]!);
 			if (refs[i] !== childLines) {
 				unchanged = false;
 				refs[i] = childLines;
 			}
 		}
-		this.#memoChildren = children.slice();
 		this.#memoWidth = width;
 		if (unchanged) return this.#memoLines!;
 		const lines: string[] = [];
@@ -902,75 +477,18 @@ export class Container
 	}
 }
 
-/**
- * Render intent. `#doRender` classifies each frame, and the matching `#emit*`
- * method owns the bytes written and the state update.
- *
- * - `fullPaint`: gesture-driven replay — initial paint, session replacement,
- *   resize, resetDisplay. Rewrites the frame from home; destructive replaces
- *   clear native scrollback via ED3 without first blanking the viewport. The
- *   only ED3 callsite in the engine.
- * - `update`: ordinary frame. Commits the newly settled chunk at the
- *   scrollback seam (if any) and repaints the window with relative moves.
- */
-type RenderIntent =
-	| { kind: "fullPaint"; clearScrollback: boolean }
-	| { kind: "update"; chunkTo: number; windowTop: number };
-
 interface HardwareCursorState {
 	row: number;
 	col: number;
 	visible: boolean;
 }
 
-interface HardwareCursorUpdate {
-	toRow: number;
-	state: HardwareCursorState | null;
-	visible?: boolean;
-}
-
-interface CursorControlResult extends HardwareCursorUpdate {
-	seq: string;
-	toCol: number;
-	visible: boolean;
-}
-
-/**
- * One root child's contribution to the composed frame: its rendered rows,
- * frame span, and live-region report captured at render time. Component-scoped
- * frames replay the seam and viewport-pinning policy without re-rendering.
- */
-interface FrameSegment {
-	component: Component;
-	lines: readonly string[];
-	start: number;
-	rowCount: number;
-	widthEpochRevision?: number;
-	liveLocalStart?: number;
-	liveRegionPinned: boolean;
-	/** Local pin start; when omitted, pinning begins at `liveLocalStart`. */
-	liveRegionPinnedStart?: number;
-}
-
-/** Depth-first identity search through `Container`-shaped children. */
-function subtreeContains(root: Component, target: Component): boolean {
-	if (root === target) return true;
-	const children = (root as Partial<Container>).children;
-	if (!Array.isArray(children)) return false;
-	for (let i = 0; i < children.length; i++) {
-		if (subtreeContains(children[i]!, target)) return true;
-	}
-	return false;
-}
-
 interface PreparedLine {
 	raw: string;
 	width: number;
 	line: string;
 }
 
-const SGR_SEQUENCE = /\x1b\[[0-9;:]*m/g;
-
 // SGR coalescing. The renderer's component tree emits a styled span as
 // `<set-color>text<reset>`, so adjacent spans produce runs of byte-adjacent
 // SGR sequences (e.g. a `CSI 39 m` fg-reset immediately followed by the next
@@ -1104,112 +622,29 @@ export function coalesceAdjacentSgr(line: string): string {
 	return out + line.slice(copiedUpto);
 }
 
-/** Compare two rows ignoring SGR styling (theme restyles keep alignment). */
-function rowsEquivalent(a: string, b: string): boolean {
-	if (a === b) return true;
-	return a.replace(SGR_SEQUENCE, "") === b.replace(SGR_SEQUENCE, "");
-}
-
-function isBlankRow(row: string): boolean {
-	if (row.length === 0) return true;
-	return row.replace(SGR_SEQUENCE, "").trim().length === 0;
-}
-
-// Tail-alignment sampling bounds: look back through up to LOOKBACK rows of
-// the committed prefix to collect SAMPLES non-blank comparisons.
-const RESYNC_TAIL_LOOKBACK = 24;
-const RESYNC_TAIL_SAMPLES = 8;
-
-/**
- * Decide whether `frame` still aligns with the committed prefix, and where to
- * re-anchor the commit index when it does not. Returns the resync row index,
- * or -1 when no resync is needed.
- *
- * Zones (verifiedTo ≤ finalTo ≤ prefix.length):
- *   [0, verifiedTo)         VERIFIED exact rows — sampled with tolerance.
- *   [verifiedTo, finalTo)   NEWLY-FINAL rows — frozen visual snapshots whose
- *       source just became declared-final (the block finalized / a barrier
- *       cleared). Hard-scanned in FULL with no tolerance: any content change
- *       (a pending header settling, a preview replaced by its result, a tail
- *       shifting up after a barrier removal) re-anchors so the engine can
- *       erase-and-replay history with the final content exactly once (or, on
- *       ED3-unsafe multiplexers, recommit it below the frozen snapshot —
- *       duplication, never loss) instead of committing it nowhere and
- *       painting it nowhere.
- *   [finalTo, prefix.length) FROZEN visual snapshots of still-live rows —
- *       exempt: their drift is expected (a collapsing preview, a ticking
- *       progress tree) and must never spray re-anchors mid-run.
- *
- * The verified zone's sampled check exploits the asymmetry between the two
- * mutation classes: an in-place edit/restyle disturbs only the touched rows
- * (alignment below stays intact; the stale copy in history is the accepted
- * artifact), while an insertion/deletion shifts EVERY row below it. Up to 8
- * non-blank rows within the last 24 verified rows are compared SGR-stripped
- * (theme changes stay quiet), tolerating a SINGLE mismatch. The tolerance is
- * load-bearing for roots that report NO seam: an animated row already in
- * history would otherwise re-anchor on every glyph tick.
- *
- * Highly repetitive tails (identical filler rows) can mask a shift in the tail
- * sample, in which case the skipped rows are content-identical to the committed
- * ones — observationally harmless. Exported for the render-stress harness, whose
- * shadow commit ledger must mirror the engine's law exactly.
- */
-export function findCommittedPrefixResync(
-	frame: readonly string[],
-	prefix: readonly string[],
-	verifiedTo: number = prefix.length,
-	finalTo: number = verifiedTo,
-): number {
-	const verified = Math.min(prefix.length, Math.max(0, Math.trunc(verifiedTo)));
-	const hardEnd = Math.min(prefix.length, Math.max(verified, Math.trunc(finalTo)));
-	if (hardEnd === 0) return -1;
-	if (frame.length >= hardEnd) {
-		// 1. Hard scan: frozen snapshots whose source just became final. Full
-		// scan, no tolerance — a finalized row that changed must re-anchor.
-		let hardMismatch = false;
-		for (let i = verified; i < hardEnd; i++) {
-			if (!rowsEquivalent(frame[i]!, prefix[i]!)) {
-				hardMismatch = true;
-				break;
-			}
-		}
-		if (!hardMismatch) {
-			// 2. Tail sample over the verified zone (only when the hard scan is
-			// clean): walk up from its end until LOOKBACK rows or SAMPLES
-			// non-blank comparisons.
-			let samples = 0;
-			let mismatches = 0;
-			for (let j = 1; j <= verified && j <= RESYNC_TAIL_LOOKBACK && samples < RESYNC_TAIL_SAMPLES; j++) {
-				const idx = verified - j;
-				const row = frame[idx]!;
-				const old = prefix[idx]!;
-				if (row === old) {
-					if (!isBlankRow(row)) samples++;
-					continue;
-				}
-				if (isBlankRow(row) && isBlankRow(old)) continue;
-				samples++;
-				if (!rowsEquivalent(row, old)) mismatches++;
-			}
-			// No signal (all-blank tail) or at most one edited row: aligned.
-			if (samples === 0 || mismatches <= 1) return -1;
-		}
-	}
-	// Misaligned (hard mismatch, tail-sample shift, or the frame no longer
-	// covers the checked zones): re-anchor at the first row whose content
-	// changed.
-	const limit = Math.min(hardEnd, frame.length);
-	for (let i = 0; i < limit; i++) {
-		if (!rowsEquivalent(frame[i]!, prefix[i]!)) return i;
-	}
-	return limit < hardEnd ? limit : -1;
-}
-
 /**
  * TUI - Main class for managing terminal UI with differential rendering
  */
 export class TUI extends Container {
 	terminal: Terminal;
+	#frameProvider: TerminalFrameProvider | undefined;
+	#acceptedHistoryBatchId = 0;
+	// Screen row where the provider's mutable viewport begins (0-based); rows
+	// above it hold history still visible on the physical screen.
+	#providerViewportTop = 0;
+	// Viewport-relative row of the hardware cursor after the last normal paint
+	// (0 = parked at the viewport top). A resize reflows the normal buffer
+	// before the app hears about it; terminals keep the cursor attached to its
+	// logical line through rewrap, so a DSR round trip against this parked
+	// cursor recovers the reflowed viewport anchor (see #resolveResizeAnchor).
+	#parkedViewportOffset = 0;
+	// In-flight post-resize anchor probe: the stale viewport snapshot and park
+	// offset captured when CSI 6n was written, plus the no-reply fallback timer.
+	#resizeProbe: { window: readonly string[]; offset: number; timer: RenderTimer } | undefined;
+	// Unanswered CSI 6n probes; CPR replies are consumed from input while > 0.
+	#pendingCprReplies = 0;
+	// Prepared rows painted by the previous provider frame, for row diffing.
+	#providerWindow: string[] = [];
 	#previousFrameLength = 0;
 	#previousWidth = 0;
 	#previousHeight = 0;
@@ -1252,31 +687,11 @@ export class TUI extends Container {
 	static readonly #MAX_PENDING_OUTPUT_BYTES = 256 * 1024;
 	/** Retry cadence while the output backlog gate is holding renders back. */
 	static readonly #OUTPUT_BACKLOG_RETRY_MS = 10;
-	#inputRenderGraceUntilMs = 0;
-	// Pane-reflow settle window for tmux/screen/zellij. The host process gets
-	// SIGWINCH (and `process.stdout` already reports the new geometry) before
-	// the multiplexer finishes repainting the pane at the new size, and
-	// drag-resize/pane-close animations fire several events in flight. A forced
-	// render on each SIGWINCH races those mid-reflow paints — the multiplexer's
-	// catch-up paint then partially overwrites the TUI output, which the user
-	// sees as a viewport flash or blank screen before the next throttled frame
-	// arrives (issue #2088). Coalescing every SIGWINCH inside this window into
-	// a single forced render lets the multiplexer settle first.
-	static readonly #MULTIPLEXER_RESIZE_DEBOUNCE_MS = 50;
-	// Resize viewport fast path (non-multiplexer). A drag emits a SIGWINCH burst,
-	// and outside a multiplexer the host gets each new geometry atomically. The
-	// authoritative resize paint erases and replays the entire transcript so it
-	// rewraps at the new width — O(history) compose (markdown re-lexes every
-	// block, the per-width cache missing on every distinct drag width) plus an
-	// O(history) write that pushes all of it back through native scrollback. At
-	// drag rates that whole-history pass is recomputed dozens of times a second
-	// and discarded the instant the next event lands. While the drag is in
-	// flight the engine instead composes and paints ONLY the viewport (see
-	// `#renderResizeViewport`): a state-isolated, throwaway frame that never
-	// touches the commit ledger. The authoritative full replay fires once, after
-	// the drag has been quiet for this long. Multiplexer sessions keep their own
-	// debounce (`#armMultiplexerResizeTimer`, see #2088) and never take this path.
+	/** Quiet window before restoring the normal buffer after resize. */
 	static readonly #RESIZE_VIEWPORT_SETTLE_MS = 120;
+	/** Longest wait for a CPR reply before the settled repaint falls back. */
+	static readonly #RESIZE_PROBE_TIMEOUT_MS = 200;
+	#inputRenderGraceUntilMs = 0;
 	// A scale-`s` OSC 66 heading reserves `s - 1` rows, and the protocol
 	// caps `s` at 7. This bounds spacer lookups and supplies enough context
 	// above the resize viewport to classify every legal heading exactly.
@@ -1285,32 +700,8 @@ export class TUI extends Container {
 	// settle window, leaving only Unicode placeholder cells. Hold the first image
 	// paint until that window has passed; later images render normally.
 	static readonly #GHOSTTY_INITIAL_IMAGE_DELAY_MS = 100;
-	// Post-paint settle window for ConPTY hosts. The `sessionReplace` /
-	// `historyRebuild` / `overlayRebuild` intents drive `#emitFullPaint` over
-	// a transcript that overflows the viewport, scroll-pushing everything past
-	// the last `height` rows into native scrollback. Windows Terminal's
-	// viewport-follow logic gets lossy during that burst: spinner/blink-driven
-	// `requestRender(false)` calls firing inside the window each produce another
-	// diff write, and the WT host processes them faster than its viewport
-	// tracker can keep up — the visible tail ends up parked a few rows above
-	// the actual last row until any focus event (Alt+Tab) forces a host repaint.
-	// Coalescing every non-forced render inside this window into a single
-	// trailing render lets the host fully settle the big paint before any
-	// follow-up writes touch the buffer. The first-ever `initial` paint is
-	// deliberately exempt: nothing has been on screen yet, so no drift can
-	// have accumulated, and tests that start the TUI over an over-tall
-	// component depend on the next paint firing without delay. Only armed on
-	// ConPTY hosts (`isConPTYHosted()`); other terminals do not exhibit the
-	// drift and would just see an unnecessary post-paint latency. See #2095.
-	static readonly #CONPTY_POST_FULL_PAINT_SETTLE_MS = 150;
-	static readonly #CONPTY_FRAME_TRUNCATE_THRESHOLD_BYTES = 512 * 1024;
-	static readonly #CONPTY_FRAME_RETAIN_BYTES = 64 * 1024;
-	#postFullPaintSettleUntilMs = 0;
-	#postFullPaintSettleTimer: RenderTimer | undefined;
 	#hardwareCursorRow = 0; // Actual terminal cursor row (may differ due to IME positioning)
 	#hardwareCursorState: HardwareCursorState | null = null;
-	#hardwareCursorVisibilityKnown = false;
-	#hardwareCursorVisible = false;
 	#sixelProbePendingGraphics = false;
 	#sixelProbeBuffer = "";
 	#sixelProbeTimeout?: NodeJS.Timeout;
@@ -1319,86 +710,7 @@ export class TUI extends Container {
 	#synchronizedOutputEnabled = shouldEnableSynchronizedOutputByDefault();
 	#paintBeginSequence = this.#synchronizedOutputEnabled ? PAINT_BEGIN : PAINT_BEGIN_NO_SYNC;
 	#paintEndSequence = this.#synchronizedOutputEnabled ? PAINT_END : PAINT_END_NO_SYNC;
-	#cursorBeginSequence = this.#synchronizedOutputEnabled ? CURSOR_BEGIN : CURSOR_BEGIN_NO_SYNC;
-	#cursorEndSequence = this.#synchronizedOutputEnabled ? CURSOR_END : CURSOR_END_NO_SYNC;
-	// Rows of the current frame physically committed to the terminal tape
-	// (native scrollback or scrolled past the window top). Immutable by
-	// contract: the engine never rewrites them. Rows below
-	// #committedPrefixAuditRows entered as exact-final bytes (the component
-	// seam declared them); rows at/after it are frozen visual snapshots that
-	// scrolled off the window top while still live.
-	#committedRows = 0;
-	// Raw rows mirroring [0, #committedRows) — the engine's claim of what it
-	// committed. The audited prefix [0, #committedPrefixAuditRows) is checked
-	// each ordinary frame against the current render to detect components
-	// re-laying-out declared-final content (see #auditCommittedPrefix). Holds
-	// references to component-cached strings, so the audit is a pointer walk
-	// in the common case.
-	#committedPrefix: string[] = [];
-	// Rows of the committed prefix that were HARD-VERIFIED as exact-final
-	// bytes (committed below the exactness boundary, or frozen snapshots that
-	// passed the one-time strict scan when the boundary rose past them). Rows
-	// in [#committedPrefixAuditRows, #committedRows) are frozen visual
-	// snapshots of still-live content — the terminal's record of what was on
-	// screen when it scrolled off — and are audit-exempt while their source
-	// remains live, so a collapsing preview never sprays re-anchors mid-run.
-	// When the exactness boundary rises past them (the block finalized), they
-	// are strict-scanned exactly once: unchanged rows join the verified zone,
-	// a divergence re-anchors so the final content recommits below the frozen
-	// snapshot (duplication, never loss). Re-based on full paints / shrinks /
-	// geometry frames.
-	#committedPrefixAuditRows = 0;
-	// Width reflow terminates the meaning of the old committed physical-row
-	// index in an in-place resize session. This is the current-width frame
-	// baseline; only later physical-row growth may advance the append ledger.
-	#widthEpochBaselineRows: number | undefined;
-	// An unresolved captured source boundary was replayed from row zero. While
-	// its live region remains pinned, advance the baseline only through rows
-	// actually emitted; a reported final seam may otherwise skip deferred rows.
-	#widthEpochReplayUnresolved = false;
-	// An overlay-covered width reset with unresolved pending growth owes a
-	// conservative replay from row zero. Sticky across later covered resizes —
-	// even if their source boundary resolves — until an uncovered paint pays it.
-	#widthEpochOverlayReplayPending = false;
-	// The first logical boundary captured while a normal-buffer overlay covers
-	// a width epoch. Later covered resizes must keep resolving this unpaid seam
-	// instead of adopting hidden growth as the next epoch's source boundary.
-	#widthEpochOverlayBoundary: unknown;
-	// Same-width snapshots physically appended after a width transition. The
-	// ordinary committed prefix includes opaque old-width native rows and can
-	// no longer be indexed against the reflowed frame; this local ledger lets
-	// newly-final post-epoch rows retain the one-time strict audit contract.
-	#widthEpochCommittedPrefix?: {
-		nativeBaseRows: number;
-		frameRows: number[];
-		prefix: string[];
-		auditRows: number;
-	};
-	// Logical source boundary captured from the last emitted frame at the first
-	// SIGWINCH in a multiplexer resize burst. Unlike physical row counts, the
-	// opaque marker survives width reflow and resolves after the settled render.
-	#multiplexerWidthEpochBoundary: unknown;
-	#multiplexerWidthEpochPending = false;
-	// Normal-buffer boundary borrowed by a fullscreen alt overlay. If the host
-	// resizes while the transcript is hidden, this remains the physical seam
-	// from before the overlay instead of adopting hidden growth on exit.
-	#altWidthEpochBoundary: unknown;
-
-	// Frame row currently mapped to screen row 0. Monotonic between full
-	// paints: a shrink never re-exposes scrolled-off rows (they cannot be
-	// un-scrolled without rewriting history); live rows repaint at fixed
-	// positions with blank rows below the shrunken tail.
-	#windowTopRow = 0;
-	// Exactly what is painted on the screen rows (post-composite, prepared).
-	#previousWindow: string[] = [];
-	#nativeScrollbackLiveRegionStart: number | undefined;
-	#nativeScrollbackLiveRegionPinned = false;
-	// Start row of the topmost live region that pinned itself. The topmost seam
-	// governs the exactness boundary and the frame-wide pin policy, but a pinned
-	// region BELOW an unpinned seam (an anchored HUD/panel under a streaming
-	// transcript) still must never commit its rows to native scrollback. This is
-	// the ceiling no commit may cross, independent of the topmost seam's policy.
-	#nativeScrollbackPinnedBoundary: number | undefined;
+
 	#fullRedrawCount = 0;
 	// Caps how many inline images render as live graphics; older ones fall back
 	// to text via a purge + full redraw. Cap is configured by the host app.
@@ -1407,78 +719,11 @@ export class TUI extends Container {
 	#ghosttyInitialImageDelayTimer: RenderTimer | undefined;
 	#ghosttyImageReadyAtMs = 0;
 	#clearScrollbackOnNextRender = false;
-	// Set by `resetDisplay()` and consumed by the next authoritative normal-screen
-	// render. If that render is a full paint, it is a user-driven replay of the
-	// current transcript (Ctrl+O expand, thinking/setting toggles, display reset)
-	// that must show every row, so it opts out of #truncateLargeConptyFrame.
-	// Multiplexer resets render as in-place updates; consuming the flag there
-	// prevents a later /resume or handoff bulk replacement from inheriting it.
-	#unboundedConptyPaintRequested = false;
+	// Consumed by the next frame: a user-driven redraw gesture (resetDisplay,
+	// requestRender(true)) that must rewrite the viewport even when the diff
+	// believes nothing changed.
 	#forceViewportRepaintOnNextRender = false;
 	#hasEverRendered = false;
-	#scrollbackRebuildEnabled =
-		Bun.env.PI_TUI_SCROLLBACK_REBUILD === "1" || Bun.env.PI_TUI_SCROLLBACK_REBUILD === "true";
-	#resizeScrollbackMode: ResizeScrollbackMode = TUI.#initialResizeScrollbackMode();
-	static #initialResizeScrollbackMode(): ResizeScrollbackMode {
-		const raw = Bun.env.PI_TUI_RESIZE_SCROLLBACK;
-		return raw === "rebuild" || raw === "preserve" || raw === "append" ? raw : "preserve";
-	}
-	// A width epoch settled while a visible overlay froze commits, so the
-	// resize-scrollback refresh could not run. Consumed by the first uncovered
-	// authoritative normal-screen render so the stale old-width history is
-	// repaired even if no further resize arrives. Any full paint clears it,
-	// including one that fires while an overlay is still visible (session
-	// replace, divergence rebuild): a full paint re-emits the committed prefix
-	// from the recomposed current-width frame, which is exactly the refresh
-	// this latch is waiting for — it supersedes the pending replay.
-	#resizeScrollbackReplayPending = false;
-	// Set by the terminal resize callback; consumed by the next render. A resize
-	// event invalidates the committed screen even when the dimensions net out
-	// unchanged by render time (e.g. a 6→4→6 round trip coalesced into one frame
-	// budget): the terminal reflowed its buffer on each event, moving rows
-	// between the viewport and scrollback, so the previous frame no longer
-	// describes the screen. Tracking only the dimension delta misses this.
-	#resizeEventPending = false;
-	// Active multiplexer SIGWINCH debounce. Reset on each event so the timer
-	// only fires once the pane stops resizing. Forced renders (resetDisplay,
-	// finishSixelProbe, …) issued during the settle window route through the
-	// same timer; their `clearScrollback` intent is OR'd into the deferred
-	// flag below so the settled paint still honours every caller's request.
-	#multiplexerResizeTimer: RenderTimer | undefined;
-	#deferredForcedClearScrollback = false;
-	#multiplexerResizeHasPendingRender = false;
-	// Rows a mux pane pushed into its own scrollback on a height-only shrink
-	// without the engine committing them, plus the commit seam at push time.
-	// A later height grow pulls the pane's scrollback tail back into the grid:
-	// the pushed rows come out first — but only while no commit has buried
-	// them — and only the remainder of the pull removes committed rows.
-	#muxPushedRows = 0;
-	#muxPushSeam = 0;
-	// True from the first SIGWINCH of a non-multiplexer drag until the settle
-	// timer fires. While set, every `#doRender` short-circuits to the viewport
-	// fast path (`#renderResizeViewport`) instead of an authoritative full
-	// paint, and no commit/window/diff state is advanced.
-	#resizeViewportActive = false;
-	// Quiet-window timer that ends the drag: its callback clears the flag and
-	// drives the one authoritative full paint. Reset on every resize event so it
-	// only fires once the drag stops. Cancelled on stop().
-	#resizeViewportSettleTimer: RenderTimer | undefined;
-	// Count of transient viewport-only resize paints emitted. Distinct from
-	// `#fullRedrawCount`: these never enter native scrollback and exist only for
-	// the lifetime of the drag. Exposed for tests/diagnostics.
-	#resizeViewportPaintCount = 0;
-	// During a live resize drag the terminal's normal buffer may reflow full-width
-	// rows before our repaint lands. Borrow the alternate screen for throwaway
-	// resize frames so width changes truncate the transient viewport instead of
-	// pushing wrapped fragments into native scrollback.
-	#resizeAltActive = false;
-	// Latched once this terminal is observed re-reporting its size across an
-	// alternate-screen toggle (a pure height change between alt-buffer enter and
-	// exit). That is the Warp-class quirk {@link reportsSizeOnAltScreenToggle}
-	// hardcodes: without it, leaving a fullscreen overlay flashes a destructive
-	// ED3 full paint and the revert SIGWINCH flashes another (#6511). Once set,
-	// {@link #resizeRepaintsInPlace} routes resizes through the in-place path.
-	#altToggleResizesInPlace = false;
 	#stopped = false;
 	/** True between a `deferInput` start() and enableInput(). */
 	#inputDeferred = false;
@@ -1497,63 +742,15 @@ export class TUI extends Container {
 	#altPreviousLines: string[] = [];
 	#altEnterWidth = 0;
 	#altEnterHeight = 0;
+	#resizeAltActive = false;
+	#resizeSettleTimer: RenderTimer | undefined;
+	#suppressResizeUntil = 0;
+	#resizeScrollbackMode: ResizeScrollbackMode = TUI.#initialResizeScrollbackMode();
+	#resizeReplaySize: string | undefined;
 	// Holds an alternate-screen exit until its replacement full paint can emit it
 	// atomically. It must survive a deferred Ghostty image frame.
 	#pendingAltExit = "";
 
-	// Persistent composed frame. The render override splices only rows at/after
-	// the stable prefix each frame; cursor markers are stripped at ingestion so
-	// the frame never carries them. Returned to render() callers — treated as
-	// immutable by them per the Component render contract.
-	#composedFrame: string[] = [];
-	// Per-root-child segment ledger backing the stable-prefix computation.
-	#frameSegments: FrameSegment[] = [];
-	#composeWidth = -1;
-	#rootWidthEpochBoundaries = new WeakMap<
-		object,
-		{
-			component: Component;
-			childBoundary: unknown;
-			sourceIndex: number;
-			leading: ReadonlyArray<{ component: Component; revision: number | undefined; rowCount: number }>;
-			trailing: ReadonlyArray<{ component: Component; revision: number | undefined; rowCount: number }>;
-			hasTrailingRows: boolean;
-		}
-	>();
-
-	// Cursor markers stripped at ingestion, ascending by frame row.
-	#frameCursorMarkers: { row: number; col: number }[] = [];
-	// Leading rows of #composedFrame byte-identical to the previous compose.
-	#renderStablePrefixRows = 0;
-
-	// Component-scoped render accumulation. Targets are the components handed
-	// to requestComponentRender() since the last frame; the flag stays true
-	// only while EVERY pending request is component-scoped. Both are consumed
-	// once per frame by #doRender.
-	#componentRenderTargets = new Set<Component>();
-	#pendingRenderComponentsOnly = false;
-	// Root children that must re-render during the current compose; null for a
-	// full compose. Non-null only for the duration of a component-scoped
-	// render() call inside #doRender (the scratch set below, reused per frame).
-	#partialComposeRoots: Set<Component> | null = null;
-	#partialComposeRootsScratch = new Set<Component>();
-	// Target component -> containing root child, so animation-rate requests do
-	// not re-walk a huge transcript subtree every frame.
-	#componentRootCache = new WeakMap<Component, Component>();
-	#scopedInputRenderComponents = new WeakSet<Component>();
-
-	// Persistent prepared frame, row-aligned with #composedFrame. Entries store
-	// normalized, width-fitted content rows without the per-line terminal
-	// terminator; terminators are appended only at write time so width checks
-	// stay on content, not reset bytes. #preparedValidRows counts the leading
-	// rows known prepared against the CURRENT composed frame: a compose lowers
-	// it to the stable prefix, a completed prepare raises it to the frame
-	// length, and an abandoned frame (ghostty image defer) leaves it lowered so
-	// the next prepare revalidates the splice.
-	#preparedFrame: string[] = [];
-	#preparedMeta: PreparedLine[] = [];
-	#preparedValidRows = 0;
-
 	// Overlay stack for modal components rendered on top of base content
 	overlayStack: {
 		component: Component;
@@ -1569,406 +766,17 @@ export class TUI extends Container {
 		this.#showHardwareCursor = showHardwareCursor === undefined ? this.#showHardwareCursor : showHardwareCursor;
 		this.#watchdog = new LoopWatchdog();
 	}
-
-	override captureNativeScrollbackWidthEpoch(): unknown {
-		const liveSource = this.#frameSegments.findIndex(segment => segment.liveLocalStart !== undefined);
-		const indices = Array.from({ length: this.#frameSegments.length }, (_value, index) => index)
-			.reverse()
-			.filter(index => index !== liveSource);
-		if (liveSource >= 0) indices.unshift(liveSource);
-		for (const index of indices) {
-			const segment = this.#frameSegments[index]!;
-			const source = getNativeScrollbackWidthEpoch(segment.component);
-			const childBoundary = source?.captureNativeScrollbackWidthEpoch();
-			if (childBoundary === undefined) continue;
-			const marker = {};
-			this.#rootWidthEpochBoundaries.set(marker, {
-				component: segment.component,
-				childBoundary,
-				sourceIndex: index,
-				leading: this.#frameSegments.slice(0, index).map(candidate => ({
-					component: candidate.component,
-					revision: candidate.widthEpochRevision,
-					rowCount: candidate.rowCount,
-				})),
-				trailing: this.#frameSegments.slice(index + 1).map(candidate => ({
-					component: candidate.component,
-					revision: candidate.widthEpochRevision,
-					rowCount: candidate.rowCount,
-				})),
-				hasTrailingRows: this.#frameSegments.slice(index + 1).some(candidate => candidate.rowCount > 0),
-			});
-			return marker;
-		}
-		return undefined;
-	}
-
-	override resolveNativeScrollbackWidthEpoch(boundary: unknown): number | undefined {
-		if (typeof boundary !== "object" || boundary === null) return undefined;
-		const marker = this.#rootWidthEpochBoundaries.get(boundary);
-		if (!marker) return undefined;
-		const segment = this.#frameSegments[marker.sourceIndex];
-		if (segment?.component !== marker.component) return undefined;
-		for (let index = 0; index < marker.leading.length; index++) {
-			const captured = marker.leading[index]!;
-			const current = this.#frameSegments[index];
-			// Width epoch context: a leading root child's row count legitimately
-			// changes with the new wrap (the startup banner and warning texts wrap
-			// differently per width), so a captured-vs-current row count comparison
-			// conflates reflow with mutation and forces the conservative replay on
-			// every width change. Identity plus the width-independent revision
-			// (when reported) proves stability; a revisionless leading child that
-			// mutated inside the settle window degrades to the accepted
-			// stale-history tradeoff instead of failing resolution.
-			if (
-				current?.component !== captured.component ||
-				(captured.revision !== undefined && current.widthEpochRevision !== captured.revision)
-			) {
-				return undefined;
-			}
-		}
-		const childRows = getNativeScrollbackWidthEpoch(marker.component)?.resolveNativeScrollbackWidthEpoch(
-			marker.childBoundary,
-		);
-		if (childRows === undefined) return undefined;
-		let rows = segment.start + childRows;
-		for (let trailingIndex = 0; trailingIndex < marker.trailing.length; trailingIndex++) {
-			const captured = marker.trailing[trailingIndex]!;
-			const candidate = this.#frameSegments[marker.sourceIndex + 1 + trailingIndex];
-			// Changed/removed tails are not individually cross-width comparable.
-			// Preserve the shared physical row count of the remaining tail as one
-			// span; only aggregate height growth belongs to the current suffix.
-			if (
-				candidate?.component !== captured.component ||
-				(captured.revision === undefined
-					? candidate.rowCount !== captured.rowCount
-					: candidate.widthEpochRevision !== captured.revision)
-			) {
-				let capturedRows = 0;
-				for (let index = trailingIndex; index < marker.trailing.length; index++) {
-					capturedRows += marker.trailing[index]!.rowCount;
-				}
-				let settledRows = 0;
-				for (let index = marker.sourceIndex + 1 + trailingIndex; index < this.#frameSegments.length; index++) {
-					settledRows += this.#frameSegments[index]!.rowCount;
-				}
-				rows += Math.min(capturedRows, settledRows);
-				break;
-			}
-			rows += candidate.rowCount;
-		}
-		return rows;
-	}
-
-	#getNativeScrollbackWidthEpochCurrentRows(boundary: unknown): number | undefined {
-		if (typeof boundary !== "object" || boundary === null) return undefined;
-		const marker = this.#rootWidthEpochBoundaries.get(boundary);
-		if (!marker) return undefined;
-		const index = marker.sourceIndex;
-		if (this.#frameSegments[index]?.component !== marker.component) return undefined;
-		const sourceRows = getNativeScrollbackWidthEpoch(marker.component)?.getNativeScrollbackWidthEpochRows();
-		if (sourceRows === undefined) return undefined;
-		let rows = this.#frameSegments[index]!.start + sourceRows;
-		for (let trailing = index + 1; trailing < this.#frameSegments.length; trailing++) {
-			rows += this.#frameSegments[trailing]!.rowCount;
-		}
-		return rows;
-	}
-
-	#isNativeScrollbackWidthEpochAppendOnly(boundary: unknown): boolean {
-		if (typeof boundary !== "object" || boundary === null) return true;
-		const marker = this.#rootWidthEpochBoundaries.get(boundary);
-		if (!marker) return true;
-		const source = getNativeScrollbackWidthEpoch(marker.component);
-		if (source?.isNativeScrollbackWidthEpochAppendOnly?.(marker.childBoundary) === false) return false;
-		if (!marker.hasTrailingRows) return true;
-		for (let trailingIndex = 0; trailingIndex < marker.trailing.length; trailingIndex++) {
-			const captured = marker.trailing[trailingIndex]!;
-			const current = this.#frameSegments[marker.sourceIndex + 1 + trailingIndex];
-			const changed =
-				current?.component !== captured.component ||
-				(captured.revision === undefined
-					? current.rowCount !== captured.rowCount
-					: current.widthEpochRevision !== captured.revision);
-			if (
-				changed &&
-				(captured.rowCount > 0 || marker.trailing.slice(trailingIndex + 1).some(segment => segment.rowCount > 0))
-			) {
-				return false;
-			}
-		}
-		const previousRows = source?.resolveNativeScrollbackWidthEpoch(marker.childBoundary);
-		const currentRows = source?.getNativeScrollbackWidthEpochRows();
-		return previousRows === undefined || currentRows === undefined || currentRows <= previousRows;
-	}
-
-	override getNativeScrollbackWidthEpochRows(): number | undefined {
-		for (let index = this.#frameSegments.length - 1; index >= 0; index--) {
-			const segment = this.#frameSegments[index]!;
-			const rows = getNativeScrollbackWidthEpoch(segment.component)?.getNativeScrollbackWidthEpochRows();
-			if (rows !== undefined) {
-				let boundary = segment.start + rows;
-				for (let trailing = index + 1; trailing < this.#frameSegments.length; trailing++) {
-					boundary += this.#frameSegments[trailing]!.rowCount;
-				}
-				return boundary;
-			}
-		}
-		return undefined;
-	}
-
-	override render(width: number): readonly string[] {
-		width = Math.max(1, width);
-		this.#nativeScrollbackLiveRegionStart = undefined;
-		this.#nativeScrollbackLiveRegionPinned = false;
-		this.#nativeScrollbackPinnedBoundary = undefined;
-		const children = this.children;
-		const previousSegments = this.#frameSegments;
-		const segments: FrameSegment[] = new Array(children.length);
-		// The transition frame cannot map the old-width native commit count into
-		// current-width component rows. Once the epoch baseline exists,
-		// #windowTopRow is the current-width commit seam while #committedRows
-		// remains the opaque native ledger.
-		const committedCoordinatesOpaque =
-			this.#composeWidth > 0 && this.#composeWidth !== width && this.#resizeRepaintsInPlace();
-		const componentCommittedRows =
-			this.#widthEpochBaselineRows === undefined ? this.#committedRows : this.#windowTopRow;
-		// A width change re-renders every child; nothing carries over.
-		let chainStable = this.#composeWidth === width;
-		this.#composeWidth = width;
-		let offset = 0;
-		let stableRows = 0;
-		const partialRoots = this.#partialComposeRoots;
-		for (let index = 0; index < children.length; index++) {
-			const child = children[index]!;
-			const previous = previousSegments[index];
-			// Component-scoped frame: a root child outside every requested
-			// subtree provably did not change (content mutations route through
-			// a render request, which would have made this frame a full one) —
-			// reuse its previous rows and seam report without calling render().
-			const reuse =
-				partialRoots !== null && previous !== undefined && previous.component === child && !partialRoots.has(child);
-			let childLines: readonly string[];
-			let liveLocalStart: number | undefined;
-			let liveRegionPinned = false;
-			let liveRegionPinnedStart: number | undefined;
-			let widthEpochRevision: number | undefined;
-			let reported: number | undefined;
-			if (reuse) {
-				childLines = previous.lines;
-				liveLocalStart = previous.liveLocalStart;
-				liveRegionPinned = previous.liveRegionPinned;
-				liveRegionPinnedStart = previous.liveRegionPinnedStart;
-				widthEpochRevision = previous.widthEpochRevision;
-			} else {
-				// Feed the engine's committed-row claim (from the previous frame's
-				// emit) before rendering so the child can skip re-deriving blocks
-				// that already live in immutable native scrollback. Reused segments
-				// skip this: they never call render(), so the signal is moot. The
-				// claim is in the previous frame's coordinates and never exceeds
-				// the rows the child actually contributed there — history that
-				// advanced into LATER root children must not read as this child's
-				// own future rows being pre-committed.
-				const prevRows = previous !== undefined && previous.component === child ? previous.rowCount : 0;
-				const prevStart = previous !== undefined && previous.component === child ? previous.start : offset;
-				if (!committedCoordinatesOpaque) {
-					setNativeScrollbackCommittedRows(
-						child,
-						Math.min(prevRows, Math.max(0, componentCommittedRows - prevStart)),
-					);
-				}
-				childLines = child.render(width);
-				widthEpochRevision = getNativeScrollbackWidthEpochRevision(child);
-				const liveRegionStart = getNativeScrollbackLiveRegionStart(child);
-				if (liveRegionStart !== undefined) {
-					liveLocalStart = Number.isFinite(liveRegionStart)
-						? Math.max(0, Math.min(childLines.length, Math.trunc(liveRegionStart)))
-						: childLines.length;
-				}
-				if (liveLocalStart !== undefined) {
-					liveRegionPinned =
-						(child as Component & Partial<NativeScrollbackLiveRegion>).isNativeScrollbackLiveRegionPinned?.() ===
-						true;
-					if (liveRegionPinned) {
-						const pinStart = getNativeScrollbackLiveRegionPinnedStart(child);
-						if (pinStart !== undefined) {
-							liveRegionPinnedStart = Math.max(
-								liveLocalStart,
-								Math.min(childLines.length, Math.trunc(pinStart)),
-							);
-						}
-					}
-				}
-				// Consume the stability report unconditionally for implementers:
-				// reading re-bases the component's baseline to the state this
-				// compose is about to ingest (used or not, the current rows are
-				// what ends up in the composed frame). Reused segments are
-				// deliberately NOT read — their baseline must stay anchored to
-				// the last render the engine actually observed.
-				reported = getRenderStablePrefixRows(child);
-			}
-			// Topmost seam wins. Commits are prefix-only: the first child that
-			// reports a live region already bounds everything below it, so a
-			// lower sibling's seam (e.g. a status loader under a streaming
-			// transcript) must never overwrite it — moving the boundary down
-			// would commit the earlier child's still-mutable rows as stale
-			// history.
-			if (liveLocalStart !== undefined) {
-				const start = offset + liveLocalStart;
-				if (this.#nativeScrollbackLiveRegionStart === undefined) {
-					this.#nativeScrollbackLiveRegionStart = start;
-					this.#nativeScrollbackLiveRegionPinned = liveRegionPinned;
-				}
-				// A pinned region anywhere in the frame caps commits at its start,
-				// even when an earlier unpinned seam won the topmost merge above:
-				// its rows (a growing anchored panel) must never reach scrollback.
-				if (liveRegionPinned && this.#nativeScrollbackPinnedBoundary === undefined) {
-					this.#nativeScrollbackPinnedBoundary = offset + (liveRegionPinnedStart ?? liveLocalStart);
-				}
-			}
-			if (chainStable) {
-				if (previous !== undefined && previous.component === child && previous.start === offset) {
-					let stableCount = 0;
-					if (reported !== undefined) {
-						// In-place mutator: its report overrides reference equality.
-						// Rows beyond the previous row count cannot be "unchanged".
-						stableCount = Number.isFinite(reported)
-							? Math.max(0, Math.min(childLines.length, previous.rowCount, Math.trunc(reported)))
-							: 0;
-					} else if (previous.lines === childLines) {
-						stableCount = childLines.length;
-					}
-					stableRows += stableCount;
-					// The chain survives only a fully stable segment: identical rows
-					// AND identical row count (a grown/shrunk segment shifts every
-					// row below it).
-					if (stableCount < childLines.length || previous.rowCount !== childLines.length) chainStable = false;
-				} else {
-					chainStable = false;
-				}
-			}
-			segments[index] = {
-				component: child,
-				lines: childLines,
-				start: offset,
-				rowCount: childLines.length,
-				widthEpochRevision,
-				liveLocalStart,
-				liveRegionPinned,
-				liveRegionPinnedStart,
-			};
-			offset += childLines.length;
-		}
-		this.#frameSegments = segments;
-
-		const frame = this.#composedFrame;
-		// Defensive clamp: stable rows can never exceed what the previous
-		// compose actually materialized (only reachable if a child render threw
-		// mid-compose on the previous frame).
-		if (stableRows > frame.length) stableRows = frame.length;
-		if (stableRows !== offset || frame.length !== offset) {
-			// Re-ingest every row at/after the stable prefix: truncate, strip
-			// cursor markers, record their positions.
-			frame.length = stableRows;
-			this.#pruneFrameCursorMarkers(stableRows);
-			for (const segment of segments) {
-				const lines = segment.lines;
-				const from = segment.start >= stableRows ? 0 : stableRows - segment.start;
-				for (let i = from; i < lines.length; i++) this.#ingestFrameRow(lines[i]!);
-			}
-		}
-		this.#renderStablePrefixRows = stableRows;
-		this.#preparedValidRows = Math.min(this.#preparedValidRows, stableRows);
-		return frame;
-	}
-
-	/** Drop cached cursor markers at/after `fromRow` (those rows re-ingest). */
-	#pruneFrameCursorMarkers(fromRow: number): void {
-		const markers = this.#frameCursorMarkers;
-		let keep = markers.length;
-		while (keep > 0 && markers[keep - 1]!.row >= fromRow) keep--;
-		markers.length = keep;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Replace the cursor markers contributed by one fixed-size root segment.
-	 * The ledger stays sorted by absolute frame row; entries belonging to later
-	 * siblings move as one tail and otherwise retain their identity.
-	 */
-	#replaceFrameCursorMarkers(startRow: number, lines: readonly string[]): void {
-		const markers = this.#frameCursorMarkers;
-		const endRow = startRow + lines.length;
-		let intervalStart = 0;
-		while (intervalStart < markers.length && markers[intervalStart]!.row < startRow) intervalStart++;
-		let intervalEnd = intervalStart;
-		while (intervalEnd < markers.length && markers[intervalEnd]!.row < endRow) intervalEnd++;
-
-		let nextCount = 0;
-		for (let row = 0; row < lines.length; row++) {
-			if (lines[row]!.includes(CURSOR_MARKER)) nextCount++;
-		}
-
-		const previousCount = intervalEnd - intervalStart;
-		const delta = nextCount - previousCount;
-		const previousLength = markers.length;
-		if (delta > 0) {
-			markers.length = previousLength + delta;
-			for (let index = previousLength - 1; index >= intervalEnd; index--) {
-				markers[index + delta] = markers[index]!;
-			}
-		} else if (delta < 0) {
-			for (let index = intervalEnd; index < previousLength; index++) {
-				markers[index + delta] = markers[index]!;
-			}
-			markers.length = previousLength + delta;
-		}
-
-		const reusableCount = Math.min(previousCount, nextCount);
-		let markerSlot = intervalStart;
-		for (let row = 0; row < lines.length; row++) {
-			const line = lines[row]!;
-			const markerIndex = line.indexOf(CURSOR_MARKER);
-			if (markerIndex === -1) continue;
-			const absoluteRow = startRow + row;
-			const col = visibleWidth(line.slice(0, markerIndex));
-			if (markerSlot < intervalStart + reusableCount) {
-				const marker = markers[markerSlot]!;
-				marker.row = absoluteRow;
-				marker.col = col;
-			} else {
-				markers[markerSlot] = { row: absoluteRow, col };
-			}
-			markerSlot++;
-		}
-	}
-
-	/** Strip every internal cursor sentinel from one rendered row. */
-	#stripCursorMarkers(line: string, markerIndex = line.indexOf(CURSOR_MARKER)): string {
-		if (markerIndex === -1) return line;
-		let stripped = line;
-		while (markerIndex !== -1) {
-			stripped = stripped.slice(0, markerIndex) + stripped.slice(markerIndex + CURSOR_MARKER.length);
-			markerIndex = stripped.indexOf(CURSOR_MARKER, markerIndex);
-		}
-		return stripped;
+	static #initialResizeScrollbackMode(): ResizeScrollbackMode {
+		const mode = Bun.env.PI_TUI_RESIZE_SCROLLBACK;
+		return mode === "append" || mode === "rebuild" || mode === "preserve" ? mode : "preserve";
 	}
 
-	/**
-	 * Append one row to the composed frame, stripping CURSOR_MARKER occurrences
-	 * (internal sentinels that must never reach the terminal, the committed
-	 * prefix, or the resync audit) and recording the first marker's position.
-	 */
-	#ingestFrameRow(line: string): void {
-		const markerIndex = line.indexOf(CURSOR_MARKER);
-		if (markerIndex === -1) {
-			this.#composedFrame.push(line);
-			return;
-		}
-		this.#frameCursorMarkers.push({
-			row: this.#composedFrame.length,
-			col: visibleWidth(line.slice(0, markerIndex)),
-		});
-		this.#composedFrame.push(this.#stripCursorMarkers(line, markerIndex));
+	/** Install the product-owned bounded frame provider. */
+	setFrameProvider(provider: TerminalFrameProvider | undefined): void {
+		this.#frameProvider = provider;
+		this.#providerWindow = [];
+		this.#resizeReplaySize = undefined;
+		this.requestRender(true);
 	}
 
 	#syncTerminalCursorMode(component: Component | null): void {
@@ -1981,20 +789,6 @@ export class TUI extends Container {
 		return this.#fullRedrawCount;
 	}
 
-	/**
-	 * Transient viewport-only paints emitted by the non-multiplexer resize fast
-	 * path. These never touch native scrollback or the commit ledger, so they
-	 * are counted apart from {@link fullRedraws}.
-	 */
-	get resizeViewportPaints(): number {
-		return this.#resizeViewportPaintCount;
-	}
-
-	/** Whether a non-multiplexer resize drag is currently in flight. */
-	get resizeViewportActive(): boolean {
-		return this.#resizeViewportActive;
-	}
-
 	/** Shared budget that caps how many inline images render as live graphics. */
 	get imageBudget(): ImageBudget {
 		return this.#imageBudget;
@@ -2008,6 +802,15 @@ export class TUI extends Container {
 	setMaxInlineImages(cap: number): void {
 		this.#imageBudget.setCap(cap);
 	}
+	/** Return how settled resizes refresh native scrollback. */
+	getResizeScrollback(): ResizeScrollbackMode {
+		return this.#resizeScrollbackMode;
+	}
+
+	/** Set how settled resizes refresh native scrollback. */
+	setResizeScrollback(mode: ResizeScrollbackMode): void {
+		this.#resizeScrollbackMode = mode;
+	}
 
 	/** Delete every tracked Kitty image from the terminal graphics store. */
 	clearInlineImages(): void {
@@ -2023,41 +826,8 @@ export class TUI extends Container {
 		}
 	}
 
-	/**
-	 * Get whether scrollback divergence rebuild is enabled.
-	 */
-	getScrollbackRebuild(): boolean {
-		return this.#scrollbackRebuildEnabled;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Enable or disable scrollback divergence rebuild (default off).
-	 * When enabled, the engine will erase and replay the terminal's
-	 * scrollback (using ED3 / alt buffer / scrollback replay) to avoid
-	 * duplicate blocks when a block's final form replaces its live preview.
-	 */
-	setScrollbackRebuild(enabled: boolean): void {
-		this.#scrollbackRebuildEnabled = enabled;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Get how a settled in-place width resize refreshes native scrollback.
-	 */
-	getResizeScrollback(): ResizeScrollbackMode {
-		return this.#resizeScrollbackMode;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Set how a settled in-place width resize refreshes native scrollback
-	 * (see {@link ResizeScrollbackMode}; engine default `preserve` — the coding
-	 * agent applies its `tui.resizeScrollback` setting, default `append`).
-	 */
-	setResizeScrollback(mode: ResizeScrollbackMode): void {
-		this.#resizeScrollbackMode = mode;
-	}
-
-	getShowHardwareCursor(): boolean {
-		return this.#showHardwareCursor;
+	getShowHardwareCursor(): boolean {
+		return this.#showHardwareCursor;
 	}
 
 	setShowHardwareCursor(enabled: boolean): void {
@@ -2080,11 +850,6 @@ export class TUI extends Container {
 	get synchronizedOutput(): boolean {
 		return this.#synchronizedOutputEnabled;
 	}
-	#deccaraFillsEnabled(): boolean {
-		// DECCARA fill rectangles arrive after shortened row text; synchronized
-		// output hides that intermediate default-background state from users.
-		return TERMINAL.deccara && this.#synchronizedOutputEnabled;
-	}
 
 	setFocus(component: Component | null): void {
 		const topVisibleOverlay = this.#getTopmostVisibleOverlay();
@@ -2236,68 +1001,17 @@ export class TUI extends Container {
 		this.terminal.start(
 			data => this.#handleInput(data),
 			() => {
-				// Real terminals deliver SIGWINCH (and the equivalent ConPTY
-				// notification) atomically with the new `process.stdout` geometry, so
-				// a forced render must fire immediately: it clears and replays at the
-				// fresh size before the terminal's reflow settles into a state a
-				// throttled frame would race. Multiplexer panes (tmux/screen/zellij)
-				// do not give that guarantee. The host receives SIGWINCH while the
-				// multiplexer is still mid-reflow — it has not finished repainting
-				// the pane buffer at the new size — and a drag-resize or pane-close
-				// animation fires several events in flight. Forcing a render on each
-				// event races those mid-reflow paints: the multiplexer's catch-up
-				// paint then partially overwrites the TUI output, which the user sees
-				// as a viewport flash or blank screen before the next throttled
-				// frame arrives (issue #2088). `#armMultiplexerResizeTimer` coalesces
-				// SIGWINCHes (and any forced repaints arriving during the settle
-				// window) into a single render once the pane is quiet —
-				// `#resizeEventPending` is set first so the eventual render still
-				// classifies as a resize.
-				// A SIGWINCH while a fullscreen overlay covers the transcript is
-				// either a genuine resize behind the overlay or the alt-toggle size
-				// echo (a terminal re-reporting its size whenever the alternate
-				// screen buffer toggles). The transcript is not visible either way,
-				// so arming the drag/settle would only queue a destructive ED3
-				// rebuild that fires as a flash when the overlay closes (#6511). A
-				// pure height change is the alt-toggle-echo signature — latch the
-				// in-place resize path — and just repaint the overlay at the new
-				// size. #resizeEventPending carries to the overlay-exit render so it
-				// still classifies as a resize.
-				if (this.#altActive) {
-					if (this.#altEnterWidth === this.terminal.columns && this.#altEnterHeight !== this.terminal.rows) {
-						this.#altToggleResizesInPlace = true;
-					}
-					if (this.#previousWidth > 0 && this.terminal.columns !== this.#previousWidth) {
-						this.#multiplexerWidthEpochPending = true;
-						if (this.#multiplexerWidthEpochBoundary === undefined) {
-							this.#multiplexerWidthEpochBoundary = this.#altWidthEpochBoundary;
-						}
-					}
-					this.#resizeEventPending = true;
-					this.requestRender();
+				if (this.#resizeProbe) {
+					// The anchor being probed is already stale; restart the transaction.
+					this.#cancelResizeProbe();
+					this.#beginResizeAltPaint();
 					return;
 				}
-				this.#resizeEventPending = true;
-				if (!this.#resizeRepaintsInPlace()) {
-					// Enter the viewport fast path and (re)arm the settle timer, then
-					// request the cheap viewport-only paint. The authoritative full
-					// replay fires from the settle timer once the drag goes quiet.
-					this.#beginResizeViewport();
-					this.#requestResizeViewportPaint();
+				if (this.#renderScheduler.now() < this.#suppressResizeUntil) {
+					this.requestRender(true);
 					return;
 				}
-				if (this.#previousWidth > 0 && this.terminal.columns !== this.#previousWidth) {
-					this.#multiplexerWidthEpochPending = true;
-					if (this.#multiplexerWidthEpochBoundary === undefined) {
-						this.#multiplexerWidthEpochBoundary = this.captureNativeScrollbackWidthEpoch();
-					}
-				}
-				this.#armMultiplexerResizeTimer({
-					clearScrollback: false,
-					hasPendingRender:
-						this.#multiplexerResizeTimer === undefined &&
-						(this.#renderRequested || this.#renderTimer !== undefined),
-				});
+				this.#beginResizeAltPaint();
 			},
 			() => this.stop(),
 			{ deferInput: this.#inputDeferred },
@@ -2318,6 +1032,154 @@ export class TUI extends Container {
 		}
 		this.requestRender(true, { clearScrollback: options?.clearScrollback === true });
 	}
+	/** Borrow the alternate buffer for stable, history-free resize repainting. */
+	#beginResizeAltPaint(): void {
+		if (this.#altActive) {
+			this.requestRender(true);
+			return;
+		}
+		if (!this.#resizeAltActive) {
+			this.#resizeAltActive = true;
+			setAltScreenActive(true);
+			this.#altPreviousLines = [];
+			this.#forgetHardwareCursorState();
+			this.#recordHardwareCursorHidden();
+			// Erase the mutable live viewport from the normal screen before borrowing
+			// the alt buffer. The terminal keeps reflowing the normal buffer during
+			// the drag, and a height shrink pushes its top rows into scrollback;
+			// with the live region blanked, only committed history rows (correct to
+			// push) or blanks can leave the screen — never live placeholder rows
+			// such as compact tool dots, whose real blocks must enter scrollback
+			// through the ordered history path. Addressing depends on the resize
+			// direction. Terminals keep the parked cursor attached to its logical
+			// line through width rewrap and height-grow scrollback pull-down, so
+			// cursor-relative movement lands on the viewport's top row. On height
+			// shrink kitty clamps the cursor instead of moving it with pushed rows,
+			// so cursor-relative addressing would start rows late; fall back to the
+			// same bottom-preserving bound as resize-anchor recovery. The blank top
+			// row then anchors the settled CPR probe (empty window means staleRows 0).
+			let erase = "";
+			if (this.#hasEverRendered && this.#providerWindow.length > 0) {
+				if (this.terminal.rows < this.#previousHeight) {
+					const staleRows = this.#reflowedRowCount(
+						this.#providerWindow,
+						0,
+						this.#providerWindow.length,
+						this.terminal.columns,
+					);
+					const top = Math.max(0, Math.min(this.#providerViewportTop, this.terminal.rows - staleRows));
+					erase = `\x1b[?25l\x1b[${top + 1};1H\x1b[J`;
+				} else {
+					const up = this.#reflowedRowCount(
+						this.#providerWindow,
+						0,
+						this.#parkedViewportOffset,
+						this.terminal.columns,
+					);
+					erase = `\x1b[?25l${up > 0 ? `\x1b[${up}A` : ""}\r\x1b[J`;
+				}
+				this.#providerWindow = [];
+				this.#parkedViewportOffset = 0;
+			}
+			this.terminal.write(`${erase}\x1b[?1049h${this.#keyboardEnhancementEnter()}`);
+		}
+		this.#resizeSettleTimer?.cancel();
+		this.#resizeSettleTimer = this.#renderScheduler.scheduleRender(() => {
+			this.#resizeSettleTimer = undefined;
+			if (this.#stopped || !this.#resizeAltActive) return;
+			this.#resizeAltActive = false;
+			this.#suppressResizeUntil = this.#renderScheduler.now() + 100;
+			this.terminal.write(`${this.#keyboardEnhancementExit()}\x1b[?1049l`);
+			setAltScreenActive(false);
+			this.#altPreviousLines = [];
+			this.#beginResizeAnchorProbe();
+		}, TUI.#RESIZE_VIEWPORT_SETTLE_MS);
+		this.requestRender(true);
+	}
+	/**
+	 * Recover the reflowed viewport anchor after the resize alt-buffer borrow
+	 * ends. The terminal reflowed the restored normal buffer during the drag, so
+	 * `#providerViewportTop` is in stale grid coordinates; a DSR (CSI 6n) round
+	 * trip against the parked cursor reports where the viewport's logical line
+	 * landed. The settled repaint waits for the reply (or a short timeout).
+	 */
+	#beginResizeAnchorProbe(): void {
+		this.#cancelResizeProbe();
+		const timer = this.#renderScheduler.scheduleRender(() => {
+			this.#resolveResizeAnchor(undefined);
+		}, TUI.#RESIZE_PROBE_TIMEOUT_MS);
+		this.#resizeProbe = { window: this.#providerWindow, offset: this.#parkedViewportOffset, timer };
+		this.#pendingCprReplies++;
+		this.terminal.write("\x1b[6n");
+	}
+
+	#cancelResizeProbe(): void {
+		if (!this.#resizeProbe) return;
+		this.#resizeProbe.timer.cancel();
+		this.#resizeProbe = undefined;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Anchor the settled post-resize repaint. `reportedRow` is the 0-based CPR
+	 * row of the parked cursor (undefined = probe timed out). The viewport top
+	 * is `min(reported - parkOffset, height - staleRows)`: terminals track the
+	 * cursor exactly through width rewrap, and the second bound reconstructs
+	 * height-shrink scrollback pushes that leave the cursor behind (kitty clamps
+	 * the cursor instead of scrolling it) — bottom-preserving resize guarantees
+	 * the stale viewport ends on the last screen row whenever a push happened.
+	 * Validated against kitty's real core in resize-anchor-recovery.test.ts.
+	 */
+	#resolveResizeAnchor(reportedRow: number | undefined): void {
+		const probe = this.#resizeProbe;
+		if (!probe) return;
+		probe.timer.cancel();
+		this.#resizeProbe = undefined;
+		const width = this.terminal.columns;
+		const height = this.terminal.rows;
+		const staleRows = this.#reflowedRowCount(probe.window, 0, probe.window.length, width);
+		const reportedTop =
+			reportedRow === undefined
+				? this.#providerViewportTop
+				: reportedRow - this.#reflowedRowCount(probe.window, 0, probe.offset, width);
+		const top = Math.max(0, Math.min(reportedTop, height - staleRows));
+		if ($flag("PI_DEBUG_REDRAW")) {
+			const msg = `[${new Date().toISOString()}] resize anchor: size=${width}x${height} cpr=${reportedRow ?? "timeout"} park=${probe.offset} stale=${staleRows} old=${this.#providerViewportTop} top=${top}\n`;
+			fs.appendFileSync(getDebugLogPath(), msg);
+		}
+		this.#providerViewportTop = Math.min(top, Math.max(0, height - 1));
+		this.#forceViewportRepaintOnNextRender = true;
+		this.requestRender(true);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Rows `[start, end)` of a previously painted window re-measured at `width`.
+	 * Direct terminals rewrap on resize (a row spans ceil(cells/width) rows);
+	 * multiplexers clip in place, so every row still spans exactly one row.
+	 */
+	#reflowedRowCount(window: readonly string[], start: number, end: number, width: number): number {
+		const stop = Math.min(end, window.length);
+		const from = Math.max(0, start);
+		if (isInsideTerminalMultiplexer()) return Math.max(0, stop - from);
+		let rows = 0;
+		for (let index = from; index < stop; index++) {
+			rows += Math.max(1, Math.ceil(visibleWidth(window[index]!) / Math.max(1, width)));
+		}
+		return rows;
+	}
+
+	/** Paint the full semantic tail on the borrowed resize buffer. */
+	#renderResizeAltFrame(width: number, height: number): void {
+		const provider = this.#frameProvider;
+		this.#imageBudget.beginPass();
+		const rendered =
+			provider?.renderResizeFrame?.({ columns: width, rows: height }) ??
+			(provider ? provider.renderFrame({ columns: width, rows: height }).viewport : this.render(width));
+		this.#imageBudget.endPass();
+		const viewport = rendered.length > height ? rendered.slice(rendered.length - height) : Array.from(rendered);
+		this.#extractCursorMarkers(viewport);
+		this.#emitAltFrame(this.#prepareLinesArray(viewport, width), width, height);
+	}
+
 	/**
 	 * Take ownership of stdin after a `deferInput` start: raw mode, input
 	 * handlers, and the response-eliciting capability probes start() skipped.
@@ -2476,15 +1338,16 @@ export class TUI extends Container {
 		this.#synchronizedOutputEnabled = enabled;
 		this.#paintBeginSequence = enabled ? PAINT_BEGIN : PAINT_BEGIN_NO_SYNC;
 		this.#paintEndSequence = enabled ? PAINT_END : PAINT_END_NO_SYNC;
-		this.#cursorBeginSequence = enabled ? CURSOR_BEGIN : CURSOR_BEGIN_NO_SYNC;
-		this.#cursorEndSequence = enabled ? CURSOR_END : CURSOR_END_NO_SYNC;
 	}
 
 	stop(): void {
-		// Leave the resize alt buffer first so the teardown cursor math below runs
-		// against the restored normal screen (which #previousLines still describes).
+		this.#resizeSettleTimer?.cancel();
+		this.#resizeSettleTimer = undefined;
+		this.#cancelResizeProbe();
 		if (this.#resizeAltActive) {
-			this.terminal.write(this.#leaveResizeAltSequence());
+			this.#resizeAltActive = false;
+			this.terminal.write(`${this.#keyboardEnhancementExit()}\x1b[?1049l`);
+			setAltScreenActive(false);
 		}
 		if (this.#altActive || this.#pendingAltExit) {
 			const mouseExit = this.#altMouseTrackingActive ? MOUSE_TRACKING_OFF : "";
@@ -2496,7 +1359,11 @@ export class TUI extends Container {
 			this.#altPreviousLines = [];
 			this.#pendingAltExit = "";
 		}
-		this.#purgeInlineImages();
+		// Deliberately leave transmitted images in the terminal's graphics store:
+		// placeholder cells committed to native scrollback render only while their
+		// image data lives, so a delete-by-id here blanks every transcript image
+		// the instant the session exits. The terminal enforces its own store quota
+		// (and live-session ghosts are already bounded by the inline-image budget).
 		this.#clearSixelProbeState();
 		this.#stopped = true;
 		this.#watchdog.stop();
@@ -2508,26 +1375,17 @@ export class TUI extends Container {
 			this.#ghosttyInitialImageDelayTimer.cancel();
 			this.#ghosttyInitialImageDelayTimer = undefined;
 		}
-		if (this.#multiplexerResizeTimer) {
-			this.#multiplexerResizeTimer.cancel();
-			this.#multiplexerResizeTimer = undefined;
-		}
-		if (this.#resizeViewportSettleTimer) {
-			this.#resizeViewportSettleTimer.cancel();
-			this.#resizeViewportSettleTimer = undefined;
-		}
-		this.#resizeViewportActive = false;
-		this.#clearPostFullPaintSettle();
-		this.#deferredForcedClearScrollback = false;
 		// Place the parent shell on the first line after the rendered content. When
 		// that line is still inside the viewport, moving there and writing `\r` is
 		// enough; emitting `\r\n` would create an extra blank row. If the content
 		// already reaches the viewport bottom, scroll exactly once so the prompt
 		// lands directly below the last visible TUI row.
 		if (this.#previousFrameLength > 0) {
-			const targetRow = this.#previousFrameLength;
-			const viewportBottom = this.#windowTopRow + this.terminal.rows - 1;
-			const clampedCursorRow = Math.max(this.#windowTopRow, Math.min(this.#hardwareCursorRow, viewportBottom));
+			// Provider frames anchor the mutable viewport below retained history;
+			// the shell prompt belongs on the first row after that content.
+			const targetRow = this.#providerViewportTop + this.#previousFrameLength;
+			const viewportBottom = this.terminal.rows - 1;
+			const clampedCursorRow = Math.max(0, Math.min(this.#hardwareCursorRow, viewportBottom));
 			const moveTargetRow = Math.min(targetRow, viewportBottom);
 			const lineDiff = moveTargetRow - clampedCursorRow;
 			if (lineDiff > 0) {
@@ -2546,65 +1404,21 @@ export class TUI extends Container {
 	}
 
 	/**
-	 * Force an immediate full replay of the current frame, including native
-	 * scrollback. This is the keyboard-accessible equivalent of the resize reset:
-	 * no queued diff frame or terminal scrollback probe can downgrade it to a
-	 * viewport-only repaint.
-	 *
-	 * Invalidates every component first so the replay reflects current state. A
-	 * geometry-driven reset thaws frozen scrollback snapshots implicitly (the new
-	 * width misses every cached snapshot), but a same-width reset would otherwise
-	 * replay stale snapshots — leaving host-frozen blocks (e.g. a transcript whose
-	 * committed rows are immutable on ED3-risk terminals) showing pre-mutation
-	 * content. Invalidation is the generic signal those containers use to retire
-	 * their snapshots, which is exactly what a user-driven display reset wants.
+	 * Destructive user-gesture reset: invalidate every component, erase native
+	 * history, then repaint from row zero. Reachable only from explicit gestures (session
+	 * replace, /tree, an explicit clear) — never from ordinary rendering,
+	 * animation, resize, or finalization.
 	 */
 	resetDisplay(): void {
 		if (this.#stopped) return;
-		// This is a user-driven redraw of the current transcript; it must replay
-		// every row, so opt the next full paint out of the ConPTY resume bound.
-		// Set before the multiplexer early-return so it survives a deferred paint.
-		this.#unboundedConptyPaintRequested = true;
 		this.invalidate();
-		// A reset that lands inside a tmux/screen/zellij resize burst would
-		// paint mid-reflow and re-introduce the flash race (issue #2088).
-		// Fold it into the in-flight debounce instead; the settled paint runs
-		// the same `#prepareForcedRender(!isMultiplexerSession())` path via
-		// `requestRender(true)`, so the clear-scrollback intent is preserved.
-		if (this.#multiplexerResizeTimer) {
-			this.#armMultiplexerResizeTimer({ clearScrollback: !isMultiplexerSession(), hasPendingRender: true });
-			return;
-		}
-		this.#prepareForcedRender(!isMultiplexerSession());
-		this.#resizeEventPending = true;
+		this.#prepareForcedRender(true);
 		this.#renderRequested = false;
 		this.#executeRender();
 	}
 
 	requestRender(force = false, options?: RenderRequestOptions): void {
-		// Any non-component-scoped request makes the pending frame a full one.
-		this.#pendingRenderComponentsOnly = false;
 		if (force) {
-			// Forced repaints landing inside the multiplexer resize debounce
-			// (e.g. `#finishSixelProbe`, image-budget eviction, a programmatic
-			// `requestRender(true)`) would paint into a still-reflowing pane
-			// and reintroduce the flash race. Fold them into the in-flight
-			// debounce while preserving the caller's `clearScrollback` intent
-			// for the settled paint. The timer's own callback clears
-			// `#multiplexerResizeTimer` before re-entering `requestRender(true)`,
-			// so this guard only catches external callers — the deferred render
-			// itself proceeds straight to `#prepareForcedRender`.
-			if (this.#multiplexerResizeTimer) {
-				this.#armMultiplexerResizeTimer({
-					clearScrollback: options?.clearScrollback === true,
-					hasPendingRender: true,
-				});
-				return;
-			}
-			// A forced render preempts the post-full-paint ConPTY settle: it owns
-			// the next paint and is going to redraw the buffer anyway, so the
-			// trailing coalesced render queued by the settle would only race it.
-			this.#clearPostFullPaintSettle();
 			this.#prepareForcedRender(options?.clearScrollback === true);
 			this.#renderRequested = true;
 			this.#renderScheduler.scheduleImmediate(() => {
@@ -2620,378 +1434,38 @@ export class TUI extends Container {
 	}
 
 	/**
-	 * Opt `component` into subtree-only renders when input leaves focus stable.
-	 *
-	 * The host must explicitly request renders for every sibling mutated by the
-	 * component's input callbacks. Components without this opt-in retain the
-	 * legacy full-root render after input.
+	 * Paint a forced frame synchronously when startup must hand off an already
+	 * visible component tree before further async initialization. Same as
+	 * {@link requestRender} minus the `setImmediate` hop.
 	 */
-	enableScopedInputRender(component: Component): void {
-		this.#scopedInputRenderComponents.add(component);
+	renderNow(options?: RenderRequestOptions): void {
+		if (this.#stopped) return;
+		this.#prepareForcedRender(options?.clearScrollback === true);
+		this.#renderRequested = false;
+		const start = this.#renderScheduler.now();
+		this.#lastRenderAt = start;
+		this.#doRender();
+		this.#lastFrameCostMs = this.#renderScheduler.now() - start;
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Schedule a render on behalf of `component` after a self-contained change
-	 * (spinner frame, blink) that cannot have affected any other component.
-	 *
-	 * When every request since the last frame is component-scoped and the
-	 * frame is otherwise quiet — no resize or geometry change, no overlays, no
-	 * live inline images, no forced repaint, unchanged root child list — the
-	 * next compose re-renders only the root subtrees containing the requesting
-	 * components and reuses the previous frame's rows (and seam reports) for
-	 * every other root child, skipping the full component-tree walk that makes
-	 * long transcripts expensive to repaint at animation rate. Any concurrent
-	 * full request or unsafe condition downgrades the frame to a normal full
-	 * compose, so this is never less correct than `requestRender()` — only
-	 * cheaper.
+	 * (spinner frame, blink). Frames always compose the bounded viewport from
+	 * scratch — retired blocks no longer render — so a scoped request is simply
+	 * an ordinary render.
 	 */
-	requestComponentRender(component: Component): void {
+	requestComponentRender(_component: Component): void {
 		if (this.#stopped) return;
-		// Start a component-scoped accumulation only when nothing else is in
-		// flight (a pending throttled request or a deferred ConPTY settle
-		// replay may carry full-render intent that must not be narrowed).
-		if (!this.#renderRequested && this.#postFullPaintSettleTimer === undefined) {
-			this.#pendingRenderComponentsOnly = true;
-		}
-		this.#componentRenderTargets.add(component);
 		this.#requestOrdinaryRender();
 	}
 
-	/**
-	 * Rewrite a quiet, visible component segment directly.
-	 *
-	 * Loader-style animation changes one already-positioned segment at a fixed
-	 * size. When the current frame geometry is still valid, rewrite just those
-	 * rows and update the diff baseline instead of scheduling a full render
-	 * cycle. Unsafe states fall back to `requestComponentRender()`, preserving
-	 * the ordinary renderer as the correctness path.
-	 */
-	requestDirectWrite(component: Component): void {
-		if (this.#stopped) return;
-		if (
-			this.#renderRequested ||
-			this.#postFullPaintSettleTimer !== undefined ||
-			this.#postFullPaintSettleDelay() > 0
-		) {
-			this.requestComponentRender(component);
-			return;
-		}
-
-		const width = this.terminal.columns;
-		const height = this.terminal.rows;
-		if (!this.#hasEverRendered || this.#resizeEventPending) {
-			this.requestComponentRender(component);
-			return;
-		}
-		if (width !== this.#previousWidth || height !== this.#previousHeight || width !== this.#composeWidth) {
-			this.requestComponentRender(component);
-			return;
-		}
-		if (this.#clearScrollbackOnNextRender || this.#forceViewportRepaintOnNextRender) {
-			this.requestComponentRender(component);
-			return;
-		}
-		if (this.overlayStack.length > 0 || this.#altActive || !this.#imageBudget.quiescent) {
-			this.requestComponentRender(component);
-			return;
-		}
-
-		const children = this.children;
-		const segments = this.#frameSegments;
-		if (segments.length !== children.length) {
-			this.requestComponentRender(component);
-			return;
-		}
-		for (let i = 0; i < children.length; i++) {
-			if (segments[i]!.component !== children[i]) {
-				this.requestComponentRender(component);
-				return;
-			}
-		}
-
-		const root = this.#resolveComponentRoot(component);
-		if (root === null) {
-			this.requestComponentRender(component);
-			return;
-		}
-		const segmentIndex = segments.findIndex(segment => segment.component === root);
-		if (segmentIndex === -1) {
-			this.requestComponentRender(component);
-			return;
-		}
-		const segment = segments[segmentIndex]!;
-		const fullyLiveUncommittedSegment = segment.liveLocalStart === 0 && segment.start >= this.#committedRows;
-		if (
-			(segment.liveLocalStart !== undefined && !fullyLiveUncommittedSegment) ||
-			segment.start < this.#committedRows
-		) {
-			this.requestComponentRender(component);
-			return;
-		}
-
-		const windowTop = Math.max(this.#committedRows, this.#composedFrame.length - height, 0);
-		if (windowTop !== this.#windowTopRow) {
-			this.requestComponentRender(component);
-			return;
-		}
-		const screenStart = segment.start - windowTop;
-		if (screenStart < 0 || screenStart + segment.rowCount > height) {
-			this.requestComponentRender(component);
-			return;
-		}
-
-		const nextLines = root.render(width);
-		if (nextLines.length !== segment.rowCount) {
-			this.requestComponentRender(component);
-			return;
-		}
-
-		let firstChanged = -1;
-		let lastChanged = -1;
-		const previousWindow = this.#previousWindow;
-		for (let i = 0; i < nextLines.length; i++) {
-			const frameRow = segment.start + i;
-			const raw = nextLines[i]!;
-			const composed = this.#stripCursorMarkers(raw);
-			const prepared = this.#prepareLine(composed, width);
-			this.#composedFrame[frameRow] = composed;
-			this.#preparedMeta[frameRow] = prepared;
-			this.#preparedFrame[frameRow] = prepared.line;
-			if (previousWindow[screenStart + i] === prepared.line) continue;
-			previousWindow[screenStart + i] = prepared.line;
-			if (firstChanged === -1) firstChanged = i;
-			lastChanged = i;
-		}
-		this.#replaceFrameCursorMarkers(segment.start, nextLines);
-		segment.lines = nextLines;
-		this.#preparedValidRows = Math.max(this.#preparedValidRows, segment.start + nextLines.length);
-		this.#renderStablePrefixRows = Math.min(this.#renderStablePrefixRows, segment.start);
-
-		let cursorPos: { row: number; col: number } | null = null;
-		for (let i = this.#frameCursorMarkers.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
-			const marker = this.#frameCursorMarkers[i]!;
-			if (marker.row >= windowTop) {
-				cursorPos = marker;
-				break;
-			}
-		}
-
-		if (firstChanged === -1) {
-			this.#writeCursorPosition(cursorPos, this.#composedFrame.length);
-			this.#previousWidth = width;
-			this.#previousHeight = height;
-			return;
-		}
-
-		const currentScreenRow = Math.max(0, Math.min(height - 1, this.#hardwareCursorRow - windowTop));
-		const targetScreenRow = screenStart + firstChanged;
-		const rowDelta = targetScreenRow - currentScreenRow;
-		let buffer = this.#paintBeginSequence;
-		if (rowDelta > 0) buffer += `\x1b[${rowDelta}B`;
-		else if (rowDelta < 0) buffer += `\x1b[${-rowDelta}A`;
-		buffer += "\r";
-		for (let i = firstChanged; i <= lastChanged; i++) {
-			if (i > firstChanged) buffer += "\r\n";
-			buffer += this.#lineRewriteSequence(
-				this.#preparedFrame[segment.start + i] ?? "",
-				width,
-				screenStart + i,
-				segment.start + i,
-				this.#committedRows,
-				this.#osc66SpacerGlyphWidth(this.#preparedFrame, segment.start + i),
-			);
-		}
-		const cursorControl = this.#cursorControlSequence(
-			cursorPos,
-			this.#composedFrame.length,
-			segment.start + lastChanged,
-		);
-		buffer += cursorControl.seq;
-		buffer += this.#paintEndSequence;
-		this.terminal.write(buffer);
-		this.#windowTopRow = windowTop;
-		this.#commit(this.#composedFrame, previousWindow, width, height, cursorControl);
-	}
-
-	#postFullPaintSettleDelay(): number {
-		const until = this.#postFullPaintSettleUntilMs;
-		if (until <= 0) return 0;
-		const remaining = until - this.#renderScheduler.now();
-		if (remaining > 0) return remaining;
-		this.#postFullPaintSettleUntilMs = 0;
-		return 0;
-	}
-
-	/** Ordinary (non-forced) scheduling shared by full and component-scoped requests. */
+	/** Ordinary (non-forced) render scheduling. */
 	#requestOrdinaryRender(): void {
-		if (this.#multiplexerResizeTimer) {
-			this.#multiplexerResizeHasPendingRender = true;
-			return;
-		}
-		// Coalesce non-forced renders inside the post-full-paint ConPTY settle
-		// window into one trailing render. Spinner/blink/streaming components
-		// otherwise fire `requestRender(false)` at 30 Hz while the host is still
-		// catching up with the previous big paint, and each follow-up viewport
-		// repaint nudges Windows Terminal's viewport tracker further off the
-		// last row (see #2095).
-		const settleDelayMs = this.#postFullPaintSettleDelay();
-		if (settleDelayMs > 0) {
-			if (this.#postFullPaintSettleTimer === undefined) {
-				this.#postFullPaintSettleTimer = this.#renderScheduler.scheduleRender(() => {
-					this.#postFullPaintSettleTimer = undefined;
-					this.#postFullPaintSettleUntilMs = 0;
-					if (this.#stopped) return;
-					this.#requestOrdinaryRender();
-				}, settleDelayMs);
-			}
-			return;
-		}
 		if (this.#renderRequested) return;
 		this.#renderRequested = true;
 		this.#renderScheduler.scheduleImmediate(() => this.#scheduleRender());
 	}
 
-	/**
-	 * Decide whether this frame may compose component-scoped, and resolve the
-	 * requested components to the root children that must re-render. Returns
-	 * null — full compose — whenever a global condition could invalidate rows
-	 * the partial compose would reuse, or when a requested component is not
-	 * reachable from the current root child list.
-	 */
-	#resolvePartialComposeRoots(width: number, height: number): Set<Component> | null {
-		if (this.#componentRenderTargets.size === 0) return null;
-		if (!this.#hasEverRendered || this.#resizeEventPending) return null;
-		if (width !== this.#previousWidth || height !== this.#previousHeight || width !== this.#composeWidth) return null;
-		if (this.#clearScrollbackOnNextRender || this.#forceViewportRepaintOnNextRender) return null;
-		if (this.overlayStack.length > 0) return null;
-		// The image budget audits display order across the whole frame; a
-		// partial walk would under-count it. Engage only on image-free frames.
-		if (!this.#imageBudget.quiescent) return null;
-		// The root child list must match the segment ledger exactly — a
-		// structural change shifts offsets under every reused segment.
-		const children = this.children;
-		const segments = this.#frameSegments;
-		if (segments.length !== children.length) return null;
-		for (let i = 0; i < children.length; i++) {
-			if (segments[i]!.component !== children[i]) return null;
-		}
-		const roots = this.#partialComposeRootsScratch;
-		roots.clear();
-		for (const target of this.#componentRenderTargets) {
-			const root = this.#resolveComponentRoot(target);
-			if (root === null) return null;
-			roots.add(root);
-		}
-		return roots;
-	}
-
-	/** Root child whose subtree contains `target`, memoized per component. */
-	#resolveComponentRoot(target: Component): Component | null {
-		const cached = this.#componentRootCache.get(target);
-		if (cached !== undefined && this.children.includes(cached) && subtreeContains(cached, target)) {
-			return cached;
-		}
-		for (const child of this.children) {
-			if (subtreeContains(child, target)) {
-				this.#componentRootCache.set(target, child);
-				return child;
-			}
-		}
-		this.#componentRootCache.delete(target);
-		return null;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Arm or extend the multiplexer-resize debounce so a single forced render
-	 * fires once the pane is quiet. Called by the SIGWINCH callback on every
-	 * resize event, and by `requestRender(true)` / `resetDisplay()` when they
-	 * land inside an in-flight settle window. Each call cancels the prior
-	 * timer, supersedes any queued throttled render (otherwise it would race
-	 * tmux's mid-reflow paint), and OR's the caller's `clearScrollback`
-	 * intent into `#deferredForcedClearScrollback` — the timer's callback
-	 * consumes that flag exactly once when it re-enters `requestRender(true)`.
-	 */
-	#armMultiplexerResizeTimer(options: { clearScrollback: boolean; hasPendingRender?: boolean }): void {
-		this.#deferredForcedClearScrollback ||= options.clearScrollback;
-		this.#multiplexerResizeHasPendingRender ||= options.hasPendingRender === true;
-		if (this.#renderTimer) {
-			this.#renderTimer.cancel();
-			this.#renderTimer = undefined;
-		}
-		this.#renderRequested = false;
-		if (this.#multiplexerResizeTimer) {
-			this.#multiplexerResizeTimer.cancel();
-		}
-		this.#multiplexerResizeTimer = this.#renderScheduler.scheduleRender(() => {
-			this.#multiplexerResizeTimer = undefined;
-			if (this.#stopped) {
-				this.#deferredForcedClearScrollback = false;
-				return;
-			}
-			const deferredClearScrollback = this.#deferredForcedClearScrollback;
-			this.#deferredForcedClearScrollback = false;
-			this.requestRender(true, { clearScrollback: deferredClearScrollback });
-		}, TUI.#MULTIPLEXER_RESIZE_DEBOUNCE_MS);
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Arm the post-full-paint settle window after an `#emitFullPaint` that
-	 * pushed content into native scrollback on a ConPTY host. Idempotent inside
-	 * the window: a later overflowing paint extends `until` to the later
-	 * deadline so back-to-back big paints do not double-fire the trailing
-	 * coalesced render, and the existing deferred timer is rescheduled to the
-	 * later deadline.
-	 *
-	 * Mid-composition callers (most notably `ImageBudget.endPass()`, which can
-	 * call `requestRender()` from inside the in-flight paint when a new image
-	 * trips the budget) queue their render *before* the settle exists, so they
-	 * fall through the gate and set `#renderRequested` / `#renderTimer` on the
-	 * 30 Hz throttle. Without absorbing those, the throttled follow-up fires
-	 * inside the 150 ms quiet window and reintroduces the cascade the settle
-	 * was meant to stop. Cancel both, then eagerly arm the trailing settle
-	 * timer so the in-flight request still rides one coalesced render at the
-	 * end of the window. See #2095.
-	 */
-	#armPostFullPaintSettle(): void {
-		if (!isConPTYHosted()) return;
-		const until = this.#renderScheduler.now() + TUI.#CONPTY_POST_FULL_PAINT_SETTLE_MS;
-		if (until <= this.#postFullPaintSettleUntilMs) return;
-		this.#postFullPaintSettleUntilMs = until;
-		const hadPendingRender = this.#renderRequested || this.#renderTimer !== undefined;
-		// Reclaim any render that was queued during the in-flight composition:
-		// `#renderRequested` was set before the settle existed and would
-		// otherwise fire on the standard throttle inside the window.
-		this.#renderRequested = false;
-		if (this.#renderTimer) {
-			this.#renderTimer.cancel();
-			this.#renderTimer = undefined;
-		}
-		if (this.#postFullPaintSettleTimer) {
-			this.#postFullPaintSettleTimer.cancel();
-			this.#postFullPaintSettleTimer = undefined;
-		}
-		if (hadPendingRender) {
-			// Replay the absorbed request via the trailing settle timer so the
-			// caller's render still happens — just deferred to the end of the
-			// window. Subsequent `requestRender(false)` calls during the
-			// settle see this timer and fold into it (existing gate at L1263).
-			this.#postFullPaintSettleTimer = this.#renderScheduler.scheduleRender(() => {
-				this.#postFullPaintSettleTimer = undefined;
-				this.#postFullPaintSettleUntilMs = 0;
-				if (this.#stopped) return;
-				this.#requestOrdinaryRender();
-			}, TUI.#CONPTY_POST_FULL_PAINT_SETTLE_MS);
-		}
-	}
-
-	#clearPostFullPaintSettle(): void {
-		if (this.#postFullPaintSettleTimer) {
-			this.#postFullPaintSettleTimer.cancel();
-			this.#postFullPaintSettleTimer = undefined;
-		}
-		this.#postFullPaintSettleUntilMs = 0;
-	}
-
 	#maybeDeferGhosttyInitialImagePaint(): boolean {
 		if (this.#ghosttyInitialImageDelayDone) return false;
 		if (TERMINAL.id !== "ghostty" || TERMINAL.imageProtocol !== ImageProtocol.Kitty) {
@@ -3017,6 +1491,10 @@ export class TUI extends Container {
 		return true;
 	}
 	#prepareForcedRender(clearScrollback: boolean): void {
+		if (clearScrollback && !this.#clearScrollbackOnNextRender) {
+			this.#frameProvider?.resetHistory?.();
+			if (TERMINAL.imageProtocol === ImageProtocol.Kitty) this.#imageBudget.forgetTransmitted();
+		}
 		this.#clearScrollbackOnNextRender ||= clearScrollback;
 		this.#forceViewportRepaintOnNextRender = true;
 		if (this.#renderTimer) {
@@ -3041,13 +1519,6 @@ export class TUI extends Container {
 		if (this.#stopped || this.#renderTimer || !this.#renderRequested) {
 			return;
 		}
-		// Defer any new throttled render scheduled inside the multiplexer
-		// resize settle window: it would race tmux's mid-reflow pane repaint.
-		// `#renderRequested` stays set so the eventual forced render — armed
-		// by the SIGWINCH callback — picks up the latest component state.
-		if (this.#multiplexerResizeTimer) {
-			return;
-		}
 		const now = this.#renderScheduler.now();
 		const elapsed = now - this.#lastRenderAt;
 		const cadenceDelay = Math.max(0, TUI.#MIN_RENDER_INTERVAL_MS - elapsed);
@@ -3094,6 +1565,17 @@ export class TUI extends Container {
 	}
 
 	#handleInput(data: string): void {
+		// Consume CPR replies (CSI row;col R) while an anchor probe is unanswered;
+		// they are terminal reports, never keystrokes, and must not reach the
+		// focused component.
+		while (this.#pendingCprReplies > 0) {
+			const match = data.match(/\x1b\[(\d+);(\d+)R/);
+			if (!match || match.index === undefined) break;
+			this.#pendingCprReplies--;
+			this.#resolveResizeAnchor(Number(match[1]) - 1);
+			data = data.slice(0, match.index) + data.slice(match.index + match[0].length);
+		}
+		if (data.length === 0) return;
 		// Ctrl+C/Esc use app-level double-press windows. Give those gestures one
 		// frame to drain queued input before an ordinary repaint; delaying every
 		// key would make idle navigation pay a full frame of latency.
@@ -3154,11 +1636,7 @@ export class TUI extends Container {
 				return;
 			}
 			focused.handleInput(data);
-			if (this.#focusedComponent === focused && this.#scopedInputRenderComponents.has(focused)) {
-				this.requestComponentRender(focused);
-			} else {
-				this.requestRender();
-			}
+			this.requestRender();
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -3413,8 +1891,7 @@ export class TUI extends Container {
 
 	/**
 	 * Strip every CURSOR_MARKER from the rendered lines (markers are internal
-	 * sentinels and must never reach the terminal, the committed prefix, or
-	 * the resync audit) and return the positions of the stripped markers,
+	 * sentinels and must never reach the terminal) and return their positions,
 	 * bottom-most first. Callers pick the visible one once the window top is
 	 * known.
 	 */
@@ -3436,56 +1913,6 @@ export class TUI extends Container {
 		return markers;
 	}
 
-	#truncateLargeConptyFrame(
-		lines: string[],
-		width: number,
-		height: number,
-		cursorPos: { row: number; col: number } | null,
-	): { lines: string[]; cursorPos: { row: number; col: number } | null } {
-		if (!isConPTYHosted()) return { lines, cursorPos };
-
-		let totalBytes = 0;
-		let exceedsThreshold = false;
-		for (const line of lines) {
-			totalBytes += Buffer.byteLength(line, "utf8") + 8;
-			if (totalBytes > TUI.#CONPTY_FRAME_TRUNCATE_THRESHOLD_BYTES) {
-				exceedsThreshold = true;
-				break;
-			}
-		}
-		if (!exceedsThreshold) return { lines, cursorPos };
-
-		let retainedBytes = 0;
-		let retainedStart = lines.length;
-		while (
-			retainedStart > 0 &&
-			(retainedBytes < TUI.#CONPTY_FRAME_RETAIN_BYTES || lines.length - retainedStart < height)
-		) {
-			retainedStart -= 1;
-			retainedBytes += Buffer.byteLength(lines[retainedStart] ?? "", "utf8") + 8;
-		}
-		if (retainedStart <= 0) return { lines, cursorPos };
-
-		const marker = truncateToWidth(
-			`[${retainedStart} older lines hidden to keep Windows console resume responsive]`,
-			width,
-			Ellipsis.Omit,
-		);
-		const truncated = new Array<string>(lines.length - retainedStart + 1);
-		truncated[0] = marker;
-		for (let i = retainedStart; i < lines.length; i++) {
-			truncated[i - retainedStart + 1] = lines[i] ?? "";
-		}
-
-		if (cursorPos === null || cursorPos.row < retainedStart) {
-			return { lines: truncated, cursorPos: null };
-		}
-		return {
-			lines: truncated,
-			cursorPos: { row: cursorPos.row - retainedStart + 1, col: cursorPos.col },
-		};
-	}
-
 	/**
 	 * Rewrite a Kitty direct-placement line for the viewport row it is written
 	 * at, clipping to the visible slice (see {@link encodeKittyPlacementLine})
@@ -3522,886 +1949,288 @@ export class TUI extends Container {
 		const coalesced = coalesceAdjacentSgr(line);
 		return coalesced + (line.includes("\x1b]8;") ? LINE_TERMINATOR : SEGMENT_RESET);
 	}
-
+	#renderProviderFrame(width: number, height: number): void {
+		const provider = this.#frameProvider;
+		if (!provider || width <= 0 || height <= 0) return;
+		this.#imageBudget.beginPass();
+		const plan = provider.renderFrame({ columns: width, rows: height });
+		this.#imageBudget.endPass();
+		let viewport = Array.from(plan.viewport);
+		if (viewport.length > height) {
+			const message = `Frame provider returned ${viewport.length} rows for a ${height}-row viewport`;
+			if (Bun.env.NODE_ENV === "test" || Bun.env.NODE_ENV === "development") throw new Error(message);
+			logger.error("TUI layout contract violated", { rows: viewport.length, height });
+			viewport = viewport.slice(0, height);
+		}
+		if (this.#maybeDeferGhosttyInitialImagePaint()) return;
+		this.#emitPlanFrame(width, height, viewport, plan.history, provider);
+	}
 	/**
-	 * Render one frame.
+	 * Re-offer finalized history once after a settled resize.
 	 *
-	 * Append-only pipeline: compose the frame, derive the commit boundary from
-	 * the component-reported live-region seam, advance the committed-row count
-	 * monotonically, and emit either a gesture-driven full paint or an
-	 * incremental update. Scrollback is `frame[0..committedRows)` at all
-	 * times — no viewport probes, no deferred reconciliation.
+	 * Append mode leaves the terminal's prior copy in place and writes a
+	 * current-width copy below it. Rebuild mode routes through the destructive
+	 * reset latch so ED3 removes stale history before the same replay.
 	 */
-	#doRender(): void {
-		if (this.#stopped) return;
-		const width = this.terminal.columns;
-		const height = this.terminal.rows;
-
-		// Consume the component-scoped accumulation: it describes the render
-		// requests made up to this frame, whichever path the frame takes.
-		const componentScopedOnly = this.#pendingRenderComponentsOnly;
-		this.#pendingRenderComponentsOnly = false;
+	#prepareResizeReplay(width: number, height: number): void {
+		const size = `${width}x${height}`;
+		if (
+			!this.#hasEverRendered ||
+			(this.#previousWidth === width && this.#previousHeight === height) ||
+			this.#resizeReplaySize === size ||
+			this.#resizeScrollbackMode === "preserve"
+		) {
+			return;
+		}
+		const provider = this.#frameProvider;
+		if (!provider?.resetHistory) return;
+		this.#resizeReplaySize = size;
+		if (this.#clearScrollbackOnNextRender) {
+			this.#forceViewportRepaintOnNextRender = true;
+			return;
+		}
+		if (this.#resizeScrollbackMode === "rebuild") {
+			this.#prepareForcedRender(true);
+			return;
+		}
+		provider.resetHistory();
+		this.#forceViewportRepaintOnNextRender = true;
+	}
 
-		// Fullscreen alt-screen short-circuit. While the topmost visible overlay
-		// requests it, borrow the terminal's alternate buffer and paint only the
-		// modal there; the normal screen and all accounting stay untouched.
-		let deferredAltExit = this.#pendingAltExit;
-		const topOverlay = this.#getTopmostVisibleOverlay();
-		const wantAlt = topOverlay?.options?.fullscreen === true;
-		const wantMouseTracking = wantAlt && topOverlay.options?.mouseTracking !== false;
-		if (wantAlt && !this.#altActive) {
-			// Enhanced keyboard modes can be buffer-local: re-push the active
-			// modified-key reporting sequence on the freshly entered alternate
-			// screen, or Esc/modified keys revert to legacy encoding inside
-			// fullscreen overlays (Ghostty/kitty/iTerm2).
-			const mouseEnter = wantMouseTracking ? MOUSE_TRACKING_ON : "";
-			this.terminal.write(`\x1b[?1049h${this.#keyboardEnhancementEnter()}${mouseEnter}`);
-			setAltScreenActive(true);
-			this.terminal.hideCursor();
-			this.#forgetHardwareCursorState();
-			this.#recordHardwareCursorHidden();
-			this.#altActive = true;
-			this.#altMouseTrackingActive = wantMouseTracking;
-			this.#altPreviousLines = [];
-			this.#altEnterWidth = width;
-			this.#altEnterHeight = height;
-			this.#altWidthEpochBoundary = this.captureNativeScrollbackWidthEpoch();
-		} else if (!wantAlt && this.#altActive) {
-			const mouseExit = this.#altMouseTrackingActive ? MOUSE_TRACKING_OFF : "";
-			const enhancementExit = this.#keyboardEnhancementExit();
-			const exitSequence = `${mouseExit}${enhancementExit}\x1b[?1049l`;
-			// Session replacement can finish while a fullscreen selector is still
-			// covering the old normal buffer. Keep the overlay visible until the
-			// replacement is ready, then fuse the buffer restore into that full paint;
-			// a standalone exit exposes the stale session for one terminal frame.
-			if (this.#clearScrollbackOnNextRender) {
-				this.#pendingAltExit = exitSequence;
-				deferredAltExit = exitSequence;
-			} else this.terminal.write(exitSequence);
-			setAltScreenActive(false);
-			this.#forgetHardwareCursorState();
-			this.#altActive = false;
-			this.#altMouseTrackingActive = false;
-			this.#altPreviousLines = [];
-			this.#altWidthEpochBoundary = undefined;
-			// A resize while on the alt buffer reflowed the terminal's saved
-			// normal screen; it no longer matches our accounting, so force the
-			// geometry rebuild path instead of a stale diff. A pure height change
-			// across the alt-buffer boundary (width unchanged) is the signature of
-			// a terminal that re-reports its size whenever the alternate screen
-			// toggles — the Warp-class quirk. Latch the in-place resize path so
-			// this exit and the revert SIGWINCH repaint without an ED3 scrollback
-			// rewrap instead of flashing a destructive full paint (#6511).
-			if (width !== this.#altEnterWidth || height !== this.#altEnterHeight) {
-				this.#resizeEventPending = true;
-				if (width === this.#altEnterWidth) this.#altToggleResizesInPlace = true;
-			}
-		} else if (wantMouseTracking !== this.#altMouseTrackingActive) {
-			this.terminal.write(wantMouseTracking ? MOUSE_TRACKING_ON : MOUSE_TRACKING_OFF);
-			this.#altMouseTrackingActive = wantMouseTracking;
-		}
-		if (this.#altActive) {
-			this.#componentRenderTargets.clear();
-			this.#renderAltFrame(width, height);
-			return;
-		}
-
-		// Resize viewport fast path. While a non-multiplexer drag is in flight,
-		// paint only the viewport and skip composing the off-screen history.
-		// Strictly state-isolated: it never consumes #resizeEventPending nor
-		// advances any commit/window/diff field, so the authoritative full paint
-		// the settle timer queues reconciles as if these throwaway frames never
-		// ran. Two render sources reach here mid-drag and BOTH must stay on this
-		// path:
-		//   - the resize callback's own cheap paint after each SIGWINCH;
-		//   - an ordinary (non-forced) render from a live block that keeps
-		//     animating through the drag — a spinner tick, a streamed token, a
-		//     cursor blink — firing requestRender(false)/requestComponentRender.
-		//     #resizeEventPending is still set (the fast path never consumed it),
-		//     so without this branch the ordinary render falls through to the
-		//     geometry-rebuild full paint below, which LEAVES the borrowed
-		//     alternate screen to repaint the whole transcript on the normal
-		//     screen — then the next SIGWINCH re-enters the alt screen and paints
-		//     only the tail, so the block flashes in for one frame and vanishes.
-		// A FORCED render mid-drag (tool finalization, resetDisplay, image
-		// reconciliation) also stays on the fast path: preempting would leave
-		// the borrowed alternate screen and run the geometry-rebuild full paint
-		// on the normal screen — ED3 plus an O(history) replay that visibly
-		// scrolls the whole transcript through the viewport, once per forced
-		// render and once more at settle. The forced intent is not lost: the
-		// fast path consumes neither #forceViewportRepaintOnNextRender nor
-		// #clearScrollbackOnNextRender, and the settle's authoritative
-		// requestRender(true) honors both — same fold-into-the-settle contract
-		// as the multiplexer resize debounce. A visible overlay composites over
-		// the transcript and needs the whole window, so it falls through
-		// (overlay resizes are not on the drag-cost hot path).
-		if (this.#resizeViewportActive && this.#hasEverRendered && this.#getTopmostVisibleOverlay() === undefined) {
-			this.#componentRenderTargets.clear();
-			this.#renderResizeViewport(width, height);
-			return;
-		}
-
-		// A destructive replay erases native history and must receive the complete
-		// component frame. Give virtualized roots one compose to rehydrate rows
-		// they dropped after commit. Height-only and net-unchanged resize events
-		// count too: both enter the geometry rebuild path below.
-		const replayFullHistory =
-			this.#hasEverRendered &&
-			!this.#resizeRepaintsInPlace() &&
-			(this.#clearScrollbackOnNextRender ||
-				this.#resizeEventPending ||
-				(this.#previousWidth > 0 && this.#previousWidth !== width) ||
-				(this.#previousHeight > 0 && this.#previousHeight !== height));
-		if (replayFullHistory) {
-			for (const child of this.children) prepareNativeScrollbackReplay(child);
-		}
-
-		// 1. Compose the frame. Bracket the render so the image budget observes
-		// every inline image in display order (overlays carry none). A
-		// component-scoped frame skips the budget pass instead — it is gated on
-		// a quiescent budget, and a partial tree walk would under-count display
-		// order — and re-renders only the requested root subtrees, reusing the
-		// previous segment of every other root child.
-		const partialRoots = componentScopedOnly ? this.#resolvePartialComposeRoots(width, height) : null;
-		this.#componentRenderTargets.clear();
-		let rawFrame: readonly string[];
-		if (partialRoots !== null) {
-			this.#partialComposeRoots = partialRoots;
-			try {
-				rawFrame = this.render(width);
-			} finally {
-				this.#partialComposeRoots = null;
-			}
+	/**
+	 * Physical write transaction: append an unacknowledged history batch above
+	 * the anchored mutable viewport, repaint the viewport, and erase stale rows
+	 * below. Appending K rows scrolls at most K rows off the top — the oldest
+	 * visible history — and the viewport anchor follows the retained history.
+	 */
+	#emitPlanFrame(
+		width: number,
+		height: number,
+		viewportRows: string[],
+		offered: HistoryBatch | undefined,
+		provider: TerminalFrameProvider | undefined,
+	): void {
+		let viewport = viewportRows;
+		if (this.#getTopmostVisibleOverlay() !== undefined) {
+			while (viewport.length < height) viewport.push("");
+			viewport = this.#compositeOverlaysIntoWindow(viewport, width, height);
+		}
+		const markers = this.#extractCursorMarkers(viewport);
+		const prepared = this.#prepareLinesArray(viewport, width);
+		const history = offered !== undefined && offered.id > this.#acceptedHistoryBatchId ? offered : undefined;
+		if (offered !== undefined && offered.id <= this.#acceptedHistoryBatchId) provider?.acknowledgeHistory(offered.id);
+		const historyRows = history?.rows ?? [];
+		const preparedHistory = this.#prepareLinesArray(historyRows, width);
+		const rows = prepared.length;
+		// Destructive reset (session replace, /tree, explicit clear, or a settled
+		// resize in rebuild mode): erase native history and the viewport,
+		// then repaint from row zero.
+		const destructiveReset = this.#clearScrollbackOnNextRender;
+		if (destructiveReset) {
+			this.#providerViewportTop = 0;
+			this.#providerWindow = [];
+		}
+		// The viewport stays anchored directly below whatever history remains on
+		// screen. Appending K history rows moves the anchor down by K; the write
+		// scrolls only when history + viewport overflow the physical screen, and
+		// the rows that scroll off the top are exactly the oldest history rows.
+		const geometryStable = this.#hasEverRendered && this.#previousWidth === width && this.#previousHeight === height;
+		const startTop = destructiveReset ? 0 : Math.min(this.#providerViewportTop, Math.max(0, height - 1));
+		const newTop = Math.max(0, Math.min(startTop + historyRows.length, height - rows));
+		let buffer = this.#paintBeginSequence;
+		if (destructiveReset && TERMINAL.imageProtocol === ImageProtocol.Kitty) {
+			// ED2/ED3 erase text cells but leave Kitty graphics visible. A reset is
+			// explicitly destructive, so remove every placement—not only the ones
+			// this TUI tracked—then resend images composed for the clean replay.
+			buffer += encodeKittyDeleteAllImages();
+			this.#imageBudget.resetPlacementEpochs();
+		}
+		for (const sequence of this.#imageBudget.takeTransmits()) buffer += sequence;
+		if (TERMINAL.imageProtocol === ImageProtocol.Kitty) {
+			for (const id of this.#imageBudget.takePurgeIds()) buffer += encodeKittyDeleteImage(id);
 		} else {
-			this.#imageBudget.beginPass();
-			rawFrame = this.render(width);
-			this.#imageBudget.endPass();
-		}
-		// Ghostty initial-image deferral must run before any render state is
-		// consumed (#resizeEventPending, hardware-cursor state, commit
-		// re-anchoring): the early return abandons this frame and the deferred
-		// render recomposes from scratch, so consuming state here would
-		// misclassify a pending resize as an ordinary diff and corrupt the paint.
-		if (this.#maybeDeferGhosttyInitialImagePaint()) return;
-		// Cursor markers were stripped at compose time (they are internal
-		// sentinels and must never reach the terminal, the committed prefix, or
-		// the audit); the visible marker is chosen after the window top is
-		// known. Ascending by frame row.
-		const cursorMarkers = this.#frameCursorMarkers;
-		const liveRegionStart = this.#nativeScrollbackLiveRegionStart;
-		const liveRegionPinned = this.#nativeScrollbackLiveRegionPinned;
-
-		// Exactness boundary (used by the audit-zone math below). Rows below it
-		// are declared FINAL by the component seam: when they commit, they enter
-		// the audited zone (byte-exact, repairable on violation). Rows above it
-		// that scroll off the window commit as frozen visual snapshots (see
-		// #committedPrefixAuditRows). The whole frame is final when the root
-		// reports no seam (shell semantics).
-		const frameLength = rawFrame.length;
-		const finalBoundary = Math.max(0, Math.min(frameLength, liveRegionStart ?? frameLength));
-		// No commit may cross into a pinned region, even one below an unpinned
-		// topmost seam (an anchored HUD/panel under a streaming transcript). The
-		// topmost seam still governs exactness (finalBoundary); this ceiling only
-		// bars a growing pinned region's scrolled-off rows from native scrollback.
-		const commitCeiling = this.#nativeScrollbackPinnedBoundary ?? frameLength;
-
-		// 2. Transition state captured before any emitter runs.
-		let prevWindowTop = this.#windowTopRow;
-		const prevHardwareCursorRow = this.#hardwareCursorRow;
-		const resizeEventOccurred = this.#resizeEventPending;
-		this.#resizeEventPending = false;
-		const resizeHadPendingRender = this.#multiplexerResizeHasPendingRender;
-		this.#multiplexerResizeHasPendingRender = false;
-		if (resizeEventOccurred) this.#forgetHardwareCursorState();
-		const widthChanged = this.#previousWidth > 0 && this.#previousWidth !== width;
-		const widthEpochOccurred = widthChanged || (resizeEventOccurred && this.#multiplexerWidthEpochPending);
-		const capturedWidthEpochBoundary = this.#multiplexerWidthEpochBoundary;
-		const widthEpochBoundary = this.#widthEpochOverlayBoundary ?? capturedWidthEpochBoundary;
-		const widthEpochSourceBoundary = widthEpochOccurred
-			? this.resolveNativeScrollbackWidthEpoch(widthEpochBoundary)
-			: undefined;
-		const widthEpochCurrentRows = widthEpochOccurred
-			? this.#getNativeScrollbackWidthEpochCurrentRows(widthEpochBoundary)
-			: undefined;
-		const widthEpochAppendOnly = widthEpochOccurred
-			? this.#isNativeScrollbackWidthEpochAppendOnly(widthEpochBoundary)
-			: true;
-		if (resizeEventOccurred) {
-			this.#multiplexerWidthEpochBoundary = undefined;
-			this.#multiplexerWidthEpochPending = false;
-		}
-		// A resize event with net-unchanged dimensions still reflowed the
-		// terminal buffer; classify it as a height change so geometry handling
-		// repaints instead of diffing against a screen that no longer exists.
-		const heightChanged =
-			(this.#previousHeight > 0 && this.#previousHeight !== height) ||
-			(resizeEventOccurred && this.#previousHeight > 0);
-		const geometryChanged = widthChanged || heightChanged;
-		const widthEpochReset = widthEpochOccurred && this.#resizeRepaintsInPlace();
-		// A later width reset cannot use the opaque native ledger against
-		// attachment rows from the current-width placement epoch. Capture that
-		// epoch's seam before reset classification replaces its baseline.
-		const placementEpochWatermark = this.#widthEpochBaselineRows === undefined ? this.#committedRows : prevWindowTop;
-		if (widthEpochReset) this.#widthEpochCommittedPrefix = undefined;
-
-		// Committed-prefix audit. Rows below the audit mark are hard-verified
-		// exact bytes; rows between the mark and the current exactness boundary
-		// are frozen snapshots whose source JUST became final and must be
-		// verified once (a pending header settling, a barrier clearing above a
-		// shifted tail); rows past the boundary are still-live frozen snapshots,
-		// exempt so a collapsing preview can never spray re-anchors mid-run. A
-		// divergence re-anchors — feeding the divergenceRebuild erase-and-replay
-		// below (mux fallback: recommit below the stale copy; duplication, never
-		// loss) — instead of silently skipping rows (committed nowhere, painted
-		// nowhere). Skipped on geometry frames (a rewrap legitimately reflows
-		// every row), and skipped when the composed frame's stable prefix
-		// covers every verified row and no rows newly became final.
-		let committedRowsResynced = false;
-		const widthEpochPrefix = this.#widthEpochCommittedPrefix;
-		if (widthEpochPrefix && !geometryChanged && !this.#clearScrollbackOnNextRender) {
-			let newlyFinalRows = 0;
-			while (
-				newlyFinalRows < widthEpochPrefix.frameRows.length &&
-				widthEpochPrefix.frameRows[newlyFinalRows]! < finalBoundary
-			) {
-				newlyFinalRows++;
-			}
-			widthEpochPrefix.auditRows = Math.min(widthEpochPrefix.auditRows, newlyFinalRows);
-			const verifiedTailRow = widthEpochPrefix.frameRows[widthEpochPrefix.auditRows - 1];
-			const shouldAudit =
-				newlyFinalRows > widthEpochPrefix.auditRows ||
-				(verifiedTailRow !== undefined && this.#renderStablePrefixRows <= verifiedTailRow);
-			let resyncTo = -1;
-			const firstMissing = widthEpochPrefix.frameRows.findIndex(row => row >= frameLength);
-			if (firstMissing >= 0) {
-				const surviving = widthEpochPrefix.frameRows.slice(0, firstMissing).map(row => rawFrame[row]!);
-				for (let i = 0; i < surviving.length; i++) {
-					if (!rowsEquivalent(surviving[i]!, widthEpochPrefix.prefix[i]!)) {
-						resyncTo = i;
-						break;
-					}
-				}
-				if (resyncTo < 0) resyncTo = firstMissing;
-			} else if (shouldAudit) {
-				const current = widthEpochPrefix.frameRows.map(row => rawFrame[row]!);
-				resyncTo = findCommittedPrefixResync(
-					current,
-					widthEpochPrefix.prefix,
-					widthEpochPrefix.auditRows,
-					newlyFinalRows,
-				);
-				if (resyncTo < 0) widthEpochPrefix.auditRows = newlyFinalRows;
-			}
-			if (resyncTo >= 0) {
-				const recoveryRow = Math.min(frameLength, widthEpochPrefix.frameRows[resyncTo] ?? frameLength);
-				widthEpochPrefix.frameRows.length = resyncTo;
-				widthEpochPrefix.prefix.length = resyncTo;
-				widthEpochPrefix.auditRows = Math.min(widthEpochPrefix.auditRows, resyncTo);
-				this.#committedRows = widthEpochPrefix.nativeBaseRows + resyncTo;
-				this.#widthEpochBaselineRows = recoveryRow;
-				this.#windowTopRow = recoveryRow;
-				prevWindowTop = recoveryRow;
-				if ($flag("PI_DEBUG_REDRAW")) {
-					const msg = `[${new Date().toISOString()}] width epoch commit resync: local prefix diverged at row ${recoveryRow}; recommitting\n`;
-					fs.appendFileSync(getDebugLogPath(), msg);
-				}
-			}
-		}
-		const newlyFinalEnd = Math.min(this.#committedRows, finalBoundary);
-		// The exactness boundary can RETREAT (a markdown rewind, a mermaid fence
-		// appearing, a fast-path reset re-opening a block): rows verified under
-		// the old boundary have a live source again. Demote them to frozen
-		// snapshots instead of auditing content that is expected to change —
-		// their committed bytes stay as the visual record, and the next boundary
-		// rise strict-verifies them once like any other frozen row.
-		if (this.#widthEpochBaselineRows === undefined && this.#committedPrefixAuditRows > newlyFinalEnd) {
-			this.#committedPrefixAuditRows = newlyFinalEnd;
-		}
-		const auditRan =
-			this.#hasEverRendered &&
-			!geometryChanged &&
-			this.#widthEpochBaselineRows === undefined &&
-			!this.#clearScrollbackOnNextRender &&
-			(this.#renderStablePrefixRows < this.#committedPrefixAuditRows ||
-				newlyFinalEnd > this.#committedPrefixAuditRows);
-		if (auditRan) {
-			const committedRowsBeforeAudit = this.#committedRows;
-			this.#auditCommittedPrefix(rawFrame, newlyFinalEnd);
-			committedRowsResynced = this.#committedRows !== committedRowsBeforeAudit;
-		}
-		// A frame that shrank below the committed row count collapsed content
-		// that was already recorded (a live suffix collapsing on abort/result).
-		// Re-base the commit index at the first divergence against the recorded
-		// prefix — frozen snapshots included; a collapse is precisely when the
-		// record and the frame part ways — so the surviving exact prefix stays
-		// recognized and is never re-shown or re-committed. Only genuinely new
-		// content repaints below it.
-		if (
-			this.#widthEpochBaselineRows === undefined &&
-			!geometryChanged &&
-			!this.#clearScrollbackOnNextRender &&
-			frameLength < this.#committedRows
-		) {
-			const limit = Math.min(this.#committedRows, frameLength);
-			let diverged = limit;
-			for (let i = 0; i < limit; i++) {
-				if (!rowsEquivalent(rawFrame[i]!, this.#committedPrefix[i]!)) {
-					diverged = i;
-					break;
-				}
-			}
-			if (diverged < this.#committedRows) {
-				this.#committedRows = diverged;
-				this.#committedPrefixAuditRows = Math.min(this.#committedPrefixAuditRows, diverged);
-				this.#committedPrefix.length = diverged;
-				committedRowsResynced = true;
-			}
-		}
-		// Committed-prefix state this frame's commit math extends from
-		// (post-audit): drives the audit-mark advance after the emit.
-		const preCommitRows = this.#committedRows;
-		const preAuditRows = this.#committedPrefixAuditRows;
-		let committedPrefixResliced = false;
-
-		// 3. Window and commit math (lengths only; content prepared below).
-		let hasVisibleOverlay = false;
-		for (const entry of this.overlayStack) {
-			if (this.#isOverlayVisible(entry)) {
-				hasVisibleOverlay = true;
-				break;
-			}
-		}
-		// Without a logical source boundary, pending growth folded into an
-		// overlay-covered width reset cannot be separated from reflow. Replay
-		// conservatively from row zero after the overlay closes: duplication is
-		// preferable to dropping rows that were never emitted anywhere.
-		if (widthEpochReset && hasVisibleOverlay && widthEpochSourceBoundary === undefined && resizeHadPendingRender) {
-			this.#widthEpochOverlayReplayPending = true;
-		}
-		if (widthEpochReset && hasVisibleOverlay && this.#widthEpochOverlayBoundary === undefined) {
-			this.#widthEpochOverlayBoundary = capturedWidthEpochBoundary;
-		}
-		// A width epoch settled while an overlay covered the transcript: the
-		// scrollback refresh cannot run now (overlays freeze commits), and no
-		// second width resize may ever come. Latch it and consume it on the
-		// first uncovered authoritative normal-screen render.
-		if (widthEpochReset && hasVisibleOverlay && this.#resizeScrollbackMode !== "preserve") {
-			this.#resizeScrollbackReplayPending = true;
+			this.#imageBudget.takePurgeIds();
 		}
-		const replayUnresolvedOverlayFrame = widthEpochReset && this.#widthEpochOverlayReplayPending;
-		const replayUnresolvedWidthEpoch =
-			replayUnresolvedOverlayFrame ||
-			(widthEpochReset && liveRegionPinned && this.#widthEpochReplayUnresolved) ||
-			(widthEpochReset &&
-				resizeHadPendingRender &&
-				widthEpochBoundary !== undefined &&
-				widthEpochSourceBoundary === undefined);
-		if (replayUnresolvedWidthEpoch) prevWindowTop = 0;
-
-		// 4. Classify. A resize is an explicit user gesture: normally the engine
-		// erases and replays so history rewraps at the new geometry (the reader
-		// snapped to the bottom just dragged the window). Multiplexer panes — and
-		// terminals that re-report size on alt-screen toggles — instead repaint in
-		// place, because an ED3 rewrap is unsafe (pane scrollback / alt-screen
-		// feedback loop), so committed history keeps its old wrap.
-		const firstPaint = !this.#hasEverRendered;
-		const replaceRequested = this.#clearScrollbackOnNextRender;
-		const geometryRebuild = geometryChanged && !this.#resizeRepaintsInPlace();
-		// Committed history no longer matches the frame: a finalized block
-		// replaced its scrolled-off live render, or the frame collapsed into
-		// recorded rows. Native scrollback is a render cache, not a court
-		// record — erase and replay so history holds the content exactly once,
-		// instead of recommitting the final form below the stale fragment
-		// (a visibly duplicated block). Multiplexer panes cannot ED3 safely
-		// and keep the repair-below fallback in the branches under this one.
-		const divergenceRebuild =
-			this.#scrollbackRebuildEnabled &&
-			!firstPaint &&
-			!replaceRequested &&
-			!geometryChanged &&
-			!isMultiplexerSession() &&
-			(committedRowsResynced || frameLength <= this.#committedRows);
-		// A settled in-place width resize left native history wrapped at the old
-		// width (the host rewraps its own scrollback; long lines stay shredded at
-		// the old boundaries). Unless the mode is `preserve`, refresh it with one
-		// full paint of the recomposed current-width frame: `append` leaves the
-		// old-wrap copy above (one fresh copy per settled resize, never loss);
-		// `rebuild` clears native history first so it holds the transcript
-		// exactly once. Epochs settled under a visible overlay keep the deferred
-		// bounded path for that frame and consume the latched refresh here once
-		// the overlay closes.
-		const resizeScrollbackReplay =
-			(widthEpochReset || this.#resizeScrollbackReplayPending) &&
-			!hasVisibleOverlay &&
-			this.#resizeScrollbackMode !== "preserve";
-		const fullPaint =
-			firstPaint || replaceRequested || geometryRebuild || divergenceRebuild || resizeScrollbackReplay;
-		// Height-only mux resizes move rows between the pane's scrollback and its
-		// grid. A shrink with a full grid pushes the grid-top rows into pane
-		// scrollback without a commit; a grow pulls the scrollback tail back into
-		// the grid, where the forced in-place window rewrite overwrites it — gone
-		// from history. The scrollback is a stack: pushed rows sit at the tail
-		// only until the next commit buries them, so they shield a pull only
-		// while the commit seam has not moved since the push. The unshielded
-		// remainder removes committed rows — drop the commit seam by it and let
-		// the next chunk re-commit them. A short frame gains blank rows instead
-		// of pulling.
-		if (fullPaint || widthChanged) {
-			this.#muxPushedRows = 0;
-		} else if (
-			geometryChanged &&
-			this.#previousHeight > 0 &&
-			this.#previousFrameLength - this.#windowTopRow >= this.#previousHeight
-		) {
-			if (this.#committedRows !== this.#muxPushSeam) this.#muxPushedRows = 0;
-			if (height < this.#previousHeight) {
-				this.#muxPushedRows += this.#previousHeight - height;
-				this.#muxPushSeam = this.#committedRows;
-			} else if (height > this.#previousHeight) {
-				const pull = height - this.#previousHeight;
-				const fromPushed = Math.min(pull, this.#muxPushedRows);
-				this.#muxPushedRows -= fromPushed;
-				const fromCommitted = Math.min(pull - fromPushed, this.#committedRows);
-				this.#committedRows -= fromCommitted;
-				this.#committedPrefix.length = this.#committedRows;
-				this.#muxPushSeam = this.#committedRows;
+		if (destructiveReset) buffer += "\x1b[H\x1b[3J\x1b[2J";
+		const diffable =
+			geometryStable &&
+			historyRows.length === 0 &&
+			startTop === newTop &&
+			!this.#forceViewportRepaintOnNextRender &&
+			!destructiveReset &&
+			this.#providerWindow.length > 0;
+		if (diffable) {
+			for (let index = 0; index < rows; index++) {
+				if (this.#providerWindow[index] === prepared[index]) continue;
+				buffer += `\x1b[${newTop + index + 1};1H${this.#lineRewriteSequence(
+					prepared[index] ?? "",
+					width,
+					newTop + index,
+					-1,
+					-1,
+					this.#osc66SpacerGlyphWidth(prepared, index),
+				)}`;
 			}
-		}
-		let windowTop: number;
-		let chunkTo: number;
-		let widthEpochAppendFrom = 0;
-		let widthEpochAppendTo = 0;
-		if (fullPaint) {
-			committedPrefixResliced = true;
-			windowTop = Math.max(0, frameLength - height);
-			chunkTo = Math.min(windowTop, commitCeiling);
-		} else if (widthEpochReset) {
-			// A terminal width change ends the physical-row coordinate epoch.
-			// Resolve the last emitted logical source boundary at the new width;
-			// updates queued during debounce are the current-boundary suffix.
-			// Components without the source contract retain the conservative
-			// legacy fallback, but never compare cross-width counts when a marker
-			// resolved successfully.
-			this.#widthEpochBaselineRows = replayUnresolvedWidthEpoch
-				? 0
-				: (widthEpochSourceBoundary ??
-					(resizeHadPendingRender ? Math.min(frameLength, this.#previousFrameLength) : frameLength));
-			this.#widthEpochReplayUnresolved = replayUnresolvedWidthEpoch;
-			windowTop = Math.max(0, frameLength - height);
-			chunkTo = this.#committedRows;
-			widthEpochAppendFrom = this.#widthEpochBaselineRows;
-			widthEpochAppendTo =
-				hasVisibleOverlay || widthEpochCurrentRows === undefined
-					? hasVisibleOverlay
-						? widthEpochAppendFrom
-						: Math.max(widthEpochAppendFrom, commitCeiling)
-					: Math.max(widthEpochAppendFrom, widthEpochCurrentRows);
-		} else if (this.#widthEpochBaselineRows !== undefined) {
-			// Only rows physically appended after the width epoch may drive the
-			// terminal forward. Keep the native commit count independent of this
-			// frame-coordinate baseline. Overlays defer all emission; a pinned
-			// live region clips advancement to its exact final boundary so mutable
-			// rows remain viewport-only until finalization.
-			windowTop = Math.max(0, frameLength - height);
-			chunkTo = this.#committedRows;
-			widthEpochAppendFrom = this.#widthEpochBaselineRows;
-			const appendBoundary = commitCeiling;
-			widthEpochAppendTo = hasVisibleOverlay ? widthEpochAppendFrom : Math.max(widthEpochAppendFrom, appendBoundary);
-		} else if (
-			frameLength <= this.#committedRows ||
-			(committedRowsResynced &&
-				frameLength - this.#committedRows < height &&
-				cursorMarkers.some(marker => marker.row >= this.#committedRows))
-		) {
-			// Multiplexer fallback (a direct terminal takes the divergenceRebuild
-			// full paint above): either the frame shrank into the committed
-			// prefix, or a committed-prefix resync left a focused cursor tail
-			// shorter than the viewport. The latter happens when a streaming/live
-			// block had an append-only prefix committed, then collapses on
-			// abort/finalize: the audit re-anchors #committedRows at the first
-			// divergent row, but flooring windowTop there would pin the editor
-			// near the top and leave blank rows underneath. Re-show the frame
-			// tail instead. The stale committed copy stays in native history;
-			// duplicating a few rows is preferable to a live editor gap —
-			// "duplication, never loss" is the ED3-unsafe fallback contract.
-			committedPrefixResliced = true;
-			windowTop = Math.max(0, frameLength - height);
-			chunkTo = Math.min(windowTop, commitCeiling);
-			this.#committedRows = chunkTo;
-			this.#committedPrefix = rawFrame.slice(0, chunkTo);
-		} else if (geometryChanged && Math.max(0, frameLength - height) < this.#committedRows) {
-			// Pane growth/reflow can pull rows back out of mux scrollback and into
-			// the viewport. Rebase the commit seam to that exposed frame tail before
-			// the forced rewrite; flooring at the old seam would paint only the live
-			// suffix followed by blanks, then preserve that gap on every stream tick.
-			windowTop = Math.max(0, frameLength - height);
-			chunkTo = windowTop;
-			this.#committedRows = windowTop;
-			if (widthChanged) {
-				// A rewrap invalidated the recorded bytes: re-base the audit prefix
-				// at the new width so the accepted wrap drift does not read as a
-				// violation on the next ordinary frame.
-				committedPrefixResliced = true;
-				this.#committedPrefix = rawFrame.slice(0, windowTop);
-			} else {
-				// Height-only reflow: the pane did not rewrap, so the recorded
-				// bytes are still the true tape record. Truncate instead of
-				// reslicing from the current frame — replacing the record with
-				// live content would bless drifted frozen snapshots as verified
-				// and skip their finalize-time recommit (rows lost from history).
-				this.#committedPrefix.length = Math.min(this.#committedPrefix.length, windowTop);
+			if (this.#providerWindow.length > rows && newTop + rows < height) {
+				buffer += `\x1b[${newTop + rows + 1};1H\x1b[J`;
 			}
 		} else {
-			// Re-anchor to the frame tail, floored at the committed boundary: a
-			// shrink (or overlay close) pulls the window back down, but never
-			// onto rows already in native history — re-showing those on the
-			// grid would duplicate them for a scrolling reader. On a
-			// multiplexer resize the pane reflowed its own history; committed
-			// rows keep their old wrap there, same as any shell output.
-			windowTop = Math.max(this.#committedRows, frameLength - height, 0);
-			// Whatever scrolls above the window commits — the tape is the visual
-			// record; nothing that was painted may vanish. Overlays freeze
-			// commits: composited rows must never enter history, and the hidden
-			// gap backfills via the chunk once the overlay closes. A multiplexer
-			// resize also commits nothing — the pane keeps its own history — and
-			// a width rewrap re-bases the audit prefix at the new width so the
-			// accepted wrap drift does not read as a violation on the next
-			// ordinary frame.
-			chunkTo =
-				hasVisibleOverlay || geometryChanged
-					? this.#committedRows
-					: Math.min(windowTop, Math.max(this.#committedRows, commitCeiling));
-			if (widthChanged) {
-				committedPrefixResliced = true;
-				this.#committedPrefix = rawFrame.slice(0, this.#committedRows);
-			}
-		}
-
-		// 5. Pick the visible cursor marker (bottom-most at or below the window
-		// top), prepare lines, and build the visible window slice.
-		let cursorPos: { row: number; col: number } | null = null;
-		for (let i = cursorMarkers.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
-			const marker = cursorMarkers[i]!;
-			if (marker.row >= windowTop) {
-				cursorPos = marker;
-				break;
+			// This write scrolls when history + viewport overflow the screen; the
+			// terminal pushes the physical top rows into scrollback. Rows above the
+			// old viewport are committed history (correct to push), but old live
+			// viewport rows are not — erase them first so a scroll can only push
+			// committed rows and blanks, never an unfinished frame.
+			const pushed = Math.max(0, startTop + preparedHistory.length + rows - height);
+			if (pushed > this.#providerViewportTop && this.#providerWindow.length > 0) {
+				buffer += `\x1b[${this.#providerViewportTop + 1};1H\x1b[J`;
+			}
+			buffer += `\x1b[${startTop + 1};1H`;
+			let screenRow = startTop;
+			for (let index = 0; index < preparedHistory.length; index++) {
+				if (screenRow > startTop) buffer += "\r\n";
+				buffer += this.#lineRewriteSequence(
+					preparedHistory[index] ?? "",
+					width,
+					Math.min(screenRow, height - 1),
+					-1,
+					-1,
+					this.#osc66SpacerGlyphWidth(preparedHistory, index),
+				);
+				screenRow++;
 			}
-		}
-		const frame = this.#prepareFrame(rawFrame, width);
-		let window: string[] = new Array(height);
-		for (let r = 0; r < height; r++) window[r] = frame[windowTop + r] ?? "";
-		if (hasVisibleOverlay) {
-			window = this.#compositeOverlaysIntoWindow(window, width, height);
-			const overlayMarkers = this.#extractCursorMarkers(window);
-			if (overlayMarkers.length > 0) {
-				cursorPos = { row: windowTop + overlayMarkers[0]!.row, col: overlayMarkers[0]!.col };
+			for (let index = 0; index < rows; index++) {
+				if (screenRow > startTop) buffer += "\r\n";
+				buffer += this.#lineRewriteSequence(
+					prepared[index] ?? "",
+					width,
+					Math.min(screenRow, height - 1),
+					-1,
+					-1,
+					this.#osc66SpacerGlyphWidth(prepared, index),
+				);
+				screenRow++;
 			}
-			window = this.#prepareLinesArray(window, width);
+			if (newTop + rows < height) buffer += `\x1b[${newTop + rows + 1};1H\x1b[J`;
 		}
-		const cursorTrackingLineCount = hasVisibleOverlay ? Math.max(frame.length, windowTop + height) : frame.length;
-
-		// `resetDisplay()` requests an unbounded replay of the current
-		// transcript. Consume that one-shot intent on this authoritative
-		// normal-screen render even when a multiplexer makes it an in-place
-		// update; otherwise a later /resume or handoff full paint inherits it.
-		const unboundedConptyPaint = this.#unboundedConptyPaintRequested;
-		this.#unboundedConptyPaintRequested = false;
-		const intent: RenderIntent = fullPaint
-			? {
-					kind: "fullPaint",
-					clearScrollback:
-						divergenceRebuild ||
-						(resizeScrollbackReplay && this.#resizeScrollbackMode === "rebuild") ||
-						((replaceRequested || geometryRebuild) && !isMultiplexerSession()),
-				}
-			: { kind: "update", chunkTo, windowTop };
-		this.#logRedraw(intent, frameLength, height);
-
-		// Load newly-displayed image data once, before this frame's placements
-		// reference it. For full paints, the emitter may need to place the
-		// transmit after a destructive clear (ED2/ED3) but before row replay, so
-		// build the buffer here and let the emitter decide where it lands.
-		let imageTransmitBuffer = "";
-		for (const seq of this.#imageBudget.takeTransmits()) imageTransmitBuffer += seq;
-		// Purge graphics for images the budget demoted to text. Kitty keeps
-		// images in a store that text clears don't touch; demoted rows still
-		// visible re-render as text and the window diff repaints them.
-		// Committed placements are immutable — their pixels are deleted but
-		// their rows are not rewritten.
-		let purgeSequence = "";
-		if (TERMINAL.imageProtocol === ImageProtocol.Kitty) {
-			for (const id of this.#imageBudget.takePurgeIds()) purgeSequence += encodeKittyDeleteImage(id);
+		const marker = markers[0];
+		const target =
+			marker !== undefined && rows > 0
+				? this.#targetHardwareCursorState({ row: newTop + Math.min(marker.row, rows - 1), col: marker.col }, height)
+				: null;
+		if (target) {
+			buffer += `\x1b[${target.row + 1};${target.col + 1}H${target.visible ? "\x1b[?25h" : "\x1b[?25l"}`;
+			this.#parkedViewportOffset = Math.max(0, target.row - newTop);
 		} else {
-			this.#imageBudget.takePurgeIds();
+			// Park the hidden cursor on the viewport's top row: terminals keep the
+			// cursor attached to its logical line through resize reflow, so the
+			// post-resize anchor probe can recover where the viewport landed.
+			buffer += `\x1b[?25l\x1b[${newTop + 1};1H`;
+			this.#parkedViewportOffset = 0;
 		}
-		// Feed this frame's commit target to the placement-epoch tracker before
-		// any placement resolves against it — an epoch whose rows commit during
-		// frames that never rewrite its line must still advance on the next
-		// re-emission. Width epochs retain an opaque native-row ledger, so close
-		// the old placement-coordinate epoch with its captured seam on reset and
-		// use the current-width commit seam calculated below thereafter.
-		// An `append` scrollback replay is exactly such a reset: the old-width
-		// attach rows must not be compared against the current-width commit seam,
-		// so the coordinate epoch transitions here and the full paint re-anchors
-		// placements at current-width rows (archived cells keep their identity
-		// and advance their placement id on the next emit). Only the ED3
-		// `rebuild` replay skips this: the clear destroys every placement cell
-		// and the emitter restarts the epochs via `resetPlacementEpochs()`, same
-		// as a direct-terminal geometry rebuild.
-		if (widthEpochReset && !(intent.kind === "fullPaint" && intent.clearScrollback)) {
-			this.#imageBudget.observeCommitWatermark(placementEpochWatermark);
-			this.#imageBudget.beginPlacementCoordinateEpoch();
-		} else if (intent.kind === "fullPaint" || this.#widthEpochBaselineRows === undefined) {
-			this.#imageBudget.observeCommitWatermark(chunkTo);
+		buffer += this.#paintEndSequence;
+		this.terminal.write(buffer);
+		if (target) this.#recordHardwareCursorState(target);
+		else this.#recordHardwareCursorHidden();
+		this.#providerWindow = prepared;
+		this.#providerViewportTop = newTop;
+		this.#previousWidth = width;
+		this.#previousHeight = height;
+		this.#previousFrameLength = rows;
+		this.#clearScrollbackOnNextRender = false;
+		this.#forceViewportRepaintOnNextRender = false;
+		this.#hasEverRendered = true;
+		this.#resizeReplaySize = undefined;
+		if (history !== undefined) {
+			this.#acceptedHistoryBatchId = history.id;
+			provider?.acknowledgeHistory(history.id);
+			// Draining is one batch per frame; the provider may hold further
+			// finalized prefixes (large resumed transcripts). Pump the next frame
+			// instead of waiting for an unrelated render request.
+			this.requestRender();
 		}
+	}
 
-		// 6. Emit.
-		if (intent.kind === "fullPaint") {
-			this.#emitFullPaint(frame, window, width, height, cursorPos, purgeSequence, imageTransmitBuffer, {
-				clearScrollback: intent.clearScrollback,
-				chunkTo,
-				windowTop,
-				cursorTrackingLineCount,
-				boundConptyPaint: !unboundedConptyPaint,
-				leadingSequence: deferredAltExit,
-				// A width-epoch replay must not push the invalidated old-width
-				// viewport into native history on terminals that support it.
-				copyScreenToScrollback: !resizeScrollbackReplay,
-			});
-			this.#pendingAltExit = "";
-			this.#committedPrefix = rawFrame.slice(0, chunkTo);
-			this.#committedPrefixAuditRows = Math.min(chunkTo, finalBoundary);
-			this.#clearScrollbackOnNextRender = false;
-			this.#hasEverRendered = true;
-			this.#widthEpochBaselineRows = undefined;
-			this.#widthEpochReplayUnresolved = false;
-			this.#widthEpochOverlayReplayPending = false;
-			this.#widthEpochOverlayBoundary = undefined;
-			this.#widthEpochCommittedPrefix = undefined;
-			this.#resizeScrollbackReplayPending = false;
-			this.#publishCommittedRows();
-			if (!firstPaint && frameLength > height) this.#armPostFullPaintSettle();
+	/** Render one frame: alt-screen modal, provider plan, or children fallback. */
+	#doRender(): void {
+		if (this.#stopped) return;
+		const width = this.terminal.columns;
+		const height = this.terminal.rows;
+		if (this.#resizeAltActive) {
+			this.#renderResizeAltFrame(width, height);
 			return;
 		}
-		if (this.#widthEpochBaselineRows !== undefined) {
-			const logicalAppend =
-				!replayUnresolvedOverlayFrame &&
-				widthEpochSourceBoundary !== undefined &&
-				widthEpochCurrentRows !== undefined;
-			const logicalPrefixAppend = logicalAppend && widthEpochAppendOnly;
-			let scrollRows: number;
-			let commitFrom: number;
-			let commitTo: number;
-			if (replayUnresolvedWidthEpoch) {
-				commitFrom = 0;
-				commitTo = Math.min(windowTop, commitCeiling);
-				scrollRows = commitTo;
-			} else if (logicalAppend && !logicalPrefixAppend) {
-				const sourceWindowTop = Math.max(0, widthEpochSourceBoundary - height);
-				const logicalSuffixRows = Math.max(0, widthEpochCurrentRows - widthEpochSourceBoundary);
-				const appendWindowMovement = Math.max(0, windowTop - sourceWindowTop);
-				scrollRows = Math.min(logicalSuffixRows, appendWindowMovement);
-				commitFrom = Math.max(0, windowTop - scrollRows);
-				commitTo = commitFrom + scrollRows;
-			} else if (!logicalAppend) {
-				const windowMovement = Math.max(0, windowTop - prevWindowTop);
-				const previousViewportRows = Math.min(
-					this.#previousHeight,
-					Math.max(0, this.#previousFrameLength - prevWindowTop),
-				);
-				const hostHeightShrinkRows = Math.min(windowMovement, Math.max(0, previousViewportRows - height));
-				const appendWindowMovement = windowMovement - hostHeightShrinkRows;
-				const epochGrowthRows = Math.max(0, widthEpochAppendTo - widthEpochAppendFrom);
-				scrollRows = Math.min(appendWindowMovement, epochGrowthRows);
-				commitFrom = prevWindowTop + hostHeightShrinkRows;
-				commitTo = commitFrom + scrollRows;
-			} else {
-				commitFrom = widthEpochSourceBoundary;
-				const logicalSuffixRows = Math.max(0, widthEpochCurrentRows - commitFrom);
-				const sourceWindowTop = Math.max(0, commitFrom - height);
-				const appendWindowMovement = Math.max(0, windowTop - sourceWindowTop);
-				scrollRows = Math.min(logicalSuffixRows, appendWindowMovement);
-				commitTo = commitFrom + scrollRows;
-			}
-			if (hasVisibleOverlay) {
-				scrollRows = 0;
-				commitTo = commitFrom;
-			}
-			this.#imageBudget.observeCommitWatermark(commitTo);
-			this.#emitWidthEpochBaseline(frame, window, width, height, cursorPos, purgeSequence, imageTransmitBuffer, {
-				repaintFromScreenRow: 0,
-				commitFrom,
-				commitTo,
-				appendOnly: logicalAppend,
-				prepaintWindowTop: logicalAppend && !logicalPrefixAppend && !hasVisibleOverlay ? commitFrom : undefined,
-				windowTop,
-				cursorTrackingLineCount,
-				leadingSequence: deferredAltExit,
-			});
-			this.#pendingAltExit = "";
-			if (!hasVisibleOverlay) {
-				this.#widthEpochOverlayReplayPending = false;
-				this.#widthEpochOverlayBoundary = undefined;
-				if (liveRegionPinned) {
-					this.#widthEpochBaselineRows = this.#widthEpochReplayUnresolved ? commitTo : widthEpochAppendTo;
-					this.#windowTopRow = logicalAppend ? windowTop : prevWindowTop + scrollRows;
-				} else {
-					this.#widthEpochBaselineRows = frameLength;
-					this.#widthEpochReplayUnresolved = false;
-					this.#windowTopRow = windowTop;
-				}
-				this.#committedRows += scrollRows;
-				if (!widthEpochReset && this.#widthEpochCommittedPrefix) {
-					const epochPrefix = this.#widthEpochCommittedPrefix;
-					// A height grow can expose tracked rows and let them scroll off
-					// again. Retire that superseded logical suffix into the opaque
-					// native base before recording its fresh same-width snapshot.
-					const overlap = epochPrefix.frameRows.findIndex(row => row >= commitFrom);
-					if (overlap >= 0) {
-						epochPrefix.nativeBaseRows += epochPrefix.frameRows.length - overlap;
-						epochPrefix.frameRows.length = overlap;
-						epochPrefix.prefix.length = overlap;
-						epochPrefix.auditRows = Math.min(epochPrefix.auditRows, overlap);
-					}
-					for (let row = commitFrom; row < commitTo; row++) {
-						epochPrefix.frameRows.push(row);
-						epochPrefix.prefix.push(rawFrame[row]!);
-					}
-					while (
-						epochPrefix.auditRows < epochPrefix.frameRows.length &&
-						epochPrefix.frameRows[epochPrefix.auditRows]! < finalBoundary
-					) {
-						epochPrefix.auditRows++;
-					}
-				}
-			} else if (widthEpochReset) {
-				// The overlay freezes commits and subsequent hidden-growth movement,
-				// but the resize itself changed physical-row coordinates. Rebase the
-				// window reference once so growth backfills from the settled width.
-				this.#windowTopRow = replayUnresolvedOverlayFrame
-					? 0
-					: logicalAppend
-						? Math.max(0, widthEpochSourceBoundary! - height)
-						: windowTop;
-			}
-			if (widthEpochReset) {
-				let trackedFrom = commitFrom;
-				let trackedTo = commitTo;
-				if (logicalPrefixAppend) trackedTo = Math.max(trackedFrom, trackedTo - height);
-				if (trackedTo > this.#windowTopRow) {
-					trackedFrom = trackedTo;
-				}
-				const frameRows = Array.from({ length: trackedTo - trackedFrom }, (_value, index) => trackedFrom + index);
-				let auditRows = 0;
-				while (auditRows < frameRows.length && frameRows[auditRows]! < finalBoundary) auditRows++;
-				this.#widthEpochCommittedPrefix = {
-					nativeBaseRows: this.#committedRows - frameRows.length,
-					frameRows,
-					prefix: frameRows.map(row => rawFrame[row]!),
-					auditRows,
-				};
-			}
-			this.#clearScrollbackOnNextRender = false;
-			this.#hasEverRendered = true;
-			this.#publishCommittedRows(this.#windowTopRow);
+		if (this.#resizeProbe) {
+			// The settled repaint lands via #resolveResizeAnchor; painting now would
+			// use the stale pre-resize anchor.
 			return;
 		}
-		if (imageTransmitBuffer.length > 0) {
-			this.terminal.write(imageTransmitBuffer);
-		}
-		this.#emitUpdate(frame, window, width, height, cursorPos, purgeSequence, {
-			chunkTo,
-			windowTop,
-			prevWindowTop,
-			prevHardwareCursorRow,
-			forceWindowRewrite:
-				this.#forceViewportRepaintOnNextRender || (geometryChanged && this.#resizeRepaintsInPlace()),
-			repaintVirtualScrollInPlace: hasVisibleOverlay,
-			cursorTrackingLineCount,
-		});
-		for (let i = this.#committedPrefix.length; i < chunkTo; i++) {
-			this.#committedPrefix.push(rawFrame[i] ?? "");
-		}
-		// Audit-mark advance. A re-slice re-bases it outright. Otherwise it may
-		// advance to the exactness boundary only when this frame verified the
-		// newly-final span (auditRan hard-scans it) or no such span existed —
-		// rows committed this frame below the boundary are fresh exact bytes.
-		if (committedPrefixResliced || auditRan || preAuditRows >= Math.min(preCommitRows, finalBoundary)) {
-			this.#committedPrefixAuditRows = Math.min(this.#committedRows, finalBoundary);
-		} else {
-			this.#committedPrefixAuditRows = Math.min(preAuditRows, this.#committedRows);
-		}
-		this.#publishCommittedRows();
-	}
 
-	/**
-	 * Detect committed-prefix violations (see {@link findCommittedPrefixResync}
-	 * for the zone semantics) and re-anchor the commit index at the first moved
-	 * row, so subsequent rows recommit instead of being skipped: the stale copy
-	 * stays in history — duplication, never loss. Pure in-place restyles keep
-	 * their alignment and are left alone (stale styling in history was always
-	 * the accepted artifact).
-	 */
-	#auditCommittedPrefix(rawFrame: readonly string[], newlyFinalEnd: number): void {
-		const prefix = this.#committedPrefix;
-		if (prefix.length === 0) return;
-		const resyncTo = findCommittedPrefixResync(rawFrame, prefix, this.#committedPrefixAuditRows, newlyFinalEnd);
-		if (resyncTo < 0) return;
-		this.#committedRows = resyncTo;
-		this.#committedPrefixAuditRows = Math.min(this.#committedPrefixAuditRows, resyncTo);
-		prefix.length = resyncTo;
-		if ($flag("PI_DEBUG_REDRAW")) {
-			const msg = `[${new Date().toISOString()}] commit resync: committed prefix diverged at row ${resyncTo}; recommitting\n`;
-			fs.appendFileSync(getDebugLogPath(), msg);
+		// Fullscreen alt-screen short-circuit. While the topmost visible overlay
+		// requests it, borrow the terminal's alternate buffer and paint only the
+		// modal there; the normal screen and all accounting stay untouched.
+		const topOverlay = this.#getTopmostVisibleOverlay();
+		const wantAlt = topOverlay?.options?.fullscreen === true;
+		const wantMouseTracking = wantAlt && topOverlay.options?.mouseTracking !== false;
+		if (wantAlt && !this.#altActive) {
+			// Enhanced keyboard modes can be buffer-local: re-push the active
+			// modified-key reporting sequence on the freshly entered alternate
+			// screen, or Esc/modified keys revert to legacy encoding inside
+			// fullscreen overlays (Ghostty/kitty/iTerm2).
+			const mouseEnter = wantMouseTracking ? MOUSE_TRACKING_ON : "";
+			this.terminal.write(`\x1b[?1049h${this.#keyboardEnhancementEnter()}${mouseEnter}`);
+			setAltScreenActive(true);
+			this.terminal.hideCursor();
+			this.#forgetHardwareCursorState();
+			this.#recordHardwareCursorHidden();
+			this.#altActive = true;
+			this.#altMouseTrackingActive = wantMouseTracking;
+			this.#altPreviousLines = [];
+			this.#altEnterWidth = width;
+			this.#altEnterHeight = height;
+		} else if (!wantAlt && this.#altActive) {
+			const mouseExit = this.#altMouseTrackingActive ? MOUSE_TRACKING_OFF : "";
+			const enhancementExit = this.#keyboardEnhancementExit();
+			const exitSequence = `${mouseExit}${enhancementExit}\x1b[?1049l`;
+			this.terminal.write(exitSequence);
+			setAltScreenActive(false);
+			this.#forgetHardwareCursorState();
+			this.#altActive = false;
+			this.#altMouseTrackingActive = false;
+			this.#altPreviousLines = [];
+			// The alt buffer restore put the pre-overlay normal screen back; a
+			// geometry change while covered invalidates the diff baseline and the
+			// writer's dimension check forces the full anchored rewrite.
+			if (width !== this.#altEnterWidth || height !== this.#altEnterHeight) {
+				this.#forceViewportRepaintOnNextRender = true;
+			}
+		} else if (wantMouseTracking !== this.#altMouseTrackingActive) {
+			this.terminal.write(wantMouseTracking ? MOUSE_TRACKING_ON : MOUSE_TRACKING_OFF);
+			this.#altMouseTrackingActive = wantMouseTracking;
 		}
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Push the post-emit committed-row count to root children that implement
-	 * {@link NativeScrollbackCommittedRows}. Compose feeds the same signal
-	 * before each child render (see {@link render}), but guards that run
-	 * BETWEEN frames — e.g. a controller consulting the transcript's
-	 * committed boundary to decide whether a displaceable block may still be
-	 * retracted — would otherwise observe a count one frame stale and retract
-	 * rows that just entered immutable native scrollback, stranding an
-	 * orphaned copy above the repainted block.
-	 */
-	#publishCommittedRows(committedRows = this.#committedRows): void {
-		for (const segment of this.#frameSegments) {
-			setNativeScrollbackCommittedRows(
-				segment.component,
-				Math.min(segment.rowCount, Math.max(0, committedRows - segment.start)),
-			);
+		if (this.#altActive) {
+			this.#renderAltFrame(width, height);
+			return;
 		}
+		if (this.#frameProvider !== undefined) {
+			this.#prepareResizeReplay(width, height);
+			this.#renderProviderFrame(width, height);
+			return;
+		}
+		this.#renderChildrenFrame(width, height);
 	}
 
 	/**
-	 * Prepare the composed frame for emission, in place. Rows below
-	 * `#preparedValidRows` are already prepared against the current frame (the
-	 * compose lowered that floor to the stable prefix); rows at/after it are
-	 * revalidated positionally — a row whose raw content and width match its
-	 * cached entry reuses the prepared line, anything else re-prepares.
+	 * Fallback frame for hosts without a frame provider (tests, simple embeds):
+	 * compose the root children and paint the bottom `height` rows as the
+	 * mutable viewport. Nothing is ever appended to terminal history.
 	 */
-	#prepareFrame(frame: readonly string[], width: number): string[] {
-		const prepared = this.#preparedFrame;
-		const meta = this.#preparedMeta;
-		if (prepared.length > frame.length) {
-			prepared.length = frame.length;
-			meta.length = frame.length;
-		}
-		for (let i = Math.min(this.#preparedValidRows, prepared.length); i < frame.length; i++) {
-			const raw = frame[i]!;
-			const cached = meta[i];
-			if (cached !== undefined && cached.raw === raw && cached.width === width) {
-				prepared[i] = cached.line;
-				continue;
-			}
-			const entry = this.#prepareLine(raw, width);
-			meta[i] = entry;
-			prepared[i] = entry.line;
-		}
-		this.#preparedValidRows = frame.length;
-		return prepared;
+	#renderChildrenFrame(width: number, height: number): void {
+		this.#imageBudget.beginPass();
+		const composed = this.render(width);
+		this.#imageBudget.endPass();
+		if (this.#maybeDeferGhosttyInitialImagePaint()) return;
+		const viewport = composed.length > height ? composed.slice(composed.length - height) : Array.from(composed);
+		this.#emitPlanFrame(width, height, viewport, undefined, undefined);
 	}
 
 	/** Stateless variant for overlay-composited windows and alt-screen frames. */
@@ -4641,25 +2470,6 @@ export class TUI extends Container {
 		return SEGMENT_RESET + ERASE_TO_END_OF_LINE + terminalLine;
 	}
 
-	/**
-	 * Single state-transition point. Every emitter calls this exactly once at
-	 * the end so cursor/window accounting stays consistent.
-	 */
-	#commit(
-		lines: readonly string[],
-		window: string[],
-		width: number,
-		height: number,
-		hardwareCursor: HardwareCursorUpdate,
-	): void {
-		this.#previousFrameLength = lines.length;
-		this.#previousWindow = window;
-		this.#forceViewportRepaintOnNextRender = false;
-		this.#previousWidth = width;
-		this.#previousHeight = height;
-		this.#recordHardwareCursorUpdate(hardwareCursor);
-	}
-
 	#targetHardwareCursorState(
 		cursorPos: { row: number; col: number } | null,
 		totalLines: number,
@@ -4675,469 +2485,15 @@ export class TUI extends Container {
 	#recordHardwareCursorState(state: HardwareCursorState): void {
 		this.#hardwareCursorRow = state.row;
 		this.#hardwareCursorState = state;
-		this.#hardwareCursorVisible = state.visible;
-		this.#hardwareCursorVisibilityKnown = true;
-	}
-
-	#recordHardwareCursorRowOnly(row: number, visible?: boolean): void {
-		this.#hardwareCursorRow = row;
-		this.#hardwareCursorState = null;
-		if (visible !== undefined) {
-			this.#hardwareCursorVisible = visible;
-			this.#hardwareCursorVisibilityKnown = true;
-		}
-	}
-
-	#recordHardwareCursorUpdate(update: HardwareCursorUpdate): void {
-		if (update.state) {
-			this.#recordHardwareCursorState(update.state);
-			return;
-		}
-		this.#recordHardwareCursorRowOnly(update.toRow, update.visible);
 	}
 
 	#recordHardwareCursorHidden(): void {
-		this.#hardwareCursorVisible = false;
-		this.#hardwareCursorVisibilityKnown = true;
 		if (!this.#hardwareCursorState) return;
 		this.#hardwareCursorState = { ...this.#hardwareCursorState, visible: false };
 	}
 
 	#forgetHardwareCursorState(): void {
 		this.#hardwareCursorState = null;
-		this.#hardwareCursorVisibilityKnown = false;
-	}
-
-	#sameHardwareCursorState(state: HardwareCursorState): boolean {
-		const current = this.#hardwareCursorState;
-		return (
-			current !== null && current.row === state.row && current.col === state.col && current.visible === state.visible
-		);
-	}
-
-	#emitWidthEpochBaseline(
-		frame: readonly string[],
-		window: string[],
-		width: number,
-		height: number,
-		cursorPos: { row: number; col: number } | null,
-		purgeSequence: string,
-		imageTransmitBuffer: string,
-		options: {
-			repaintFromScreenRow: number;
-			commitFrom: number;
-			commitTo: number;
-			appendOnly: boolean;
-			prepaintWindowTop?: number;
-			windowTop: number;
-			cursorTrackingLineCount: number;
-			leadingSequence: string;
-		},
-	): void {
-		this.#fullRedrawCount += 1;
-		let buffer = this.#paintBeginSequence + purgeSequence + options.leadingSequence + imageTransmitBuffer;
-		if (options.commitTo > options.commitFrom) {
-			if (options.appendOnly) {
-				if (options.prepaintWindowTop !== undefined) {
-					for (let screenRow = 0; screenRow < height; screenRow++) {
-						const frameRow = options.prepaintWindowTop + screenRow;
-						buffer += `\x1b[${screenRow + 1};1H`;
-						buffer += this.#lineRewriteSequence(
-							frame[frameRow] ?? "",
-							width,
-							screenRow,
-							frameRow,
-							options.commitTo,
-						);
-					}
-				}
-				buffer += `\x1b[${height};1H`;
-				for (let row = options.commitFrom; row < options.commitTo; row++) {
-					const enteringRow = options.prepaintWindowTop === undefined ? row : row + height;
-					buffer += "\r\n";
-					buffer += this.#lineRewriteSequence(
-						frame[enteringRow] ?? "",
-						width,
-						height - 1,
-						enteringRow,
-						options.commitTo,
-					);
-				}
-				for (let screenRow = 0; screenRow < height; screenRow++) {
-					buffer += `\x1b[${screenRow + 1};1H`;
-					buffer += this.#lineRewriteSequence(
-						window[screenRow] ?? "",
-						width,
-						screenRow,
-						options.windowTop + screenRow,
-						options.commitTo,
-					);
-				}
-			} else {
-				buffer += "\x1b[1;1H";
-				let wroteLine = false;
-				for (let row = options.commitFrom; row < options.commitTo; row++) {
-					if (wroteLine) buffer += "\r\n";
-					buffer += this.#lineRewriteSequence(
-						frame[row] ?? "",
-						width,
-						Math.min(row - options.commitFrom, height - 1),
-						row,
-						options.commitTo,
-					);
-					wroteLine = true;
-				}
-				for (let screenRow = 0; screenRow < height; screenRow++) {
-					if (wroteLine) buffer += "\r\n";
-					buffer += this.#lineRewriteSequence(
-						window[screenRow] ?? "",
-						width,
-						Math.min(options.commitTo - options.commitFrom + screenRow, height - 1),
-						options.windowTop + screenRow,
-						options.commitTo,
-					);
-					wroteLine = true;
-				}
-			}
-		} else {
-			for (let screenRow = options.repaintFromScreenRow; screenRow < height; screenRow++) {
-				buffer += `\x1b[${screenRow + 1};1H`;
-				buffer += this.#lineRewriteSequence(
-					window[screenRow] ?? "",
-					width,
-					screenRow,
-					options.windowTop + screenRow,
-					options.commitTo,
-				);
-			}
-		}
-		buffer += "\r";
-		const contentRows = Math.max(1, Math.min(height, frame.length - options.windowTop));
-		const contentBottomRow = options.windowTop + contentRows - 1;
-		const target = this.#targetHardwareCursorState(cursorPos, options.cursorTrackingLineCount);
-		if (target) {
-			const screenRow = Math.max(0, Math.min(height - 1, target.row - options.windowTop));
-			buffer += `\x1b[${screenRow + 1};${target.col + 1}H`;
-			buffer += target.visible ? "\x1b[?25h" : "\x1b[?25l";
-		} else {
-			buffer += `\x1b[${contentRows};1H\x1b[?25l`;
-		}
-		buffer += this.#paintEndSequence;
-		this.terminal.write(buffer);
-
-		this.#commit(frame, window, width, height, {
-			toRow: target?.row ?? contentBottomRow,
-			state: target,
-			visible: target?.visible ?? false,
-		});
-	}
-	/**
-	 * Replay the frame from home, optionally clearing native scrollback first:
-	 * committed prefix `[0, chunkTo)` followed by the visible window. ED3
-	 * (`CSI 3 J`) is emitted here and only here, and only for gesture-driven
-	 * paints (session replace, resize, resetDisplay, or an explicit
-	 * `clearScrollback` initial paint).
-	 */
-	#emitFullPaint(
-		frame: readonly string[],
-		window: string[],
-		width: number,
-		height: number,
-		cursorPos: { row: number; col: number } | null,
-		purgeSequence: string,
-		imageTransmitBuffer: string,
-		options: {
-			clearScrollback: boolean;
-			chunkTo: number;
-			windowTop: number;
-			cursorTrackingLineCount: number;
-			/**
-			 * Whether this paint may be bounded by {@link #truncateLargeConptyFrame}
-			 * on ConPTY hosts. True for bulk transcript-replacement paints — first
-			 * paint, /resume, handoff, and resize geometry rebuilds — where a
-			 * multi-megabyte synchronized frame stalls conhost (issue #2115). False
-			 * for a user-driven `resetDisplay()` (Ctrl+O expand, thinking/setting
-			 * toggles, display reset), which must replay the whole transcript so
-			 * nothing is silently dropped from scrollback (issue #4863).
-			 */
-			boundConptyPaint: boolean;
-			leadingSequence: string;
-			copyScreenToScrollback: boolean;
-		},
-	): void {
-		this.#fullRedrawCount += 1;
-		const { chunkTo, windowTop, cursorTrackingLineCount } = options;
-		// Map the frame-space cursor into paint space: committed-prefix rows
-		// keep their index, visible-window rows land after the prefix, and a
-		// cursor in neither region (hidden behind the overlay gap) hides.
-		let paintCursorPos: { row: number; col: number } | null = null;
-		if (cursorPos !== null) {
-			if (cursorPos.row < chunkTo) {
-				paintCursorPos = cursorPos;
-			} else if (cursorPos.row >= windowTop && cursorPos.row < windowTop + height) {
-				paintCursorPos = { row: chunkTo + cursorPos.row - windowTop, col: cursorPos.col };
-			}
-		}
-		// ConPTY hosts bound bulk transcript-replacement replays (resume, handoff,
-		// first paint, resize): merge prefix + window into one array so
-		// #truncateLargeConptyFrame can measure the payload and retain only the
-		// tail (#2115). Gated on `boundConptyPaint` — a user-driven `resetDisplay()`
-		// (Ctrl+O expand, toggles) sets it false and replays the whole transcript
-		// untruncated so nothing is dropped from scrollback (#4863). Gated on the
-		// host check too — everywhere else the merge would copy a pointer per
-		// committed row (a 50k-row session = 50k-entry array per resize step /
-		// theme change / session replace) just to be returned unchanged.
-		// `paintLines` stays null unless truncation actually rewrote the replay.
-		let paintLines: string[] | null = null;
-		let paintLineCount = chunkTo + height;
-		if (options.boundConptyPaint && isConPTYHosted()) {
-			const merged = new Array<string>(chunkTo + height);
-			for (let i = 0; i < chunkTo; i++) merged[i] = frame[i] ?? "";
-			for (let screenRow = 0; screenRow < height; screenRow++) {
-				merged[chunkTo + screenRow] = window[screenRow] ?? "";
-			}
-			const paint = this.#truncateLargeConptyFrame(merged, width, height, paintCursorPos);
-			if (paint.lines !== merged) {
-				paintLines = paint.lines;
-				paintLineCount = paint.lines.length;
-				paintCursorPos = paint.cursorPos;
-			}
-		}
-		let buffer = this.#paintBeginSequence + this.#leaveResizeAltSequence() + options.leadingSequence + purgeSequence;
-		if (options.clearScrollback) {
-			// Clear native history without blanking the live viewport first. The
-			// replay below rewrites every visible row from home, including blanks,
-			// so terminals without DEC 2026 never expose an ED2-cleared frame.
-			// The clear also destroys every placement cell, so placement epochs
-			// restart and every registry entry each image ever placed is deleted
-			// explicitly (`d=i` keeps the transmitted data, so the replay needs
-			// no retransmit). Deleting epoch 1 too matters for images absent from
-			// the replay — nothing would ever replace their stale entry.
-			buffer += "\x1b[H\x1b[3J";
-			for (const { imageId, lastEpoch } of this.#imageBudget.resetPlacementEpochs()) {
-				for (let placementId = 1; placementId <= lastEpoch; placementId++) {
-					buffer += encodeKittyDeletePlacement(imageId, placementId);
-				}
-			}
-		} else {
-			// ED2 clears only the viewport. Initial/non-destructive replays may
-			// first ask supporting terminals to preserve the prior screen, but a
-			// width-epoch repaint MUST NOT copy that invalidated viewport into
-			// native history.
-			if (options.copyScreenToScrollback && TERMINAL.supportsScreenToScrollback) buffer += "\x1b[22J";
-			buffer += "\x1b[2J\x1b[H";
-		}
-		if (imageTransmitBuffer.length > 0) buffer += imageTransmitBuffer;
-		// DECCARA fills optimize only the rows that stay visible; history-bound
-		// rows are written as full styled strings (their background must
-		// survive in scrollback, which DECCARA cannot reach).
-		const visibleStart = Math.max(0, paintLineCount - height);
-		let fillSequence = "";
-		let visibleTexts: string[] | null = null;
-		if (this.#deccaraFillsEnabled() && visibleStart < paintLineCount) {
-			// Untruncated, the visible slice is exactly the caller's window
-			// (visibleStart === chunkTo) — reuse it rather than copying;
-			// planDeccaraFills fills its own `texts` and never mutates input.
-			let visible = window;
-			if (paintLines !== null) {
-				visible = new Array<string>(paintLineCount - visibleStart);
-				for (let k = 0; k < visible.length; k++) visible[k] = paintLines[visibleStart + k] ?? "";
-			}
-			const plan = planDeccaraFills(visible, width);
-			visibleTexts = plan.texts;
-			fillSequence = plan.sequence;
-		}
-		if (paintLines === null) {
-			// Common path: emit straight from the source arrays (the
-			// pre-merge two-loop form); byte-identical to replaying the
-			// merged array. Destructive history clears deliberately avoid ED2, so
-			// each row must self-clear stale cells left by the previous viewport.
-			for (let i = 0; i < chunkTo; i++) {
-				if (i > 0) buffer += "\r\n";
-				const writeRow = Math.min(i, height - 1);
-				buffer += options.clearScrollback
-					? this.#lineRewriteSequence(
-							frame[i] ?? "",
-							width,
-							writeRow,
-							i,
-							chunkTo,
-							this.#osc66SpacerGlyphWidth(frame, i),
-						)
-					: this.#terminalLine(frame[i] ?? "", writeRow, i, chunkTo);
-			}
-			for (let screenRow = 0; screenRow < height; screenRow++) {
-				if (chunkTo + screenRow > 0) buffer += "\r\n";
-				const line = visibleTexts ? (visibleTexts[screenRow] ?? "") : (window[screenRow] ?? "");
-				const writeRow = Math.min(chunkTo + screenRow, height - 1);
-				const frameRow = windowTop + screenRow;
-				buffer += options.clearScrollback
-					? this.#lineRewriteSequence(
-							line,
-							width,
-							writeRow,
-							frameRow,
-							chunkTo,
-							this.#osc66SpacerGlyphWidth(frame, frameRow),
-						)
-					: this.#terminalLine(line, writeRow, frameRow, chunkTo);
-			}
-		} else {
-			// ConPTY-truncated replay: leading rows were dropped, so frame-space
-			// positions are unknown — placements still clip to the write row but
-			// skip epoch bookkeeping.
-			for (let i = 0; i < paintLines.length; i++) {
-				if (i > 0) buffer += "\r\n";
-				const line = visibleTexts && i >= visibleStart ? visibleTexts[i - visibleStart] : (paintLines[i] ?? "");
-				const writeRow = Math.min(i, height - 1);
-				buffer += options.clearScrollback
-					? this.#lineRewriteSequence(
-							line,
-							width,
-							writeRow,
-							-1,
-							chunkTo,
-							this.#osc66SpacerGlyphWidth(paintLines, i),
-						)
-					: this.#terminalLine(line, writeRow, -1, chunkTo);
-			}
-		}
-		buffer += fillSequence;
-		// Park the hardware cursor at real content bottom, not the padded
-		// window bottom — a later height shrink would otherwise scroll live
-		// rows into scrollback and duplicate them per resize step.
-		const contentRows = Math.max(1, Math.min(height, frame.length - windowTop));
-		const parkUp = height - contentRows;
-		if (parkUp > 0) buffer += `\x1b[${parkUp}A`;
-		const contentBottomRow = windowTop + contentRows - 1;
-		const paintContentBottomRow = Math.max(0, paintLineCount - 1 - parkUp);
-		const cursorControl = this.#cursorControlSequence(paintCursorPos, paintLineCount, paintContentBottomRow);
-		buffer += cursorControl.seq;
-		buffer += this.#paintEndSequence;
-		this.terminal.write(buffer);
-
-		const committedCursorState = paintCursorPos
-			? this.#targetHardwareCursorState(cursorPos, cursorTrackingLineCount)
-			: null;
-		const committedCursor = committedCursorState
-			? {
-					toRow: committedCursorState.row,
-					state: committedCursorState,
-					visible: committedCursorState.visible,
-				}
-			: {
-					toRow: contentBottomRow,
-					state: null,
-					visible: cursorControl.visible,
-				};
-
-		this.#committedRows = chunkTo;
-		this.#windowTopRow = windowTop;
-		this.#commit(frame, window, width, height, committedCursor);
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Enter (or extend) the non-multiplexer resize fast path. Marks the drag
-	 * active so subsequent `#doRender` calls paint viewport-only, then (re)arms
-	 * the quiet-window timer whose callback ends the drag with one authoritative
-	 * full paint. Reset on every SIGWINCH, so the full replay fires only once the
-	 * user stops dragging.
-	 */
-	#beginResizeViewport(): void {
-		this.#resizeViewportActive = true;
-		this.#resizeViewportSettleTimer?.cancel();
-		this.#resizeViewportSettleTimer = this.#renderScheduler.scheduleRender(() => {
-			this.#resizeViewportSettleTimer = undefined;
-			this.#resizeViewportActive = false;
-			if (this.#stopped) return;
-			// The drag is quiet: replay the rewrapped transcript authoritatively.
-			// #resizeEventPending was preserved across every viewport-only frame
-			// (the fast path never consumes it), so this classifies as a geometry
-			// rebuild — ED3 + full history — and the clearScrollback intent below
-			// matches the gesture-driven reset path.
-			this.#resizeEventPending = true;
-			this.requestRender(true, { clearScrollback: !isMultiplexerSession() });
-		}, TUI.#RESIZE_VIEWPORT_SETTLE_MS);
-	}
-
-	#requestResizeViewportPaint(): void {
-		if (this.#stopped) return;
-		this.#renderRequested = false;
-		this.#executeRender();
-		if (this.#renderRequested) this.#scheduleRender();
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Compose and paint only the viewport for one resize fast-path frame.
-	 * State-isolated: advances no commit/window/diff field and calls neither
-	 * `#commit` nor `#emitFullPaint`, so the settle full paint reconciles against
-	 * the pre-drag screen state.
-	 */
-	#renderResizeViewport(width: number, height: number): void {
-		if (width <= 0 || height <= 0) return;
-		// Tail renders call block.render(), which observes inline images on the
-		// budget. This is a STABLE (partial) pass: the tail walk is bottom-up and
-		// sees only the visible subset, so display-order-by-call-order is wrong
-		// here — `beginPass(true)` makes observe() replay the last committed
-		// live/text split per image id instead, so images keep their on-screen
-		// state through the drag. Reset the pass each frame so a long drag does
-		// not accumulate; never endPass() here — that mutates the demotion ledger
-		// off a partial walk. The settle paint's own beginPass()/endPass() is the
-		// authoritative accounting, and its beginPass() wipes these frames.
-		this.#imageBudget.beginPass(true);
-		const { framed, viewportTop, contentRows } = this.#composeResizeViewport(width, height);
-		this.#emitResizeViewport(framed, viewportTop, height, contentRows, width);
-		this.#resizeViewportPaintCount += 1;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Build the viewport window for a resize fast-path frame: the bottom
-	 * `height` rows of the would-be full frame, collected bottom-up across root
-	 * children, plus up to {@link #OSC66_MAX_SPACER_ROWS} rows above the
-	 * fold. {@link ViewportTailProvider}s (the transcript) yield only their tail;
-	 * the small live-region children below render in full — so every child
-	 * entirely above the fold is skipped. A frame shorter than the viewport is
-	 * top-aligned with blank rows below, matching the full-paint window geometry
-	 * (windowTop = max(0, frameLength - height)). Cursor markers are stripped
-	 * (the drag hides the hardware cursor) and rows are width-fitted via the
-	 * stateless preparer, so no persistent prepared-frame cache is touched.
-	 *
-	 * Returns the visible rows preceded by the context rows in frame order
-	 * (`framed`), the index where the viewport begins (`viewportTop`), and the
-	 * visible content count. The context rows are never emitted; they only let
-	 * {@link #osc66SpacerGlyphWidth} see a scaled heading that scrolled just
-	 * above the fold, so its reserved rows are preserved instead of erased
-	 * (issue #8318).
-	 */
-	#composeResizeViewport(
-		width: number,
-		height: number,
-	): { framed: readonly string[]; viewportTop: number; contentRows: number } {
-		const maxRows = height + TUI.#OSC66_MAX_SPACER_ROWS;
-		const tail: string[] = []; // bottom-first: viewport rows plus context above
-		const children = this.children;
-		for (let i = children.length - 1; i >= 0 && tail.length < maxRows; i--) {
-			const child = children[i]!;
-			const provider = asViewportTailProvider(child);
-			const rows = provider ? provider.renderViewportTail(width, maxRows - tail.length) : child.render(width);
-			for (let r = rows.length - 1; r >= 0 && tail.length < maxRows; r--) {
-				tail.push(rows[r]!);
-			}
-		}
-		const contentRows = Math.min(tail.length, height);
-		const extra = tail.length - contentRows; // context rows above the fold
-		const window: string[] = new Array(height);
-		for (let screenRow = 0; screenRow < height; screenRow++) {
-			// `tail` holds the bottom rows first. The bottom `contentRows` fill the
-			// viewport (top-aligned with blanks below on underflow).
-			window[screenRow] = screenRow < contentRows ? tail[contentRows - 1 - screenRow]! : "";
-		}
-		this.#extractCursorMarkers(window);
-		// Frame order: context rows above the fold (top-first) then the window.
-		const framed: string[] = new Array(extra + height);
-		for (let k = 0; k < extra; k++) framed[k] = tail[tail.length - 1 - k]!;
-		for (let screenRow = 0; screenRow < height; screenRow++) framed[extra + screenRow] = window[screenRow]!;
-		return { framed: this.#prepareLinesArray(framed, width), viewportTop: extra, contentRows };
 	}
 
 	/**
@@ -5160,88 +2516,6 @@ export class TUI extends Container {
 		return this.terminal.kittyEnableSequence ? "\x1b[<u" : "";
 	}
 
-	#enterResizeAltSequence(): string {
-		if (this.#resizeAltActive || this.#altActive) return "";
-		this.#resizeAltActive = true;
-		setAltScreenActive(true);
-		this.#forgetHardwareCursorState();
-		this.#recordHardwareCursorHidden();
-		return `${ALT_SCREEN_ENTER}${this.#keyboardEnhancementEnter()}`;
-	}
-
-	#leaveResizeAltSequence(): string {
-		if (!this.#resizeAltActive) return "";
-		const enhancementExit = this.#keyboardEnhancementExit();
-		this.#resizeAltActive = false;
-		setAltScreenActive(false);
-		this.#forgetHardwareCursorState();
-		return `${enhancementExit}${ALT_SCREEN_EXIT}`;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Whether a resize repaints the visible window in place — no alternate-screen
-	 * borrow, no ED3 scrollback rewrap. Combines the static host detection
-	 * ({@link resizeRepaintsInPlace}) with the runtime {@link #altToggleResizesInPlace}
-	 * latch, so a terminal that re-reports its size on alt-screen toggles is
-	 * treated like Warp once observed, breaking the overlay-exit ED3 flash loop.
-	 * An explicit `PI_TUI_RESIZE_IN_PLACE=0|false` suppresses the runtime latch;
-	 * multiplexer handling remains authoritative through the static predicate.
-	 */
-	#resizeRepaintsInPlace(): boolean {
-		const override = Bun.env.PI_TUI_RESIZE_IN_PLACE;
-		const allowAutoDetection = override !== "0" && override !== "false";
-		return resizeRepaintsInPlace() || (allowAutoDetection && this.#altToggleResizesInPlace);
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Emit a throwaway viewport repaint for the resize fast path as a per-row
-	 * overwrite. A width change can make the terminal's normal buffer reflow
-	 * full-width rows before the app repaints, so a width drag borrows the
-	 * alternate screen: transient resizes truncate the viewport instead of
-	 * pushing wrapped fragments into native scrollback. A height-only resize
-	 * reflows nothing, so it repaints the normal screen in place — borrowing the
-	 * alt buffer there is pure flicker, and on terminals that re-report their
-	 * size when the alt buffer toggles it is self-sustaining: leaving a
-	 * fullscreen overlay's alt screen fires a height-only SIGWINCH echo, which
-	 * would otherwise re-borrow the alt buffer for one frame (the settings-exit
-	 * flash, #5854). Normal-screen history is rebuilt once at settle via
-	 * `#emitFullPaint`.
-	 */
-	#emitResizeViewport(
-		framed: readonly string[],
-		viewportTop: number,
-		height: number,
-		contentRows: number,
-		width: number,
-	): void {
-		const widthChanged = this.#previousWidth > 0 && this.#previousWidth !== width;
-		const altEnter = widthChanged ? this.#enterResizeAltSequence() : "";
-		let buffer = `${this.#paintBeginSequence + altEnter}\x1b[H`;
-		for (let r = 0; r < height; r++) {
-			if (r > 0) buffer += "\r\n";
-			// `framed` carries context rows above the fold; the visible window
-			// starts at `viewportTop`, and the spacer lookup scans within `framed`
-			// so a heading just above the fold is still seen (issue #8318).
-			const idx = viewportTop + r;
-			buffer += this.#lineRewriteSequence(
-				framed[idx] ?? "",
-				width,
-				r,
-				-1,
-				this.#committedRows,
-				this.#osc66SpacerGlyphWidth(framed, idx),
-			);
-		}
-		// Park the hardware cursor at the real content bottom, not the padded
-		// viewport bottom: a later height shrink would otherwise scroll the live
-		// rows below the cursor into native scrollback and duplicate them until
-		// the settle rebuild erases it.
-		const parkUp = height - Math.max(1, contentRows);
-		if (parkUp > 0) buffer += `\x1b[${parkUp}A`;
-		buffer += this.#paintEndSequence;
-		this.terminal.write(buffer);
-	}
-
 	/**
 	 * Compose and paint a single fullscreen overlay frame on the alt buffer.
 	 * Cursor markers are stripped (the modal draws its own in-band caret and
@@ -5258,9 +2532,8 @@ export class TUI extends Container {
 
 	/**
 	 * Full per-row viewport rewrite on the alt buffer. Emits only sync-output
-	 * brackets, a cursor home, and per-row rewrites — never ED3, append-tail, or
-	 * any native-scrollback byte, so it is fully isolated from the planner and
-	 * #commit. The hardware cursor stays hidden (it is never re-shown here).
+	 * brackets, a cursor home, and per-row rewrites — never ED3 or any
+	 * native-scrollback byte. The hardware cursor stays hidden here.
 	 */
 	#emitAltFrame(lines: string[], width: number, height: number): void {
 		const fitted: string[] = new Array(height);
@@ -5303,309 +2576,4 @@ export class TUI extends Container {
 		this.#altPreviousLines = fitted;
 		this.#fullRedrawCount += 1;
 	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Incremental frame update. Three byte shapes:
-	 *
-	 * - scroll-append: the rows leaving the screen are exactly the newly
-	 *   committed chunk, already painted with final content — emit `\r\n` plus
-	 *   the new bottom rows, then rewrite whatever else changed in place;
-	 * - in-window diff: nothing scrolls, nothing commits — rewrite the changed
-	 *   row range (cursor-only when nothing changed);
-	 * - seam rewrite: write the chunk at the scrollback seam, then rewrite the
-	 *   whole window (live-region re-layout, hidden-gap backfill, mux resize).
-	 *
-	 * Only chunk rows ever enter native history; the live window repaints in
-	 * place with relative moves. This path never emits ED2/ED3 or an absolute
-	 * cursor home — those snap a reader scrolled into history back to the
-	 * bottom on several terminal families.
-	 */
-	#emitUpdate(
-		frame: readonly string[],
-		window: string[],
-		width: number,
-		height: number,
-		cursorPos: { row: number; col: number } | null,
-		purgeSequence: string,
-		options: {
-			chunkTo: number;
-			windowTop: number;
-			prevWindowTop: number;
-			prevHardwareCursorRow: number;
-			forceWindowRewrite: boolean;
-			repaintVirtualScrollInPlace: boolean;
-			cursorTrackingLineCount: number;
-		},
-	): void {
-		const {
-			chunkTo,
-			windowTop,
-			prevWindowTop,
-			prevHardwareCursorRow,
-			forceWindowRewrite,
-			repaintVirtualScrollInPlace,
-			cursorTrackingLineCount,
-		} = options;
-		const chunkFrom = this.#committedRows;
-		const chunkLength = chunkTo - chunkFrom;
-		const scroll = windowTop - prevWindowTop;
-		const previousWindow = this.#previousWindow;
-		const contentRows = Math.max(1, Math.min(height, frame.length - windowTop));
-		const contentBottomRow = windowTop + contentRows - 1;
-		// Terminals clamp the hardware cursor to the viewport on resize; clamp
-		// our tracking to match so relative moves land correctly.
-		const clampedCursor = Math.min(prevHardwareCursorRow, prevWindowTop + height - 1);
-		const currentScreenRow = Math.max(0, Math.min(height - 1, clampedCursor - prevWindowTop));
-
-		// Scroll-append: committing exactly the rows that scroll off the top,
-		// with content untouched since they were painted.
-		if (
-			!forceWindowRewrite &&
-			chunkLength > 0 &&
-			chunkLength === scroll &&
-			scroll < height &&
-			chunkFrom === prevWindowTop
-		) {
-			let prefixIntact = previousWindow.length === height;
-			for (let i = 0; prefixIntact && i < chunkLength; i++) {
-				if (previousWindow[i] !== frame[chunkFrom + i]) prefixIntact = false;
-			}
-			if (prefixIntact) {
-				let buffer = this.#paintBeginSequence + purgeSequence;
-				const moveToBottom = height - 1 - currentScreenRow;
-				if (moveToBottom > 0) buffer += `\x1b[${moveToBottom}B`;
-				for (let r = height - scroll; r < height; r++) {
-					buffer += `\r\n${this.#lineRewriteSequence(window[r] ?? "", width, height - 1, windowTop + r, chunkTo, this.#osc66SpacerGlyphWidth(frame, windowTop + r))}`;
-				}
-				// Rewrite any remaining changed rows after the shift.
-				let firstChanged = -1;
-				let lastChanged = -1;
-				for (let r = 0; r < height - scroll; r++) {
-					if ((window[r] ?? "") === (previousWindow[r + scroll] ?? "")) continue;
-					if (firstChanged === -1) firstChanged = r;
-					lastChanged = r;
-				}
-				let cursorFromRow = windowTop + height - 1;
-				if (firstChanged !== -1) {
-					const up = height - 1 - firstChanged;
-					if (up > 0) buffer += `\x1b[${up}A`;
-					buffer += "\r";
-					for (let r = firstChanged; r <= lastChanged; r++) {
-						if (r > firstChanged) buffer += "\r\n";
-						buffer += this.#lineRewriteSequence(
-							window[r] ?? "",
-							width,
-							r,
-							windowTop + r,
-							chunkTo,
-							this.#osc66SpacerGlyphWidth(frame, windowTop + r),
-						);
-					}
-					cursorFromRow = windowTop + lastChanged;
-				}
-				const cursorControl = this.#cursorControlSequence(cursorPos, cursorTrackingLineCount, cursorFromRow);
-				buffer += cursorControl.seq;
-				buffer += this.#paintEndSequence;
-				this.terminal.write(buffer);
-				this.#committedRows = chunkTo;
-				this.#windowTopRow = windowTop;
-				this.#commit(frame, window, width, height, cursorControl);
-				return;
-			}
-		}
-
-		// In-window diff: nothing commits. Rewrite in place when the window slid
-		// without a commit — an overlay visible (composited rows must never enter
-		// history), a commit-frozen geometry frame, or the window pulling back
-		// down after a shrink. Overlay cursor-only frames can also leave the
-		// tracked row behind the physical cursor; a relative partial rewrite from
-		// that stale origin can CRLF on the bottom row and scroll native history
-		// without appending to the commit tape, so overlays always take the
-		// top-clamped full rewrite.
-		const inPlaceRewrite = repaintVirtualScrollInPlace || scroll !== 0;
-		if (chunkLength === 0) {
-			if (forceWindowRewrite || inPlaceRewrite) this.#fullRedrawCount += 1;
-			let firstChanged = forceWindowRewrite || inPlaceRewrite ? 0 : -1;
-			let lastChanged = forceWindowRewrite || inPlaceRewrite ? height - 1 : -1;
-			if (!forceWindowRewrite && !inPlaceRewrite) {
-				const comparable = previousWindow.length === height;
-				for (let r = 0; r < height; r++) {
-					if (comparable && (window[r] ?? "") === (previousWindow[r] ?? "")) continue;
-					if (firstChanged === -1) firstChanged = r;
-					lastChanged = r;
-				}
-			}
-			if (firstChanged === -1) {
-				if (purgeSequence.length > 0) this.terminal.write(purgeSequence);
-				this.#writeCursorPosition(cursorPos, cursorTrackingLineCount);
-				this.#previousWidth = width;
-				this.#previousHeight = height;
-				return;
-			}
-			let buffer = this.#paintBeginSequence + purgeSequence;
-			if (inPlaceRewrite) {
-				// The cursor tracker can be stale after overlay-only frames, and
-				// meaningless after an uncommitted slide. A large CUU clamps at the
-				// viewport top without using absolute cursor home, so the following
-				// full-window rewrite cannot overflow the bottom.
-				if (height > 1) buffer += `\x1b[${height - 1}A`;
-			} else {
-				const rowDelta = firstChanged - currentScreenRow;
-				if (rowDelta > 0) buffer += `\x1b[${rowDelta}B`;
-				else if (rowDelta < 0) buffer += `\x1b[${-rowDelta}A`;
-			}
-			buffer += "\r";
-			// DECCARA-optimize the contiguous rewritten range (visible rows
-			// only; rectangles are absolute screen rows).
-			let fillTexts: string[] | null = null;
-			let fillSequence = "";
-			if (this.#deccaraFillsEnabled()) {
-				const slice: string[] = new Array(lastChanged - firstChanged + 1);
-				for (let r = firstChanged; r <= lastChanged; r++) slice[r - firstChanged] = window[r] ?? "";
-				const plan = planDeccaraFills(slice, width, firstChanged);
-				fillTexts = plan.texts;
-				fillSequence = plan.sequence;
-			}
-			for (let r = firstChanged; r <= lastChanged; r++) {
-				if (r > firstChanged) buffer += "\r\n";
-				buffer += this.#lineRewriteSequence(
-					fillTexts ? fillTexts[r - firstChanged] : (window[r] ?? ""),
-					width,
-					r,
-					windowTop + r,
-					this.#committedRows,
-					this.#osc66SpacerGlyphWidth(frame, windowTop + r),
-				);
-			}
-			buffer += fillSequence;
-			// Never park below real content (a height shrink would scroll live
-			// rows into history and duplicate them per resize step).
-			let cursorFromRow = windowTop + lastChanged;
-			const contentBottomScreenRow = contentBottomRow - windowTop;
-			if (lastChanged > contentBottomScreenRow) {
-				buffer += `\x1b[${lastChanged - contentBottomScreenRow}A`;
-				cursorFromRow = contentBottomRow;
-			}
-			const cursorControl = this.#cursorControlSequence(cursorPos, cursorTrackingLineCount, cursorFromRow);
-			buffer += cursorControl.seq;
-			buffer += this.#paintEndSequence;
-			this.terminal.write(buffer);
-			this.#windowTopRow = windowTop;
-			this.#commit(frame, window, width, height, cursorControl);
-			return;
-		}
-
-		// Seam rewrite: write the chunk into history, then the whole window.
-		// Cursor moves to the window top with a relative move; the chunk rows
-		// pass through the screen and scroll off as the window rows are written
-		// below them, so the rows entering scrollback are exactly the chunk.
-		this.#fullRedrawCount += 1;
-		let buffer = this.#paintBeginSequence + purgeSequence;
-		if (currentScreenRow > 0) buffer += `\x1b[${currentScreenRow}A`;
-		buffer += "\r";
-		let wroteLine = false;
-		for (let i = chunkFrom; i < chunkTo; i++) {
-			if (wroteLine) buffer += "\r\n";
-			buffer += this.#lineRewriteSequence(
-				frame[i] ?? "",
-				width,
-				Math.min(i - chunkFrom, height - 1),
-				i,
-				chunkTo,
-				this.#osc66SpacerGlyphWidth(frame, i),
-			);
-			wroteLine = true;
-		}
-		for (let screenRow = 0; screenRow < height; screenRow++) {
-			if (wroteLine) buffer += "\r\n";
-			buffer += this.#lineRewriteSequence(
-				window[screenRow] ?? "",
-				width,
-				Math.min(chunkTo - chunkFrom + screenRow, height - 1),
-				windowTop + screenRow,
-				chunkTo,
-				this.#osc66SpacerGlyphWidth(frame, windowTop + screenRow),
-			);
-			wroteLine = true;
-		}
-		const parkUp = height - 1 - (contentBottomRow - windowTop);
-		if (parkUp > 0) buffer += `\x1b[${parkUp}A`;
-		const cursorControl = this.#cursorControlSequence(cursorPos, cursorTrackingLineCount, contentBottomRow);
-		buffer += cursorControl.seq;
-		buffer += this.#paintEndSequence;
-		this.terminal.write(buffer);
-		this.#committedRows = chunkTo;
-		this.#windowTopRow = windowTop;
-		this.#commit(frame, window, width, height, cursorControl);
-	}
-
-	/** Optional intent log under PI_DEBUG_REDRAW. */
-	#logRedraw(intent: RenderIntent, newLength: number, height: number): void {
-		if (!$flag("PI_DEBUG_REDRAW")) return;
-		const detail =
-			intent.kind === "update"
-				? `update(chunk=${this.#committedRows}..${intent.chunkTo}, windowTop=${intent.windowTop})`
-				: `fullPaint(clearScrollback=${intent.clearScrollback})`;
-		const state =
-			`committed=${this.#committedRows}, windowTop=${this.#windowTopRow}, ` +
-			`lrStart=${this.#nativeScrollbackLiveRegionStart}`;
-		const msg = `[${new Date().toISOString()}] render: ${detail} (prev=${this.#previousFrameLength}, new=${newLength}, height=${height}, ${state})\n`;
-		fs.appendFileSync(getDebugLogPath(), msg);
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Build cursor control sequences to position the hardware cursor for the IME
-	 * candidate window. Returns escape sequences and the resulting cursor row for
-	 * the caller to update `#hardwareCursorRow`. The sequences should be appended
-	 * into the caller's own synchronized output block to avoid a flicker between
-	 * content and cursor frames.
-	 */
-	#cursorControlSequence(
-		cursorPos: { row: number; col: number } | null,
-		totalLines: number,
-		fromRow: number,
-	): CursorControlResult {
-		// No IME target or no content — hide cursor regardless of preference.
-		const target = this.#targetHardwareCursorState(cursorPos, totalLines);
-		if (!target) {
-			return { seq: "\x1b[?25l", toRow: fromRow, toCol: 0, visible: false, state: null };
-		}
-
-		// Move cursor from current position to target.
-		const rowDelta = target.row - fromRow;
-		let seq = "";
-		if (rowDelta > 0) {
-			seq += `\x1b[${rowDelta}B`; // Move down
-		} else if (rowDelta < 0) {
-			seq += `\x1b[${-rowDelta}A`; // Move up
-		}
-		// Move to absolute column (1-indexed)
-		seq += `\x1b[${target.col + 1}G`;
-		seq += target.visible ? "\x1b[?25h" : "\x1b[?25l";
-
-		return { seq, toRow: target.row, toCol: target.col, visible: target.visible, state: target };
-	}
-
-	#isHiddenCursorKnown(): boolean {
-		return this.#hardwareCursorVisibilityKnown && !this.#hardwareCursorVisible;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Write the hardware cursor position to the terminal as a standalone
-	 * synchronized output block. Use when there is no surrounding render buffer
-	 * to embed the sequences into.
-	 */
-	#writeCursorPosition(cursorPos: { row: number; col: number } | null, totalLines: number): void {
-		const target = this.#targetHardwareCursorState(cursorPos, totalLines);
-		if (!target) {
-			if (this.#isHiddenCursorKnown()) return;
-			this.terminal.hideCursor();
-			this.#recordHardwareCursorHidden();
-			return;
-		}
-		if (this.#sameHardwareCursorState(target)) return;
-		const cursorControl = this.#cursorControlSequence(cursorPos, totalLines, this.#hardwareCursorRow);
-		this.terminal.write(`${this.#cursorBeginSequence}${cursorControl.seq}${this.#cursorEndSequence}`);
-		this.#recordHardwareCursorUpdate(cursorControl);
-	}
 }