@oh-my-pi/pi-coding-agent 1.337.0

package/src/core/tools/web-fetch.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,2370 @@
+import { spawnSync } from "node:child_process";
+import * as fs from "node:fs";
+import * as os from "node:os";
+import * as path from "node:path";
+import type { AgentTool } from "@oh-my-pi/pi-agent-core";
+import { Type } from "@sinclair/typebox";
+import { parse as parseHtml } from "node-html-parser";
+
+// =============================================================================
+// Types and Constants
+// =============================================================================
+
+interface RenderResult {
+	url: string;
+	finalUrl: string;
+	contentType: string;
+	method: string;
+	content: string;
+	fetchedAt: string;
+	truncated: boolean;
+	notes: string[];
+}
+
+const DEFAULT_TIMEOUT = 20;
+const MAX_BYTES = 50 * 1024 * 1024; // 50MB for binary files
+const MAX_OUTPUT_CHARS = 500_000;
+
+// Convertible document types (markitdown supported)
+const CONVERTIBLE_MIMES = new Set([
+	"application/pdf",
+	"application/msword",
+	"application/vnd.ms-powerpoint",
+	"application/vnd.ms-excel",
+	"application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document",
+	"application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.presentationml.presentation",
+	"application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet",
+	"application/rtf",
+	"application/epub+zip",
+	"application/zip",
+	"image/png",
+	"image/jpeg",
+	"image/gif",
+	"image/webp",
+	"audio/mpeg",
+	"audio/wav",
+	"audio/ogg",
+]);
+
+const CONVERTIBLE_EXTENSIONS = new Set([
+	".pdf",
+	".doc",
+	".docx",
+	".ppt",
+	".pptx",
+	".xls",
+	".xlsx",
+	".rtf",
+	".epub",
+	".png",
+	".jpg",
+	".jpeg",
+	".gif",
+	".webp",
+	".mp3",
+	".wav",
+	".ogg",
+]);
+
+const isWindows = process.platform === "win32";
+
+const USER_AGENTS = [
+	"curl/8.0",
+	"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; TextBot/1.0)",
+	"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/131.0.0.0 Safari/537.36",
+];
+
+// =============================================================================
+// Utilities
+// =============================================================================
+
+interface LoadPageResult {
+	content: string;
+	contentType: string;
+	finalUrl: string;
+	ok: boolean;
+	status?: number;
+}
+
+interface LoadPageOptions {
+	timeout?: number;
+	headers?: Record<string, string>;
+	maxBytes?: number;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Check if response indicates bot blocking (Cloudflare, etc.)
+ */
+function isBotBlocked(status: number, content: string): boolean {
+	if (status === 403 || status === 503) {
+		const lower = content.toLowerCase();
+		return (
+			lower.includes("cloudflare") ||
+			lower.includes("captcha") ||
+			lower.includes("challenge") ||
+			lower.includes("blocked") ||
+			lower.includes("access denied") ||
+			lower.includes("bot detection")
+		);
+	}
+	return false;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Fetch a page with timeout, size limit, and automatic retry with browser UA if blocked
+ */
+async function loadPage(url: string, options: LoadPageOptions = {}): Promise<LoadPageResult> {
+	const { timeout = 20, headers = {}, maxBytes = MAX_BYTES } = options;
+
+	for (let attempt = 0; attempt < USER_AGENTS.length; attempt++) {
+		const userAgent = USER_AGENTS[attempt];
+
+		try {
+			const controller = new AbortController();
+			const timeoutId = setTimeout(() => controller.abort(), timeout * 1000);
+
+			const response = await fetch(url, {
+				signal: controller.signal,
+				headers: {
+					"User-Agent": userAgent,
+					Accept: "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8",
+					"Accept-Language": "en-US,en;q=0.5",
+					...headers,
+				},
+				redirect: "follow",
+			});
+
+			clearTimeout(timeoutId);
+
+			const contentType = response.headers.get("content-type")?.split(";")[0]?.trim().toLowerCase() ?? "";
+			const finalUrl = response.url;
+
+			// Read with size limit
+			const reader = response.body?.getReader();
+			if (!reader) {
+				return { content: "", contentType, finalUrl, ok: false, status: response.status };
+			}
+
+			const chunks: Uint8Array[] = [];
+			let totalSize = 0;
+
+			while (true) {
+				const { done, value } = await reader.read();
+				if (done) break;
+
+				chunks.push(value);
+				totalSize += value.length;
+
+				if (totalSize > maxBytes) {
+					reader.cancel();
+					break;
+				}
+			}
+
+			const decoder = new TextDecoder();
+			const content = decoder.decode(Buffer.concat(chunks));
+
+			// Check if we got blocked and should retry with browser UA
+			if (isBotBlocked(response.status, content) && attempt < USER_AGENTS.length - 1) {
+				continue;
+			}
+
+			if (!response.ok) {
+				return { content, contentType, finalUrl, ok: false, status: response.status };
+			}
+
+			return { content, contentType, finalUrl, ok: true, status: response.status };
+		} catch (_err) {
+			// On last attempt, return failure
+			if (attempt === USER_AGENTS.length - 1) {
+				return { content: "", contentType: "", finalUrl: url, ok: false };
+			}
+			// Otherwise retry with next UA
+		}
+	}
+
+	return { content: "", contentType: "", finalUrl: url, ok: false };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Execute a command and return stdout
+ */
+function exec(
+	cmd: string,
+	args: string[],
+	options?: { timeout?: number; input?: string | Buffer },
+): { stdout: string; stderr: string; ok: boolean } {
+	const timeout = (options?.timeout ?? DEFAULT_TIMEOUT) * 1000;
+	const result = spawnSync(cmd, args, {
+		encoding: options?.input instanceof Buffer ? "buffer" : "utf-8",
+		timeout,
+		maxBuffer: MAX_BYTES,
+		input: options?.input,
+		shell: true,
+	});
+	return {
+		stdout: result.stdout?.toString() ?? "",
+		stderr: result.stderr?.toString() ?? "",
+		ok: result.status === 0,
+	};
+}
+
+/**
+ * Check if a command exists (cross-platform)
+ */
+function hasCommand(cmd: string): boolean {
+	const checkCmd = isWindows ? "where" : "which";
+	const result = spawnSync(checkCmd, [cmd], { encoding: "utf-8", shell: true });
+	return result.status === 0;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Extract origin from URL
+ */
+function getOrigin(url: string): string {
+	try {
+		const parsed = new URL(url);
+		return `${parsed.protocol}//${parsed.host}`;
+	} catch {
+		return "";
+	}
+}
+
+/**
+ * Normalize URL (add scheme if missing)
+ */
+function normalizeUrl(url: string): string {
+	if (!url.match(/^https?:\/\//i)) {
+		return `https://${url}`;
+	}
+	return url;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Normalize MIME type (lowercase, strip charset/params)
+ */
+function normalizeMime(contentType: string): string {
+	return contentType.split(";")[0].trim().toLowerCase();
+}
+
+/**
+ * Get extension from URL or Content-Disposition
+ */
+function getExtensionHint(url: string, contentDisposition?: string): string {
+	// Try Content-Disposition filename first
+	if (contentDisposition) {
+		const match = contentDisposition.match(/filename[*]?=["']?([^"';\n]+)/i);
+		if (match) {
+			const ext = path.extname(match[1]).toLowerCase();
+			if (ext) return ext;
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Fall back to URL path
+	try {
+		const pathname = new URL(url).pathname;
+		const ext = path.extname(pathname).toLowerCase();
+		if (ext) return ext;
+	} catch {}
+
+	return "";
+}
+
+/**
+ * Check if content type is convertible via markitdown
+ */
+function isConvertible(mime: string, extensionHint: string): boolean {
+	if (CONVERTIBLE_MIMES.has(mime)) return true;
+	if (mime === "application/octet-stream" && CONVERTIBLE_EXTENSIONS.has(extensionHint)) return true;
+	if (CONVERTIBLE_EXTENSIONS.has(extensionHint)) return true;
+	return false;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Check if content looks like HTML
+ */
+function looksLikeHtml(content: string): boolean {
+	const trimmed = content.trim().toLowerCase();
+	return (
+		trimmed.startsWith("<!doctype") ||
+		trimmed.startsWith("<html") ||
+		trimmed.startsWith("<head") ||
+		trimmed.startsWith("<body")
+	);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Convert binary file to markdown using markitdown
+ */
+function convertWithMarkitdown(
+	content: Buffer,
+	extensionHint: string,
+	timeout: number,
+): { content: string; ok: boolean } {
+	if (!hasCommand("markitdown")) {
+		return { content: "", ok: false };
+	}
+
+	// Write to temp file with extension hint
+	const ext = extensionHint || ".bin";
+	const tmpFile = path.join(os.tmpdir(), `pi-convert-${Date.now()}${ext}`);
+
+	try {
+		fs.writeFileSync(tmpFile, content);
+		const result = exec("markitdown", [tmpFile], { timeout });
+		return { content: result.stdout, ok: result.ok };
+	} finally {
+		try {
+			fs.unlinkSync(tmpFile);
+		} catch {}
+	}
+}
+
+/**
+ * Try fetching URL with .md appended (llms.txt convention)
+ */
+async function tryMdSuffix(url: string, timeout: number): Promise<string | null> {
+	const candidates: string[] = [];
+
+	try {
+		const parsed = new URL(url);
+		const pathname = parsed.pathname;
+
+		if (pathname.endsWith("/")) {
+			// /foo/bar/ -> /foo/bar/index.html.md
+			candidates.push(`${parsed.origin}${pathname}index.html.md`);
+		} else if (pathname.includes(".")) {
+			// /foo/bar.html -> /foo/bar.html.md
+			candidates.push(`${parsed.origin}${pathname}.md`);
+		} else {
+			// /foo/bar -> /foo/bar.md
+			candidates.push(`${parsed.origin}${pathname}.md`);
+		}
+	} catch {
+		return null;
+	}
+
+	for (const candidate of candidates) {
+		const result = await loadPage(candidate, { timeout: Math.min(timeout, 5) });
+		if (result.ok && result.content.trim().length > 100 && !looksLikeHtml(result.content)) {
+			return result.content;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return null;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Try to fetch LLM-friendly endpoints
+ */
+async function tryLlmEndpoints(origin: string, timeout: number): Promise<string | null> {
+	const endpoints = [`${origin}/.well-known/llms.txt`, `${origin}/llms.txt`, `${origin}/llms.md`];
+
+	for (const endpoint of endpoints) {
+		const result = await loadPage(endpoint, { timeout: Math.min(timeout, 5) });
+		if (result.ok && result.content.trim().length > 100 && !looksLikeHtml(result.content)) {
+			return result.content;
+		}
+	}
+	return null;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Try content negotiation for markdown/plain
+ */
+async function tryContentNegotiation(url: string, timeout: number): Promise<{ content: string; type: string } | null> {
+	const result = await loadPage(url, {
+		timeout,
+		headers: { Accept: "text/markdown, text/plain;q=0.9, text/html;q=0.8" },
+	});
+
+	if (!result.ok) return null;
+
+	const mime = normalizeMime(result.contentType);
+	if (mime.includes("markdown") || mime === "text/plain") {
+		return { content: result.content, type: result.contentType };
+	}
+
+	return null;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Parse alternate links from HTML head
+ */
+function parseAlternateLinks(html: string, pageUrl: string): string[] {
+	const links: string[] = [];
+
+	try {
+		const doc = parseHtml(html.slice(0, 262144));
+		const alternateLinks = doc.querySelectorAll('link[rel="alternate"]');
+
+		for (const link of alternateLinks) {
+			const href = link.getAttribute("href");
+			const type = link.getAttribute("type")?.toLowerCase() ?? "";
+
+			if (!href) continue;
+
+			// Skip site-wide feeds
+			if (
+				href.includes("RecentChanges") ||
+				href.includes("Special:") ||
+				href.includes("/feed/") ||
+				href.includes("action=feed")
+			) {
+				continue;
+			}
+
+			if (type.includes("markdown")) {
+				links.push(href);
+			} else if (
+				(type.includes("rss") || type.includes("atom") || type.includes("feed")) &&
+				(href.includes(new URL(pageUrl).pathname) || href.includes("comments"))
+			) {
+				links.push(href);
+			}
+		}
+	} catch {}
+
+	return links;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Extract document links from HTML (for PDF/DOCX wrapper pages)
+ */
+function extractDocumentLinks(html: string, baseUrl: string): string[] {
+	const links: string[] = [];
+
+	try {
+		const doc = parseHtml(html);
+		const anchors = doc.querySelectorAll("a[href]");
+
+		for (const anchor of anchors) {
+			const href = anchor.getAttribute("href");
+			if (!href) continue;
+
+			const ext = path.extname(href).toLowerCase();
+			if (CONVERTIBLE_EXTENSIONS.has(ext)) {
+				const resolved = href.startsWith("http") ? href : new URL(href, baseUrl).href;
+				links.push(resolved);
+			}
+		}
+	} catch {}
+
+	return links;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Strip CDATA wrapper and clean text
+ */
+function cleanFeedText(text: string): string {
+	return text
+		.replace(/<!\[CDATA\[/g, "")
+		.replace(/\]\]>/g, "")
+		.replace(/&lt;/g, "<")
+		.replace(/&gt;/g, ">")
+		.replace(/&amp;/g, "&")
+		.replace(/&quot;/g, '"')
+		.replace(/<[^>]+>/g, "") // Strip HTML tags
+		.trim();
+}
+
+/**
+ * Parse RSS/Atom feed to markdown
+ */
+function parseFeedToMarkdown(content: string, maxItems = 10): string {
+	try {
+		const doc = parseHtml(content, { parseNoneClosedTags: true });
+
+		// Try RSS
+		const channel = doc.querySelector("channel");
+		if (channel) {
+			const title = cleanFeedText(channel.querySelector("title")?.text || "RSS Feed");
+			const items = channel.querySelectorAll("item").slice(0, maxItems);
+
+			let md = `# ${title}\n\n`;
+			for (const item of items) {
+				const itemTitle = cleanFeedText(item.querySelector("title")?.text || "Untitled");
+				const link = cleanFeedText(item.querySelector("link")?.text || "");
+				const pubDate = cleanFeedText(item.querySelector("pubDate")?.text || "");
+				const desc = cleanFeedText(item.querySelector("description")?.text || "");
+
+				md += `## ${itemTitle}\n`;
+				if (pubDate) md += `*${pubDate}*\n\n`;
+				if (desc) md += `${desc.slice(0, 500)}${desc.length > 500 ? "..." : ""}\n\n`;
+				if (link) md += `[Read more](${link})\n\n`;
+				md += "---\n\n";
+			}
+			return md;
+		}
+
+		// Try Atom
+		const feed = doc.querySelector("feed");
+		if (feed) {
+			const title = cleanFeedText(feed.querySelector("title")?.text || "Atom Feed");
+			const entries = feed.querySelectorAll("entry").slice(0, maxItems);
+
+			let md = `# ${title}\n\n`;
+			for (const entry of entries) {
+				const entryTitle = cleanFeedText(entry.querySelector("title")?.text || "Untitled");
+				const link = entry.querySelector("link")?.getAttribute("href") || "";
+				const updated = cleanFeedText(entry.querySelector("updated")?.text || "");
+				const summary = cleanFeedText(
+					entry.querySelector("summary")?.text || entry.querySelector("content")?.text || "",
+				);
+
+				md += `## ${entryTitle}\n`;
+				if (updated) md += `*${updated}*\n\n`;
+				if (summary) md += `${summary.slice(0, 500)}${summary.length > 500 ? "..." : ""}\n\n`;
+				if (link) md += `[Read more](${link})\n\n`;
+				md += "---\n\n";
+			}
+			return md;
+		}
+	} catch {}
+
+	return content; // Fall back to raw content
+}
+
+/**
+ * Render HTML to text using lynx
+ */
+function renderWithLynx(html: string, timeout: number): { content: string; ok: boolean } {
+	const tmpFile = path.join(os.tmpdir(), `pi-render-${Date.now()}.html`);
+	try {
+		fs.writeFileSync(tmpFile, html);
+		// Convert path to file URL (handles Windows paths correctly)
+		const normalizedPath = tmpFile.replace(/\\/g, "/");
+		const fileUrl = normalizedPath.startsWith("/") ? `file://${normalizedPath}` : `file:///${normalizedPath}`;
+		const result = exec("lynx", ["-dump", "-nolist", "-width", "120", fileUrl], { timeout });
+		return { content: result.stdout, ok: result.ok };
+	} finally {
+		try {
+			fs.unlinkSync(tmpFile);
+		} catch {}
+	}
+}
+
+/**
+ * Check if lynx output looks JS-gated or mostly navigation
+ */
+function isLowQualityOutput(content: string): boolean {
+	const lower = content.toLowerCase();
+
+	// JS-gated indicators
+	const jsGated = [
+		"enable javascript",
+		"javascript required",
+		"turn on javascript",
+		"please enable javascript",
+		"browser not supported",
+	];
+	if (content.length < 1024 && jsGated.some((t) => lower.includes(t))) {
+		return true;
+	}
+
+	// Mostly navigation (high link/menu density)
+	const lines = content.split("\n").filter((l) => l.trim());
+	const shortLines = lines.filter((l) => l.trim().length < 40);
+	if (lines.length > 10 && shortLines.length / lines.length > 0.7) {
+		return true;
+	}
+
+	return false;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Format JSON
+ */
+function formatJson(content: string): string {
+	try {
+		return JSON.stringify(JSON.parse(content), null, 2);
+	} catch {
+		return content;
+	}
+}
+
+/**
+ * Truncate and cleanup output
+ */
+function finalizeOutput(content: string): { content: string; truncated: boolean } {
+	const cleaned = content.replace(/\n{3,}/g, "\n\n").trim();
+	const truncated = cleaned.length > MAX_OUTPUT_CHARS;
+	return {
+		content: cleaned.slice(0, MAX_OUTPUT_CHARS),
+		truncated,
+	};
+}
+
+/**
+ * Fetch page as binary buffer (for convertible files)
+ */
+async function fetchBinary(
+	url: string,
+	timeout: number,
+): Promise<{ buffer: Buffer; contentType: string; contentDisposition?: string; ok: boolean }> {
+	try {
+		const controller = new AbortController();
+		const timeoutId = setTimeout(() => controller.abort(), timeout * 1000);
+
+		const response = await fetch(url, {
+			signal: controller.signal,
+			headers: {
+				"User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 Chrome/131.0.0.0",
+			},
+			redirect: "follow",
+		});
+
+		clearTimeout(timeoutId);
+
+		if (!response.ok) {
+			return { buffer: Buffer.alloc(0), contentType: "", ok: false };
+		}
+
+		const contentType = response.headers.get("content-type") ?? "";
+		const contentDisposition = response.headers.get("content-disposition") ?? undefined;
+		const buffer = Buffer.from(await response.arrayBuffer());
+
+		return { buffer, contentType, contentDisposition, ok: true };
+	} catch {
+		return { buffer: Buffer.alloc(0), contentType: "", ok: false };
+	}
+}
+
+// =============================================================================
+// GitHub Special Handling
+// =============================================================================
+
+interface GitHubUrl {
+	type: "blob" | "tree" | "repo" | "issue" | "issues" | "pull" | "pulls" | "discussion" | "discussions" | "other";
+	owner: string;
+	repo: string;
+	ref?: string;
+	path?: string;
+	number?: number;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Parse GitHub URL into components
+ */
+function parseGitHubUrl(url: string): GitHubUrl | null {
+	try {
+		const parsed = new URL(url);
+		if (parsed.hostname !== "github.com") return null;
+
+		const parts = parsed.pathname.split("/").filter(Boolean);
+		if (parts.length < 2) return null;
+
+		const [owner, repo, ...rest] = parts;
+
+		if (rest.length === 0) {
+			return { type: "repo", owner, repo };
+		}
+
+		const [section, ...subParts] = rest;
+
+		switch (section) {
+			case "blob":
+			case "tree": {
+				const [ref, ...pathParts] = subParts;
+				return { type: section, owner, repo, ref, path: pathParts.join("/") };
+			}
+			case "issues":
+				if (subParts.length > 0 && /^\d+$/.test(subParts[0])) {
+					return { type: "issue", owner, repo, number: parseInt(subParts[0], 10) };
+				}
+				return { type: "issues", owner, repo };
+			case "pull":
+				if (subParts.length > 0 && /^\d+$/.test(subParts[0])) {
+					return { type: "pull", owner, repo, number: parseInt(subParts[0], 10) };
+				}
+				return { type: "pulls", owner, repo };
+			case "pulls":
+				return { type: "pulls", owner, repo };
+			case "discussions":
+				if (subParts.length > 0 && /^\d+$/.test(subParts[0])) {
+					return { type: "discussion", owner, repo, number: parseInt(subParts[0], 10) };
+				}
+				return { type: "discussions", owner, repo };
+			default:
+				return { type: "other", owner, repo };
+		}
+	} catch {
+		return null;
+	}
+}
+
+/**
+ * Convert GitHub blob URL to raw URL
+ */
+function toRawGitHubUrl(gh: GitHubUrl): string {
+	return `https://raw.githubusercontent.com/${gh.owner}/${gh.repo}/refs/heads/${gh.ref}/${gh.path}`;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Fetch from GitHub API
+ */
+async function fetchGitHubApi(endpoint: string, timeout: number): Promise<{ data: unknown; ok: boolean }> {
+	try {
+		const controller = new AbortController();
+		const timeoutId = setTimeout(() => controller.abort(), timeout * 1000);
+
+		const headers: Record<string, string> = {
+			Accept: "application/vnd.github.v3+json",
+			"User-Agent": "pi-web-fetch/1.0",
+		};
+
+		// Use GITHUB_TOKEN if available
+		const token = process.env.GITHUB_TOKEN || process.env.GH_TOKEN;
+		if (token) {
+			headers.Authorization = `Bearer ${token}`;
+		}
+
+		const response = await fetch(`https://api.github.com${endpoint}`, {
+			signal: controller.signal,
+			headers,
+		});
+
+		clearTimeout(timeoutId);
+
+		if (!response.ok) {
+			return { data: null, ok: false };
+		}
+
+		return { data: await response.json(), ok: true };
+	} catch {
+		return { data: null, ok: false };
+	}
+}
+
+/**
+ * Render GitHub issue/PR to markdown
+ */
+async function renderGitHubIssue(gh: GitHubUrl, timeout: number): Promise<{ content: string; ok: boolean }> {
+	const endpoint =
+		gh.type === "pull"
+			? `/repos/${gh.owner}/${gh.repo}/pulls/${gh.number}`
+			: `/repos/${gh.owner}/${gh.repo}/issues/${gh.number}`;
+
+	const result = await fetchGitHubApi(endpoint, timeout);
+	if (!result.ok || !result.data) return { content: "", ok: false };
+
+	const issue = result.data as {
+		title: string;
+		number: number;
+		state: string;
+		user: { login: string };
+		created_at: string;
+		updated_at: string;
+		body: string | null;
+		labels: Array<{ name: string }>;
+		comments: number;
+		html_url: string;
+	};
+
+	let md = `# ${issue.title}\n\n`;
+	md += `**#${issue.number}** · ${issue.state} · opened by @${issue.user.login}\n`;
+	md += `Created: ${issue.created_at} · Updated: ${issue.updated_at}\n`;
+	if (issue.labels.length > 0) {
+		md += `Labels: ${issue.labels.map((l) => l.name).join(", ")}\n`;
+	}
+	md += `\n---\n\n`;
+	md += issue.body || "*No description provided.*";
+	md += `\n\n---\n\n`;
+
+	// Fetch comments if any
+	if (issue.comments > 0) {
+		const commentsResult = await fetchGitHubApi(
+			`/repos/${gh.owner}/${gh.repo}/issues/${gh.number}/comments?per_page=50`,
+			timeout,
+		);
+		if (commentsResult.ok && Array.isArray(commentsResult.data)) {
+			md += `## Comments (${issue.comments})\n\n`;
+			for (const comment of commentsResult.data as Array<{
+				user: { login: string };
+				created_at: string;
+				body: string;
+			}>) {
+				md += `### @${comment.user.login} · ${comment.created_at}\n\n`;
+				md += `${comment.body}\n\n---\n\n`;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return { content: md, ok: true };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Render GitHub issues list to markdown
+ */
+async function renderGitHubIssuesList(gh: GitHubUrl, timeout: number): Promise<{ content: string; ok: boolean }> {
+	const result = await fetchGitHubApi(`/repos/${gh.owner}/${gh.repo}/issues?state=open&per_page=30`, timeout);
+	if (!result.ok || !Array.isArray(result.data)) return { content: "", ok: false };
+
+	const issues = result.data as Array<{
+		number: number;
+		title: string;
+		state: string;
+		user: { login: string };
+		created_at: string;
+		comments: number;
+		labels: Array<{ name: string }>;
+		pull_request?: unknown;
+	}>;
+
+	let md = `# ${gh.owner}/${gh.repo} - Open Issues\n\n`;
+
+	for (const issue of issues) {
+		if (issue.pull_request) continue; // Skip PRs in issues list
+		const labels = issue.labels.length > 0 ? ` [${issue.labels.map((l) => l.name).join(", ")}]` : "";
+		md += `- **#${issue.number}** ${issue.title}${labels}\n`;
+		md += `  by @${issue.user.login} · ${issue.comments} comments · ${issue.created_at}\n\n`;
+	}
+
+	return { content: md, ok: true };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Render GitHub tree (directory) to markdown
+ */
+async function renderGitHubTree(gh: GitHubUrl, timeout: number): Promise<{ content: string; ok: boolean }> {
+	// Fetch repo info first to get default branch if ref not specified
+	const repoResult = await fetchGitHubApi(`/repos/${gh.owner}/${gh.repo}`, timeout);
+	if (!repoResult.ok) return { content: "", ok: false };
+
+	const repo = repoResult.data as {
+		full_name: string;
+		default_branch: string;
+	};
+
+	const ref = gh.ref || repo.default_branch;
+	const dirPath = gh.path || "";
+
+	let md = `# ${repo.full_name}/${dirPath || "(root)"}\n\n`;
+	md += `**Branch:** ${ref}\n\n`;
+
+	// Fetch directory contents
+	const contentsResult = await fetchGitHubApi(`/repos/${gh.owner}/${gh.repo}/contents/${dirPath}?ref=${ref}`, timeout);
+
+	if (contentsResult.ok && Array.isArray(contentsResult.data)) {
+		const items = contentsResult.data as Array<{
+			name: string;
+			type: "file" | "dir" | "symlink" | "submodule";
+			size?: number;
+			path: string;
+		}>;
+
+		// Sort: directories first, then files, alphabetically
+		items.sort((a, b) => {
+			if (a.type === "dir" && b.type !== "dir") return -1;
+			if (a.type !== "dir" && b.type === "dir") return 1;
+			return a.name.localeCompare(b.name);
+		});
+
+		md += `## Contents\n\n`;
+		md += "```\n";
+		for (const item of items) {
+			const prefix = item.type === "dir" ? "[dir] " : "      ";
+			const size = item.size ? ` (${item.size} bytes)` : "";
+			md += `${prefix}${item.name}${item.type === "file" ? size : ""}\n`;
+		}
+		md += "```\n\n";
+
+		// Look for README in this directory
+		const readmeFile = items.find((item) => item.type === "file" && /^readme\.md$/i.test(item.name));
+		if (readmeFile) {
+			const readmePath = dirPath ? `${dirPath}/${readmeFile.name}` : readmeFile.name;
+			const rawUrl = `https://raw.githubusercontent.com/${gh.owner}/${gh.repo}/refs/heads/${ref}/${readmePath}`;
+			const readmeResult = await loadPage(rawUrl, { timeout });
+			if (readmeResult.ok) {
+				md += `---\n\n## README\n\n${readmeResult.content}`;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return { content: md, ok: true };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Render GitHub repo to markdown (file list + README)
+ */
+async function renderGitHubRepo(gh: GitHubUrl, timeout: number): Promise<{ content: string; ok: boolean }> {
+	// Fetch repo info
+	const repoResult = await fetchGitHubApi(`/repos/${gh.owner}/${gh.repo}`, timeout);
+	if (!repoResult.ok) return { content: "", ok: false };
+
+	const repo = repoResult.data as {
+		full_name: string;
+		description: string | null;
+		stargazers_count: number;
+		forks_count: number;
+		open_issues_count: number;
+		default_branch: string;
+		language: string | null;
+		license: { name: string } | null;
+	};
+
+	let md = `# ${repo.full_name}\n\n`;
+	if (repo.description) md += `${repo.description}\n\n`;
+	md += `Stars: ${repo.stargazers_count} · Forks: ${repo.forks_count} · Issues: ${repo.open_issues_count}\n`;
+	if (repo.language) md += `Language: ${repo.language}\n`;
+	if (repo.license) md += `License: ${repo.license.name}\n`;
+	md += `\n---\n\n`;
+
+	// Fetch file tree
+	const treeResult = await fetchGitHubApi(
+		`/repos/${gh.owner}/${gh.repo}/git/trees/${repo.default_branch}?recursive=1`,
+		timeout,
+	);
+	if (treeResult.ok && treeResult.data) {
+		const tree = (treeResult.data as { tree: Array<{ path: string; type: string }> }).tree;
+		md += `## Files\n\n`;
+		md += "```\n";
+		for (const item of tree.slice(0, 100)) {
+			const prefix = item.type === "tree" ? "[dir] " : "      ";
+			md += `${prefix}${item.path}\n`;
+		}
+		if (tree.length > 100) {
+			md += `... and ${tree.length - 100} more files\n`;
+		}
+		md += "```\n\n";
+	}
+
+	// Fetch README
+	const readmeResult = await fetchGitHubApi(`/repos/${gh.owner}/${gh.repo}/readme`, timeout);
+	if (readmeResult.ok && readmeResult.data) {
+		const readme = readmeResult.data as { content: string; encoding: string };
+		if (readme.encoding === "base64") {
+			const decoded = Buffer.from(readme.content, "base64").toString("utf-8");
+			md += `## README\n\n${decoded}`;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return { content: md, ok: true };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Handle GitHub URLs specially
+ */
+async function handleGitHub(url: string, timeout: number): Promise<RenderResult | null> {
+	const gh = parseGitHubUrl(url);
+	if (!gh) return null;
+
+	const fetchedAt = new Date().toISOString();
+	const notes: string[] = [];
+
+	switch (gh.type) {
+		case "blob": {
+			// Convert to raw URL and fetch
+			const rawUrl = toRawGitHubUrl(gh);
+			notes.push(`Fetched raw: ${rawUrl}`);
+			const result = await loadPage(rawUrl, { timeout });
+			if (result.ok) {
+				const output = finalizeOutput(result.content);
+				return {
+					url,
+					finalUrl: rawUrl,
+					contentType: "text/plain",
+					method: "github-raw",
+					content: output.content,
+					fetchedAt,
+					truncated: output.truncated,
+					notes,
+				};
+			}
+			break;
+		}
+
+		case "tree": {
+			notes.push(`Fetched via GitHub API`);
+			const result = await renderGitHubTree(gh, timeout);
+			if (result.ok) {
+				const output = finalizeOutput(result.content);
+				return {
+					url,
+					finalUrl: url,
+					contentType: "text/markdown",
+					method: "github-tree",
+					content: output.content,
+					fetchedAt,
+					truncated: output.truncated,
+					notes,
+				};
+			}
+			break;
+		}
+
+		case "issue":
+		case "pull": {
+			notes.push(`Fetched via GitHub API`);
+			const result = await renderGitHubIssue(gh, timeout);
+			if (result.ok) {
+				const output = finalizeOutput(result.content);
+				return {
+					url,
+					finalUrl: url,
+					contentType: "text/markdown",
+					method: gh.type === "pull" ? "github-pr" : "github-issue",
+					content: output.content,
+					fetchedAt,
+					truncated: output.truncated,
+					notes,
+				};
+			}
+			break;
+		}
+
+		case "issues": {
+			notes.push(`Fetched via GitHub API`);
+			const result = await renderGitHubIssuesList(gh, timeout);
+			if (result.ok) {
+				const output = finalizeOutput(result.content);
+				return {
+					url,
+					finalUrl: url,
+					contentType: "text/markdown",
+					method: "github-issues",
+					content: output.content,
+					fetchedAt,
+					truncated: output.truncated,
+					notes,
+				};
+			}
+			break;
+		}
+
+		case "repo": {
+			notes.push(`Fetched via GitHub API`);
+			const result = await renderGitHubRepo(gh, timeout);
+			if (result.ok) {
+				const output = finalizeOutput(result.content);
+				return {
+					url,
+					finalUrl: url,
+					contentType: "text/markdown",
+					method: "github-repo",
+					content: output.content,
+					fetchedAt,
+					truncated: output.truncated,
+					notes,
+				};
+			}
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Fall back to null (let normal rendering handle it)
+	return null;
+}
+
+// =============================================================================
+// Twitter/X Special Handling (via Nitter)
+// =============================================================================
+
+// Active Nitter instances - check https://status.d420.de/instances for current status
+const NITTER_INSTANCES = [
+	"nitter.privacyredirect.com",
+	"nitter.tiekoetter.com",
+	"nitter.poast.org",
+	"nitter.woodland.cafe",
+];
+
+/**
+ * Handle Twitter/X URLs via Nitter
+ */
+async function handleTwitter(url: string, timeout: number): Promise<RenderResult | null> {
+	try {
+		const parsed = new URL(url);
+		if (!["twitter.com", "x.com", "www.twitter.com", "www.x.com"].includes(parsed.hostname)) {
+			return null;
+		}
+
+		const fetchedAt = new Date().toISOString();
+
+		// Try Nitter instances
+		for (const instance of NITTER_INSTANCES) {
+			const nitterUrl = `https://${instance}${parsed.pathname}`;
+			const result = await loadPage(nitterUrl, { timeout: Math.min(timeout, 10) });
+
+			if (result.ok && result.content.length > 500) {
+				// Parse the Nitter HTML
+				const doc = parseHtml(result.content);
+
+				// Extract tweet content
+				const tweetContent = doc.querySelector(".tweet-content")?.text?.trim();
+				const fullname = doc.querySelector(".fullname")?.text?.trim();
+				const username = doc.querySelector(".username")?.text?.trim();
+				const date = doc.querySelector(".tweet-date a")?.text?.trim();
+				const stats = doc.querySelector(".tweet-stats")?.text?.trim();
+
+				if (tweetContent) {
+					let md = `# Tweet by ${fullname || "Unknown"} (${username || "@?"})\n\n`;
+					if (date) md += `*${date}*\n\n`;
+					md += `${tweetContent}\n\n`;
+					if (stats) md += `---\n${stats.replace(/\s+/g, " ")}\n`;
+
+					// Check for replies/thread
+					const replies = doc.querySelectorAll(".timeline-item .tweet-content");
+					if (replies.length > 1) {
+						md += `\n---\n\n## Thread/Replies\n\n`;
+						for (const reply of Array.from(replies).slice(1, 10)) {
+							const replyUser = reply.parentNode?.querySelector(".username")?.text?.trim();
+							md += `**${replyUser || "@?"}**: ${reply.text?.trim()}\n\n`;
+						}
+					}
+
+					const output = finalizeOutput(md);
+					return {
+						url,
+						finalUrl: nitterUrl,
+						contentType: "text/markdown",
+						method: "twitter-nitter",
+						content: output.content,
+						fetchedAt,
+						truncated: output.truncated,
+						notes: [`Via Nitter: ${instance}`],
+					};
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	} catch {}
+
+	// X.com blocks all bots - return a helpful error instead of falling through
+	return {
+		url,
+		finalUrl: url,
+		contentType: "text/plain",
+		method: "twitter-blocked",
+		content:
+			"Twitter/X blocks automated access. Nitter instances were unavailable.\n\nTry:\n- Opening the link in a browser\n- Using a different Nitter instance manually\n- Checking if the tweet is available via an archive service",
+		fetchedAt: new Date().toISOString(),
+		truncated: false,
+		notes: ["X.com blocks bots; Nitter instances unavailable"],
+	};
+}
+
+// =============================================================================
+// Stack Overflow Special Handling
+// =============================================================================
+
+interface SOQuestion {
+	title: string;
+	body: string;
+	score: number;
+	owner: { display_name: string };
+	creation_date: number;
+	tags: string[];
+	answer_count: number;
+	is_answered: boolean;
+}
+
+interface SOAnswer {
+	body: string;
+	score: number;
+	is_accepted: boolean;
+	owner: { display_name: string };
+	creation_date: number;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Convert basic HTML to markdown (for SO bodies)
+ */
+function htmlToBasicMarkdown(html: string): string {
+	return html
+		.replace(/<pre><code[^>]*>/g, "\n```\n")
+		.replace(/<\/code><\/pre>/g, "\n```\n")
+		.replace(/<code>/g, "`")
+		.replace(/<\/code>/g, "`")
+		.replace(/<strong>/g, "**")
+		.replace(/<\/strong>/g, "**")
+		.replace(/<em>/g, "*")
+		.replace(/<\/em>/g, "*")
+		.replace(/<a href="([^"]+)"[^>]*>([^<]+)<\/a>/g, "[$2]($1)")
+		.replace(/<p>/g, "\n\n")
+		.replace(/<\/p>/g, "")
+		.replace(/<br\s*\/?>/g, "\n")
+		.replace(/<li>/g, "- ")
+		.replace(/<\/li>/g, "\n")
+		.replace(/<\/?[uo]l>/g, "\n")
+		.replace(/<h(\d)>/g, (_, n) => `\n${"#".repeat(parseInt(n, 10))} `)
+		.replace(/<\/h\d>/g, "\n")
+		.replace(/<blockquote>/g, "\n> ")
+		.replace(/<\/blockquote>/g, "\n")
+		.replace(/<[^>]+>/g, "") // Strip remaining tags
+		.replace(/&lt;/g, "<")
+		.replace(/&gt;/g, ">")
+		.replace(/&amp;/g, "&")
+		.replace(/&quot;/g, '"')
+		.replace(/&#39;/g, "'")
+		.replace(/\n{3,}/g, "\n\n")
+		.trim();
+}
+
+/**
+ * Handle Stack Overflow URLs via API
+ */
+async function handleStackOverflow(url: string, timeout: number): Promise<RenderResult | null> {
+	try {
+		const parsed = new URL(url);
+		if (!parsed.hostname.includes("stackoverflow.com") && !parsed.hostname.includes("stackexchange.com")) {
+			return null;
+		}
+
+		// Extract question ID from URL patterns like /questions/12345/...
+		const match = parsed.pathname.match(/\/questions\/(\d+)/);
+		if (!match) return null;
+
+		const questionId = match[1];
+		const site = parsed.hostname.includes("stackoverflow") ? "stackoverflow" : parsed.hostname.split(".")[0];
+		const fetchedAt = new Date().toISOString();
+
+		// Fetch question with answers
+		const apiUrl = `https://api.stackexchange.com/2.3/questions/${questionId}?order=desc&sort=votes&site=${site}&filter=withbody`;
+		const qResult = await loadPage(apiUrl, { timeout });
+
+		if (!qResult.ok) return null;
+
+		const qData = JSON.parse(qResult.content) as { items: SOQuestion[] };
+		if (!qData.items?.length) return null;
+
+		const question = qData.items[0];
+
+		let md = `# ${question.title}\n\n`;
+		md += `**Score:** ${question.score} · **Answers:** ${question.answer_count}`;
+		md += question.is_answered ? " (Answered)" : "";
+		md += `\n**Tags:** ${question.tags.join(", ")}\n`;
+		md += `**Asked by:** ${question.owner.display_name} · ${
+			new Date(question.creation_date * 1000).toISOString().split("T")[0]
+		}\n\n`;
+		md += `---\n\n## Question\n\n${htmlToBasicMarkdown(question.body)}\n\n`;
+
+		// Fetch answers
+		const aUrl = `https://api.stackexchange.com/2.3/questions/${questionId}/answers?order=desc&sort=votes&site=${site}&filter=withbody`;
+		const aResult = await loadPage(aUrl, { timeout });
+
+		if (aResult.ok) {
+			const aData = JSON.parse(aResult.content) as { items: SOAnswer[] };
+			if (aData.items?.length) {
+				md += `---\n\n## Answers\n\n`;
+				for (const answer of aData.items.slice(0, 5)) {
+					const accepted = answer.is_accepted ? " (Accepted)" : "";
+					md += `### Score: ${answer.score}${accepted} · by ${answer.owner.display_name}\n\n`;
+					md += `${htmlToBasicMarkdown(answer.body)}\n\n---\n\n`;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		const output = finalizeOutput(md);
+		return {
+			url,
+			finalUrl: url,
+			contentType: "text/markdown",
+			method: "stackoverflow",
+			content: output.content,
+			fetchedAt,
+			truncated: output.truncated,
+			notes: ["Fetched via Stack Exchange API"],
+		};
+	} catch {}
+
+	return null;
+}
+
+// =============================================================================
+// Wikipedia Special Handling
+// =============================================================================
+
+/**
+ * Handle Wikipedia URLs via API
+ */
+async function handleWikipedia(url: string, timeout: number): Promise<RenderResult | null> {
+	try {
+		const parsed = new URL(url);
+		// Match *.wikipedia.org
+		const wikiMatch = parsed.hostname.match(/^(\w+)\.wikipedia\.org$/);
+		if (!wikiMatch) return null;
+
+		const lang = wikiMatch[1];
+		const titleMatch = parsed.pathname.match(/\/wiki\/(.+)/);
+		if (!titleMatch) return null;
+
+		const title = decodeURIComponent(titleMatch[1]);
+		const fetchedAt = new Date().toISOString();
+
+		// Use Wikipedia API to get plain text extract
+		const apiUrl = `https://${lang}.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/page/summary/${encodeURIComponent(title)}`;
+		const summaryResult = await loadPage(apiUrl, { timeout });
+
+		let md = "";
+
+		if (summaryResult.ok) {
+			const summary = JSON.parse(summaryResult.content) as {
+				title: string;
+				description?: string;
+				extract: string;
+			};
+			md = `# ${summary.title}\n\n`;
+			if (summary.description) md += `*${summary.description}*\n\n`;
+			md += `${summary.extract}\n\n---\n\n`;
+		}
+
+		// Get full article content via mobile-html or parse API
+		const contentUrl = `https://${lang}.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/page/mobile-html/${encodeURIComponent(title)}`;
+		const contentResult = await loadPage(contentUrl, { timeout });
+
+		if (contentResult.ok) {
+			const doc = parseHtml(contentResult.content);
+
+			// Extract main content sections
+			const sections = doc.querySelectorAll("section");
+			for (const section of sections) {
+				const heading = section.querySelector("h2, h3, h4");
+				const headingText = heading?.text?.trim();
+
+				// Skip certain sections
+				if (
+					headingText &&
+					["References", "External links", "See also", "Notes", "Further reading"].includes(headingText)
+				) {
+					continue;
+				}
+
+				if (headingText) {
+					const level = heading?.tagName === "H2" ? "##" : "###";
+					md += `${level} ${headingText}\n\n`;
+				}
+
+				const paragraphs = section.querySelectorAll("p");
+				for (const p of paragraphs) {
+					const text = p.text?.trim();
+					if (text && text.length > 20) {
+						md += `${text}\n\n`;
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		if (!md) return null;
+
+		const output = finalizeOutput(md);
+		return {
+			url,
+			finalUrl: url,
+			contentType: "text/markdown",
+			method: "wikipedia",
+			content: output.content,
+			fetchedAt,
+			truncated: output.truncated,
+			notes: ["Fetched via Wikipedia API"],
+		};
+	} catch {}
+
+	return null;
+}
+
+// =============================================================================
+// Reddit Special Handling
+// =============================================================================
+
+interface RedditPost {
+	title: string;
+	selftext: string;
+	author: string;
+	score: number;
+	num_comments: number;
+	created_utc: number;
+	subreddit: string;
+	url: string;
+	is_self: boolean;
+}
+
+interface RedditComment {
+	body: string;
+	author: string;
+	score: number;
+	created_utc: number;
+	replies?: { data: { children: Array<{ data: RedditComment }> } };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Handle Reddit URLs via JSON API
+ */
+async function handleReddit(url: string, timeout: number): Promise<RenderResult | null> {
+	try {
+		const parsed = new URL(url);
+		if (!parsed.hostname.includes("reddit.com")) return null;
+
+		const fetchedAt = new Date().toISOString();
+
+		// Append .json to get JSON response
+		let jsonUrl = `${url.replace(/\/$/, "")}.json`;
+		if (parsed.search) {
+			jsonUrl = `${url.replace(/\/$/, "").replace(parsed.search, "")}.json${parsed.search}`;
+		}
+
+		const result = await loadPage(jsonUrl, { timeout });
+		if (!result.ok) return null;
+
+		const data = JSON.parse(result.content);
+		let md = "";
+
+		// Handle different Reddit URL types
+		if (Array.isArray(data) && data.length >= 1) {
+			// Post page (with comments)
+			const postData = data[0]?.data?.children?.[0]?.data as RedditPost | undefined;
+			if (postData) {
+				md = `# ${postData.title}\n\n`;
+				md += `**r/${postData.subreddit}** · u/${postData.author} · ${postData.score} points · ${postData.num_comments} comments\n`;
+				md += `*${new Date(postData.created_utc * 1000).toISOString().split("T")[0]}*\n\n`;
+
+				if (postData.is_self && postData.selftext) {
+					md += `---\n\n${postData.selftext}\n\n`;
+				} else if (!postData.is_self) {
+					md += `**Link:** ${postData.url}\n\n`;
+				}
+
+				// Add comments if available
+				if (data.length >= 2 && data[1]?.data?.children) {
+					md += `---\n\n## Top Comments\n\n`;
+					const comments = data[1].data.children.filter((c: { kind: string }) => c.kind === "t1").slice(0, 10);
+
+					for (const { data: comment } of comments as Array<{ data: RedditComment }>) {
+						md += `### u/${comment.author} · ${comment.score} points\n\n`;
+						md += `${comment.body}\n\n---\n\n`;
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		} else if (data?.data?.children) {
+			// Subreddit or listing page
+			const posts = data.data.children.slice(0, 20) as Array<{ data: RedditPost }>;
+			const subreddit = posts[0]?.data?.subreddit;
+
+			md = `# r/${subreddit || "Reddit"}\n\n`;
+			for (const { data: post } of posts) {
+				md += `- **${post.title}** (${post.score} pts, ${post.num_comments} comments)\n`;
+				md += `  by u/${post.author}\n\n`;
+			}
+		}
+
+		if (!md) return null;
+
+		const output = finalizeOutput(md);
+		return {
+			url,
+			finalUrl: url,
+			contentType: "text/markdown",
+			method: "reddit",
+			content: output.content,
+			fetchedAt,
+			truncated: output.truncated,
+			notes: ["Fetched via Reddit JSON API"],
+		};
+	} catch {}
+
+	return null;
+}
+
+// =============================================================================
+// NPM Special Handling
+// =============================================================================
+
+/**
+ * Handle NPM URLs via registry API
+ */
+async function handleNpm(url: string, timeout: number): Promise<RenderResult | null> {
+	try {
+		const parsed = new URL(url);
+		if (parsed.hostname !== "www.npmjs.com" && parsed.hostname !== "npmjs.com") return null;
+
+		// Extract package name from /package/[scope/]name
+		const match = parsed.pathname.match(/^\/package\/(.+?)(?:\/|$)/);
+		if (!match) return null;
+
+		let packageName = decodeURIComponent(match[1]);
+		// Handle scoped packages: /package/@scope/name
+		if (packageName.startsWith("@")) {
+			const scopeMatch = parsed.pathname.match(/^\/package\/(@[^/]+\/[^/]+)/);
+			if (scopeMatch) packageName = decodeURIComponent(scopeMatch[1]);
+		}
+
+		const fetchedAt = new Date().toISOString();
+
+		// Fetch from npm registry - use /latest endpoint for smaller response
+		const latestUrl = `https://registry.npmjs.org/${packageName}/latest`;
+		const result = await loadPage(latestUrl, { timeout });
+
+		if (!result.ok) return null;
+
+		let pkg: {
+			name: string;
+			version: string;
+			description?: string;
+			license?: string;
+			homepage?: string;
+			repository?: { url: string } | string;
+			keywords?: string[];
+			maintainers?: Array<{ name: string }>;
+			dependencies?: Record<string, string>;
+			readme?: string;
+		};
+
+		try {
+			pkg = JSON.parse(result.content);
+		} catch {
+			return null; // JSON parse failed (truncated response)
+		}
+
+		let md = `# ${pkg.name}\n\n`;
+		if (pkg.description) md += `${pkg.description}\n\n`;
+
+		md += `**Latest:** ${pkg.version || "unknown"}`;
+		if (pkg.license) md += ` · **License:** ${typeof pkg.license === "string" ? pkg.license : pkg.license}`;
+		md += "\n\n";
+
+		if (pkg.homepage) md += `**Homepage:** ${pkg.homepage}\n`;
+		const repoUrl = typeof pkg.repository === "string" ? pkg.repository : pkg.repository?.url;
+		if (repoUrl) md += `**Repository:** ${repoUrl.replace(/^git\+/, "").replace(/\.git$/, "")}\n`;
+		if (pkg.keywords?.length) md += `**Keywords:** ${pkg.keywords.join(", ")}\n`;
+		if (pkg.maintainers?.length) md += `**Maintainers:** ${pkg.maintainers.map((m) => m.name).join(", ")}\n`;
+
+		if (pkg.dependencies && Object.keys(pkg.dependencies).length > 0) {
+			md += `\n## Dependencies\n\n`;
+			for (const [dep, version] of Object.entries(pkg.dependencies)) {
+				md += `- ${dep}: ${version}\n`;
+			}
+		}
+
+		if (pkg.readme) {
+			md += `\n---\n\n## README\n\n${pkg.readme}\n`;
+		}
+
+		const output = finalizeOutput(md);
+		return {
+			url,
+			finalUrl: url,
+			contentType: "text/markdown",
+			method: "npm",
+			content: output.content,
+			fetchedAt,
+			truncated: output.truncated,
+			notes: ["Fetched via npm registry"],
+		};
+	} catch {}
+
+	return null;
+}
+
+// =============================================================================
+// arXiv Special Handling
+// =============================================================================
+
+/**
+ * Handle arXiv URLs - fetch abstract + optionally PDF
+ */
+async function handleArxiv(url: string, timeout: number): Promise<RenderResult | null> {
+	try {
+		const parsed = new URL(url);
+		if (parsed.hostname !== "arxiv.org") return null;
+
+		// Extract paper ID from various URL formats
+		// /abs/1234.56789, /pdf/1234.56789, /abs/cs/0123456
+		const match = parsed.pathname.match(/\/(abs|pdf)\/(.+?)(?:\.pdf)?$/);
+		if (!match) return null;
+
+		const paperId = match[2];
+		const fetchedAt = new Date().toISOString();
+		const notes: string[] = [];
+
+		// Fetch metadata via arXiv API
+		const apiUrl = `https://export.arxiv.org/api/query?id_list=${paperId}`;
+		const result = await loadPage(apiUrl, { timeout });
+
+		if (!result.ok) return null;
+
+		// Parse the Atom feed response
+		const doc = parseHtml(result.content, { parseNoneClosedTags: true });
+		const entry = doc.querySelector("entry");
+
+		if (!entry) return null;
+
+		const title = entry.querySelector("title")?.text?.trim()?.replace(/\s+/g, " ");
+		const summary = entry.querySelector("summary")?.text?.trim();
+		const authors = entry
+			.querySelectorAll("author name")
+			.map((n) => n.text?.trim())
+			.filter(Boolean);
+		const published = entry.querySelector("published")?.text?.trim()?.split("T")[0];
+		const categories = entry
+			.querySelectorAll("category")
+			.map((c) => c.getAttribute("term"))
+			.filter(Boolean);
+		const pdfLink = entry.querySelector('link[title="pdf"]')?.getAttribute("href");
+
+		let md = `# ${title || "arXiv Paper"}\n\n`;
+		if (authors.length) md += `**Authors:** ${authors.join(", ")}\n`;
+		if (published) md += `**Published:** ${published}\n`;
+		if (categories.length) md += `**Categories:** ${categories.join(", ")}\n`;
+		md += `**arXiv:** ${paperId}\n\n`;
+		md += `---\n\n## Abstract\n\n${summary || "No abstract available."}\n\n`;
+
+		// If it was a PDF link or we want full content, try to fetch and convert PDF
+		if (match[1] === "pdf" || parsed.pathname.includes(".pdf")) {
+			if (pdfLink) {
+				notes.push("Fetching PDF for full content...");
+				const pdfResult = await fetchBinary(pdfLink, timeout);
+				if (pdfResult.ok) {
+					const converted = convertWithMarkitdown(pdfResult.buffer, ".pdf", timeout);
+					if (converted.ok && converted.content.length > 500) {
+						md += `---\n\n## Full Paper\n\n${converted.content}\n`;
+						notes.push("PDF converted via markitdown");
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		const output = finalizeOutput(md);
+		return {
+			url,
+			finalUrl: url,
+			contentType: "text/markdown",
+			method: "arxiv",
+			content: output.content,
+			fetchedAt,
+			truncated: output.truncated,
+			notes: notes.length ? notes : ["Fetched via arXiv API"],
+		};
+	} catch {}
+
+	return null;
+}
+
+// =============================================================================
+// IACR ePrint Special Handling
+// =============================================================================
+
+/**
+ * Handle IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive URLs
+ */
+async function handleIacr(url: string, timeout: number): Promise<RenderResult | null> {
+	try {
+		const parsed = new URL(url);
+		if (parsed.hostname !== "eprint.iacr.org") return null;
+
+		// Extract paper ID from /year/number or /year/number.pdf
+		const match = parsed.pathname.match(/\/(\d{4})\/(\d+)(?:\.pdf)?$/);
+		if (!match) return null;
+
+		const [, year, number] = match;
+		const paperId = `${year}/${number}`;
+		const fetchedAt = new Date().toISOString();
+		const notes: string[] = [];
+
+		// Fetch the HTML page for metadata
+		const pageUrl = `https://eprint.iacr.org/${paperId}`;
+		const result = await loadPage(pageUrl, { timeout });
+
+		if (!result.ok) return null;
+
+		const doc = parseHtml(result.content);
+
+		// Extract metadata from the page
+		const title =
+			doc.querySelector("h3.mb-3")?.text?.trim() ||
+			doc.querySelector('meta[name="citation_title"]')?.getAttribute("content");
+		const authors = doc
+			.querySelectorAll('meta[name="citation_author"]')
+			.map((m) => m.getAttribute("content"))
+			.filter(Boolean);
+		// Abstract is in <p> after <h5>Abstract</h5>
+		const abstractHeading = doc.querySelectorAll("h5").find((h) => h.text?.includes("Abstract"));
+		const abstract =
+			abstractHeading?.parentNode?.querySelector("p")?.text?.trim() ||
+			doc.querySelector('meta[name="description"]')?.getAttribute("content");
+		const keywords = doc.querySelector(".keywords")?.text?.replace("Keywords:", "").trim();
+		const pubDate = doc.querySelector('meta[name="citation_publication_date"]')?.getAttribute("content");
+
+		let md = `# ${title || "IACR ePrint Paper"}\n\n`;
+		if (authors.length) md += `**Authors:** ${authors.join(", ")}\n`;
+		if (pubDate) md += `**Date:** ${pubDate}\n`;
+		md += `**ePrint:** ${paperId}\n`;
+		if (keywords) md += `**Keywords:** ${keywords}\n`;
+		md += `\n---\n\n## Abstract\n\n${abstract || "No abstract available."}\n\n`;
+
+		// If it was a PDF link, try to fetch and convert PDF
+		if (parsed.pathname.endsWith(".pdf")) {
+			const pdfUrl = `https://eprint.iacr.org/${paperId}.pdf`;
+			notes.push("Fetching PDF for full content...");
+			const pdfResult = await fetchBinary(pdfUrl, timeout);
+			if (pdfResult.ok) {
+				const converted = convertWithMarkitdown(pdfResult.buffer, ".pdf", timeout);
+				if (converted.ok && converted.content.length > 500) {
+					md += `---\n\n## Full Paper\n\n${converted.content}\n`;
+					notes.push("PDF converted via markitdown");
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		const output = finalizeOutput(md);
+		return {
+			url,
+			finalUrl: url,
+			contentType: "text/markdown",
+			method: "iacr",
+			content: output.content,
+			fetchedAt,
+			truncated: output.truncated,
+			notes: notes.length ? notes : ["Fetched from IACR ePrint Archive"],
+		};
+	} catch {}
+
+	return null;
+}
+
+// =============================================================================
+// GitHub Gist Special Handling
+// =============================================================================
+
+/**
+ * Handle GitHub Gist URLs via API
+ */
+async function handleGitHubGist(url: string, timeout: number): Promise<RenderResult | null> {
+	try {
+		const parsed = new URL(url);
+		if (parsed.hostname !== "gist.github.com") return null;
+
+		// Extract gist ID from /username/gistId or just /gistId
+		const parts = parsed.pathname.split("/").filter(Boolean);
+		if (parts.length === 0) return null;
+
+		// Gist ID is always the last path segment (or only segment for anonymous gists)
+		const gistId = parts[parts.length - 1];
+		if (!gistId || !/^[a-f0-9]+$/i.test(gistId)) return null;
+
+		const fetchedAt = new Date().toISOString();
+
+		// Fetch via GitHub API
+		const result = await fetchGitHubApi(`/gists/${gistId}`, timeout);
+		if (!result.ok || !result.data) return null;
+
+		const gist = result.data as {
+			description: string | null;
+			owner?: { login: string };
+			created_at: string;
+			updated_at: string;
+			files: Record<string, { filename: string; language: string | null; size: number; content: string }>;
+			html_url: string;
+		};
+
+		const files = Object.values(gist.files);
+		const owner = gist.owner?.login || "anonymous";
+
+		let md = `# Gist by ${owner}\n\n`;
+		if (gist.description) md += `${gist.description}\n\n`;
+		md += `**Created:** ${gist.created_at} · **Updated:** ${gist.updated_at}\n`;
+		md += `**Files:** ${files.length}\n\n`;
+
+		for (const file of files) {
+			const lang = file.language?.toLowerCase() || "";
+			md += `---\n\n## ${file.filename}\n\n`;
+			md += `\`\`\`${lang}\n${file.content}\n\`\`\`\n\n`;
+		}
+
+		const output = finalizeOutput(md);
+		return {
+			url,
+			finalUrl: url,
+			contentType: "text/markdown",
+			method: "github-gist",
+			content: output.content,
+			fetchedAt,
+			truncated: output.truncated,
+			notes: ["Fetched via GitHub API"],
+		};
+	} catch {}
+
+	return null;
+}
+
+// =============================================================================
+// Unified Special Handler Dispatch
+// =============================================================================
+
+/**
+ * Try all special handlers
+ */
+async function handleSpecialUrls(url: string, timeout: number): Promise<RenderResult | null> {
+	// Order matters - more specific first
+	return (
+		(await handleGitHubGist(url, timeout)) ||
+		(await handleGitHub(url, timeout)) ||
+		(await handleTwitter(url, timeout)) ||
+		(await handleStackOverflow(url, timeout)) ||
+		(await handleWikipedia(url, timeout)) ||
+		(await handleReddit(url, timeout)) ||
+		(await handleNpm(url, timeout)) ||
+		(await handleArxiv(url, timeout)) ||
+		(await handleIacr(url, timeout))
+	);
+}
+
+// =============================================================================
+// Main Render Function
+// =============================================================================
+
+/**
+ * Main render function implementing the full pipeline
+ */
+async function renderUrl(url: string, timeout: number, raw: boolean = false): Promise<RenderResult> {
+	const notes: string[] = [];
+	const fetchedAt = new Date().toISOString();
+
+	// Step 0: Try special handlers for known sites (unless raw mode)
+	if (!raw) {
+		const specialResult = await handleSpecialUrls(url, timeout);
+		if (specialResult) return specialResult;
+	}
+
+	// Step 1: Normalize URL
+	url = normalizeUrl(url);
+	const origin = getOrigin(url);
+
+	// Step 2: Fetch page
+	const response = await loadPage(url, { timeout });
+	if (!response.ok) {
+		return {
+			url,
+			finalUrl: url,
+			contentType: "unknown",
+			method: "failed",
+			content: "",
+			fetchedAt,
+			truncated: false,
+			notes: ["Failed to fetch URL"],
+		};
+	}
+
+	const { finalUrl, content: rawContent } = response;
+	const mime = normalizeMime(response.contentType);
+	const extHint = getExtensionHint(finalUrl);
+
+	// Step 3: Handle convertible binary files (PDF, DOCX, etc.)
+	if (isConvertible(mime, extHint)) {
+		const binary = await fetchBinary(finalUrl, timeout);
+		if (binary.ok) {
+			const ext = getExtensionHint(finalUrl, binary.contentDisposition) || extHint;
+			const converted = convertWithMarkitdown(binary.buffer, ext, timeout);
+			if (converted.ok && converted.content.trim().length > 50) {
+				notes.push(`Converted with markitdown`);
+				const output = finalizeOutput(converted.content);
+				return {
+					url,
+					finalUrl,
+					contentType: mime,
+					method: "markitdown",
+					content: output.content,
+					fetchedAt,
+					truncated: output.truncated,
+					notes,
+				};
+			}
+		}
+		notes.push("markitdown conversion failed");
+	}
+
+	// Step 4: Handle non-HTML text content
+	const isHtml = mime.includes("html") || mime.includes("xhtml");
+	const isJson = mime.includes("json");
+	const isXml = mime.includes("xml") && !isHtml;
+	const isText = mime.includes("text/plain") || mime.includes("text/markdown");
+	const isFeed = mime.includes("rss") || mime.includes("atom") || mime.includes("feed");
+
+	if (isJson) {
+		const output = finalizeOutput(formatJson(rawContent));
+		return {
+			url,
+			finalUrl,
+			contentType: mime,
+			method: "json",
+			content: output.content,
+			fetchedAt,
+			truncated: output.truncated,
+			notes,
+		};
+	}
+
+	if (isFeed || (isXml && (rawContent.includes("<rss") || rawContent.includes("<feed")))) {
+		const parsed = parseFeedToMarkdown(rawContent);
+		const output = finalizeOutput(parsed);
+		return {
+			url,
+			finalUrl,
+			contentType: mime,
+			method: "feed",
+			content: output.content,
+			fetchedAt,
+			truncated: output.truncated,
+			notes,
+		};
+	}
+
+	if (isText && !looksLikeHtml(rawContent)) {
+		const output = finalizeOutput(rawContent);
+		return {
+			url,
+			finalUrl,
+			contentType: mime,
+			method: "text",
+			content: output.content,
+			fetchedAt,
+			truncated: output.truncated,
+			notes,
+		};
+	}
+
+	// Step 5: For HTML, try digestible formats first (unless raw mode)
+	if (isHtml && !raw) {
+		// 5A: Check for page-specific markdown alternate
+		const alternates = parseAlternateLinks(rawContent, finalUrl);
+		const markdownAlt = alternates.find((alt) => alt.endsWith(".md") || alt.includes("markdown"));
+		if (markdownAlt) {
+			const resolved = markdownAlt.startsWith("http") ? markdownAlt : new URL(markdownAlt, finalUrl).href;
+			const altResult = await loadPage(resolved, { timeout });
+			if (altResult.ok && altResult.content.trim().length > 100 && !looksLikeHtml(altResult.content)) {
+				notes.push(`Used markdown alternate: ${resolved}`);
+				const output = finalizeOutput(altResult.content);
+				return {
+					url,
+					finalUrl,
+					contentType: "text/markdown",
+					method: "alternate-markdown",
+					content: output.content,
+					fetchedAt,
+					truncated: output.truncated,
+					notes,
+				};
+			}
+		}
+
+		// 5B: Try URL.md suffix (llms.txt convention)
+		const mdSuffix = await tryMdSuffix(finalUrl, timeout);
+		if (mdSuffix) {
+			notes.push("Found .md suffix version");
+			const output = finalizeOutput(mdSuffix);
+			return {
+				url,
+				finalUrl,
+				contentType: "text/markdown",
+				method: "md-suffix",
+				content: output.content,
+				fetchedAt,
+				truncated: output.truncated,
+				notes,
+			};
+		}
+
+		// 5C: LLM-friendly endpoints
+		const llmContent = await tryLlmEndpoints(origin, timeout);
+		if (llmContent) {
+			notes.push("Found llms.txt");
+			const output = finalizeOutput(llmContent);
+			return {
+				url,
+				finalUrl,
+				contentType: "text/plain",
+				method: "llms.txt",
+				content: output.content,
+				fetchedAt,
+				truncated: output.truncated,
+				notes,
+			};
+		}
+
+		// 5D: Content negotiation
+		const negotiated = await tryContentNegotiation(url, timeout);
+		if (negotiated) {
+			notes.push(`Content negotiation returned ${negotiated.type}`);
+			const output = finalizeOutput(negotiated.content);
+			return {
+				url,
+				finalUrl,
+				contentType: normalizeMime(negotiated.type),
+				method: "content-negotiation",
+				content: output.content,
+				fetchedAt,
+				truncated: output.truncated,
+				notes,
+			};
+		}
+
+		// 5E: Check for feed alternates
+		const feedAlternates = alternates.filter((alt) => !alt.endsWith(".md") && !alt.includes("markdown"));
+		for (const altUrl of feedAlternates.slice(0, 2)) {
+			const resolved = altUrl.startsWith("http") ? altUrl : new URL(altUrl, finalUrl).href;
+			const altResult = await loadPage(resolved, { timeout });
+			if (altResult.ok && altResult.content.trim().length > 200) {
+				notes.push(`Used feed alternate: ${resolved}`);
+				const parsed = parseFeedToMarkdown(altResult.content);
+				const output = finalizeOutput(parsed);
+				return {
+					url,
+					finalUrl,
+					contentType: "application/feed",
+					method: "alternate-feed",
+					content: output.content,
+					fetchedAt,
+					truncated: output.truncated,
+					notes,
+				};
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Step 6: Render HTML with lynx
+		if (!hasCommand("lynx")) {
+			notes.push("lynx not installed");
+			const output = finalizeOutput(rawContent);
+			return {
+				url,
+				finalUrl,
+				contentType: mime,
+				method: "raw-html",
+				content: output.content,
+				fetchedAt,
+				truncated: output.truncated,
+				notes,
+			};
+		}
+
+		const lynxResult = renderWithLynx(rawContent, timeout);
+		if (!lynxResult.ok) {
+			notes.push("lynx failed");
+			const output = finalizeOutput(rawContent);
+			return {
+				url,
+				finalUrl,
+				contentType: mime,
+				method: "raw-html",
+				content: output.content,
+				fetchedAt,
+				truncated: output.truncated,
+				notes,
+			};
+		}
+
+		// Step 7: If lynx output is low quality, try extracting document links
+		if (isLowQualityOutput(lynxResult.content)) {
+			const docLinks = extractDocumentLinks(rawContent, finalUrl);
+			if (docLinks.length > 0) {
+				const docUrl = docLinks[0];
+				const binary = await fetchBinary(docUrl, timeout);
+				if (binary.ok) {
+					const ext = getExtensionHint(docUrl, binary.contentDisposition);
+					const converted = convertWithMarkitdown(binary.buffer, ext, timeout);
+					if (converted.ok && converted.content.trim().length > lynxResult.content.length) {
+						notes.push(`Extracted and converted document: ${docUrl}`);
+						const output = finalizeOutput(converted.content);
+						return {
+							url,
+							finalUrl,
+							contentType: "application/document",
+							method: "extracted-document",
+							content: output.content,
+							fetchedAt,
+							truncated: output.truncated,
+							notes,
+						};
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			notes.push("Page appears to require JavaScript or is mostly navigation");
+		}
+
+		const output = finalizeOutput(lynxResult.content);
+		return {
+			url,
+			finalUrl,
+			contentType: mime,
+			method: "lynx",
+			content: output.content,
+			fetchedAt,
+			truncated: output.truncated,
+			notes,
+		};
+	}
+
+	// Fallback: return raw content
+	const output = finalizeOutput(rawContent);
+	return {
+		url,
+		finalUrl,
+		contentType: mime,
+		method: "raw",
+		content: output.content,
+		fetchedAt,
+		truncated: output.truncated,
+		notes,
+	};
+}
+
+// =============================================================================
+// Tool Definition
+// =============================================================================
+
+const webFetchSchema = Type.Object({
+	url: Type.String({ description: "The URL to fetch and render" }),
+	timeout: Type.Optional(Type.Number({ description: "Timeout in seconds (default: 20, max: 120)" })),
+	raw: Type.Optional(
+		Type.Boolean({ description: "Return raw content without site-specific rendering or LLM-friendly transforms" }),
+	),
+});
+
+export interface WebFetchToolDetails {
+	url: string;
+	finalUrl: string;
+	contentType: string;
+	method: string;
+	truncated: boolean;
+	notes: string[];
+}
+
+export function createWebFetchTool(_cwd: string): AgentTool<typeof webFetchSchema> {
+	return {
+		name: "web_fetch",
+		label: "web_fetch",
+		description: `Fetches content from a specified URL and processes it using an AI model
+- Takes a URL and a prompt as input
+- Fetches the URL content, converts HTML to markdown
+- Processes the content with the prompt using a small, fast model
+- Returns the model's response about the content
+- Use this tool when you need to retrieve and analyze web content
+
+Features:
+- Site-specific handlers for GitHub (issues, PRs, repos, gists), Stack Overflow, Wikipedia, Reddit, NPM, arXiv, IACR, and Twitter/X
+- Automatic detection and use of LLM-friendly endpoints (llms.txt, .md suffixes)
+- Binary file conversion (PDF, DOCX, etc.) via markitdown if available
+- HTML to text rendering via lynx if available
+- RSS/Atom feed parsing
+- JSON pretty-printing
+
+Usage notes:
+- IMPORTANT: If an MCP-provided web fetch tool is available, prefer using that tool instead of this one, as it may have fewer restrictions.
+- The URL must be a fully-formed valid URL
+- HTTP URLs will be automatically upgraded to HTTPS
+- The prompt should describe what information you want to extract from the page
+- This tool is read-only and does not modify any files
+- Results may be summarized if the content is very large
+- Includes a self-cleaning 15-minute cache for faster responses when repeatedly accessing the same URL
+- When a URL redirects to a different host, the tool will inform you and provide the redirect URL in a special format. You should then make a new WebFetch request with the redirect URL to fetch the content.`,
+		parameters: webFetchSchema,
+		execute: async (
+			_toolCallId: string,
+			{ url, timeout = DEFAULT_TIMEOUT, raw = false }: { url: string; timeout?: number; raw?: boolean },
+		) => {
+			// Clamp timeout
+			const effectiveTimeout = Math.min(Math.max(timeout, 1), 120);
+
+			const result = await renderUrl(url, effectiveTimeout, raw);
+
+			// Format output
+			let output = "";
+			output += `URL: ${result.finalUrl}\n`;
+			output += `Content-Type: ${result.contentType}\n`;
+			output += `Method: ${result.method}\n`;
+			if (result.truncated) {
+				output += `Warning: Output was truncated\n`;
+			}
+			if (result.notes.length > 0) {
+				output += `Notes: ${result.notes.join("; ")}\n`;
+			}
+			output += `\n---\n\n`;
+			output += result.content;
+
+			const details: WebFetchToolDetails = {
+				url: result.url,
+				finalUrl: result.finalUrl,
+				contentType: result.contentType,
+				method: result.method,
+				truncated: result.truncated,
+				notes: result.notes,
+			};
+
+			return {
+				content: [{ type: "text", text: output }],
+				details,
+			};
+		},
+	};
+}
+
+/** Default web fetch tool using process.cwd() - for backwards compatibility */
+export const webFetchTool = createWebFetchTool(process.cwd());
+
+// =============================================================================
+// TUI Rendering
+// =============================================================================
+
+import type { Component } from "@oh-my-pi/pi-tui";
+import { Text } from "@oh-my-pi/pi-tui";
+import type { Theme } from "../../modes/interactive/theme/theme.js";
+import type { CustomTool, CustomToolContext, RenderResultOptions } from "../custom-tools/types.js";
+
+// Tree formatting constants
+const TREE_MID = "├─";
+const TREE_END = "└─";
+const TREE_PIPE = "│";
+const TREE_HOOK = "⎿";
+
+/** Truncate text to max length with ellipsis */
+function truncate(text: string, maxLen: number): string {
+	if (text.length <= maxLen) return text;
+	return `${text.slice(0, maxLen - 1)}…`;
+}
+
+/** Extract domain from URL */
+function getDomain(url: string): string {
+	try {
+		const u = new URL(url);
+		return u.hostname.replace(/^www\./, "");
+	} catch {
+		return url;
+	}
+}
+
+/** Get first N lines of text as preview */
+function getPreviewLines(text: string, maxLines: number, maxLineLen: number): string[] {
+	const lines = text.split("\n").filter((l) => l.trim());
+	return lines.slice(0, maxLines).map((l) => truncate(l.trim(), maxLineLen));
+}
+
+/** Render web fetch call (URL preview) */
+export function renderWebFetchCall(args: { url: string; timeout?: number; raw?: boolean }, theme: Theme): Component {
+	const domain = getDomain(args.url);
+	const path = truncate(args.url.replace(/^https?:\/\/[^/]+/, ""), 50);
+	const text = `${theme.fg("toolTitle", "Web Fetch")} ${theme.fg("accent", domain)}${theme.fg("dim", path)}`;
+	return new Text(text, 0, 0);
+}
+
+/** Render web fetch result with tree-based layout */
+export function renderWebFetchResult(
+	result: { content: Array<{ type: string; text?: string }>; details?: WebFetchToolDetails },
+	options: RenderResultOptions,
+	theme: Theme,
+): Component {
+	const { expanded } = options;
+	const details = result.details;
+
+	if (!details) {
+		return new Text(theme.fg("error", "No response data"), 0, 0);
+	}
+
+	const domain = getDomain(details.finalUrl);
+	const hasRedirect = details.url !== details.finalUrl;
+	const hasNotes = details.notes.length > 0;
+
+	// Build header: ● Web Fetch (domain) · method
+	const icon = details.truncated ? theme.fg("warning", "●") : theme.fg("success", "●");
+	const expandHint = expanded ? "" : theme.fg("dim", " (Ctrl+O to expand)");
+	let text = `${icon} ${theme.fg("toolTitle", "Web Fetch")} ${theme.fg("accent", `(${domain})`)} · ${theme.fg(
+		"dim",
+		details.method,
+	)}${expandHint}`;
+
+	// Get content text
+	const contentText = result.content[0]?.text ?? "";
+	// Extract just the content part (after the --- separator)
+	const contentBody = contentText.includes("---\n\n")
+		? contentText.split("---\n\n").slice(1).join("---\n\n")
+		: contentText;
+
+	if (!expanded) {
+		// Collapsed view: show metadata + 3 preview lines
+		if (hasRedirect) {
+			text += `\n ${theme.fg("dim", TREE_PIPE)}  ${theme.fg("muted", "→")} ${theme.fg("mdLinkUrl", details.finalUrl)}`;
+		}
+		if (details.truncated) {
+			text += `\n ${theme.fg("dim", TREE_PIPE)}  ${theme.fg("warning", "⚠ truncated")}`;
+		}
+
+		const previewLines = getPreviewLines(contentBody, 3, 100);
+		for (const line of previewLines) {
+			text += `\n ${theme.fg("dim", TREE_PIPE)}  ${theme.fg("dim", line)}`;
+		}
+		const totalLines = contentBody.split("\n").filter((l) => l.trim()).length;
+		if (totalLines > 3) {
+			text += `\n ${theme.fg("dim", TREE_END)} ${theme.fg("muted", `… ${totalLines - 3} more lines`)}`;
+		} else {
+			text += `\n ${theme.fg("dim", TREE_END)} ${theme.fg("muted", details.contentType)}`;
+		}
+	} else {
+		// Expanded view: full metadata tree + content
+		const hasMeta = hasRedirect || hasNotes || details.truncated;
+
+		if (hasMeta) {
+			// Metadata section
+			text += `\n ${theme.fg("dim", TREE_MID)} ${theme.fg("accent", "Metadata")}`;
+			text += `\n ${theme.fg("dim", TREE_PIPE)}  ${theme.fg("dim", TREE_MID)} ${theme.fg("muted", "Content-Type:")} ${
+				details.contentType
+			}`;
+			if (hasRedirect) {
+				text += `\n ${theme.fg("dim", TREE_PIPE)}  ${theme.fg("dim", TREE_MID)} ${theme.fg(
+					"muted",
+					"Redirected from:",
+				)} ${theme.fg("mdLinkUrl", details.url)}`;
+				text += `\n ${theme.fg("dim", TREE_PIPE)}  ${theme.fg("dim", `${TREE_PIPE}  ${TREE_HOOK} `)}${theme.fg(
+					"mdLinkUrl",
+					details.finalUrl,
+				)}`;
+			}
+			if (details.truncated) {
+				text += `\n ${theme.fg("dim", TREE_PIPE)}  ${theme.fg("dim", TREE_MID)} ${theme.fg(
+					"warning",
+					"⚠ Output was truncated",
+				)}`;
+			}
+			if (hasNotes) {
+				const notesBranch = TREE_END;
+				text += `\n ${theme.fg("dim", TREE_PIPE)}  ${theme.fg("dim", notesBranch)} ${theme.fg(
+					"muted",
+					"Notes:",
+				)} ${details.notes.join("; ")}`;
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Content section
+		text += `\n ${theme.fg("dim", TREE_END)} ${theme.fg("accent", "Content")}`;
+		const contentLines = contentBody.split("\n");
+		for (let i = 0; i < contentLines.length; i++) {
+			const line = contentLines[i];
+			const isLast = i === contentLines.length - 1;
+			text += `\n    ${isLast ? " " : theme.fg("dim", " ")} ${line}`;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return new Text(text, 0, 0);
+}
+
+type WebFetchParams = { url: string; timeout?: number; raw?: boolean };
+
+/** Web fetch tool as CustomTool (for TUI rendering support) */
+export const webFetchCustomTool: CustomTool<typeof webFetchSchema, WebFetchToolDetails> = {
+	name: "web_fetch",
+	label: "Web Fetch",
+	description: webFetchTool.description,
+	parameters: webFetchSchema,
+
+	async execute(
+		toolCallId: string,
+		params: WebFetchParams,
+		_onUpdate,
+		_ctx: CustomToolContext,
+		_signal?: AbortSignal,
+	) {
+		return webFetchTool.execute(toolCallId, params);
+	},
+
+	renderCall(args: WebFetchParams, theme: Theme) {
+		return renderWebFetchCall(args, theme);
+	},
+
+	renderResult(result, options: RenderResultOptions, theme: Theme) {
+		return renderWebFetchResult(result, options, theme);
+	},
+};