@oh-my-pi/omptype 17.2.7 → 17.2.8

package/dist/js/type.js

@@ -13,21 +13,122 @@
 import { compile, compileAllows } from "./compile.js";
 import { OmpErrors, OmpTypeError, TraversalError } from "./errors.js";
 import { walk } from "./interp.js";
-import { embed, expectedOf, hasMorph, IR_BRAND, keyOf, parseDef, } from "./ir.js";
+import { distributeFilter, embed, expectedOf, hasMorph, IR_BRAND, isSimpleIR, keyOf, markThisOnlyResolver, parseDef, useAssignability, } from "./ir.js";
 import { irToJsonSchema } from "./json-schema.js";
 import { keywordIR, patternIR } from "./keywords.js";
+// `Extract`/`Exclude` in the string DSL need assignability, which is defined here.
+useAssignability(isSubtype);
 /** Runtime constructor-like value used by ArkType-compatible `instanceof Type` checks. */
 export const Type = Object.defineProperty(function Type() { }, Symbol.hasInstance, {
     value: (value) => (typeof value === "function" || (typeof value === "object" && value !== null)) && IR_BRAND in value,
 });
+function descriptionOf(ir, seen = new Set()) {
+    if (ir.desc !== undefined)
+        return ir.desc;
+    if (seen.has(ir))
+        return ir.k === "alias" ? ir.name : expectedOf(ir);
+    seen.add(ir);
+    if (ir.k === "alias")
+        return descriptionOf(ir.resolve(), seen);
+    if (ir.k === "object") {
+        return `{ ${ir.props.map(prop => `${String(prop.key)}${prop.opt ? "?" : ""}: ${descriptionOf(prop.val, seen)}`).join(", ")} }`;
+    }
+    return expectedOf(ir);
+}
+function errorConfigOf(config) {
+    return {
+        ...(config.description === undefined || config.expected !== undefined ? {} : { expected: config.description }),
+        ...(config.expected === undefined ? {} : { expected: config.expected }),
+        ...(config.actual === undefined ? {} : { actual: config.actual }),
+        ...(config.problem === undefined ? {} : { problem: config.problem }),
+        ...(config.message === undefined ? {} : { message: config.message }),
+    };
+}
+function configureNode(ir, config) {
+    return {
+        ...ir,
+        cfg: { ...ir.cfg, ...errorConfigOf(config) },
+        ...(config.description === undefined ? {} : { desc: config.description }),
+    };
+}
+function configureSelected(ir, config, selector) {
+    const domain = ir.k === "string" || ir.k === "number" || ir.k === "boolean" || ir.k === "bigint" || ir.k === "symbol"
+        ? ir.k
+        : ir.k === "object" || ir.k === "array" || ir.k === "tuple" || ir.k === "instance" || ir.k === "anyobject"
+            ? "object"
+            : undefined;
+    const kind = ir.k === "number" && ir.divisor !== undefined ? "divisor" : "domain";
+    if ((selector.kind === undefined || selector.kind === kind) &&
+        (selector.where === undefined || selector.where({ kind, domain }))) {
+        return configureNode(ir, config);
+    }
+    switch (ir.k) {
+        case "array":
+            return { ...ir, el: configureSelected(ir.el, config, selector) };
+        case "tuple":
+            return {
+                ...ir,
+                prefix: ir.prefix.map(item => ({ ...item, val: configureSelected(item.val, config, selector) })),
+                ...(ir.variadic === undefined ? {} : { variadic: configureSelected(ir.variadic, config, selector) }),
+                postfix: ir.postfix.map(item => configureSelected(item, config, selector)),
+            };
+        case "object":
+            return {
+                ...ir,
+                props: ir.props.map(prop => ({ ...prop, val: configureSelected(prop.val, config, selector) })),
+                ...(ir.index === undefined ? {} : { index: configureSelected(ir.index, config, selector) }),
+                symbolIndex: ir.symbolIndex === undefined ? undefined : configureSelected(ir.symbolIndex, config, selector),
+                patternIndexes: ir.patternIndexes?.map(index => ({
+                    key: configureSelected(index.key, config, selector),
+                    val: configureSelected(index.val, config, selector),
+                })),
+            };
+        case "union":
+        case "intersection":
+            return { ...ir, members: ir.members.map(member => configureSelected(member, config, selector)) };
+        case "refine":
+            return { ...ir, base: configureSelected(ir.base, config, selector) };
+        case "morph":
+            return {
+                ...ir,
+                input: configureSelected(ir.input, config, selector),
+                ...(ir.out === undefined ? {} : { out: configureSelected(ir.out, config, selector) }),
+            };
+        default:
+            return ir;
+    }
+}
 class Ctx {
     expectation;
+    errors;
+    path;
+    #data;
+    constructor(data, path = []) {
+        this.#data = data;
+        this.path = path.map(key => (typeof key === "symbol" ? String(key) : key));
+    }
+    error(input) {
+        const detail = typeof input === "string" ? { expected: input } : input;
+        const error = OmpErrors.single([...(detail.path ?? detail.relativePath ?? [])], detail.expected, this.#data, {
+            preserveActual: true,
+            ...(Object.hasOwn(detail, "actual") ? { actual: String(detail.actual) } : {}),
+        });
+        if (this.errors)
+            this.errors.append(error);
+        else
+            this.errors = error;
+        return error;
+    }
     mustBe(expectation) {
         this.expectation = expectation;
         return false;
     }
-    reject(problem) {
-        this.expectation = problem;
+    reject(input) {
+        if (typeof input === "string") {
+            this.expectation = input;
+            return false;
+        }
+        this.error(input);
         return false;
     }
 }
@@ -35,6 +136,7 @@ const kBase = Symbol("omptype.base");
 const kSteps = Symbol("omptype.steps");
 const EMPTY_STEPS = [];
 const EMPTY_META = {};
+const ARK_COMPAT_SCOPE = Object.freeze({ internal: Object.freeze({ name: "ark" }) });
 /** Calls before the JIT compiles a schema (first two run the interpreter). */
 const JIT_THRESHOLD = 3;
 function metaOf(schema) {
@@ -42,54 +144,183 @@ function metaOf(schema) {
         description: schema.description,
         defaultValue: schema.defaultValue,
         hasDefault: schema.hasDefault,
+        defaultOutput: schema.defaultOutput,
+        hasDefaultOutput: schema.hasDefaultOutput,
         errorConfig: schema.errorConfig,
+        clone: schema.clone,
     };
 }
+function inheritScope(source, target) {
+    if (source.resolver === undefined)
+        return target;
+    target.resolver = source.resolver;
+    Reflect.set(target, "$", source.$);
+    return target;
+}
+function invalidDefault(label, errors) {
+    const error = errors[0];
+    let heading = label;
+    for (let index = 0; index < error.path.length; index++) {
+        const segment = error.path[index];
+        if (typeof segment === "number") {
+            if (label === "Default" && index === 0)
+                heading = "Default value";
+            heading += ` at [${segment}]`;
+        }
+        else if (label === "Default" && index === 0) {
+            heading += ` ${String(segment)}`;
+        }
+        else {
+            heading += `.${String(segment)}`;
+        }
+    }
+    throw new OmpTypeError(`ParseError: ${heading} ${error.problem}`);
+}
+function rejectMutableStaticDefault(value) {
+    if (value !== null && typeof value === "object" && !(value instanceof Date)) {
+        throw new OmpTypeError("ParseError: A mutable default value must be specified as a factory");
+    }
+}
+function normalizeDefaults(ir, seen = new WeakSet()) {
+    if (seen.has(ir))
+        return;
+    seen.add(ir);
+    switch (ir.k) {
+        case "object":
+            for (const prop of ir.props) {
+                normalizeDefaults(prop.val, seen);
+                if (!prop.hasDefault || prop.defValidated)
+                    continue;
+                let candidate;
+                let factory = false;
+                if (prop.defFactory && typeof prop.def === "function") {
+                    candidate = prop.def();
+                    factory = true;
+                }
+                else {
+                    rejectMutableStaticDefault(prop.def);
+                    candidate = prop.def;
+                }
+                const output = walk(prop.val, candidate);
+                if (output instanceof OmpErrors)
+                    invalidDefault(`Default for ${String(prop.key)}`, output);
+                if (!factory)
+                    prop.def = output;
+                prop.defValidated = true;
+            }
+            if (ir.index)
+                normalizeDefaults(ir.index, seen);
+            if (ir.symbolIndex)
+                normalizeDefaults(ir.symbolIndex, seen);
+            if (ir.patternIndexes) {
+                for (const index of ir.patternIndexes) {
+                    normalizeDefaults(index.key, seen);
+                    normalizeDefaults(index.val, seen);
+                }
+            }
+            return;
+        case "tuple":
+            for (let index = 0; index < ir.prefix.length; index++) {
+                const item = ir.prefix[index];
+                normalizeDefaults(item.val, seen);
+                if (!item.hasDefault || item.defValidated)
+                    continue;
+                let candidate;
+                let factory = false;
+                if (item.defFactory && typeof item.def === "function") {
+                    candidate = item.def();
+                    factory = true;
+                }
+                else {
+                    rejectMutableStaticDefault(item.def);
+                    candidate = item.def;
+                }
+                const output = walk(item.val, candidate);
+                if (output instanceof OmpErrors)
+                    invalidDefault(`Default for [${index}]`, output);
+                if (!factory)
+                    item.def = output;
+                item.defValidated = true;
+            }
+            if (ir.variadic)
+                normalizeDefaults(ir.variadic, seen);
+            for (const item of ir.postfix)
+                normalizeDefaults(item, seen);
+            return;
+        case "array":
+            normalizeDefaults(ir.el, seen);
+            return;
+        case "union":
+        case "intersection":
+            for (const member of ir.members)
+                normalizeDefaults(member, seen);
+            return;
+        case "refine":
+            normalizeDefaults(ir.base, seen);
+            return;
+        case "morph":
+            normalizeDefaults(ir.input, seen);
+            if (ir.out)
+                normalizeDefaults(ir.out, seen);
+            return;
+        default:
+            return;
+    }
+}
+/** Emitted for `io: 'output'` when a bare pipe makes the output unknowable. */
+const OPAQUE_OUTPUT_IR = { k: "unknown" };
 const typeMethods = {
     describe(description) {
-        return makeType({ ...this.ir, desc: description }, this[kSteps], { ...metaOf(this), description });
-    },
-    configure(config) {
-        const errorConfig = {
-            ...this.errorConfig,
-            ...(config.expected === undefined ? {} : { expected: config.expected }),
-            ...(config.actual === undefined ? {} : { actual: config.actual }),
-            ...(config.problem === undefined ? {} : { problem: config.problem }),
-            ...(config.message === undefined ? {} : { message: config.message }),
-        };
-        const meta = {
+        const ir = { ...this.ir, desc: description, cfg: { ...this.ir.cfg, expected: description } };
+        return makeType(ir, this[kSteps], { ...metaOf(this), description });
+    },
+    configure(config, selector = "self") {
+        const selected = selector === "self" ? configureNode(this.ir, config) : configureSelected(this.ir, config, selector);
+        return makeType(selected, this[kSteps], {
             ...metaOf(this),
-            errorConfig,
+            errorConfig: { ...this.errorConfig, ...errorConfigOf(config) },
             ...(config.description === undefined ? {} : { description: config.description }),
-        };
-        return config.description === undefined
-            ? makeType(this.ir, this[kSteps], meta)
-            : makeType({ ...this.ir, desc: config.description }, this[kSteps], meta);
+        });
     },
     default(value) {
-        return makeType(this.ir, this[kSteps], { ...metaOf(this), defaultValue: value, hasDefault: true });
+        const factory = typeof value === "function";
+        if (!factory)
+            rejectMutableStaticDefault(value);
+        const candidate = factory ? value() : value;
+        const output = this.run(candidate);
+        if (output instanceof OmpErrors)
+            invalidDefault("Default", output);
+        return makeType(this.ir, this[kSteps], {
+            ...metaOf(this),
+            defaultValue: value,
+            hasDefault: true,
+            ...(factory ? {} : { defaultOutput: output, hasDefaultOutput: true }),
+        });
     },
     optional() {
         return [this, "?"];
     },
     or(def) {
-        const other = parseDef(def);
+        const other = parseDef(def, this.resolver);
         const a = embed(this);
         const members = [...(a.k === "union" ? a.members : [a]), ...(other.k === "union" ? other.members : [other])];
-        return makeType({ k: "union", members }, [], {});
+        return inheritScope(this, makeType({ k: "union", members }, [], {}));
     },
     equals(def) {
-        return irEquals(embed(this), parseDef(def));
+        return irEquals(embed(this), parseDef(def, this.resolver));
     },
     ifEquals(def) {
-        return irEquals(embed(this), parseDef(def)) ? this : undefined;
+        return irEquals(embed(this), parseDef(def, this.resolver)) ? this : undefined;
+    },
+    ifExtends(def) {
+        return isSubtype(embed(this), parseDef(def, this.resolver)) ? this : undefined;
     },
     extends(def) {
-        return isSubtype(embed(this), parseDef(def));
+        return isSubtype(embed(this), parseDef(def, this.resolver));
     },
     overlaps(def) {
         try {
-            intersect(embed(this), parseDef(def));
+            intersect(embed(this), parseDef(def, this.resolver));
             return true;
         }
         catch (error) {
@@ -98,19 +329,22 @@ const typeMethods = {
             throw error;
         }
     },
-    distribute(mapper) {
+    distribute(mapper, reducer) {
         const branches = this.ir.k === "union" ? this.ir.members : [embed(this)];
-        const members = branches.map(branch => embed(mapper(makeType(branch, [], {}))));
+        const mapped = branches.map(branch => mapper(makeType(branch, [], {})));
+        if (reducer !== undefined)
+            return reducer(mapped);
+        const members = mapped.map(branch => embed(branch));
         return makeType(members.length === 1 ? members[0] : { k: "union", members }, [], {});
     },
     select(kind) {
         return selectNodes(this.ir, kind);
     },
     and(def) {
-        return makeType(intersect(embed(this), parseDef(def)), [], {});
+        return inheritScope(this, makeType(intersect(embed(this), parseDef(def, this.resolver)), [], {}));
     },
     array() {
-        return makeType({ k: "array", el: embed(this) }, [], {});
+        return inheritScope(this, makeType({ k: "array", el: embed(this) }, [], {}));
     },
     atLeastLength(bound) {
         return makeType(withLengthBound(this.ir, "min", bound), this[kSteps], metaOf(this));
@@ -163,29 +397,26 @@ const typeMethods = {
         return makeType(intersect(this.ir, patternIR(pattern)), this[kSteps], metaOf(this));
     },
     atOrAfter(bound) {
-        return dateRefinement(this, bound, "at or after", value => value >= bound.valueOf());
+        const timestamp = bound instanceof Date ? bound.valueOf() : bound;
+        return dateRefinement(this, timestamp, "at or after", value => value >= timestamp);
     },
     atOrBefore(bound) {
-        return dateRefinement(this, bound, "at or before", value => value <= bound.valueOf());
+        const timestamp = bound instanceof Date ? bound.valueOf() : bound;
+        return dateRefinement(this, timestamp, "at or before", value => value <= timestamp);
     },
     laterThan(bound) {
-        return dateRefinement(this, bound, "later than", value => value > bound.valueOf());
+        const timestamp = bound instanceof Date ? bound.valueOf() : bound;
+        return dateRefinement(this, timestamp, "later than", value => value > timestamp);
     },
     earlierThan(bound) {
-        return dateRefinement(this, bound, "earlier than", value => value < bound.valueOf());
+        const timestamp = bound instanceof Date ? bound.valueOf() : bound;
+        return dateRefinement(this, timestamp, "earlier than", value => value < timestamp);
     },
-    pipe(fn) {
-        return makeType(this.ir, [...this[kSteps], { kind: "pipe", fn }], metaOf(this));
+    pipe(...pipes) {
+        return appendPipes(this, pipes, false);
     },
     to(def) {
-        const output = makeType(parseDef(def), [], {});
-        return makeType(this.ir, [
-            ...this[kSteps],
-            {
-                kind: "pipe",
-                fn: value => output(value),
-            },
-        ], metaOf(this));
+        return appendPipes(this, [makeType(parseDef(def, this.resolver), [], {})], false, true);
     },
     filter(fn) {
         return makeType(this.ir, [{ kind: "filter", fn }, ...this[kSteps]], metaOf(this));
@@ -194,72 +425,76 @@ const typeMethods = {
         return makeType(this.ir, [...this[kSteps], { kind: "narrow", fn }], metaOf(this));
     },
     brand() {
-        return makeType(this.ir, this[kSteps], metaOf(this));
+        return this;
     },
     as() {
-        return makeType(this.ir, this[kSteps], metaOf(this));
+        return this;
+    },
+    readonly() {
+        return this;
     },
     keyof() {
         return makeType(keyOf(this.ir), [], {});
     },
-    get(key) {
-        const object = requireObject(this.ir, "get");
-        const prop = object.props.find(candidate => candidate.key === String(key));
-        if (!prop)
-            throw new OmpTypeError(`key ${String(key)} is not declared`);
-        const ir = prop.opt ? { k: "union", members: [prop.val, { k: "undefined" }] } : prop.val;
-        return makeType(ir, [], {});
+    get(...path) {
+        if (path.length === 0)
+            return this;
+        let result = this.ir;
+        for (const key of path)
+            result = getPathIR(result, key);
+        return makeType(result, [], {});
     },
     pick(...keys) {
-        const object = requireObject(this.ir, "pick");
-        const selected = new Set(keys.map(String));
-        return makeType({ ...object, props: object.props.filter(prop => selected.has(prop.key)) }, [], {});
+        return makeType(selectObjectProps(this.ir, keys, true, "pick"), [], {});
     },
     omit(...keys) {
-        const object = requireObject(this.ir, "omit");
-        const omitted = new Set(keys.map(String));
-        return makeType({ ...object, props: object.props.filter(prop => !omitted.has(prop.key)) }, [], {});
+        return makeType(selectObjectProps(this.ir, keys, false, "omit"), [], {});
     },
     partial() {
-        const object = requireObject(this.ir, "partial");
-        return makeType({ ...object, props: object.props.map(prop => ({ ...prop, opt: true })) }, [], {});
+        return makeType(setObjectOptionality(this.ir, true, "partial"), [], {});
     },
     required() {
-        const object = requireObject(this.ir, "required");
-        return makeType({ ...object, props: object.props.map(prop => ({ ...prop, opt: false })) }, [], {});
+        return makeType(setObjectOptionality(this.ir, false, "required"), [], {});
     },
     map(mapper) {
         const object = requireObject(this.ir, "map");
         const props = object.props.flatMap(prop => {
-            const mapped = mapper(propertyFromIR(prop));
-            return (Array.isArray(mapped) ? mapped : [mapped]).map(propertyToIR);
+            const original = propertyFromIR(prop);
+            const mapped = mapper(original);
+            return (Array.isArray(mapped) ? mapped : [mapped]).map(property => propertyToIR((property.kind === "required" || property.kind === "optional"
+                ? property
+                : { ...property, kind: original.kind })));
         });
         return makeType({ ...object, props }, [], {});
     },
     merge(def) {
-        return makeType(mergeObjects(requireObject(this.ir, "merge"), requireObject(parseDef(def), "merge")), [], {});
+        const merged = mergeObjectDefinition(this.ir, def, this.resolver);
+        return inheritScope(this, makeType(merged, [], {}));
     },
     extract(def) {
-        const other = parseDef(def);
-        return makeType({
-            k: "refine",
-            base: embed(this),
-            pred: value => !(walk(other, value) instanceof OmpErrors),
-            expected: "a value included by the extracted type",
-        }, [], {});
+        return inheritScope(this, makeType(distributeFilter(this.ir, parseDef(def, this.resolver), true), [], {}));
     },
     exclude(def) {
-        const other = parseDef(def);
-        return makeType({
-            k: "refine",
-            base: embed(this),
-            pred: value => walk(other, value) instanceof OmpErrors,
-            expected: "a value not excluded by the type",
-        }, [], {});
+        return inheritScope(this, makeType(distributeFilter(this.ir, parseDef(def, this.resolver), false), [], {}));
     },
     onUndeclaredKey(behavior) {
-        const object = requireObject(this.ir, "onUndeclaredKey");
-        return makeType({ ...object, extras: behavior === "ignore" ? "keep" : behavior }, this[kSteps], metaOf(this));
+        const extras = behavior === "ignore" ? "keep" : behavior;
+        const ir = withShallowExtras(this.ir, extras);
+        if (extras === "delete" && ir.k === "union") {
+            const objects = ir.members.filter((member) => member.k === "object");
+            for (let left = 0; left < objects.length; left++) {
+                for (let right = left + 1; right < objects.length; right++) {
+                    const sharedRequired = objects[left].props.some(leftProp => !leftProp.opt &&
+                        objects[right].props.some(rightProp => !rightProp.opt && rightProp.key === leftProp.key));
+                    if (!sharedRequired) {
+                        const leftExpression = expressionOf(objects[left]).replace(/ }$/, ", + (undeclared): delete }");
+                        const rightExpression = expressionOf(objects[right]).replace(/ }$/, ", + (undeclared): delete }");
+                        throw new OmpTypeError(`ParseError: An unordered union of a type including a morph and a type with overlapping input is indeterminate:\nLeft: ${leftExpression}\nRight: ${rightExpression}`);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return makeType(ir, this[kSteps], metaOf(this));
     },
     onDeepUndeclaredKey(behavior) {
         return makeType(withDeepExtras(this.ir, behavior === "ignore" ? "keep" : behavior), this[kSteps], metaOf(this));
@@ -280,14 +515,14 @@ const typeMethods = {
             return allows(data);
         }
         for (const step of steps) {
-            if (step.kind === "filter" && !step.fn(data, new Ctx()))
+            if (step.kind === "filter" && !step.fn(data, new Ctx(data)))
                 return false;
         }
         const out = this[kBase](data);
         if (out instanceof OmpErrors)
             return false;
         for (const step of steps) {
-            if (step.kind === "narrow" && !step.fn(out, new Ctx()))
+            if (step.kind === "narrow" && !step.fn(out, new Ctx(out)))
                 return false;
         }
         return true;
@@ -305,24 +540,125 @@ const typeMethods = {
         return out;
     },
     toJsonSchema(options) {
-        const description = options?.description ?? this.description;
-        return irToJsonSchema(this.ir, options === undefined && description === undefined
-            ? undefined
-            : { ...options, ...(description === undefined ? {} : { description }) });
+        const ir = options?.io === "output" ? (this.opaqueOutput ? OPAQUE_OUTPUT_IR : (this.stepOut ?? this.ir)) : this.ir;
+        const description = options?.description ?? this.ir.desc;
+        if (description === undefined)
+            return irToJsonSchema(ir, options);
+        return irToJsonSchema(ir, { ...options, description });
     },
 };
+Object.defineProperty(typeMethods, "expression", {
+    get() {
+        const input = expressionOf(this.ir);
+        if (!this.hasSteps)
+            return input;
+        if (this.opaqueOutput)
+            return `(In: ${input}) => Out<unknown>`;
+        return `(In: ${input}) => To<${expressionOf(this.stepOut ?? this.ir)}>`;
+    },
+});
+Object.defineProperty(typeMethods, "json", {
+    get() {
+        return arkJsonOf(this.ir);
+    },
+});
 Object.defineProperty(typeMethods, "props", {
     get() {
         const object = requireObject(this.ir, "props");
         return object.props.map(prop => propertyFromIR(prop));
     },
 });
+Object.defineProperty(typeMethods, "~standard", {
+    get() {
+        const jsonSchema = (io, options) => {
+            if (options.target !== "draft-2020-12" && options.target !== "draft-07") {
+                throw new OmpTypeError(`JSONSchema target '${options.target}' is not supported (must be "draft-2020-12" or "draft-07")`);
+            }
+            return this.toJsonSchema({ ...options.libraryOptions, target: options.target, io });
+        };
+        return {
+            version: 1,
+            vendor: "omptype",
+            validate: (value) => {
+                const out = this.run(value);
+                return out instanceof OmpErrors
+                    ? { issues: out }
+                    : { value: out };
+            },
+            jsonSchema: {
+                input: options => jsonSchema("input", options),
+                output: options => jsonSchema("output", options),
+            },
+        };
+    },
+});
+Object.defineProperty(typeMethods, "in", {
+    get() {
+        return makeType(projectIO(this.ir, "in"), [], {});
+    },
+});
+Object.defineProperty(typeMethods, "out", {
+    get() {
+        if (this.opaqueOutput)
+            return makeType({ k: "unknown" }, [], {});
+        return makeType(projectIO(this.stepOut ?? this.ir, "out"), [], {});
+    },
+});
+const allowsMethod = typeMethods.allows;
+const assertMethod = typeMethods.assert;
+const fromMethod = typeMethods.from;
+Object.defineProperties(typeMethods, {
+    description: {
+        get() {
+            return descriptionOf(this.ir);
+        },
+    },
+    allows: {
+        get() {
+            const allows = (data) => allowsMethod.call(this, data);
+            Object.defineProperty(this, "allows", { value: allows, writable: true });
+            return allows;
+        },
+    },
+    assert: {
+        get() {
+            const assert = assertMethod.bind(this);
+            Object.defineProperty(this, "assert", { value: assert });
+            return assert;
+        },
+    },
+    from: {
+        get() {
+            const from = fromMethod.bind(this);
+            Object.defineProperty(this, "from", { value: from });
+            return from;
+        },
+    },
+    pipe: {
+        get() {
+            const pipe = Object.assign((...pipes) => appendPipes(this, pipes, false), {
+                try: (...pipes) => appendPipes(this, pipes, true),
+            });
+            Object.defineProperty(this, "pipe", { value: pipe });
+            return pipe;
+        },
+    },
+});
 // Share the fluent surface without per-schema method allocations or copies.
 // Function.prototype remains in the chain, except bind is intentionally hidden
 // so generic tool wrappers recognize callable schemas rather than rebinding them.
 Object.setPrototypeOf(typeMethods, Function.prototype);
 Object.defineProperty(typeMethods, "bind", { value: undefined });
 function makeType(ir, steps, meta) {
+    let morph = false;
+    if (!isSimpleIR(ir)) {
+        ir = normalizeIR(ir);
+        morph = hasMorph(ir);
+        if (morph) {
+            normalizeDefaults(ir);
+            assertDeterminateMorphUnions(ir);
+        }
+    }
     let calls = 0;
     let impl = (data) => {
         if (++calls >= JIT_THRESHOLD) {
@@ -331,21 +667,29 @@ function makeType(ir, steps, meta) {
         }
         return walk(ir, data);
     };
-    const base = meta.errorConfig === undefined
-        ? (data) => impl(data)
-        : (data) => {
-            const result = impl(data);
-            return result instanceof OmpErrors ? result.configure(meta.errorConfig ?? {}) : result;
-        };
-    const callable = steps.length === 0
+    const base = (data) => impl(data);
+    const errorConfig = meta.errorConfig ?? ir.cfg;
+    const filterInput = steps.some(step => step.kind === "filter") ? projectIO(ir, "in") : undefined;
+    const validate = steps.length === 0
         ? base
-        : (data) => {
+        : (data, contextPath = []) => {
+            if (filterInput !== undefined) {
+                const inputResult = walk(filterInput, data);
+                if (inputResult instanceof OmpErrors)
+                    return inputResult;
+            }
             for (const step of steps) {
                 if (step.kind !== "filter")
                     continue;
-                const ctx = new Ctx();
-                if (!step.fn(data, ctx)) {
-                    return OmpErrors.single([], ctx.expectation ?? "valid (input predicate failed)", data, meta.errorConfig);
+                const ctx = new Ctx(data, contextPath);
+                const result = step.fn(data, ctx);
+                if (result instanceof OmpErrors)
+                    return errorConfig === undefined ? result : result.configure(errorConfig);
+                if (ctx.errors)
+                    return errorConfig === undefined ? ctx.errors : ctx.errors.configure(errorConfig);
+                if (!result) {
+                    return OmpErrors.single([], ctx.expectation ??
+                        (step.fn.name ? `valid according to ${step.fn.name}` : "valid (input predicate failed)"), data, errorConfig);
                 }
             }
             let out = base(data);
@@ -354,21 +698,87 @@ function makeType(ir, steps, meta) {
             for (const step of steps) {
                 if (step.kind === "filter")
                     continue;
-                const ctx = new Ctx();
+                const ctx = new Ctx(out, contextPath);
                 if (step.kind === "narrow") {
-                    if (!step.fn(out, ctx)) {
-                        return OmpErrors.single([], ctx.expectation ?? "valid (narrow predicate failed)", out, meta.errorConfig);
+                    const result = step.fn(out, ctx);
+                    if (result instanceof OmpErrors) {
+                        return errorConfig === undefined ? result : result.configure(errorConfig);
+                    }
+                    if (ctx.errors)
+                        return errorConfig === undefined ? ctx.errors : ctx.errors.configure(errorConfig);
+                    if (!result) {
+                        return OmpErrors.single([], ctx.expectation ??
+                            (step.fn.name ? `valid according to ${step.fn.name}` : "valid (narrow predicate failed)"), out, errorConfig);
                     }
                 }
                 else {
-                    out = step.fn(out, ctx);
+                    try {
+                        out = step.fn(out, ctx);
+                    }
+                    catch (error) {
+                        if (!step.try)
+                            throw error;
+                        const detail = error instanceof Error ? `${error.name}: ${error.message}` : String(error);
+                        return OmpErrors.single([], `valid (morph threw ${detail})`, out, errorConfig);
+                    }
                     if (out instanceof OmpErrors) {
-                        return meta.errorConfig === undefined ? out : out.configure(meta.errorConfig);
+                        return errorConfig === undefined ? out : out.configure(errorConfig);
                     }
                 }
             }
             return out;
         };
+    const needsClone = morph || steps.some(step => step.kind === "pipe");
+    const clone = meta.clone;
+    let callable = validate;
+    if (needsClone && clone !== undefined) {
+        if (clone === false) {
+            callable = (data, path) => {
+                const out = validate(data, path);
+                if (out instanceof OmpErrors ||
+                    out === data ||
+                    typeof data !== "object" ||
+                    data === null ||
+                    typeof out !== "object" ||
+                    out === null) {
+                    return out;
+                }
+                if (Array.isArray(data) && Array.isArray(out)) {
+                    data.splice(0, data.length, ...out);
+                }
+                else {
+                    const target = data;
+                    const source = out;
+                    for (const key of Reflect.ownKeys(target)) {
+                        if (!Object.hasOwn(source, key))
+                            Reflect.deleteProperty(target, key);
+                    }
+                    for (const key of Reflect.ownKeys(source))
+                        target[key] = source[key];
+                }
+                return data;
+            };
+        }
+        else {
+            callable = (data, path) => validate(clone(data), path);
+        }
+    }
+    // Root defaults materialize for absent input: `schema(undefined)` and the
+    // Standard Schema boundary (`~standard.validate(undefined)`) both yield the
+    // default instead of a base-IR rejection. Factories run per call; static
+    // defaults reuse the precomputed validated output (mutable statics are
+    // rejected at `.default()` time).
+    if (meta.hasDefault === true) {
+        const inner = callable;
+        const value = meta.defaultValue;
+        callable = (data, path) => {
+            if (data !== undefined)
+                return inner(data, path);
+            if (meta.hasDefaultOutput === true)
+                return meta.defaultOutput;
+            return inner(typeof value === "function" ? value() : value, path);
+        };
+    }
     const self = callable;
     self[IR_BRAND] = true;
     self[kBase] = base;
@@ -377,17 +787,474 @@ function makeType(ir, steps, meta) {
     self.hasSteps = steps.length > 0;
     self.hasDefault = meta.hasDefault === true;
     self.defaultValue = meta.defaultValue;
-    self.description = meta.description;
-    self.errorConfig = meta.errorConfig;
+    self.defaultOutput = meta.defaultOutput;
+    self.hasDefaultOutput = meta.hasDefaultOutput === true;
+    self.errorConfig = meta.errorConfig ?? ir.cfg;
+    self.clone = meta.clone;
     self.run = callable;
+    self.$ = ARK_COMPAT_SCOPE;
+    for (let i = steps.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+        const step = steps[i];
+        if (step.kind !== "pipe")
+            continue;
+        self.stepOut = step.out;
+        self.opaqueOutput = step.out === undefined;
+        break;
+    }
     Object.setPrototypeOf(self, typeMethods);
     return self;
 }
+function appendPipes(source, pipes, catchErrors, forcePipeline = false) {
+    let schema = source;
+    for (const candidate of pipes) {
+        const isSchema = (typeof candidate === "function" || (typeof candidate === "object" && candidate !== null)) &&
+            IR_BRAND in candidate;
+        if (isSchema) {
+            const target = candidate;
+            if (!forcePipeline &&
+                schema[kSteps].length === 0 &&
+                !target.hasSteps &&
+                !hasMorph(schema.ir) &&
+                !hasMorph(target.ir)) {
+                schema = makeType(intersect(schema.ir, target.ir), [], metaOf(schema));
+                continue;
+            }
+            const out = target.opaqueOutput ? undefined : (target.stepOut ?? target.ir);
+            schema = makeType(schema.ir, [...schema[kSteps], { kind: "pipe", fn: value => target.run(value), out, try: catchErrors }], metaOf(schema));
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (typeof candidate !== "function")
+            throw new OmpTypeError("pipe operands must be functions or Types");
+        schema = makeType(schema.ir, [...schema[kSteps], { kind: "pipe", fn: candidate, try: catchErrors }], metaOf(schema));
+    }
+    return inheritScope(source, schema);
+}
+function projectIO(ir, io) {
+    switch (ir.k) {
+        case "morph":
+            return projectIO(io === "in" || ir.out === undefined ? ir.input : ir.out, io);
+        case "sub":
+            if (io === "out" && ir.schema.opaqueOutput)
+                return { k: "unknown" };
+            return projectIO(io === "out" ? (ir.schema.stepOut ?? ir.schema.ir) : ir.schema.ir, io);
+        case "array":
+            return { ...ir, el: projectIO(ir.el, io) };
+        case "tuple":
+            return {
+                ...ir,
+                prefix: ir.prefix.map(item => ({
+                    ...item,
+                    opt: io === "in" ? item.opt || item.hasDefault === true : item.opt && !item.hasDefault,
+                    val: projectIO(item.val, io),
+                    hasDefault: false,
+                    def: undefined,
+                    defFactory: false,
+                    defValidated: false,
+                })),
+                variadic: ir.variadic === undefined ? undefined : projectIO(ir.variadic, io),
+                postfix: ir.postfix.map(item => projectIO(item, io)),
+            };
+        case "object":
+            return {
+                ...ir,
+                props: ir.props.map(prop => ({
+                    ...prop,
+                    opt: io === "in" ? prop.opt || prop.hasDefault === true : prop.opt && !prop.hasDefault,
+                    val: projectIO(prop.val, io),
+                    hasDefault: false,
+                    def: undefined,
+                    defFactory: false,
+                    defValidated: false,
+                })),
+                index: ir.index === undefined ? undefined : projectIO(ir.index, io),
+                symbolIndex: ir.symbolIndex === undefined ? undefined : projectIO(ir.symbolIndex, io),
+                patternIndexes: ir.patternIndexes?.map(index => ({
+                    key: projectIO(index.key, io),
+                    val: projectIO(index.val, io),
+                })),
+                extras: ir.extras === "delete" ? (io === "in" ? "keep" : "reject") : ir.extras,
+            };
+        case "union":
+        case "intersection":
+            return { ...ir, members: ir.members.map(member => projectIO(member, io)) };
+        case "refine":
+            return { ...ir, base: projectIO(ir.base, io) };
+        case "alias":
+            return { ...ir, resolve: () => projectIO(ir.resolve(), io) };
+        default:
+            return ir;
+    }
+}
+function morphIdentities(ir, identities = [], seen = new Set()) {
+    if (seen.has(ir))
+        return identities;
+    seen.add(ir);
+    switch (ir.k) {
+        case "morph":
+            identities.push(ir.out === undefined
+                ? ir.fn
+                : `declared:${expressionOf(projectIO(ir.input, "in"))}=>${expressionOf(projectIO(ir.out, "out"))}`);
+            morphIdentities(ir.input, identities, seen);
+            if (ir.out !== undefined)
+                morphIdentities(ir.out, identities, seen);
+            break;
+        case "sub": {
+            const schema = ir.schema;
+            for (const step of schema[kSteps])
+                if (step.kind === "pipe")
+                    identities.push(step.fn);
+            morphIdentities(schema.ir, identities, seen);
+            break;
+        }
+        case "array":
+            morphIdentities(ir.el, identities, seen);
+            break;
+        case "tuple":
+            for (const item of ir.prefix)
+                morphIdentities(item.val, identities, seen);
+            if (ir.variadic !== undefined)
+                morphIdentities(ir.variadic, identities, seen);
+            for (const item of ir.postfix)
+                morphIdentities(item, identities, seen);
+            break;
+        case "object":
+            if (ir.extras === "delete")
+                identities.push(ir);
+            for (const prop of ir.props)
+                morphIdentities(prop.val, identities, seen);
+            if (ir.index !== undefined)
+                morphIdentities(ir.index, identities, seen);
+            if (ir.symbolIndex !== undefined)
+                morphIdentities(ir.symbolIndex, identities, seen);
+            for (const index of ir.patternIndexes ?? [])
+                morphIdentities(index.val, identities, seen);
+            break;
+        case "union":
+        case "intersection":
+            for (const member of ir.members)
+                morphIdentities(member, identities, seen);
+            break;
+        case "refine":
+            morphIdentities(ir.base, identities, seen);
+            break;
+        case "alias":
+            morphIdentities(ir.resolve(), identities, seen);
+            break;
+    }
+    return identities;
+}
+function assertDeterminateMorphUnions(ir, seen = new Set()) {
+    if (seen.has(ir))
+        return;
+    seen.add(ir);
+    if (ir.k === "union") {
+        for (let leftIndex = 0; leftIndex < ir.members.length; leftIndex++) {
+            const left = ir.members[leftIndex];
+            const leftMorphs = morphIdentities(left);
+            for (let rightIndex = leftIndex + 1; rightIndex < ir.members.length; rightIndex++) {
+                const right = ir.members[rightIndex];
+                const rightMorphs = morphIdentities(right);
+                if (leftMorphs.length === 0 && rightMorphs.length === 0)
+                    continue;
+                if (leftMorphs.length === rightMorphs.length &&
+                    leftMorphs.every((identity, index) => identity === rightMorphs[index])) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                // Unwrap one alias level eagerly: the disjointness probe relies on
+                // intersect() throwing, and deferred alias intersections resolve lazily.
+                let leftInput = projectIO(left, "in");
+                let rightInput = projectIO(right, "in");
+                if (leftInput.k === "alias")
+                    leftInput = leftInput.resolve();
+                if (rightInput.k === "alias")
+                    rightInput = rightInput.resolve();
+                if (leftInput.k === "object" && rightInput.k === "object") {
+                    const leftKeys = new Set(leftInput.props.map(prop => prop.key));
+                    const rightKeys = new Set(rightInput.props.map(prop => prop.key));
+                    const leftRejectsRequiredRight = leftInput.extras === "reject" &&
+                        rightInput.props.some(prop => !prop.opt && !prop.hasDefault && !leftKeys.has(prop.key));
+                    const rightRejectsRequiredLeft = rightInput.extras === "reject" &&
+                        leftInput.props.some(prop => !prop.opt && !prop.hasDefault && !rightKeys.has(prop.key));
+                    if (leftRejectsRequiredRight || rightRejectsRequiredLeft)
+                        continue;
+                }
+                try {
+                    intersect(leftInput, rightInput);
+                }
+                catch (error) {
+                    if (error instanceof OmpTypeError)
+                        continue;
+                    throw error;
+                }
+                throw new OmpTypeError("an unordered union with overlapping morph inputs is indeterminate");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    switch (ir.k) {
+        case "alias":
+            assertDeterminateMorphUnions(ir.resolve(), seen);
+            break;
+        case "morph":
+            assertDeterminateMorphUnions(ir.input, seen);
+            if (ir.out !== undefined)
+                assertDeterminateMorphUnions(ir.out, seen);
+            break;
+        case "sub":
+            assertDeterminateMorphUnions(ir.schema.ir, seen);
+            break;
+        case "array":
+            assertDeterminateMorphUnions(ir.el, seen);
+            break;
+        case "tuple":
+            for (const item of ir.prefix)
+                assertDeterminateMorphUnions(item.val, seen);
+            if (ir.variadic !== undefined)
+                assertDeterminateMorphUnions(ir.variadic, seen);
+            for (const item of ir.postfix)
+                assertDeterminateMorphUnions(item, seen);
+            break;
+        case "object":
+            for (const prop of ir.props)
+                assertDeterminateMorphUnions(prop.val, seen);
+            if (ir.index !== undefined)
+                assertDeterminateMorphUnions(ir.index, seen);
+            if (ir.symbolIndex !== undefined)
+                assertDeterminateMorphUnions(ir.symbolIndex, seen);
+            for (const index of ir.patternIndexes ?? [])
+                assertDeterminateMorphUnions(index.val, seen);
+            break;
+        case "union":
+        case "intersection":
+            for (const member of ir.members)
+                assertDeterminateMorphUnions(member, seen);
+            break;
+        case "refine":
+            assertDeterminateMorphUnions(ir.base, seen);
+            break;
+    }
+}
+function getPathIR(ir, requestedKey) {
+    let key = requestedKey;
+    if ((typeof key === "function" || (typeof key === "object" && key !== null)) && IR_BRAND in key) {
+        const keySchema = key;
+        if (keySchema.ir.k === "symbol")
+            key = Symbol.for("omptype.index");
+        else {
+            const arrayIndex = type.arrayIndex;
+            if (keySchema === arrayIndex)
+                key = 0;
+            else {
+                throw new OmpTypeError(`${keySchema.expression} is not allowed as an array or object index; use a concrete property key`);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    if (typeof key !== "string" && typeof key !== "number" && typeof key !== "symbol") {
+        throw new OmpTypeError(`get keys must be strings, numbers, or symbols`);
+    }
+    if (ir.k === "alias")
+        return getPathIR(ir.resolve(), key);
+    if (ir.k === "sub")
+        return getPathIR(ir.schema.ir, key);
+    if (ir.k === "union") {
+        return unionOf(ir.members.map(member => getPathIR(member, key)));
+    }
+    if (ir.k === "array") {
+        const index = typeof key === "number" ? key : typeof key === "string" && /^\d+$/.test(key) ? Number(key) : -1;
+        if (!Number.isSafeInteger(index) || index < 0)
+            throw new OmpTypeError(`key ${String(key)} is not declared`);
+        return unionOf([ir.el, { k: "undefined" }]);
+    }
+    if (ir.k === "tuple") {
+        const index = typeof key === "number" ? key : typeof key === "string" && /^\d+$/.test(key) ? Number(key) : -1;
+        if (!Number.isSafeInteger(index) || index < 0)
+            throw new OmpTypeError(`key ${String(key)} is not declared`);
+        if (index < ir.prefix.length) {
+            const item = ir.prefix[index];
+            return item.opt ? unionOf([{ k: "undefined" }, item.val]) : item.val;
+        }
+        if (ir.variadic === undefined)
+            throw new OmpTypeError(`key ${String(key)} is not declared`);
+        return unionOf([{ k: "undefined" }, ir.variadic, ...ir.postfix]);
+    }
+    if (ir.k === "undefined")
+        return ir;
+    if (ir.k !== "object")
+        throw new OmpTypeError("get requires an object schema");
+    const matches = [];
+    const prop = ir.props.find(candidate => candidate.key === String(key));
+    if (prop !== undefined)
+        matches.push(prop.val);
+    if (typeof key === "string") {
+        if (ir.index !== undefined)
+            matches.push(ir.index);
+        for (const index of ir.patternIndexes ?? []) {
+            if (!(walk(index.key, key) instanceof OmpErrors))
+                matches.push(index.val);
+        }
+    }
+    else if (typeof key === "symbol" && ir.symbolIndex !== undefined) {
+        matches.push(ir.symbolIndex);
+    }
+    if (matches.length === 0)
+        throw new OmpTypeError(`key ${String(key)} is not declared`);
+    const value = matches.reduce((left, right) => intersect(left, right));
+    return prop !== undefined && !prop.opt ? value : unionOf([value, { k: "undefined" }]);
+}
+function unionOf(members) {
+    const flattened = members.flatMap(member => (member.k === "union" ? member.members : [member]));
+    return flattened.length === 1 ? flattened[0] : { k: "union", members: flattened };
+}
+function expressionOf(ir, ancestors = new Set()) {
+    if (ancestors.has(ir))
+        return ir.k === "alias" ? ir.name : ir.k;
+    const nextAncestors = new Set(ancestors);
+    nextAncestors.add(ir);
+    const child = (node) => expressionOf(node, nextAncestors);
+    switch (ir.k) {
+        case "alias":
+            return child(ir.resolve());
+        case "sub":
+            return child(ir.schema.ir);
+        case "unknown":
+        case "null":
+        case "undefined":
+        case "boolean":
+        case "bigint":
+        case "symbol":
+        case "never":
+            return ir.k;
+        case "anyobject":
+            return "object";
+        case "string":
+            return "string";
+        case "number":
+            return ir.divisor !== undefined ? `number % ${ir.divisor}` : ir.int ? "number % 1" : "number";
+        case "lit":
+            return typeof ir.v === "string" ? JSON.stringify(ir.v) : String(ir.v);
+        case "array": {
+            const element = child(ir.el);
+            return `${ir.el.k === "union" || ir.el.k === "intersection" ? `(${element})` : element}[]`;
+        }
+        case "tuple": {
+            const items = ir.prefix.map(item => {
+                const value = child(item.val);
+                if (item.hasDefault)
+                    return `${value} = ${child({ k: "lit", v: item.def })}`;
+                return `${value}${item.opt ? "?" : ""}`;
+            });
+            if (ir.variadic !== undefined)
+                items.push(`...${child(ir.variadic)}[]`);
+            items.push(...ir.postfix.map(child));
+            return `[${items.join(", ")}]`;
+        }
+        case "object": {
+            const properties = ir.props.map(prop => `${String(prop.key)}${prop.opt ? "?" : ""}: ${child(prop.val)}`);
+            if (ir.index !== undefined)
+                properties.unshift(`[string]: ${child(ir.index)}`);
+            if (ir.symbolIndex !== undefined)
+                properties.unshift(`[symbol]: ${child(ir.symbolIndex)}`);
+            return `{ ${properties.join(", ")} }`;
+        }
+        case "union":
+            return [...new Set(ir.members.map(child))].join(" | ");
+        case "intersection":
+            return ir.members.map(child).join(" & ");
+        case "refine":
+            return child(ir.base);
+        case "morph":
+            return `(In: ${child(ir.input)}) => Out<${child(ir.out ?? { k: "unknown" })}>`;
+        case "instance":
+            return ir.ctor.name || "object";
+    }
+}
+function arkJsonOf(ir, ancestors = new Set()) {
+    if (ancestors.has(ir))
+        return ir.k === "alias" ? { alias: ir.name } : { cyclic: ir.k };
+    const nextAncestors = new Set(ancestors);
+    nextAncestors.add(ir);
+    const child = (node) => arkJsonOf(node, nextAncestors);
+    switch (ir.k) {
+        case "alias":
+            return child(ir.resolve());
+        case "sub":
+            return child(ir.schema.ir);
+        case "lit":
+            return {
+                unit: ir.v === undefined ? "undefined" : typeof ir.v === "bigint" ? `${ir.v}n` : ir.v,
+            };
+        case "null":
+            return { unit: null };
+        case "undefined":
+            return { unit: "undefined" };
+        case "boolean":
+            return [{ unit: false }, { unit: true }];
+        case "union":
+        case "intersection":
+            return ir.members.map(child);
+        case "array":
+            return { proto: "Array", sequence: child(ir.el) };
+        case "tuple":
+            return {
+                proto: "Array",
+                sequence: {
+                    prefix: ir.prefix.map(item => child(item.val)),
+                    ...(ir.variadic === undefined ? {} : { variadic: child(ir.variadic) }),
+                    ...(ir.postfix.length === 0 ? {} : { postfix: ir.postfix.map(child) }),
+                },
+            };
+        case "object":
+            return {
+                domain: "object",
+                required: ir.props
+                    .filter(prop => !prop.opt && !prop.hasDefault)
+                    .map(prop => ({ key: prop.key, value: child(prop.val) })),
+                optional: ir.props
+                    .filter(prop => prop.opt || prop.hasDefault)
+                    .map(prop => ({
+                    key: prop.key,
+                    value: child(prop.val),
+                    ...(prop.hasDefault
+                        ? {
+                            default: prop.defFactory && typeof prop.def === "function"
+                                ? `$ark.${prop.def.name || "default"}`
+                                : prop.def,
+                        }
+                        : {}),
+                })),
+            };
+        case "refine":
+            return child(ir.base);
+        case "morph":
+            return { in: child(ir.input), ...(ir.out === undefined ? {} : { declaredOut: child(ir.out) }) };
+        case "instance":
+            return { proto: ir.ctor.name };
+        case "anyobject":
+            return { domain: "object" };
+        default:
+            return ir.k;
+    }
+}
 function requireObject(ir, operation) {
     if (ir.k !== "object")
         throw new OmpTypeError(`${operation} requires an object schema`);
     return ir;
 }
+function selectObjectProps(ir, keys, keepSelected, operation) {
+    const object = requireObject(ir, operation);
+    const selected = new Set(keys);
+    for (const key of selected) {
+        if (!object.props.some(prop => prop.key === key))
+            throw new OmpTypeError(`key ${String(key)} does not exist`);
+    }
+    return { ...object, props: object.props.filter(prop => selected.has(prop.key) === keepSelected) };
+}
+function setObjectOptionality(ir, optional, operation) {
+    const object = requireObject(ir, operation);
+    return { ...object, props: object.props.map(prop => ({ ...prop, opt: optional })) };
+}
+function mergeObjectDefinition(ir, definition, resolve) {
+    return mergeObjects(requireObject(ir, "merge"), requireObject(parseDef(definition, resolve), "merge"));
+}
 function propertyFromIR(prop) {
     return {
         kind: prop.opt ? "optional" : "required",
@@ -406,7 +1273,7 @@ function propertyToIR(property) {
     }
     const hasDefault = Object.hasOwn(property, "default");
     return {
-        key: String(property.key),
+        key: property.key,
         opt: property.kind === "optional",
         val: embed(property.value),
         ...(hasDefault
@@ -414,9 +1281,21 @@ function propertyToIR(property) {
             : {}),
     };
 }
-function dateRefinement(schema, bound, relation, predicate) {
-    if (!Number.isFinite(bound.valueOf()))
+function acceptsDateIR(ir) {
+    if (ir.k === "instance")
+        return ir.ctor === Date;
+    if (ir.k === "refine")
+        return acceptsDateIR(ir.base);
+    if (ir.k === "union")
+        return ir.members.every(acceptsDateIR);
+    return false;
+}
+function dateRefinement(schema, timestamp, relation, predicate) {
+    if (!Number.isFinite(timestamp))
         throw new OmpTypeError("date bound must be valid");
+    if (!acceptsDateIR(schema.ir))
+        throw new OmpTypeError("date bounds require a Date type");
+    const bound = new Date(timestamp);
     return makeType({
         k: "refine",
         base: schema.ir,
@@ -456,6 +1335,12 @@ function selectNodes(root, kind) {
                     visit(prop.val);
                 if (node.index !== undefined)
                     visit(node.index);
+                if (node.symbolIndex !== undefined)
+                    visit(node.symbolIndex);
+                for (const index of node.patternIndexes ?? []) {
+                    visit(index.key);
+                    visit(index.val);
+                }
                 break;
             case "union":
             case "intersection":
@@ -491,9 +1376,22 @@ function mergeObjects(left, right) {
         k: "object",
         props,
         index: right.index ?? left.index,
+        symbolIndex: right.symbolIndex ?? left.symbolIndex,
+        patternIndexes: left.patternIndexes === undefined && right.patternIndexes === undefined
+            ? undefined
+            : [...(left.patternIndexes ?? []), ...(right.patternIndexes ?? [])],
         extras: right.extras === "keep" ? left.extras : right.extras,
     };
 }
+function withShallowExtras(ir, extras) {
+    if (ir.k === "object")
+        return { ...ir, extras };
+    if (ir.k === "union")
+        return { ...ir, members: ir.members.map(member => withShallowExtras(member, extras)) };
+    if (ir.k === "alias")
+        return withShallowExtras(ir.resolve(), extras);
+    throw new OmpTypeError("onUndeclaredKey requires an object schema");
+}
 function withDeepExtras(ir, extras) {
     switch (ir.k) {
         case "object":
@@ -502,6 +1400,11 @@ function withDeepExtras(ir, extras) {
                 extras,
                 props: ir.props.map(prop => ({ ...prop, val: withDeepExtras(prop.val, extras) })),
                 index: ir.index === undefined ? undefined : withDeepExtras(ir.index, extras),
+                symbolIndex: ir.symbolIndex === undefined ? undefined : withDeepExtras(ir.symbolIndex, extras),
+                patternIndexes: ir.patternIndexes?.map(index => ({
+                    key: withDeepExtras(index.key, extras),
+                    val: withDeepExtras(index.val, extras),
+                })),
             };
         case "array":
             return { ...ir, el: withDeepExtras(ir.el, extras) };
@@ -527,12 +1430,81 @@ function withDeepExtras(ir, extras) {
             return ir;
     }
 }
+function intersectTupleWithArray(tuple, array) {
+    if (array.min !== undefined || array.max !== undefined) {
+        return { k: "intersection", members: [tuple, array] };
+    }
+    return {
+        ...tuple,
+        prefix: tuple.prefix.map(item => ({ ...item, val: intersect(item.val, array.el) })),
+        variadic: tuple.variadic === undefined ? undefined : intersect(tuple.variadic, array.el),
+        postfix: tuple.postfix.map(item => intersect(item, array.el)),
+    };
+}
+function intersectTuples(left, right) {
+    if (left.postfix.length !== 0 ||
+        right.postfix.length !== 0 ||
+        left.prefix.some(item => item.hasDefault) ||
+        right.prefix.some(item => item.hasDefault)) {
+        return { k: "intersection", members: [left, right] };
+    }
+    const leftRequired = left.prefix.filter(item => !item.opt).length;
+    const rightRequired = right.prefix.filter(item => !item.opt).length;
+    const minimum = Math.max(leftRequired, rightRequired);
+    const leftMaximum = left.variadic === undefined ? left.prefix.length : Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY;
+    const rightMaximum = right.variadic === undefined ? right.prefix.length : Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY;
+    const maximum = Math.min(leftMaximum, rightMaximum);
+    if (minimum > maximum)
+        throw new OmpTypeError("tuple length intersection is unsatisfiable");
+    const prefixLength = Number.isFinite(maximum) ? maximum : Math.max(left.prefix.length, right.prefix.length);
+    const prefix = [];
+    for (let index = 0; index < prefixLength; index++) {
+        const leftItem = left.prefix[index];
+        const rightItem = right.prefix[index];
+        const leftNode = leftItem?.val ?? left.variadic;
+        const rightNode = rightItem?.val ?? right.variadic;
+        if (leftNode === undefined || rightNode === undefined)
+            break;
+        const required = (leftItem !== undefined && !leftItem.opt) || (rightItem !== undefined && !rightItem.opt);
+        try {
+            prefix.push({ val: intersect(leftNode, rightNode), opt: !required });
+        }
+        catch (error) {
+            if (required || !(error instanceof OmpTypeError))
+                throw error;
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    const variadic = leftMaximum === Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY && rightMaximum === Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY
+        ? intersect(left.variadic, right.variadic)
+        : undefined;
+    return { k: "tuple", prefix, variadic, postfix: [] };
+}
+const kIntersections = Symbol("omptype.intersections");
 /** Intersect two IR nodes, rejecting statically disjoint domains. */
 function intersect(a, b) {
-    if (a.k === "alias")
-        return intersect(a.resolve(), b);
-    if (b.k === "alias")
-        return intersect(a, b.resolve());
+    if (a.k === "alias" || b.k === "alias") {
+        // Defer through a lazy alias so cyclic references terminate: revisiting
+        // the same pair while it is being resolved returns the same node instead
+        // of recursing forever.
+        const target = a;
+        target[kIntersections] ??= new WeakMap();
+        const cache = target[kIntersections];
+        const existing = cache.get(b);
+        if (existing !== undefined)
+            return existing;
+        let resolved;
+        const reference = {
+            k: "alias",
+            name: a.k === "alias" ? a.name : b.k === "alias" ? b.name : "intersection",
+            resolve: () => (resolved ??= intersectResolved(a.k === "alias" ? a.resolve() : a, b.k === "alias" ? b.resolve() : b)),
+        };
+        cache.set(b, reference);
+        return reference;
+    }
+    return intersectResolved(a, b);
+}
+function intersectResolved(a, b) {
     if (a.k === "never" || b.k === "never")
         throw new OmpTypeError("intersection with never is unsatisfiable");
     if (a.k === "unknown")
@@ -541,6 +1513,27 @@ function intersect(a, b) {
         return a;
     if (a === b)
         return a;
+    if (a.k === "morph" && b.k === "morph") {
+        if (a.fn !== b.fn || a.out !== b.out) {
+            throw new OmpTypeError("intersection of distinct morphs is indeterminate");
+        }
+        return { ...a, input: intersect(a.input, b.input) };
+    }
+    if (a.k === "morph")
+        return { ...a, input: intersect(a.input, b) };
+    if (b.k === "morph")
+        return { ...b, input: intersect(a, b.input) };
+    if (a.k === "sub" && a.schema.hasSteps) {
+        if (b.k === "sub" && b.schema.hasSteps) {
+            if (a.schema === b.schema)
+                return a;
+            throw new OmpTypeError("intersection of distinct morphs is indeterminate");
+        }
+        const schema = a.schema;
+        return embed(makeType(intersect(schema.ir, b), schema[kSteps], metaOf(schema)));
+    }
+    if (b.k === "sub" && b.schema.hasSteps)
+        return intersect(b, a);
     if (a.k === "union" || b.k === "union") {
         const union = a.k === "union" ? a : b.k === "union" ? b : undefined;
         if (union === undefined)
@@ -576,7 +1569,24 @@ function intersect(a, b) {
                 props.push(bp);
             else {
                 const ap = props[index];
-                props[index] = { ...ap, opt: ap.opt && bp.opt, val: intersect(ap.val, bp.val) };
+                const required = (!ap.opt && !ap.hasDefault) || (!bp.opt && !bp.hasDefault);
+                if (ap.hasDefault && bp.hasDefault && !Object.is(ap.def, bp.def)) {
+                    throw new OmpTypeError(`ParseError: Invalid intersection of default values ${String(ap.def)} & ${String(bp.def)}`);
+                }
+                const defaulted = required ? undefined : ap.hasDefault ? ap : bp.hasDefault ? bp : undefined;
+                props[index] = {
+                    key: ap.key,
+                    opt: ap.opt && bp.opt,
+                    val: intersect(ap.val, bp.val),
+                    ...(defaulted
+                        ? {
+                            def: defaulted.def,
+                            defFactory: defaulted.defFactory,
+                            hasDefault: true,
+                            defValidated: defaulted.defValidated,
+                        }
+                        : {}),
+                };
             }
         }
         const extras = a.extras === "reject" || b.extras === "reject"
@@ -624,6 +1634,12 @@ function intersect(a, b) {
         }
         return { k: "array", el: intersect(a.el, b.el), min, max };
     }
+    if (a.k === "tuple" && b.k === "tuple")
+        return intersectTuples(a, b);
+    if (a.k === "tuple" && b.k === "array")
+        return intersectTupleWithArray(a, b);
+    if (a.k === "array" && b.k === "tuple")
+        return intersectTupleWithArray(b, a);
     if (a.k === "instance" && b.k === "instance") {
         if (a.ctor === b.ctor || a.ctor.prototype instanceof b.ctor)
             return a;
@@ -633,6 +1649,10 @@ function intersect(a, b) {
     }
     if (a.k === b.k && ["null", "undefined", "boolean", "bigint", "symbol", "anyobject"].includes(a.k))
         return a;
+    if ((a.k === "object" && (b.k === "array" || b.k === "tuple")) ||
+        (b.k === "object" && (a.k === "array" || a.k === "tuple"))) {
+        return { k: "intersection", members: [a, b] };
+    }
     const leftDomain = domainOf(a);
     const rightDomain = domainOf(b);
     if (leftDomain !== undefined && rightDomain !== undefined && leftDomain !== rightDomain) {
@@ -645,6 +1665,143 @@ function intersect(a, b) {
     const members = [...(a.k === "intersection" ? a.members : [a]), ...(b.k === "intersection" ? b.members : [b])];
     return { k: "intersection", members };
 }
+/** Reduce parsed unions/intersections to their observable semantic form. */
+function normalizeIR(ir) {
+    switch (ir.k) {
+        case "intersection": {
+            const members = ir.members.map(normalizeIR);
+            if (members.length === 0)
+                return { k: "unknown" };
+            return members.slice(1).reduce(intersect, members[0]);
+        }
+        case "union": {
+            const members = [];
+            let changed = false;
+            for (let index = 0; index < ir.members.length; index++) {
+                const original = ir.members[index];
+                const member = normalizeIR(original);
+                changed ||= member !== original;
+                if (member.k === "union") {
+                    members.push(...member.members);
+                    changed = true;
+                }
+                else if (member.k === "never") {
+                    changed = true;
+                }
+                else if (member.k === "unknown") {
+                    return { k: "unknown" };
+                }
+                else {
+                    members.push(member);
+                }
+            }
+            if (members.every(member => member.k === "lit" &&
+                (member.v === null || (typeof member.v !== "object" && typeof member.v !== "function")))) {
+                const pruned = [];
+                for (const member of members) {
+                    if (member.k === "lit" && pruned.some(candidate => candidate.k === "lit" && candidate.v === member.v)) {
+                        changed = true;
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        pruned.push(member);
+                    }
+                }
+                if (pruned.length === 0)
+                    return { k: "never" };
+                if (pruned.length === 1)
+                    return pruned[0];
+                if (pruned.length === 2 && pruned.every(member => member.k === "lit" && typeof member.v === "boolean")) {
+                    return { k: "boolean" };
+                }
+                return changed ? { ...ir, members: pruned } : ir;
+            }
+            const pruned = members.filter((member, index) => !members.some((candidate, candidateIndex) => candidateIndex !== index &&
+                !hasMorph(member) &&
+                !hasMorph(candidate) &&
+                isSubtype(member, candidate) &&
+                (!isSubtype(candidate, member) || candidateIndex < index)));
+            if (pruned.length === 0)
+                return { k: "never" };
+            if (pruned.length === 1)
+                return pruned[0];
+            if (pruned.length === 2 && pruned.every(member => member.k === "lit" && typeof member.v === "boolean")) {
+                return { k: "boolean" };
+            }
+            if (!changed &&
+                !pruned.some(member => member.k === "alias") &&
+                pruned.length === ir.members.length &&
+                pruned.every((member, index) => member === ir.members[index])) {
+                return ir;
+            }
+            return { ...ir, members: pruned };
+        }
+        case "array": {
+            const element = normalizeIR(ir.el);
+            return element === ir.el && ir.el.k !== "alias" ? ir : { ...ir, el: element };
+        }
+        case "tuple": {
+            const prefix = ir.prefix.map(item => {
+                const value = normalizeIR(item.val);
+                return value === item.val ? item : { ...item, val: value };
+            });
+            const variadic = ir.variadic === undefined ? undefined : normalizeIR(ir.variadic);
+            const postfix = ir.postfix.map(normalizeIR);
+            if (!ir.prefix.some(item => item.val.k === "alias") &&
+                ir.variadic?.k !== "alias" &&
+                !ir.postfix.some(item => item.k === "alias") &&
+                prefix.every((item, index) => item === ir.prefix[index]) &&
+                variadic === ir.variadic &&
+                postfix.every((item, index) => item === ir.postfix[index])) {
+                return ir;
+            }
+            return { ...ir, prefix, variadic, postfix };
+        }
+        case "object": {
+            let props;
+            for (let index = 0; index < ir.props.length; index++) {
+                const prop = ir.props[index];
+                const value = normalizeIR(prop.val);
+                if (value === prop.val)
+                    continue;
+                props ??= [...ir.props];
+                props[index] = { ...prop, val: value };
+            }
+            const index = ir.index === undefined ? undefined : normalizeIR(ir.index);
+            const symbolIndex = ir.symbolIndex === undefined ? undefined : normalizeIR(ir.symbolIndex);
+            const patternIndexes = ir.patternIndexes?.map(pattern => {
+                const key = normalizeIR(pattern.key);
+                const val = normalizeIR(pattern.val);
+                return key === pattern.key && val === pattern.val ? pattern : { key, val };
+            });
+            if (props === undefined &&
+                !ir.props.some(prop => prop.val.k === "alias") &&
+                ir.index?.k !== "alias" &&
+                ir.symbolIndex?.k !== "alias" &&
+                !ir.patternIndexes?.some(pattern => pattern.key.k === "alias" || pattern.val.k === "alias") &&
+                index === ir.index &&
+                symbolIndex === ir.symbolIndex &&
+                patternIndexes?.every((pattern, patternIndex) => pattern === ir.patternIndexes?.[patternIndex]) !== false) {
+                return ir;
+            }
+            return { ...ir, props: props ?? ir.props, index, symbolIndex, patternIndexes };
+        }
+        case "refine": {
+            const base = normalizeIR(ir.base);
+            return base === ir.base && ir.base.k !== "alias" ? ir : { ...ir, base };
+        }
+        case "morph": {
+            const input = normalizeIR(ir.input);
+            const out = ir.out === undefined ? undefined : normalizeIR(ir.out);
+            return input === ir.input && out === ir.out && ir.input.k !== "alias" && ir.out?.k !== "alias"
+                ? ir
+                : { ...ir, input, out };
+        }
+        case "alias":
+            return ir;
+        default:
+            return ir;
+    }
+}
 function domainOf(ir) {
     switch (ir.k) {
         case "null":
@@ -829,16 +1986,175 @@ function withLengthBound(ir, side, bound) {
     throw new OmpTypeError(`cannot apply length bound to ${ir.k}`);
 }
 function withNumericBound(ir, side, bound, exclusive = false) {
+    if (!Number.isFinite(bound))
+        throw new OmpTypeError("numeric bound must be finite");
     if (ir.k === "number") {
         return side === "min" ? { ...ir, min: bound, xmin: exclusive } : { ...ir, max: bound, xmax: exclusive };
     }
+    if (ir.k === "union") {
+        return { ...ir, members: ir.members.map(member => withNumericBound(member, side, bound, exclusive)) };
+    }
     throw new OmpTypeError(`cannot apply numeric bound to ${ir.k}`);
 }
-/**
- * Parse a definition into a callable schema with distinct input/output inference.
- */
-export function type(def) {
-    return makeType(parseDef(def), EMPTY_STEPS, EMPTY_META);
+const GENERIC_META = Symbol("omptype.generic");
+function validateGenericParameters(parameters) {
+    const names = new Set();
+    for (const parameter of parameters) {
+        if (!/^[A-Za-z_$]\w*$/.test(parameter.name)) {
+            throw new OmpTypeError(`invalid generic parameter "${parameter.name}"`);
+        }
+        if (names.has(parameter.name))
+            throw new OmpTypeError(`duplicate generic parameter "${parameter.name}"`);
+        names.add(parameter.name);
+    }
+    if (parameters.length === 0)
+        throw new OmpTypeError("generic declarations require at least one parameter");
+}
+function parseGenericParameters(source) {
+    const trimmed = source.trim();
+    const body = trimmed.startsWith("<") && trimmed.endsWith(">") ? trimmed.slice(1, -1) : trimmed;
+    const parts = [];
+    let start = 0;
+    let depth = 0;
+    let quote = "";
+    for (let index = 0; index < body.length; index++) {
+        const char = body[index];
+        if (quote !== "") {
+            if (char === quote && body[index - 1] !== "\\")
+                quote = "";
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (char === "'" || char === '"' || char === "`")
+            quote = char;
+        else if (char === "<" || char === "(" || char === "[")
+            depth++;
+        else if (char === ">" || char === ")" || char === "]")
+            depth = Math.max(0, depth - 1);
+        else if (char === "," && depth === 0) {
+            parts.push(body.slice(start, index).trim());
+            start = index + 1;
+        }
+    }
+    parts.push(body.slice(start).trim());
+    const parameters = parts.map(part => {
+        const constrained = part.match(/^([A-Za-z_$]\w*)\s+extends\s+(.+)$/s);
+        return constrained === null ? { name: part } : { name: constrained[1], constraintDef: constrained[2].trim() };
+    });
+    validateGenericParameters(parameters);
+    return parameters;
+}
+function parseGenericDeclaration(source) {
+    const match = source.trim().match(/^([A-Za-z_$]\w*)\s*(<.*>)$/s);
+    if (match === null)
+        return undefined;
+    return { name: match[1], parameters: parseGenericParameters(match[2]) };
+}
+function isRuntimeGeneric(value) {
+    return typeof value === "function" && GENERIC_META in value;
+}
+function genericResolver(parameters, arguments_, outer) {
+    const byName = new Map();
+    for (let index = 0; index < parameters.length; index++)
+        byName.set(parameters[index].name, arguments_[index]);
+    const resolve = ((name) => byName.get(name) ?? outer?.(name));
+    resolve.hasGeneric = outer?.hasGeneric;
+    resolve.generic = outer?.generic;
+    return resolve;
+}
+function parseGenericArgument(definition, outer) {
+    if (outer === undefined) {
+        try {
+            return parseDef(definition);
+        }
+        catch (error) {
+            if (!(error instanceof OmpTypeError) || !error.message.includes('unknown keyword "this"'))
+                throw error;
+        }
+    }
+    let root;
+    const self = {
+        k: "alias",
+        name: "this",
+        resolve: () => {
+            if (root === undefined || root === self)
+                throw new OmpTypeError('"this" cannot be used as a root definition');
+            return root;
+        },
+    };
+    const resolve = ((name) => (name === "this" ? self : outer?.(name)));
+    if (outer !== undefined) {
+        resolve.hasGeneric = outer.hasGeneric;
+        resolve.generic = outer.generic;
+    }
+    else {
+        // The retry only exists to serve "this"; parses of this-free member
+        // strings inside the definition may still share the string cache.
+        markThisOnlyResolver(resolve);
+    }
+    root = parseDef(definition, resolve);
+    if (root === self)
+        throw new OmpTypeError('"this" cannot be used as a root definition');
+    return root;
+}
+function genericBodyIR(parameters, definition, arguments_, outer) {
+    const resolve = genericResolver(parameters, arguments_, outer);
+    const body = typeof definition === "function" && !(IR_BRAND in definition)
+        ? definition(Object.fromEntries(parameters.map((parameter, index) => [
+            parameter.name,
+            makeType(arguments_[index], EMPTY_STEPS, EMPTY_META),
+        ])))
+        : definition;
+    return parseDef(body, resolve);
+}
+function createRuntimeGeneric(parameters, definition, outer, validateBody = true) {
+    const constraintResolve = ((name) => outer?.(name));
+    constraintResolve.hasGeneric = outer?.hasGeneric;
+    constraintResolve.generic = outer?.generic;
+    validateGenericParameters(parameters);
+    const placeholders = parameters.map(parameter => parameter.constraintDef === undefined
+        ? { k: "unknown" }
+        : parseDef(parameter.constraintDef, constraintResolve));
+    if (validateBody)
+        genericBodyIR(parameters, definition, placeholders, outer);
+    const meta = {
+        parameters,
+        instantiateIR(arguments_) {
+            if (arguments_.length !== parameters.length) {
+                throw new OmpTypeError(`generic expects ${parameters.length} arguments (received ${arguments_.length})`);
+            }
+            for (let index = 0; index < parameters.length; index++) {
+                const parameter = parameters[index];
+                if (parameter.constraintDef === undefined)
+                    continue;
+                const constraint = parseDef(parameter.constraintDef, constraintResolve);
+                if (!isSubtype(arguments_[index], constraint)) {
+                    throw new OmpTypeError(`${parameter.name} must be assignable to its constraint`);
+                }
+            }
+            return genericBodyIR(parameters, definition, arguments_, outer);
+        },
+    };
+    const generic = Object.assign((...arguments_) => makeType(meta.instantiateIR(arguments_.map(argument => parseGenericArgument(argument, outer))), EMPTY_STEPS, EMPTY_META), { [GENERIC_META]: meta });
+    Object.defineProperty(generic, GENERIC_META, { value: meta });
+    return generic;
+}
+export function type(first) {
+    // biome-ignore lint/complexity/noArguments: Avoid allocating a rest array for the dominant single-definition call.
+    const count = arguments.length;
+    if (count === 2 && typeof first === "string" && first.trimStart().startsWith("<")) {
+        // biome-ignore lint/complexity/noArguments: The generic path reads its second positional argument without a rest array.
+        return createRuntimeGeneric(parseGenericParameters(first), arguments[1]);
+    }
+    let definition = first;
+    if (count !== 1) {
+        const expression = new Array(count);
+        for (let index = 0; index < count; index++) {
+            // biome-ignore lint/complexity/noArguments: Only multi-part expressions pay to materialize an argument array.
+            expression[index] = arguments[index];
+        }
+        definition = expression;
+    }
+    return makeType(parseGenericArgument(definition), EMPTY_STEPS, EMPTY_META);
 }
 function keywordSchema(name) {
     const ir = keywordIR(name);
@@ -859,11 +2175,426 @@ function preformattedKeyword(name) {
 function caseResolver(value) {
     if (typeof value !== "function")
         throw new OmpTypeError("match case values must be functions");
-    return input => Reflect.apply(value, undefined, [input]);
+    return (input, ...args) => Reflect.apply(value, undefined, [input, ...args]);
+}
+function unionIR(branches) {
+    const members = branches.map(branch => branch.schema.ir);
+    if (members.length === 0)
+        return { k: "never" };
+    if (members.length === 1)
+        return members[0];
+    return { k: "union", members };
+}
+function publicMatcher(state, fallback) {
+    const fallbackResolver = typeof fallback === "function" ? caseResolver(fallback) : undefined;
+    const casesIR = unionIR(state.branches);
+    let casesSchema;
+    if (state.key === undefined || state.branches.length === 0) {
+        casesSchema =
+            state.key === undefined
+                ? makeType(casesIR, EMPTY_STEPS, EMPTY_META)
+                : state.parse({ [state.key]: "never" });
+    }
+    else {
+        const first = state.branches[0].schema.ir;
+        if (first.k !== "object")
+            throw new OmpTypeError("match.at cases must define object schemas");
+        const propertyKey = String(state.key);
+        const values = [];
+        for (const branch of state.branches) {
+            if (branch.schema.ir.k !== "object")
+                throw new OmpTypeError("match.at cases must define object schemas");
+            const property = branch.schema.ir.props.find(candidate => candidate.key === propertyKey);
+            if (property === undefined)
+                throw new OmpTypeError(`match.at case is missing ${propertyKey}`);
+            values.push(property.val);
+        }
+        const value = values.length === 1 ? values[0] : { k: "union", members: values };
+        casesSchema = makeType({
+            ...first,
+            props: first.props.map(property => (property.key === propertyKey ? { ...property, val: value } : property)),
+        }, EMPTY_STEPS, EMPTY_META);
+    }
+    const execute = (input, args) => {
+        let matchedInput = input;
+        if (state.input !== undefined) {
+            const validated = state.input.run(input);
+            if (validated instanceof OmpErrors)
+                return validated;
+            matchedInput = validated;
+        }
+        for (const branch of state.branches) {
+            const matched = branch.schema.run(matchedInput);
+            if (!(matched instanceof OmpErrors))
+                return branch.resolve(matched, ...args);
+        }
+        if (fallbackResolver !== undefined)
+            return fallbackResolver(matchedInput, ...args);
+        return casesSchema.run(matchedInput);
+    };
+    const schema = makeType({ k: "unknown" }, [{ kind: "pipe", fn: input => execute(input, []) }], EMPTY_META);
+    const callable = ((value, ...args) => {
+        const result = execute(value, args);
+        if ((fallback === "assert" || fallback === "never") && result instanceof OmpErrors) {
+            throw new TraversalError(result);
+        }
+        return result;
+    });
+    Object.assign(callable, schema);
+    Object.setPrototypeOf(callable, typeMethods);
+    return callable;
+}
+function addMatchCases(state, cases) {
+    const branches = [...state.branches];
+    let fallback;
+    for (const rawDefinition of Reflect.ownKeys(cases)) {
+        const value = Reflect.get(cases, rawDefinition);
+        if (rawDefinition === "default") {
+            if (value !== "assert" && value !== "never" && value !== "reject" && typeof value !== "function") {
+                throw new OmpTypeError('match default must be "assert", "never", "reject" or a function');
+            }
+            fallback = value;
+            continue;
+        }
+        const definition = typeof rawDefinition === "symbol" ? rawDefinition : String(rawDefinition);
+        const caseDefinition = state.key === undefined ? definition : { [state.key]: definition };
+        branches.push({
+            definition,
+            schema: state.parse(caseDefinition),
+            resolve: caseResolver(value),
+        });
+    }
+    const next = { ...state, branches };
+    return fallback === undefined ? createMatchParser(next) : publicMatcher(next, fallback);
+}
+function createMatchParser(state) {
+    const parser = ((cases) => addMatchCases(state, cases));
+    parser.case = (definition, resolver) => {
+        const caseDefinition = state.key === undefined ? definition : { [state.key]: definition };
+        return createMatchParser({
+            ...state,
+            branches: [
+                ...state.branches,
+                {
+                    definition,
+                    schema: state.parse(caseDefinition),
+                    resolve: caseResolver(resolver),
+                },
+            ],
+        });
+    };
+    parser.match = cases => addMatchCases(state, cases);
+    parser.default = fallback => publicMatcher(state, fallback);
+    function at(key, cases) {
+        if (state.key !== undefined)
+            throw new OmpTypeError("match.at may only be specified once");
+        const next = createMatchParser({ ...state, key });
+        return cases === undefined ? next : next.match(cases);
+    }
+    parser.at = at;
+    parser.strings = cases => {
+        if (state.key === undefined)
+            throw new OmpTypeError("match.strings requires match.at(key)");
+        const definitions = {};
+        for (const key of Reflect.ownKeys(cases)) {
+            definitions[key === "default" ? key : JSON.stringify(String(key))] = Reflect.get(cases, key);
+        }
+        return addMatchCases(state, definitions);
+    };
+    parser.in = (...args) => {
+        if (state.input !== undefined)
+            throw new OmpTypeError("match.in may only be specified once");
+        return createMatchParser({
+            ...state,
+            ...(args.length === 0 ? {} : { input: state.parse(args[0]) }),
+        });
+    };
+    return parser;
+}
+/** Build a fluent first-match dispatcher from schema definitions. */
+const matchBuilder = createMatchParser({
+    parse: definition => type.raw(definition),
+    branches: [],
+});
+export { matchBuilder as match };
+function fnExpression(ir) {
+    switch (ir.k) {
+        case "unknown":
+        case "null":
+        case "undefined":
+        case "boolean":
+        case "bigint":
+        case "symbol":
+        case "never":
+        case "string":
+        case "number":
+            return ir.k;
+        case "anyobject":
+            return "object";
+        case "lit":
+            return typeof ir.v === "string" ? JSON.stringify(ir.v) : String(ir.v);
+        case "union":
+            return ir.members.map(fnExpression).join(" | ");
+        case "intersection":
+            return ir.members.map(fnExpression).join(" & ");
+        case "array": {
+            const element = fnExpression(ir.el);
+            return ir.el.k === "unknown" ? "Array" : `${element.includes(" | ") ? `(${element})` : element}[]`;
+        }
+        case "tuple": {
+            const elements = ir.prefix.map(item => {
+                const expression = fnExpression(item.val);
+                if (item.hasDefault)
+                    return `${expression} = ${String(item.def)}`;
+                return item.opt ? `${expression}?` : expression;
+            });
+            if (ir.variadic !== undefined)
+                elements.push(`...${fnExpression({ k: "array", el: ir.variadic })}`);
+            elements.push(...ir.postfix.map(fnExpression));
+            return `[${elements.join(", ")}]`;
+        }
+        case "object":
+            return `{ ${ir.props
+                .map(property => `${String(property.key)}${property.opt ? "?" : ""}: ${fnExpression(property.val)}`)
+                .join(", ")} }`;
+        case "refine":
+            return fnExpression(ir.base);
+        case "morph":
+            return `(In: ${fnExpression(ir.input)}) => To<${fnExpression(ir.out ?? { k: "unknown" })}>`;
+        case "instance":
+            return ir.ctor.name || "object";
+        case "alias":
+            return fnExpression(ir.resolve());
+        case "sub": {
+            const schema = ir.schema;
+            if (!schema.hasSteps)
+                return fnExpression(schema.ir);
+            return `(In: ${fnExpression(schema.ir)}) => To<${fnExpression(schema.stepOut ?? { k: "unknown" })}>`;
+        }
+    }
+}
+function normalizeFnParameter(definition) {
+    if (typeof definition !== "string")
+        return definition;
+    const optional = definition.match(/^(.*[^\s])\?$/);
+    if (optional)
+        return [optional[1], "?"];
+    const defaulted = definition.match(/^(.*?)\s*=\s*(.+)$/);
+    if (defaulted) {
+        const source = defaulted[2];
+        const value = source === "true"
+            ? true
+            : source === "false"
+                ? false
+                : source === "null"
+                    ? null
+                    : Number.isNaN(Number(source))
+                        ? source
+                        : Number(source);
+        return [defaulted[1], "=", value];
+    }
+    return definition;
+}
+function makeFn(resolve) {
+    function parser(...definitions) {
+        const marker = definitions.indexOf(":");
+        if (marker !== -1 && (marker !== definitions.length - 2 || definitions.lastIndexOf(":") !== marker)) {
+            throw new OmpTypeError('":" must be followed by exactly one return type e.g:\nfn("string", ":", "number")(s => s.length)');
+        }
+        const spreadIndexes = [];
+        for (let index = 0; index < definitions.length; index++) {
+            if (definitions[index] === "...")
+                spreadIndexes.push(index);
+        }
+        if (spreadIndexes.length > 1) {
+            const secondSpread = definitions[spreadIndexes[1] + 1];
+            if (Array.isArray(secondSpread) &&
+                secondSpread.some(element => typeof element === "string" && (element.endsWith("?") || element.includes("=")))) {
+                throw new OmpTypeError("An optional element may not follow a variadic element");
+            }
+            throw new OmpTypeError("A tuple may have at most one variadic element");
+        }
+        if (spreadIndexes.length === 1 && spreadIndexes[0] + 2 < (marker === -1 ? definitions.length : marker)) {
+            const preceding = definitions.slice(0, spreadIndexes[0]);
+            if (preceding.some(element => typeof element === "string" && (element.endsWith("?") || /\s=\s/.test(element)))) {
+                throw new OmpTypeError("A postfix required element cannot follow an optional or defaultable element");
+            }
+        }
+        const parameterDefinitions = (marker === -1 ? definitions : definitions.slice(0, marker)).map(normalizeFnParameter);
+        const params = makeType(parseDef(parameterDefinitions, resolve), [], {});
+        const returns = marker === -1
+            ? makeType({ k: "unknown" }, [], {})
+            : makeType(parseDef(definitions[marker + 1], resolve), [], {});
+        const parameterExpression = fnExpression(params.ir);
+        const returnsExpression = fnExpression(returns.ir);
+        return (implementation) => {
+            if (typeof implementation !== "function")
+                throw new OmpTypeError("type.fn requires a function implementation");
+            const raw = (...arguments_) => {
+                const validatedArguments = params.assert(arguments_);
+                const result = Reflect.apply(implementation, undefined, validatedArguments);
+                return returns.assert(result);
+            };
+            const typed = raw.bind(undefined);
+            Object.defineProperties(typed, {
+                name: { value: `bound typed ${implementation.name}`, configurable: true },
+                raw: { value: implementation, enumerable: true },
+                params: { value: params, enumerable: true },
+                returns: { value: returns, enumerable: true },
+                expression: {
+                    value: `(${parameterExpression.slice(1, -1)}) => ${returnsExpression}`,
+                    enumerable: true,
+                },
+            });
+            return typed;
+        };
+    }
+    return Object.assign(parser, { raw: parser });
+}
+/** Fix a schema's externally declared static type without changing its runtime validation. */
+// biome-ignore lint/complexity/noBannedTypes: empty default options object
+export function declare() {
+    return {
+        type: definition => type(definition),
+    };
+}
+function isTypeValue(value) {
+    return (typeof value === "function" || (typeof value === "object" && value !== null)) && IR_BRAND in value;
+}
+function resolveAlias(ir) {
+    const seen = new Set();
+    let current = ir;
+    while (current.k === "alias" && !seen.has(current)) {
+        seen.add(current);
+        current = current.resolve();
+    }
+    return current;
+}
+function sameUnionMember(left, right) {
+    const a = resolveAlias(left);
+    const b = resolveAlias(right);
+    if (a.k === "lit" && b.k === "lit")
+        return Object.is(a.v, b.v);
+    if (a.k !== b.k)
+        return false;
+    switch (a.k) {
+        case "unknown":
+        case "never":
+        case "null":
+        case "undefined":
+        case "boolean":
+        case "bigint":
+        case "symbol":
+        case "anyobject":
+            return true;
+        default:
+            return false;
+    }
+}
+function buildOr(definitions, resolve) {
+    const members = [];
+    const add = (candidate) => {
+        const resolved = resolveAlias(candidate);
+        if (resolved.k === "unknown") {
+            members.length = 0;
+            members.push(resolved);
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (resolved.k === "never")
+            return true;
+        if (resolved.k === "union") {
+            for (const member of resolved.members) {
+                if (!add(member))
+                    return false;
+            }
+            return true;
+        }
+        if (!members.some(member => sameUnionMember(member, candidate)))
+            members.push(candidate);
+        return true;
+    };
+    for (const definition of definitions) {
+        if (!add(parseDef(definition, resolve)))
+            break;
+    }
+    const ir = members.length === 0 ? { k: "never" } : members.length === 1 ? members[0] : { k: "union", members };
+    return makeType(ir, [], {});
+}
+function buildAnd(definitions, resolve) {
+    if (definitions.length === 0)
+        return makeType({ k: "unknown" }, [], {});
+    let ir = parseDef(definitions[0], resolve);
+    for (let index = 1; index < definitions.length; index++) {
+        ir = intersect(ir, parseDef(definitions[index], resolve));
+    }
+    return makeType(ir, [], {});
+}
+function requireNaryObject(ir) {
+    const resolved = resolveAlias(ir);
+    if (resolved.k !== "object")
+        throw new OmpTypeError("merge requires an object schema");
+    return resolved;
+}
+function buildMerge(definitions, resolve) {
+    if (definitions.length === 0)
+        return makeType({ k: "anyobject" }, [], {});
+    let object = requireNaryObject(parseDef(definitions[0], resolve));
+    for (let index = 1; index < definitions.length; index++) {
+        object = mergeObjects(object, requireNaryObject(parseDef(definitions[index], resolve)));
+    }
+    return makeType(object, [], {});
+}
+function buildPipe(definitions, resolve) {
+    if (definitions.length === 0)
+        return makeType({ k: "unknown" }, [], {});
+    const first = definitions[0];
+    let schema = typeof first === "function" && !isTypeValue(first)
+        ? appendPipes(makeType({ k: "unknown" }, [], {}), [first], false, true)
+        : isTypeValue(first)
+            ? first
+            : makeType(parseDef(first, resolve), [], {});
+    for (let index = 1; index < definitions.length; index++) {
+        const definition = definitions[index];
+        const pipe = typeof definition === "function" && !isTypeValue(definition)
+            ? definition
+            : isTypeValue(definition)
+                ? definition
+                : makeType(parseDef(definition, resolve), [], {});
+        schema = appendPipes(schema, [pipe], false, true);
+    }
+    return schema;
+}
+function naryStatics(resolve) {
+    return {
+        or: (...definitions) => buildOr(definitions, resolve),
+        and: (...definitions) => buildAnd(definitions, resolve),
+        merge: (...definitions) => buildMerge(definitions, resolve),
+        pipe: (...definitions) => buildPipe(definitions, resolve),
+    };
 }
 (function (type) {
     /** Error aggregate returned by failed validations (`result instanceof type.errors`). */
     type.errors = OmpErrors;
+    /** Build a union from zero or more definitions. */
+    function or(...definitions) {
+        return buildOr(definitions);
+    }
+    type.or = or;
+    /** Build an intersection from zero or more definitions. */
+    function and(...definitions) {
+        return buildAnd(definitions);
+    }
+    type.and = and;
+    /** Right-biased object merge over zero or more definitions. */
+    function merge(...definitions) {
+        return buildMerge(definitions);
+    }
+    type.merge = merge;
+    /** Compose Types, definitions, and morph callbacks from left to right. */
+    function pipe(...definitions) {
+        return buildPipe(definitions);
+    }
+    type.pipe = pipe;
     const normalize = Object.assign(keywordSchema("string.normalize"), {
         preformatted: keywordSchema("string.normalize.NFC.preformatted"),
         NFC: preformattedKeyword("string.normalize.NFC"),
@@ -893,7 +2624,7 @@ function caseResolver(value) {
         v8: keywordSchema("string.uuid.v8"),
     });
     /** String validator and its refinement/morph keyword module. */
-    type.string = Object.assign(makeType({ k: "string" }, [], {}), {
+    type.string = Object.defineProperties(makeType({ k: "string" }, [], {}), Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors({
         alpha: keywordSchema("string.alpha"),
         alphanumeric: keywordSchema("string.alphanumeric"),
         base64,
@@ -915,7 +2646,7 @@ function caseResolver(value) {
         upper: preformattedKeyword("string.upper"),
         url: parsedKeyword("string.url"),
         uuid,
-    });
+    }));
     /** Runtime parser keyword family. */
     type.parse = {
         number: keywordSchema("parse.number"),
@@ -930,6 +2661,13 @@ function caseResolver(value) {
     type.number = Object.assign(makeType({ k: "number" }, [], {}), {
         integer: makeType({ k: "number", int: true }, [], {}),
     });
+    /** Schema-valued key representing any non-negative integer array index. */
+    type.arrayIndex = makeType({
+        k: "refine",
+        base: { k: "string" },
+        pred: value => typeof value === "string" && /^(?:0|[1-9]\d*)$/.test(value),
+        expected: "a non-negative integer string",
+    }, [], {});
     /** Boolean validator. */
     type.boolean = makeType({ k: "boolean" }, [], {});
     /** Bigint validator. */
@@ -944,13 +2682,78 @@ function caseResolver(value) {
     type.any = type.unknown;
     /** Validator that rejects every value. */
     type.never = makeType({ k: "never" }, [], {});
+    /** ArkType's built-in keyword namespace, including invokable utility generics. */
+    type.keywords = {
+        number: { integer: type.number.integer },
+        Map: keywordSchema("Map"),
+        Set: keywordSchema("Set"),
+        RegExp: keywordSchema("RegExp"),
+        File: keywordSchema("File"),
+        Error: keywordSchema("Error"),
+        // biome-ignore lint/complexity/noBannedTypes: built-in Function keyword
+        Function: keywordSchema("Function"),
+        Array: {
+            liftFrom(definition) {
+                const element = parseDef(definition);
+                const array = { k: "array", el: element, desc: "an object" };
+                return makeType({
+                    k: "morph",
+                    input: { k: "union", members: [element, array] },
+                    fn: value => (globalThis.Array.isArray(value) ? value : [value]),
+                    out: array,
+                }, [], {});
+            },
+        },
+        Record(key, value) {
+            const keyIR = parseDef(key);
+            if (keyIR.k !== "string" && keyIR.k !== "symbol") {
+                throw new OmpTypeError("Record key must be assignable to string or symbol");
+            }
+            const valueIR = parseDef(value);
+            const ir = keyIR.k === "symbol"
+                ? { k: "object", props: [], symbolIndex: valueIR, extras: "keep" }
+                : { k: "object", props: [], index: valueIR, extras: "keep" };
+            return makeType(ir, [], {});
+        },
+        Partial(definition) {
+            return makeType(setObjectOptionality(parseDef(definition), true, "partial"), [], {});
+        },
+        Required(definition) {
+            return makeType(setObjectOptionality(parseDef(definition), false, "required"), [], {});
+        },
+        Pick(definition, ...keys) {
+            return makeType(selectObjectProps(parseDef(definition), keys, true, "pick"), [], {});
+        },
+        Omit(definition, ...keys) {
+            return makeType(selectObjectProps(parseDef(definition), keys, false, "omit"), [], {});
+        },
+        Merge(left, right) {
+            return makeType(mergeObjectDefinition(parseDef(left), right), [], {});
+        },
+        object: {
+            json: Object.defineProperties(keywordSchema("object.json"), {
+                stringify: {
+                    value: keywordSchema("object.json.stringify"),
+                    enumerable: true,
+                },
+            }),
+        },
+        unknown: { any: keywordSchema("unknown.any") },
+    };
     /** Date instance validator. */
     // biome-ignore lint/suspicious/noShadowRestrictedNames: ArkType exposes this exact keyword.
     type.Date = makeType({ k: "instance", ctor: globalThis.Date, expected: "a Date" }, [], {});
     /** Validate instances of `ctor`. */
     function instanceOf(ctor) {
+        if (typeof ctor !== "function" || ctor.prototype === undefined) {
+            throw new OmpTypeError("instanceof operands must be constructors");
+        }
         const name = Reflect.get(ctor, "name");
-        const expected = typeof name === "string" && name.length > 0 ? `an instance of ${name}` : "an instance";
+        const expected = ctor.prototype === Error.prototype
+            ? "an Error"
+            : typeof name === "string" && name.length > 0
+                ? `an instance of ${name}`
+                : "an instance";
         return makeType({ k: "instance", ctor, expected }, [], {});
     }
     type.instanceOf = instanceOf;
@@ -966,59 +2769,57 @@ function caseResolver(value) {
         return makeType(ir, [], {});
     }
     type.enumerated = enumerated;
-    /** Build a first-match dispatcher from schema-expression keys and a `default` case. */
-    function match(cases) {
-        const branches = [];
-        let fallback;
-        for (const definition in cases) {
-            const resolver = caseResolver(cases[definition]);
-            if (definition === "default")
-                fallback = resolver;
-            else
-                branches.push({ schema: raw(definition), resolve: resolver });
-        }
-        return value => {
-            for (const branch of branches) {
-                if (branch.schema.allows(value))
-                    return branch.resolve(value);
-            }
-            if (fallback !== undefined)
-                return fallback(value);
-            throw new OmpTypeError("match requires a matching case or default");
-        };
+    /** Enumerate an enum-like object's forward values, excluding numeric reverse mappings. */
+    // biome-ignore lint/suspicious/noShadowRestrictedNames: Object.prototype.valueOf method name API
+    function valueOf(values) {
+        const members = [];
+        for (const key in values) {
+            if (/^(?:0|[1-9]\d*)$/.test(key))
+                continue;
+            members.push({ k: "lit", v: values[key] });
+        }
+        const ir = members.length === 0 ? { k: "never" } : members.length === 1 ? members[0] : { k: "union", members };
+        return makeType(ir, [], {});
     }
-    type.match = match;
+    type.valueOf = valueOf;
+    /** Fluent first-match dispatcher, also exported as standalone `match`. */
+    type.match = matchBuilder;
     /** Preserve a definition's literal type while authoring reusable modules. */
     function define(definition) {
         return definition;
     }
     type.define = define;
+    /** Build a function whose arguments and optional declared return are validated. */
+    type.fn = makeFn();
+    /** Fix an externally declared static type while retaining runtime validation. */
+    // biome-ignore lint/complexity/noBannedTypes: empty default options object
+    type.declare = () => ({
+        type: definition => type(definition),
+    });
     /** Build a lazy named scope from aliases and recursive definitions. */
     function scope(aliases, options) {
         return buildScope(aliases, options);
     }
     type.scope = scope;
     /** Compile a named schema module whose definitions may reference each other. */
-    function module(definitions) {
-        return scope(definitions).export();
+    function module(definitions, options) {
+        return scope(definitions, options).export();
     }
     type.module = module;
-    /** Build a runtime generic whose parameter names are supplied as `"<t, u>"`. */
-    function generic(parameters, definition) {
-        const names = parameters
-            .replace(/^<|>$/g, "")
-            .split(",")
-            .map(name => name.trim())
-            .filter(Boolean);
-        return (...arguments_) => {
-            if (arguments_.length !== names.length) {
-                throw new OmpTypeError(`generic expects ${names.length} arguments (received ${arguments_.length})`);
+    function generic(...arguments_) {
+        if (arguments_.length === 2 && typeof arguments_[0] === "string" && arguments_[0].trimStart().startsWith("<")) {
+            return createRuntimeGeneric(parseGenericParameters(arguments_[0]), arguments_[1]);
+        }
+        const parameters = arguments_.map(parameter => {
+            if (typeof parameter === "string")
+                return { name: parameter.trim() };
+            if (Array.isArray(parameter) && typeof parameter[0] === "string") {
+                return { name: parameter[0].trim(), constraintDef: parameter[1] };
             }
-            const aliases = {};
-            for (let index = 0; index < names.length; index++)
-                aliases[names[index]] = arguments_[index];
-            return scope(aliases).type(definition);
-        };
+            throw new OmpTypeError("generic parameters must be names or [name, constraint] pairs");
+        });
+        validateGenericParameters(parameters);
+        return (definition) => createRuntimeGeneric(parameters, definition);
     }
     type.generic = generic;
     /** Untyped builder for runtime-assembled definitions. */
@@ -1035,15 +2836,84 @@ Object.assign(type, {
     true: makeType({ k: "lit", v: true }, [], {}),
     false: makeType({ k: "lit", v: false }, [], {}),
 });
+const MODULE_SCOPE = Symbol("omptype.moduleScope");
 /** Build a scope whose aliases resolve lazily, including recursive cycles. */
 export function scope(aliases, options) {
     return buildScope(aliases, options);
 }
-function buildScope(aliases, _options) {
+(function (scope) {
+    /** Preserve a scope definition's literal shape without constructing it. */
+    function define(definitions) {
+        return definitions;
+    }
+    scope.define = define;
+})(scope || (scope = {}));
+function isRuntimeModule(value) {
+    return typeof value === "object" && value !== null && MODULE_SCOPE in value;
+}
+function buildScope(aliases, options) {
+    const scopeMeta = options?.clone === undefined ? EMPTY_META : { clone: options.clone };
+    const withScopeConfig = (ir) => options?.divisor === undefined ? ir : configureSelected(ir, options.divisor, { kind: "divisor" });
+    const entries = new Map();
+    for (const sourceName in aliases) {
+        const isPrivate = sourceName.startsWith("#");
+        const visibleName = isPrivate ? sourceName.slice(1) : sourceName;
+        const declaration = parseGenericDeclaration(visibleName);
+        const external = isRuntimeGeneric(aliases[sourceName]) ? aliases[sourceName] : undefined;
+        const name = declaration?.name ?? visibleName;
+        if (entries.has(name))
+            throw new OmpTypeError(`alias "${name}" is declared as both public and private`);
+        entries.set(name, {
+            name,
+            sourceName,
+            private: isPrivate,
+            genericParameters: declaration?.parameters ?? external?.[GENERIC_META].parameters,
+            definition: aliases[sourceName],
+            generic: external,
+            materialized: false,
+        });
+    }
     const references = new Map();
     const targets = new Map();
-    const resolve = name => {
-        if (!Object.hasOwn(aliases, name))
+    let scopeValue;
+    const materialize = (entry) => {
+        if (entry.materialized)
+            return entry.definition;
+        entry.materialized = true;
+        if (entry.genericParameters === undefined &&
+            typeof entry.definition === "function" &&
+            !(IR_BRAND in entry.definition)) {
+            entry.definition = Reflect.apply(entry.definition, undefined, []);
+        }
+        return entry.definition;
+    };
+    const moduleSchema = (module, parts) => {
+        let current = module;
+        for (const part of parts) {
+            if (!isRuntimeModule(current))
+                return undefined;
+            const next = current[part];
+            if (next === undefined)
+                return undefined;
+            current = next;
+        }
+        if (isRuntimeModule(current)) {
+            const root = current.root;
+            return root !== undefined && !isRuntimeModule(root) ? root : undefined;
+        }
+        return current;
+    };
+    const resolve = ((path) => {
+        const [name, ...parts] = path.split(".");
+        const entry = entries.get(name);
+        if (entry === undefined || entry.genericParameters !== undefined)
+            return undefined;
+        const definition = materialize(entry);
+        if (isRuntimeModule(definition)) {
+            const schema = moduleSchema(definition, parts);
+            return schema === undefined ? undefined : embed(schema);
+        }
+        if (parts.length !== 0)
             return undefined;
         const existing = references.get(name);
         if (existing !== undefined)
@@ -1055,24 +2925,138 @@ function buildScope(aliases, _options) {
                 const target = targets.get(name);
                 if (target !== undefined)
                     return target;
-                const parsed = parseDef(aliases[name], resolve);
+                const parsed = parseDef(definition, resolve);
                 targets.set(name, parsed);
                 return parsed;
             },
         };
         references.set(name, reference);
         return reference;
+    });
+    const genericFor = (entry) => {
+        if (entry.generic !== undefined)
+            return entry.generic;
+        const parameters = entry.genericParameters;
+        if (parameters === undefined)
+            throw new OmpTypeError(`alias "${entry.name}" is not generic`);
+        entry.generic = createRuntimeGeneric(parameters, entry.definition, resolve, false);
+        return entry.generic;
     };
-    const scoped = Object.assign((definition) => makeType(parseDef(definition, resolve), [], {}), type);
-    return {
+    const genericInstantiations = new Map();
+    resolve.hasGeneric = name => entries.get(name)?.genericParameters !== undefined;
+    resolve.generic = (name, arguments_) => {
+        const entry = entries.get(name);
+        if (entry === undefined || entry.genericParameters === undefined)
+            return undefined;
+        const key = `${name}<${arguments_.map(expectedOf).join(",")}>`;
+        const existing = genericInstantiations.get(key);
+        if (existing !== undefined)
+            return existing;
+        let target;
+        const reference = {
+            k: "alias",
+            name: key,
+            resolve: () => {
+                target ??= genericFor(entry)[GENERIC_META].instantiateIR(arguments_);
+                return target;
+            },
+        };
+        genericInstantiations.set(key, reference);
+        target = genericFor(entry)[GENERIC_META].instantiateIR(arguments_);
+        return target;
+    };
+    const bind = (schema) => {
+        Reflect.set(schema, "$", scopeValue);
+        Reflect.set(schema, "resolver", resolve);
+        return schema;
+    };
+    const parseScoped = (definition) => bind(makeType(withScopeConfig(parseDef(definition, resolve)), EMPTY_STEPS, scopeMeta));
+    const scopedMatch = createMatchParser({
+        parse: definition => parseScoped(definition),
+        branches: [],
+    });
+    const scoped = Object.assign((definition) => parseScoped(definition), type, {
+        fn: makeFn(resolve),
+        match: scopedMatch,
+        ...naryStatics(resolve),
+    });
+    const targetFor = (name) => {
+        const resolved = resolve(name);
+        if (resolved === undefined)
+            throw new OmpTypeError(`unknown alias "${name}"`);
+        return resolved.k === "alias" ? resolved.resolve() : resolved;
+    };
+    const schemaFor = (name) => bind(makeType(withScopeConfig(targetFor(name)), EMPTY_STEPS, scopeMeta));
+    const bindModule = (names) => {
+        const module = {};
+        Object.defineProperty(module, MODULE_SCOPE, { value: scopeValue });
+        for (const name of names) {
+            const entry = entries.get(name);
+            if (entry === undefined)
+                continue;
+            if (entry.genericParameters !== undefined) {
+                module[name] = genericFor(entry);
+                continue;
+            }
+            const definition = materialize(entry);
+            module[name] = isRuntimeModule(definition) ? definition : schemaFor(name);
+        }
+        return module;
+    };
+    scopeValue = {
         type: scoped,
-        export() {
-            const schemas = {};
-            for (const name in aliases)
-                schemas[name] = scoped(name);
-            return schemas;
+        match: scopedMatch,
+        define(definition) {
+            return definition;
+        },
+        resolve(name) {
+            return schemaFor(name);
+        },
+        import(...names) {
+            const selected = names.length === 0
+                ? [...entries.values()].filter(entry => !entry.private)
+                : names.map(name => {
+                    const entry = entries.get(name);
+                    if (entry === undefined)
+                        throw new OmpTypeError(`unknown alias "${name}"`);
+                    return entry;
+                });
+            const imported = {};
+            for (const entry of selected) {
+                imported[`#${entry.sourceName.startsWith("#") ? entry.sourceName.slice(1) : entry.sourceName}`] =
+                    entry.genericParameters === undefined ? schemaFor(entry.name) : genericFor(entry);
+            }
+            return imported;
+        },
+        export(...names) {
+            const selected = names.length === 0 ? [...entries.values()].filter(entry => !entry.private).map(entry => entry.name) : names;
+            // Export is the eager boundary: malformed aliases and bad thunks fail here,
+            // while recursive references inside valid definitions stay lazy.
+            for (const entry of entries.values()) {
+                if (entry.genericParameters !== undefined)
+                    genericFor(entry);
+                else if (!isRuntimeModule(materialize(entry)))
+                    targetFor(entry.name);
+            }
+            return bindModule(selected);
+        },
+        get json() {
+            const json = {};
+            const add = (prefix, module) => {
+                for (const name of Object.keys(module)) {
+                    const value = module[name];
+                    const path = prefix === "" ? name : `${prefix}.${name}`;
+                    if (isRuntimeModule(value))
+                        add(path, value);
+                    else
+                        json[path] = Reflect.get(value, "json");
+                }
+            };
+            add("", bindModule([...entries.values()].filter(entry => !entry.private).map(entry => entry.name)));
+            return json;
         },
     };
+    return scopeValue;
 }
 /** `hasMorph` re-export for diagnostics/tooling. */
 export { hasMorph };