@oh-my-pi-zen/pi-coding-agent 16.3.6-zen.1

package/src/tools/read.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,3522 @@
+import { Database } from "bun:sqlite";
+import * as fs from "node:fs/promises";
+import * as os from "node:os";
+import * as path from "node:path";
+import { formatHashlineHeader, formatNumberedLine, formatNumberedLines } from "@oh-my-pi-zen/hashline";
+import type {
+	AgentTool,
+	AgentToolContext,
+	AgentToolResult,
+	AgentToolUpdateCallback,
+	ToolTier,
+} from "@oh-my-pi-zen/pi-agent-core";
+import type { ImageContent, TextContent } from "@oh-my-pi-zen/pi-ai";
+import { glob, type SummaryResult, summarizeCode } from "@oh-my-pi-zen/pi-natives";
+import type { Component } from "@oh-my-pi-zen/pi-tui";
+import { Text } from "@oh-my-pi-zen/pi-tui";
+import {
+	getRemoteDir,
+	type ImageMetadata,
+	isProbablyBinary,
+	logger,
+	prompt,
+	readImageMetadata,
+	untilAborted,
+} from "@oh-my-pi-zen/pi-utils";
+import { type } from "arktype";
+import { LRUCache } from "lru-cache/raw";
+import {
+	canonicalSnapshotKey,
+	getFileSnapshotStore,
+	recordFileSnapshot,
+	recordSeenLines,
+	recordSeenLinesFromBody,
+	SNAPSHOT_MAX_BYTES,
+} from "../edit/file-snapshot-store";
+import { normalizeToLF } from "../edit/normalize";
+import { isNotebookPath, readEditableNotebookText } from "../edit/notebook";
+import type { RenderResultOptions } from "../extensibility/custom-tools/types";
+import { InternalUrlRouter, resolveLocalUrlToFile } from "../internal-urls";
+import { type ResolvedArtifactFile, resolveArtifactFile } from "../internal-urls/artifact-protocol";
+import { parseInternalUrl } from "../internal-urls/parse";
+import type { InternalUrl } from "../internal-urls/types";
+import { getLanguageFromPath, type Theme } from "../modes/theme/theme";
+import readDescription from "../prompts/tools/read.md" with { type: "text" };
+import type { ToolSession } from "../sdk";
+import {
+	DEFAULT_MAX_BYTES,
+	DEFAULT_MAX_LINES,
+	noTruncResult,
+	type TruncationResult,
+	truncateHead,
+	truncateHeadBytes,
+	truncateLine,
+} from "../session/streaming-output";
+import { fileHyperlink, renderCodeCell, renderMarkdownCell, renderStatusLine, tryResolveInternalUrlSync } from "../tui";
+import { CachedOutputBlock, markFramedBlockComponent } from "../tui/output-block";
+import { buildLineEntriesWithBlockContext, type LineEntry, lineEntriesToPlainText } from "../utils/block-context";
+import { resolveFileDisplayMode } from "../utils/file-display-mode";
+import {
+	ImageInputTooLargeError,
+	loadImageInput,
+	MAX_IMAGE_INPUT_BYTES,
+	webpExclusionForModel,
+} from "../utils/image-loading";
+import { convertFileWithMarkit } from "../utils/markit";
+import { type ArchiveReader, formatArchiveEntryLines, openArchive, parseArchivePathCandidates } from "../utils/zip";
+import { buildDirectoryTree, type DirectoryTree } from "../workspace-tree";
+import {
+	type ConflictEntry,
+	type ConflictScope,
+	formatConflictSummary,
+	formatConflictWarning,
+	getConflictHistory,
+	parseConflictUri,
+	renderConflictRegion,
+	scanConflictLines,
+	scanFileForConflicts,
+} from "./conflict-detect";
+import {
+	executeReadUrl,
+	loadReadUrlCacheEntry,
+	parseReadUrlTarget,
+	type ReadUrlToolDetails,
+	renderReadUrlCall,
+	renderReadUrlResult,
+} from "./fetch";
+import { applyListLimit } from "./list-limit";
+import {
+	formatFullOutputReference,
+	formatStyledTruncationWarning,
+	type OutputMeta,
+	resolveOutputMaxColumns,
+	stripOutputNotice,
+} from "./output-meta";
+import {
+	expandPath,
+	formatPathRelativeToCwd,
+	isReadableUrlPath,
+	type LineRange,
+	parseLineRanges,
+	pathTargetsSsh,
+	resolveReadPath,
+	splitDelimitedPathEntry,
+	splitInternalUrlSel,
+	splitPathAndSel,
+} from "./path-utils";
+import { formatBytes, replaceTabs, shortenPath, wrapBrackets } from "./render-utils";
+import {
+	executeReadQuery,
+	getRowByKey,
+	getRowByRowId,
+	getTableSchema,
+	isSqliteFile,
+	listTables,
+	MAX_RAW_QUERY_ROWS,
+	parseSqlitePathCandidates,
+	parseSqliteSelector,
+	queryRows,
+	renderRow,
+	renderSchema,
+	renderTable,
+	renderTableList,
+	resolveTableRowLookup,
+} from "./sqlite-reader";
+import { ToolAbortError, ToolError, throwIfAborted } from "./tool-errors";
+import { toolResult } from "./tool-result";
+
+// Per-session memo for tree-sitter summaries. `summarizeCode` is a pure function
+// of (code, path, fold settings) but costs ~12-18ms for a ~1500-line file, and a
+// repeat summary read of the same unchanged file re-parses from scratch. Key on
+// the content hash of the freshly-read bytes (+ path + fold settings): the file
+// is still read fresh on every call, so a hit only reuses the deterministic
+// parse — there is no staleness window and no stat guard is needed. Bounded LRU,
+// aged out with the session via WeakMap.
+// Unusable results (not parsed, or nothing elided) are memoized as `false`: the
+// full SummaryResult embeds the whole source in kept segments, and the caller
+// only ever renders `parsed && elided` summaries — caching the segments would
+// retain up to 48 near-2MiB sources just to remember "no summary".
+const SUMMARY_CACHE_MAX = 48;
+const summaryParseCaches = new WeakMap<object, LRUCache<string, SummaryResult | false>>();
+function getSummaryParseCache(session: object): LRUCache<string, SummaryResult | false> {
+	let cache = summaryParseCaches.get(session);
+	if (!cache) {
+		cache = new LRUCache<string, SummaryResult | false>({ max: SUMMARY_CACHE_MAX });
+		summaryParseCaches.set(session, cache);
+	}
+	return cache;
+}
+
+// Document types converted to markdown via markit.
+const CONVERTIBLE_EXTENSIONS = new Set([".pdf", ".doc", ".docx", ".ppt", ".pptx", ".xls", ".xlsx", ".rtf", ".epub"]);
+
+const MAX_SUMMARY_BYTES = 2 * 1024 * 1024;
+const MAX_SUMMARY_LINES = 20_000;
+const MAX_ARTIFACT_RAW_INLINE_BYTES = DEFAULT_MAX_BYTES;
+/**
+ * Per-line column cap for file reads. Lines wider than the value of
+ * `tools.outputMaxColumns` are ellipsis-truncated at display time; the file
+ * on disk is unchanged. Shared with the streaming sink path so one setting
+ * covers `bash`/`ssh`/`python`/`js eval` and `read` uniformly.
+ */
+const PROSE_SUMMARY_EXTENSIONS = new Set([".md", ".txt"]);
+// Remote mount path prefix (sshfs mounts) - skip fuzzy matching to avoid hangs
+const REMOTE_MOUNT_PREFIX = getRemoteDir() + path.sep;
+
+async function readBracketContextFullLines(absolutePath: string, fileSize: number): Promise<string[] | undefined> {
+	if (fileSize > SNAPSHOT_MAX_BYTES) return undefined;
+	try {
+		return normalizeToLF(await Bun.file(absolutePath).text()).split("\n");
+	} catch {
+		return undefined;
+	}
+}
+
+function isRemoteMountPath(absolutePath: string): boolean {
+	return absolutePath.startsWith(REMOTE_MOUNT_PREFIX);
+}
+
+function prependLineNumbers(text: string, startNum: number): string {
+	const textLines = text.split("\n");
+	return textLines.map((line, i) => `${startNum + i}|${line}`).join("\n");
+}
+
+interface HashlineHeaderContext {
+	header: string;
+	tag: string;
+	fullText?: string;
+}
+
+function formatReadHashlineHeader(displayPath: string, tag: string): string {
+	// In-workspace reads collapse to the bare filename for brevity: the edit
+	// tool's snapshot-tag recovery rebinds a bare `[name#tag]` onto the in-tree
+	// file it uniquely names. Out-of-workspace reads can't lean on that —
+	// recovery refuses to redirect a write outside the cwd/sandbox
+	// (HashlineFilesystem.allowTagPathRecovery) — so an absolute displayPath
+	// must stay directly resolvable, otherwise the basename resolves against
+	// cwd, misses, and the edit fails with "File not found" (e.g. ~/.claude/*).
+	// `shortenPath` keeps `~/.claude/...` (round-trips through resolveToCwd's ~
+	// expansion) instead of leaking the full home path into the read output.
+	const anchor = path.isAbsolute(displayPath) ? shortenPath(displayPath) : path.basename(displayPath);
+	return formatHashlineHeader(anchor, tag);
+}
+
+function recordFullHashlineContext(
+	session: ToolSession,
+	absolutePath: string | undefined,
+	displayPath: string,
+	fullText: string,
+): HashlineHeaderContext | undefined {
+	if (!absolutePath || !path.isAbsolute(absolutePath)) return undefined;
+	const normalized = normalizeToLF(fullText);
+	const tag = getFileSnapshotStore(session).record(canonicalSnapshotKey(absolutePath), normalized);
+	return {
+		header: formatReadHashlineHeader(displayPath, tag),
+		tag,
+		fullText: normalized,
+	};
+}
+
+async function readHashlineHeaderContext(
+	session: ToolSession,
+	absolutePath: string,
+	cwd: string,
+): Promise<HashlineHeaderContext> {
+	const fullText = await Bun.file(absolutePath).text();
+	const context = recordFullHashlineContext(
+		session,
+		absolutePath,
+		formatPathRelativeToCwd(absolutePath, cwd),
+		fullText,
+	);
+	if (!context) throw new ToolError(`Cannot record hashline snapshot for non-absolute path: ${absolutePath}`);
+	return context;
+}
+
+function hashlineHeaderContext(displayPath: string, tag: string): HashlineHeaderContext {
+	return { header: formatReadHashlineHeader(displayPath, tag), tag };
+}
+
+function prependHashlineHeader(text: string, context: HashlineHeaderContext | undefined): string {
+	return context ? `${context.header}\n${text}` : text;
+}
+
+function formatTextWithMode(
+	text: string,
+	startNum: number,
+	shouldAddHashLines: boolean,
+	shouldAddLineNumbers: boolean,
+): string {
+	if (shouldAddHashLines) return formatNumberedLines(text, startNum);
+	if (shouldAddLineNumbers) return prependLineNumbers(text, startNum);
+	return text;
+}
+
+const BRACKET_CONTEXT_ELLIPSIS = "…";
+
+function formatLineEntryWithMode(entry: LineEntry, shouldAddHashLines: boolean, shouldAddLineNumbers: boolean): string {
+	if (entry.kind === "ellipsis") return BRACKET_CONTEXT_ELLIPSIS;
+	return formatSingleLine(entry.lineNumber, entry.text, shouldAddHashLines, shouldAddLineNumbers);
+}
+
+function formatLineEntriesWithMode(
+	entries: readonly LineEntry[],
+	shouldAddHashLines: boolean,
+	shouldAddLineNumbers: boolean,
+): string {
+	return entries.map(entry => formatLineEntryWithMode(entry, shouldAddHashLines, shouldAddLineNumbers)).join("\n");
+}
+
+const BRACE_PAIRS: Record<string, string> = { "{": "}", "(": ")", "[": "]" };
+const BRACE_TAIL_TRAILING_RE = /^[;,)\]}]*$/;
+
+/**
+ * Decide whether the kept lines surrounding an elided range collapse to a
+ * single brace-pair line in the rendered summary. Returns true when the head
+ * line ends with `{` / `(` / `[` and the tail line is the matching closer
+ * (optionally followed by terminating punctuation like `;`, `,`, or further
+ * closers — e.g. `};`, `})`, `]);`).
+ */
+function canMergeBracePair(headLine: string, tailLine: string): boolean {
+	const head = headLine.trimEnd();
+	const tail = tailLine.trim();
+	const opener = head.slice(-1);
+	const closer = BRACE_PAIRS[opener];
+	if (!closer) return false;
+	if (!tail.startsWith(closer)) return false;
+	return BRACE_TAIL_TRAILING_RE.test(tail.slice(closer.length));
+}
+
+function formatSingleLine(
+	line: number,
+	text: string,
+	shouldAddHashLines: boolean,
+	shouldAddLineNumbers: boolean,
+): string {
+	if (shouldAddHashLines) return formatNumberedLine(line, text);
+	if (shouldAddLineNumbers) return `${line}|${text}`;
+	return text;
+}
+
+function formatMergedBraceLine(
+	startLine: number,
+	endLine: number,
+	headText: string,
+	tailText: string,
+	shouldAddHashLines: boolean,
+	shouldAddLineNumbers: boolean,
+): { model: string; display: string } {
+	const merged = `${headText.trimEnd()} … ${tailText.trim()}`;
+	if (shouldAddHashLines) {
+		return { model: `${startLine}-${endLine}:${merged}`, display: merged };
+	}
+	if (shouldAddLineNumbers) {
+		return { model: `${startLine}-${endLine}|${merged}`, display: merged };
+	}
+	return { model: merged, display: merged };
+}
+
+function countTextLines(text: string): number {
+	if (text.length === 0) return 0;
+	// Count newlines directly instead of allocating an array via split("\n").
+	// Called on every read of file content; the result is identical (N newlines
+	// ⇒ N+1 lines for non-empty text).
+	let lines = 1;
+	for (let i = 0; i < text.length; i++) {
+		if (text.charCodeAt(i) === 10) lines++;
+	}
+	return lines;
+}
+
+function contiguousLineNumbers(startLine: number, count: number): number[] {
+	const lines: number[] = [];
+	for (let offset = 0; offset < count; offset++) lines.push(startLine + offset);
+	return lines;
+}
+
+function lineNumbersFromSpans(spans: readonly { startLine: number; endLine: number }[]): number[] {
+	const lines: number[] = [];
+	for (const span of spans) {
+		for (let line = span.startLine; line <= span.endLine; line++) lines.push(line);
+	}
+	return lines;
+}
+
+function recordInMemorySeenLines(
+	session: ToolSession,
+	absolutePath: string | undefined,
+	fullText: string,
+	seenLines: readonly number[] | undefined,
+): void {
+	if (!absolutePath || !path.isAbsolute(absolutePath) || !seenLines || seenLines.length === 0) return;
+	getFileSnapshotStore(session).record(canonicalSnapshotKey(absolutePath), normalizeToLF(fullText), seenLines);
+}
+
+function lineNumbersFromEntries(entries: readonly LineEntry[]): number[] {
+	const lines: number[] = [];
+	for (const entry of entries) {
+		if (entry.kind === "line") lines.push(entry.lineNumber);
+	}
+	return lines;
+}
+
+/** Inclusive line range describing one elided span in a structural summary. */
+interface ElidedRange {
+	start: number;
+	end: number;
+}
+
+/** Sample ranges shown in the footer to demonstrate the multi-range syntax. */
+const FOOTER_RANGE_SAMPLES = 2;
+
+/**
+ * Footer appended to summarized reads telling the model how to recover the
+ * elided body. Without this hint, agents either ignore the `…`/`{ … }`
+ * markers or burn a turn guessing the right selector (see issue #1046). The
+ * footer demonstrates the multi-range selector syntax with concrete sample
+ * ranges drawn from the actual elision so the model re-reads only what it
+ * needs instead of falling back to `:raw` or whole-file reads.
+ */
+function formatSummaryElisionFooter(
+	readPath: string,
+	elidedRanges: ReadonlyArray<ElidedRange>,
+	elidedLines: number,
+): string {
+	if (elidedRanges.length === 0) return "";
+	const sampleCount = Math.min(elidedRanges.length, FOOTER_RANGE_SAMPLES);
+	const selector = elidedRanges
+		.slice(0, sampleCount)
+		.map(r => `${r.start}-${r.end}`)
+		.join(",");
+	const example = `${readPath}:${selector}`;
+	const tail = elidedRanges.length > sampleCount ? `, e.g. ${example}` : ` with ${example}`;
+	return `[…${elidedLines}ln elided; re-read needed ranges${tail}]`;
+}
+const READ_CHUNK_SIZE = 8 * 1024;
+
+/**
+ * Context lines added around an explicit range read. Anchor-stale failures
+ * cluster on edits whose anchors land just outside the most recent read
+ * window, but the data (`scripts/session-stats/analyze_selector_reads.py`)
+ * shows most follow-up reads are disjoint hops, not adjacent extensions —
+ * so symmetric padding rarely pays for itself.
+ *
+ * Leading=1 catches accidental single-line reads where the anchor is the
+ * line immediately above the requested start. Trailing=3 buffers the
+ * common case where the agent asks for a narrow range and then needs the
+ * next few lines to disambiguate an anchor.
+ */
+const RANGE_LEADING_CONTEXT_LINES = 1;
+const RANGE_TRAILING_CONTEXT_LINES = 3;
+
+/**
+ * Expand a [start, end) range with leading/trailing context lines on the
+ * sides where the user actually constrained the range. A start of 0 (no
+ * explicit offset) does not get leading context — that's already an
+ * open-ended read from the top.
+ */
+function expandRangeWithContext(
+	requestedStart: number,
+	requestedEnd: number,
+	totalLines: number,
+	expandStart: boolean,
+	expandEnd: boolean,
+): { startLine: number; endLine: number } {
+	return {
+		startLine: expandStart ? Math.max(0, requestedStart - RANGE_LEADING_CONTEXT_LINES) : requestedStart,
+		endLine: expandEnd ? Math.min(totalLines, requestedEnd + RANGE_TRAILING_CONTEXT_LINES) : requestedEnd,
+	};
+}
+
+async function streamLinesFromFile(
+	filePath: string,
+	startLine: number,
+	maxLinesToCollect: number,
+	maxBytes: number,
+	selectedLineLimit: number | null,
+	signal?: AbortSignal,
+	stopScanAfterCollect = false,
+): Promise<{
+	lines: string[];
+	totalFileLines: number;
+	collectedBytes: number;
+	stoppedByByteLimit: boolean;
+	firstLinePreview?: { text: string; bytes: number };
+	firstLineByteLength?: number;
+	selectedBytesTotal: number;
+	/** False when `stopScanAfterCollect` cut the scan short — `totalFileLines` is then a lower bound. */
+	reachedEof: boolean;
+}> {
+	const bufferChunk = Buffer.allocUnsafe(READ_CHUNK_SIZE);
+	const collectedLines: string[] = [];
+	let lineIndex = 0;
+	let collectedBytes = 0;
+	let stoppedByByteLimit = false;
+	let doneCollecting = false;
+	let reachedEof = true;
+	let fileHandle: fs.FileHandle | null = null;
+	let currentLineLength = 0;
+	let currentLineChunks: Buffer[] = [];
+	let sawAnyByte = false;
+	let endedWithNewline = false;
+	let firstLinePreviewBytes = 0;
+	const firstLinePreviewChunks: Buffer[] = [];
+	let firstLineByteLength: number | undefined;
+	let selectedBytesTotal = 0;
+	let selectedLinesSeen = 0;
+	let captureLine = false;
+	let discardLineChunks = false;
+	let lineCaptureLimit = 0;
+
+	const setupLineState = () => {
+		captureLine = !doneCollecting && lineIndex >= startLine;
+		discardLineChunks = !captureLine;
+		if (captureLine) {
+			const separatorBytes = collectedLines.length > 0 ? 1 : 0;
+			lineCaptureLimit = maxBytes - collectedBytes - separatorBytes;
+			if (lineCaptureLimit <= 0) {
+				discardLineChunks = true;
+			}
+		} else {
+			lineCaptureLimit = 0;
+		}
+	};
+
+	const decodeLine = (): string => {
+		if (currentLineLength === 0) return "";
+		if (currentLineChunks.length === 1 && currentLineChunks[0]?.length === currentLineLength) {
+			return currentLineChunks[0].toString("utf-8");
+		}
+		return Buffer.concat(currentLineChunks, currentLineLength).toString("utf-8");
+	};
+
+	const maybeCapturePreview = (segment: Uint8Array) => {
+		if (doneCollecting || lineIndex < startLine || collectedLines.length !== 0) return;
+		if (firstLinePreviewBytes >= maxBytes || segment.length === 0) return;
+		const remaining = maxBytes - firstLinePreviewBytes;
+		const slice = segment.length > remaining ? segment.subarray(0, remaining) : segment;
+		if (slice.length === 0) return;
+		firstLinePreviewChunks.push(Buffer.from(slice));
+		firstLinePreviewBytes += slice.length;
+	};
+
+	const appendSegment = (segment: Uint8Array) => {
+		currentLineLength += segment.length;
+		maybeCapturePreview(segment);
+		if (!captureLine || discardLineChunks || segment.length === 0) return;
+		if (currentLineLength <= lineCaptureLimit) {
+			currentLineChunks.push(Buffer.from(segment));
+		} else {
+			discardLineChunks = true;
+		}
+	};
+
+	const finalizeLine = () => {
+		if (lineIndex >= startLine && (selectedLineLimit === null || selectedLinesSeen < selectedLineLimit)) {
+			selectedBytesTotal += currentLineLength + (selectedLinesSeen > 0 ? 1 : 0);
+			selectedLinesSeen++;
+		}
+
+		if (!doneCollecting && lineIndex >= startLine) {
+			const separatorBytes = collectedLines.length > 0 ? 1 : 0;
+			if (collectedLines.length >= maxLinesToCollect) {
+				doneCollecting = true;
+			} else if (collectedLines.length === 0 && currentLineLength > maxBytes) {
+				stoppedByByteLimit = true;
+				doneCollecting = true;
+				if (firstLineByteLength === undefined) {
+					firstLineByteLength = currentLineLength;
+				}
+			} else if (collectedLines.length > 0 && collectedBytes + separatorBytes + currentLineLength > maxBytes) {
+				stoppedByByteLimit = true;
+				doneCollecting = true;
+			} else {
+				const lineText = decodeLine();
+				collectedLines.push(lineText);
+				collectedBytes += separatorBytes + currentLineLength;
+				if (firstLineByteLength === undefined) {
+					firstLineByteLength = currentLineLength;
+				}
+				if (collectedBytes > maxBytes) {
+					stoppedByByteLimit = true;
+					doneCollecting = true;
+				} else if (collectedLines.length >= maxLinesToCollect) {
+					doneCollecting = true;
+				}
+			}
+		} else if (lineIndex >= startLine && firstLineByteLength === undefined) {
+			firstLineByteLength = currentLineLength;
+		}
+
+		lineIndex++;
+		currentLineLength = 0;
+		currentLineChunks = [];
+		setupLineState();
+	};
+
+	setupLineState();
+
+	try {
+		fileHandle = await fs.open(filePath, "r");
+
+		while (true) {
+			throwIfAborted(signal);
+			const { bytesRead } = await fileHandle.read(bufferChunk, 0, bufferChunk.length, null);
+			if (bytesRead === 0) break;
+
+			sawAnyByte = true;
+			const chunk = bufferChunk.subarray(0, bytesRead);
+			endedWithNewline = chunk[bytesRead - 1] === 0x0a;
+
+			// Once collection and selected-line accounting are both finished, the
+			// remaining scan only computes `totalFileLines` — count newlines with
+			// native indexOf instead of the per-byte JS loop (a multi-GB tail
+			// otherwise stalls the read for seconds to minutes).
+			if (doneCollecting && selectedLineLimit !== null && selectedLinesSeen >= selectedLineLimit) {
+				if (stopScanAfterCollect) {
+					reachedEof = false;
+					break;
+				}
+				let searchFrom = 0;
+				let newlineAt = chunk.indexOf(0x0a);
+				while (newlineAt !== -1) {
+					lineIndex++;
+					searchFrom = newlineAt + 1;
+					newlineAt = chunk.indexOf(0x0a, searchFrom);
+				}
+				if (searchFrom === 0) {
+					currentLineLength += chunk.length;
+				} else {
+					currentLineLength = chunk.length - searchFrom;
+				}
+				continue;
+			}
+
+			let start = 0;
+			for (let i = 0; i < chunk.length; i++) {
+				if (chunk[i] === 0x0a) {
+					const segment = chunk.subarray(start, i);
+					if (segment.length > 0) {
+						appendSegment(segment);
+					}
+					finalizeLine();
+					start = i + 1;
+				}
+			}
+
+			if (start < chunk.length) {
+				appendSegment(chunk.subarray(start));
+			}
+		}
+	} finally {
+		if (fileHandle) {
+			await fileHandle.close();
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (reachedEof && (endedWithNewline || currentLineLength > 0 || !sawAnyByte)) {
+		finalizeLine();
+	}
+
+	let firstLinePreview: { text: string; bytes: number } | undefined;
+	if (firstLinePreviewBytes > 0) {
+		const { text, bytes } = truncateHeadBytes(Buffer.concat(firstLinePreviewChunks, firstLinePreviewBytes), maxBytes);
+		firstLinePreview = { text, bytes };
+	}
+
+	return {
+		lines: collectedLines,
+		totalFileLines: lineIndex,
+		collectedBytes,
+		stoppedByByteLimit,
+		firstLinePreview,
+		firstLineByteLength,
+		selectedBytesTotal,
+		reachedEof,
+	};
+}
+
+// Maximum image file size (20MB) - larger images will be rejected to prevent OOM during serialization
+const MAX_IMAGE_SIZE = MAX_IMAGE_INPUT_BYTES;
+const GLOB_TIMEOUT_MS = 5000;
+
+function isNotFoundError(error: unknown): boolean {
+	if (!error || typeof error !== "object") return false;
+	const code = (error as { code?: string }).code;
+	return code === "ENOENT" || code === "ENOTDIR";
+}
+
+/**
+ * Escape glob metacharacters so a literal path (e.g. `foo[1].ts`) interpolated
+ * into a suffix-glob pattern matches itself. Each metachar is wrapped in a
+ * character class (the native glob engine rewrites `\` to `/`, so backslash
+ * escaping is unavailable). `]`/`}` need no escaping once their openers are
+ * neutralized — unmatched closers are literal.
+ */
+function escapeGlobMetachars(value: string): string {
+	return value.replace(/[*?[{]/g, "[$&]");
+}
+
+/**
+ * Attempt to resolve a non-existent path by finding a unique suffix match within the workspace.
+ * Uses a glob suffix pattern so the native engine handles matching directly.
+ * Returns null when 0 or >1 candidates match (ambiguous = no auto-resolution).
+ */
+async function findUniqueSuffixMatch(
+	rawPath: string,
+	cwd: string,
+	signal?: AbortSignal,
+): Promise<{ absolutePath: string; displayPath: string } | null> {
+	const normalized = rawPath.replace(/\\/g, "/").replace(/^\.\//, "").replace(/\/+$/, "");
+	if (!normalized) return null;
+	const pattern = `**/${escapeGlobMetachars(normalized)}`;
+
+	const timeoutSignal = AbortSignal.timeout(GLOB_TIMEOUT_MS);
+	const combinedSignal = signal ? AbortSignal.any([signal, timeoutSignal]) : timeoutSignal;
+
+	let matches: string[];
+	try {
+		const result = await untilAborted(combinedSignal, () =>
+			glob({
+				pattern,
+				path: cwd,
+				// No fileType filter: matches both files and directories
+				hidden: true,
+			}),
+		);
+		matches = result.matches.map(m => m.path);
+	} catch (error) {
+		if (error instanceof Error && error.name === "AbortError") {
+			if (!signal?.aborted) return null; // timeout — give up silently
+			throw new ToolAbortError();
+		}
+		return null;
+	}
+
+	if (matches.length !== 1) return null;
+
+	return {
+		absolutePath: path.resolve(cwd, matches[0]),
+		displayPath: matches[0],
+	};
+}
+
+function decodeUtf8Text(bytes: Uint8Array): string | null {
+	if (bytes.indexOf(0) !== -1) return null;
+
+	try {
+		return new TextDecoder("utf-8", { fatal: true }).decode(bytes);
+	} catch {
+		return null;
+	}
+}
+
+function prependSuffixResolutionNotice(text: string, suffixResolution?: { from: string; to: string }): string {
+	if (!suffixResolution) return text;
+
+	const notice = `[Path '${suffixResolution.from}' not found; resolved to '${suffixResolution.to}' via suffix match]`;
+	return text ? `${notice}\n${text}` : notice;
+}
+const PDF_IMAGE_PLACEHOLDER_RE = /<!--\s*image:\s*([^\s<>]+)(.*?)-->/g;
+const PDF_IMAGE_MEMBER_RE = /^(.*\.pdf):(.*)$/i;
+const PDF_IMAGE_MEMBER_EXTENSION_RE = /\.png$/i;
+
+function pdfImageMemberPath(pdfPath: string, imageId: string): string {
+	const member = PDF_IMAGE_MEMBER_EXTENSION_RE.test(imageId) ? imageId : `${imageId}.png`;
+	return `${pdfPath}:${member}`;
+}
+
+function rewritePdfImagePlaceholders(markdown: string, pdfPath: string): string {
+	return markdown.replace(PDF_IMAGE_PLACEHOLDER_RE, (_match: string, imageId: string, metadataText: string) => {
+		const metadata = metadataText.trim();
+		const suffix = metadata.length > 0 ? ` (${metadata})` : "";
+		return `Image ${imageId}${suffix}: read \`${pdfImageMemberPath(pdfPath, imageId)}\``;
+	});
+}
+
+function splitPdfImageMemberReadPath(readPath: string): { pdfPath: string; member: string } | null {
+	const match = PDF_IMAGE_MEMBER_RE.exec(readPath);
+	if (!match) return null;
+	const pdfPath = match[1];
+	const member = match[2];
+	if (pdfPath === undefined || member === undefined) return null;
+	if (member.length !== 0 && !PDF_IMAGE_MEMBER_EXTENSION_RE.test(member)) return null;
+	return { pdfPath, member };
+}
+
+const readSchema = type({
+	path: type("string").describe(
+		'Local path, internal URI (e.g. "omp://", "issue://123", "pr://123"), or URL; append :<sel> for line ranges or raw mode (e.g. "src/foo.ts:50-100")',
+	),
+});
+
+export type ReadToolInput = typeof readSchema.infer;
+
+export interface ReadToolDetails {
+	kind?: "file" | "url";
+	truncation?: TruncationResult;
+	isDirectory?: boolean;
+	resolvedPath?: string;
+	suffixResolution?: { from: string; to: string };
+	url?: string;
+	finalUrl?: string;
+	contentType?: string;
+	method?: string;
+	notes?: string[];
+	meta?: OutputMeta;
+	/** Raw text + start line for user-visible TUI rendering, set when content is text-like.
+	 * Mirrors the same lines the model receives but without hashline/line-number prefixes,
+	 * so the TUI can render the file content with its own gutter without re-parsing the formatted text. */
+	displayContent?: {
+		text: string;
+		startLine: number;
+		lineNumbers?: Array<number | null>;
+	};
+	summary?: { lines: number; elidedSpans: number; elidedLines: number };
+	/** Number of unresolved git conflicts surfaced by this read (TUI uses for inline `⚠ N` badge). */
+	conflictCount?: number;
+	/** Paths recovered from a delimited read argument; used only by the TUI to render one call as multiple read rows. */
+	displayReadTargets?: string[];
+}
+
+type ReadParams = ReadToolInput;
+
+/** Parsed representation of a path-embedded selector. */
+type ParsedSelector =
+	| { kind: "none" }
+	| { kind: "raw" }
+	| { kind: "conflicts" }
+	| { kind: "lines"; ranges: [LineRange, ...LineRange[]]; raw?: boolean };
+
+/** Returns true when the selector requested verbatim/raw output (alone or combined with a range). */
+function isRawSelector(parsed: ParsedSelector): boolean {
+	return parsed.kind === "raw" || (parsed.kind === "lines" && parsed.raw === true);
+}
+
+/** Returns true when the selector requested multiple line ranges. */
+function isMultiRange(parsed: ParsedSelector): boolean {
+	return parsed.kind === "lines" && parsed.ranges.length > 1;
+}
+
+function selectorChunkLooksReadLike(chunk: string): boolean {
+	const lower = chunk.toLowerCase();
+	return (
+		lower === "raw" || lower === "conflicts" || /^-\d+(?:[-+]\d+)?$/.test(chunk) || parseLineRanges(chunk) !== null
+	);
+}
+
+function invalidSelector(sel: string): ToolError {
+	return new ToolError(
+		`Invalid selector ':${sel}'. Use :N, :N-M, :N+K, :N- (open-ended), a comma-separated list of ranges, :raw, or a range combined with raw (e.g. :raw:50-100).`,
+	);
+}
+
+function parseSel(sel: string | undefined): ParsedSelector {
+	if (!sel || sel.length === 0) return { kind: "none" };
+
+	// Compound selector: `1-50:raw` or `raw:1-50`. Split into chunks and accept
+	// exactly one line range (possibly multi) plus the literal `raw`. Selector-like
+	// compounds that are not in that accepted set are invalid rather than "none";
+	// otherwise `read` can silently widen a malformed selector like
+	// `artifact://5:conflicts:1-1` while `grep` rejects it.
+	if (sel.includes(":")) {
+		const chunks = sel.split(":");
+		if (chunks.length === 2) {
+			const [a, b] = chunks as [string, string];
+			const aIsRaw = a.toLowerCase() === "raw";
+			const bIsRaw = b.toLowerCase() === "raw";
+			const rangeChunk = aIsRaw ? b : bIsRaw ? a : null;
+			const rawChunk = aIsRaw ? a : bIsRaw ? b : null;
+			if (rangeChunk !== null && rawChunk !== null) {
+				const ranges = parseLineRanges(rangeChunk);
+				if (ranges) {
+					return { kind: "lines", ranges, raw: true };
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		if (chunks.every(selectorChunkLooksReadLike)) throw invalidSelector(sel);
+		// Unrecognized compound — fall through (sqlite/archive/url consume their own colon syntax).
+		return { kind: "none" };
+	}
+
+	if (sel.toLowerCase() === "raw") return { kind: "raw" };
+	if (sel.toLowerCase() === "conflicts") return { kind: "conflicts" };
+	const ranges = parseLineRanges(sel);
+	if (ranges) {
+		return { kind: "lines", ranges };
+	}
+	// Unrecognized selectors fall through; sqlite/archive/url readers consume their own colon syntax.
+	return { kind: "none" };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Convert a single-range selector to the offset/limit pair used by internal pagination.
+ * Returns the FIRST range only — multi-range callers MUST branch on `isMultiRange` before
+ * calling this helper.
+ */
+function selToOffsetLimit(parsed: ParsedSelector): { offset?: number; limit?: number } {
+	if (parsed.kind === "lines") {
+		const first = parsed.ranges[0];
+		const limit = first.endLine !== undefined ? first.endLine - first.startLine + 1 : undefined;
+		return { offset: first.startLine, limit };
+	}
+	return {};
+}
+
+interface ResolvedArchiveReadPath {
+	absolutePath: string;
+	archiveSubPath: string;
+	suffixResolution?: { from: string; to: string };
+}
+
+interface ResolvedSqliteReadPath {
+	absolutePath: string;
+	sqliteSubPath: string;
+	queryString: string;
+	suffixResolution?: { from: string; to: string };
+}
+
+/** Per-execute memo of suffix-glob lookups; `null` records a confirmed miss. */
+type SuffixMatchCache = Map<string, { absolutePath: string; displayPath: string } | null>;
+
+/**
+ * Read tool implementation.
+ *
+ * Reads files with support for images, converted documents (via markit), and text.
+ * Directories return a formatted listing with modification times.
+ */
+export class ReadTool implements AgentTool<typeof readSchema, ReadToolDetails> {
+	readonly name = "read";
+	readonly approval = (args: unknown): ToolTier =>
+		pathTargetsSsh(String((args as { path?: unknown }).path ?? "")) ? "exec" : "read";
+	readonly label = "Read";
+	readonly loadMode = "essential";
+	readonly description: string;
+	readonly parameters = readSchema;
+	readonly strict = true;
+
+	readonly #autoResizeImages: boolean;
+	readonly #defaultLimit: number;
+	readonly #inspectImageEnabled: boolean;
+
+	constructor(private readonly session: ToolSession) {
+		const displayMode = resolveFileDisplayMode(session);
+		this.#autoResizeImages = session.settings.get("images.autoResize");
+		this.#defaultLimit = Math.max(
+			1,
+			Math.min(session.settings.get("read.defaultLimit") ?? DEFAULT_MAX_LINES, DEFAULT_MAX_LINES),
+		);
+		this.#inspectImageEnabled = session.settings.get("inspect_image.enabled");
+		this.description = prompt.render(readDescription, {
+			DEFAULT_LIMIT: String(this.#defaultLimit),
+			DEFAULT_MAX_LINES: String(DEFAULT_MAX_LINES),
+			IS_HL_MODE: displayMode.hashLines,
+			IS_LINE_NUMBER_MODE: !displayMode.hashLines && displayMode.lineNumbers,
+			INSPECT_IMAGE_ENABLED: this.#inspectImageEnabled,
+		});
+	}
+
+	async #tryReadDelimitedPaths(
+		readPath: string,
+		signal?: AbortSignal,
+	): Promise<AgentToolResult<ReadToolDetails> | null> {
+		const parts = await splitDelimitedPathEntry(readPath, this.session.cwd);
+		if (!parts) return null;
+
+		const notice = `Note: interpreted as ${parts.length} paths: ${parts.join(", ")}`;
+		const notes = [notice];
+		const content: Array<TextContent | ImageContent> = [];
+		const displayReadTargets: string[] = [];
+		let pendingText = notice;
+		const flushText = () => {
+			if (pendingText.length === 0) return;
+			content.push({ type: "text", text: pendingText });
+			pendingText = "";
+		};
+		const appendText = (text: string) => {
+			pendingText = pendingText.length > 0 ? `${pendingText}\n\n${text}` : text;
+		};
+
+		for (const part of parts) {
+			try {
+				const result = await this.execute("read-delimited-part", { path: part }, signal);
+				displayReadTargets.push(result.details?.suffixResolution?.to ?? part);
+				for (const block of result.content) {
+					if (block.type === "text") {
+						appendText(block.text);
+						continue;
+					}
+					flushText();
+					content.push(block);
+				}
+			} catch (error) {
+				if (error instanceof ToolAbortError || signal?.aborted) throw error;
+				const message = error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error);
+				const errorNote = `Could not read ${part}: ${message}`;
+				notes.push(errorNote);
+				displayReadTargets.push(part);
+				appendText(`[${errorNote}]`);
+			}
+		}
+		flushText();
+
+		return toolResult<ReadToolDetails>({ notes, displayReadTargets }).content(content).done();
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Memoized {@link findUniqueSuffixMatch} for a single read call. A missing
+	 * path with archive/sqlite extensions probes the workspace once per stage
+	 * (archive candidates, sqlite candidates, plain path) — each glob carries a
+	 * 5s timeout, so repeated lookups of the same string stack into a long
+	 * stall before erroring. The cache collapses repeats within one execute().
+	 */
+	async #findSuffixMatchCached(
+		cache: SuffixMatchCache,
+		rawPath: string,
+		signal?: AbortSignal,
+	): Promise<{ absolutePath: string; displayPath: string } | null> {
+		const hit = cache.get(rawPath);
+		if (hit !== undefined) return hit;
+		const result = await findUniqueSuffixMatch(rawPath, this.session.cwd, signal);
+		cache.set(rawPath, result);
+		return result;
+	}
+
+	async #resolveArchiveReadPath(
+		readPath: string,
+		suffixCache: SuffixMatchCache,
+		signal?: AbortSignal,
+	): Promise<ResolvedArchiveReadPath | null> {
+		const candidates = parseArchivePathCandidates(readPath);
+		for (const candidate of candidates) {
+			let absolutePath = resolveReadPath(candidate.archivePath, this.session.cwd);
+			let suffixResolution: { from: string; to: string } | undefined;
+
+			try {
+				const stat = await Bun.file(absolutePath).stat();
+				if (stat.isDirectory()) continue;
+				return {
+					absolutePath,
+					archiveSubPath: candidate.archivePath === readPath ? "" : candidate.subPath,
+					suffixResolution,
+				};
+			} catch (error) {
+				if (!isNotFoundError(error) || isRemoteMountPath(absolutePath)) continue;
+
+				const suffixMatch = await this.#findSuffixMatchCached(suffixCache, candidate.archivePath, signal);
+				if (!suffixMatch) continue;
+
+				try {
+					const retryStat = await Bun.file(suffixMatch.absolutePath).stat();
+					if (retryStat.isDirectory()) continue;
+
+					absolutePath = suffixMatch.absolutePath;
+					suffixResolution = { from: candidate.archivePath, to: suffixMatch.displayPath };
+					return {
+						absolutePath,
+						archiveSubPath: candidate.archivePath === readPath ? "" : candidate.subPath,
+						suffixResolution,
+					};
+				} catch (retryError) {
+					if (!isNotFoundError(retryError)) {
+						throw retryError;
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		return null;
+	}
+
+	async #resolveSqliteReadPath(
+		readPath: string,
+		suffixCache: SuffixMatchCache,
+		signal?: AbortSignal,
+	): Promise<ResolvedSqliteReadPath | null> {
+		const candidates = parseSqlitePathCandidates(readPath);
+		for (const candidate of candidates) {
+			let absolutePath = resolveReadPath(candidate.sqlitePath, this.session.cwd);
+			let suffixResolution: { from: string; to: string } | undefined;
+
+			try {
+				const stat = await Bun.file(absolutePath).stat();
+				if (stat.isDirectory()) continue;
+				if (!(await isSqliteFile(absolutePath))) continue;
+
+				return {
+					absolutePath,
+					sqliteSubPath: candidate.subPath,
+					queryString: candidate.queryString,
+					suffixResolution,
+				};
+			} catch (error) {
+				if (!isNotFoundError(error) || isRemoteMountPath(absolutePath)) continue;
+
+				const suffixMatch = await this.#findSuffixMatchCached(suffixCache, candidate.sqlitePath, signal);
+				if (!suffixMatch) continue;
+
+				try {
+					const retryStat = await Bun.file(suffixMatch.absolutePath).stat();
+					if (retryStat.isDirectory()) continue;
+					if (!(await isSqliteFile(suffixMatch.absolutePath))) continue;
+
+					absolutePath = suffixMatch.absolutePath;
+					suffixResolution = { from: candidate.sqlitePath, to: suffixMatch.displayPath };
+					return {
+						absolutePath,
+						sqliteSubPath: candidate.subPath,
+						queryString: candidate.queryString,
+						suffixResolution,
+					};
+				} catch (retryError) {
+					if (!isNotFoundError(retryError)) {
+						throw retryError;
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		return null;
+	}
+
+	#pdfImageCacheDir(absolutePdfPath: string): string {
+		const artifactsDir = this.session.getArtifactsDir?.();
+		let root = artifactsDir ?? undefined;
+		if (root === undefined) {
+			const sessionFile = this.session.getSessionFile();
+			root = sessionFile?.endsWith(".jsonl")
+				? sessionFile.slice(0, -6)
+				: path.join(os.tmpdir(), "omp-read-pdf-images");
+		}
+		const basename = path.basename(absolutePdfPath).replace(/[^A-Za-z0-9._-]/g, "_");
+		return path.join(root, "read-pdf-images", `${basename}-${Bun.hash(absolutePdfPath).toString(36)}`);
+	}
+
+	async #listPdfImageMembers(imageDir: string): Promise<string[]> {
+		try {
+			const entries = await fs.readdir(imageDir, { withFileTypes: true });
+			const members: string[] = [];
+			for (const entry of entries) {
+				if (entry.isFile() && PDF_IMAGE_MEMBER_EXTENSION_RE.test(entry.name)) members.push(entry.name);
+			}
+			return members.sort();
+		} catch (error) {
+			if (isNotFoundError(error)) return [];
+			throw error;
+		}
+	}
+
+	async #ensurePdfImageCache(absolutePdfPath: string, signal?: AbortSignal): Promise<string> {
+		const imageDir = this.#pdfImageCacheDir(absolutePdfPath);
+		const markerPath = path.join(imageDir, ".extracted");
+		try {
+			await fs.stat(markerPath);
+			return imageDir;
+		} catch (error) {
+			if (!isNotFoundError(error)) throw error;
+		}
+
+		await fs.rm(imageDir, { recursive: true, force: true });
+		await fs.mkdir(imageDir, { recursive: true });
+		const result = await convertFileWithMarkit(absolutePdfPath, signal, { imageDir });
+		if (!result.ok) {
+			await fs.rm(imageDir, { recursive: true, force: true });
+			throw new ToolError(`Cannot extract images from PDF: ${result.error ?? "conversion failed"}`);
+		}
+		await Bun.write(markerPath, "ok");
+		return imageDir;
+	}
+
+	async #readPdfImageMember(
+		absolutePdfPath: string,
+		pdfDisplayPath: string,
+		member: string,
+		suffixResolution: { from: string; to: string } | undefined,
+		signal?: AbortSignal,
+	): Promise<AgentToolResult<ReadToolDetails>> {
+		const imageDir = await this.#ensurePdfImageCache(absolutePdfPath, signal);
+		const members = await this.#listPdfImageMembers(imageDir);
+		if (member.length === 0) {
+			const text =
+				members.length === 0
+					? "No extractable PDF image members found."
+					: `Extractable PDF image members:\n${members
+							.map(imageMember => `- read \`${pdfDisplayPath}:${imageMember}\``)
+							.join("\n")}`;
+			return toolResult<ReadToolDetails>({ resolvedPath: absolutePdfPath, suffixResolution })
+				.text(prependSuffixResolutionNotice(text, suffixResolution))
+				.sourcePath(absolutePdfPath)
+				.done();
+		}
+
+		if (!members.includes(member)) {
+			const available = members.length === 0 ? "(none)" : members.join(", ");
+			throw new ToolError(`PDF image member '${member}' not found. Available members: ${available}`);
+		}
+
+		const imagePath = path.join(imageDir, member);
+		const imageStat = await Bun.file(imagePath).stat();
+		if (imageStat.size > MAX_IMAGE_SIZE) {
+			const sizeStr = formatBytes(imageStat.size);
+			const maxStr = formatBytes(MAX_IMAGE_SIZE);
+			throw new ToolError(`Image file too large: ${sizeStr} exceeds ${maxStr} limit.`);
+		}
+		const metadata = await readImageMetadata(imagePath);
+		const mimeType = metadata?.mimeType;
+		if (!mimeType) throw new ToolError(`PDF image member '${member}' is not a supported image.`);
+		const imageInput = await loadImageInput({
+			path: `${pdfDisplayPath}:${member}`,
+			cwd: this.session.cwd,
+			autoResize: this.#autoResizeImages,
+			maxBytes: MAX_IMAGE_SIZE,
+			resolvedPath: imagePath,
+			detectedMimeType: mimeType,
+			excludeWebP: webpExclusionForModel(this.session.getActiveModel?.()),
+		});
+		if (!imageInput) {
+			throw new ToolError(`Read image file [${mimeType}] failed: unsupported image format.`);
+		}
+		const textNote = prependSuffixResolutionNotice(imageInput.textNote, suffixResolution);
+		return toolResult<ReadToolDetails>({ resolvedPath: absolutePdfPath, suffixResolution })
+			.content([
+				{ type: "text", text: textNote },
+				{ type: "image", data: imageInput.data, mimeType: imageInput.mimeType },
+			])
+			.sourcePath(imageInput.resolvedPath)
+			.done();
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Build content blocks for an on-disk image file: an `inspect_image`
+	 * metadata note when inspection is enabled, otherwise the decoded image
+	 * block. Shared by the plain-file read path and the `local://` image fast
+	 * path so both honor `inspect_image.enabled`, the size cap, and auto-resize
+	 * identically. Too-large / unsupported images surface as {@link ToolError}.
+	 */
+	async #loadImageContent(options: {
+		readPath: string;
+		absolutePath: string;
+		mimeType: string;
+		imageMetadata: ImageMetadata | null;
+		fileSize: number;
+	}): Promise<{ content: Array<TextContent | ImageContent>; details: ReadToolDetails; sourcePath: string }> {
+		const { readPath, absolutePath, mimeType, imageMetadata, fileSize } = options;
+		if (this.#inspectImageEnabled) {
+			const outputMime = imageMetadata?.mimeType ?? mimeType;
+			const metadataLines = [
+				"Image metadata:",
+				`- MIME: ${outputMime}`,
+				`- Bytes: ${fileSize} (${formatBytes(fileSize)})`,
+				imageMetadata?.width !== undefined && imageMetadata.height !== undefined
+					? `- Dimensions: ${imageMetadata.width}x${imageMetadata.height}`
+					: "- Dimensions: unknown",
+				imageMetadata?.channels !== undefined ? `- Channels: ${imageMetadata.channels}` : "- Channels: unknown",
+				imageMetadata?.hasAlpha === true
+					? "- Alpha: yes"
+					: imageMetadata?.hasAlpha === false
+						? "- Alpha: no"
+						: "- Alpha: unknown",
+				"",
+				`If you want to analyze the image, call inspect_image with path="${formatPathRelativeToCwd(
+					absolutePath,
+					this.session.cwd,
+				)}" and a question describing what to inspect and the desired output format.`,
+			];
+			return { content: [{ type: "text", text: metadataLines.join("\n") }], details: {}, sourcePath: absolutePath };
+		}
+
+		if (fileSize > MAX_IMAGE_SIZE) {
+			const sizeStr = formatBytes(fileSize);
+			const maxStr = formatBytes(MAX_IMAGE_SIZE);
+			throw new ToolError(`Image file too large: ${sizeStr} exceeds ${maxStr} limit.`);
+		}
+		try {
+			const imageInput = await loadImageInput({
+				path: readPath,
+				cwd: this.session.cwd,
+				autoResize: this.#autoResizeImages,
+				maxBytes: MAX_IMAGE_SIZE,
+				resolvedPath: absolutePath,
+				detectedMimeType: mimeType,
+				excludeWebP: webpExclusionForModel(this.session.getActiveModel?.()),
+			});
+			if (!imageInput) {
+				throw new ToolError(`Read image file [${mimeType}] failed: unsupported image format.`);
+			}
+			return {
+				content: [
+					{ type: "text", text: imageInput.textNote },
+					{ type: "image", data: imageInput.data, mimeType: imageInput.mimeType },
+				],
+				details: {},
+				sourcePath: imageInput.resolvedPath,
+			};
+		} catch (error) {
+			if (error instanceof ImageInputTooLargeError) {
+				throw new ToolError(error.message);
+			}
+			throw error;
+		}
+	}
+
+	#buildInMemoryTextResult(
+		text: string,
+		offset: number | undefined,
+		limit: number | undefined,
+		options: {
+			details?: ReadToolDetails;
+			sourcePath?: string;
+			sourceUrl?: string;
+			sourceInternal?: string;
+			entityLabel: string;
+			ignoreResultLimits?: boolean;
+			raw?: boolean;
+			immutable?: boolean;
+		},
+	): AgentToolResult<ReadToolDetails> {
+		const displayMode = resolveFileDisplayMode(this.session, { raw: options.raw, immutable: options.immutable });
+		const details = options.details ?? {};
+		const allLines = text.split("\n");
+		const totalLines = allLines.length;
+		// User-requested 0-indexed range start. Lines BEFORE this are leading
+		// context (added below if offset is explicit).
+		const requestedStart = offset ? Math.max(0, offset - 1) : 0;
+		const ignoreResultLimits = options.ignoreResultLimits ?? false;
+		const requestedEnd = limit !== undefined ? Math.min(requestedStart + limit, allLines.length) : allLines.length;
+		// Expand only on sides the user actually constrained: leading context
+		// when offset>1, trailing context when a finite limit was set.
+		const expanded = expandRangeWithContext(
+			requestedStart,
+			requestedEnd,
+			allLines.length,
+			offset !== undefined && offset > 1,
+			limit !== undefined,
+		);
+		const startLine = expanded.startLine;
+		const endLineExpanded = expanded.endLine;
+		const startLineDisplay = startLine + 1;
+
+		const resultBuilder = toolResult(details);
+		if (options.sourcePath) {
+			resultBuilder.sourcePath(options.sourcePath);
+		}
+		if (options.sourceUrl) {
+			resultBuilder.sourceUrl(options.sourceUrl);
+		}
+		if (options.sourceInternal) {
+			resultBuilder.sourceInternal(options.sourceInternal);
+		}
+
+		if (requestedStart >= allLines.length) {
+			const suggestion =
+				allLines.length === 0
+					? `The ${options.entityLabel} is empty.`
+					: `Use :1 to read from the start, or :${allLines.length} to read the last line.`;
+			return resultBuilder
+				.text(
+					`Line ${requestedStart + 1} is beyond end of ${options.entityLabel} (${allLines.length} lines total). ${suggestion}`,
+				)
+				.done();
+		}
+
+		const endLine = endLineExpanded;
+		const selectedContent = allLines.slice(startLine, endLine).join("\n");
+		const userLimitedLines = limit !== undefined ? endLine - startLine : undefined;
+		const truncation = ignoreResultLimits ? noTruncResult(selectedContent) : truncateHead(selectedContent);
+
+		const shouldAddHashLines = displayMode.hashLines;
+		const shouldAddLineNumbers = shouldAddHashLines ? false : displayMode.lineNumbers;
+		const hashContext =
+			shouldAddHashLines && options.sourcePath
+				? recordFullHashlineContext(
+						this.session,
+						options.sourcePath,
+						formatPathRelativeToCwd(options.sourcePath, this.session.cwd),
+						text,
+					)
+				: undefined;
+		let emittedHashlineHeader = false;
+		let seenLines: number[] | undefined;
+		let rawSeenLines: number[] | undefined;
+		const formatText = (content: string, startNum: number): string => {
+			const lineCount = countTextLines(content);
+			details.displayContent = {
+				text: content,
+				startLine: startNum,
+				lineNumbers: Array.from({ length: lineCount }, (_, i) => startNum + i),
+			};
+			if (shouldAddHashLines) seenLines = contiguousLineNumbers(startNum, lineCount);
+			const formatted = formatTextWithMode(content, startNum, shouldAddHashLines, shouldAddLineNumbers);
+			if (!hashContext || emittedHashlineHeader) return formatted;
+			emittedHashlineHeader = true;
+			return prependHashlineHeader(formatted, hashContext);
+		};
+		const formatLineEntries = (entries: readonly LineEntry[], startNum: number): string => {
+			const firstLine = entries.find(entry => entry.kind === "line");
+			details.displayContent = {
+				text: lineEntriesToPlainText(entries, BRACKET_CONTEXT_ELLIPSIS),
+				startLine: firstLine?.kind === "line" ? firstLine.lineNumber : startNum,
+				lineNumbers: entries.map(entry => (entry.kind === "line" ? entry.lineNumber : null)),
+			};
+			if (shouldAddHashLines) seenLines = lineNumbersFromEntries(entries);
+			const formatted = formatLineEntriesWithMode(entries, shouldAddHashLines, shouldAddLineNumbers);
+			if (!hashContext || emittedHashlineHeader) return formatted;
+			emittedHashlineHeader = true;
+			return prependHashlineHeader(formatted, hashContext);
+		};
+		const buildLineEntries = (endLineDisplay: number): LineEntry[] =>
+			buildLineEntriesWithBlockContext(allLines, [{ startLine: startLineDisplay, endLine: endLineDisplay }], {
+				path: options.sourcePath,
+			});
+
+		let outputText: string;
+		let truncationInfo:
+			| { result: TruncationResult; options: { direction: "head"; startLine?: number; totalFileLines?: number } }
+			| undefined;
+
+		if (truncation.firstLineExceedsLimit) {
+			const firstLine = allLines[startLine] ?? "";
+			const firstLineBytes = Buffer.byteLength(firstLine, "utf-8");
+			const snippet = truncateHeadBytes(firstLine, DEFAULT_MAX_BYTES);
+
+			if (shouldAddHashLines) {
+				outputText = `[Line ${startLineDisplay} is ${formatBytes(
+					firstLineBytes,
+				)}, exceeds ${formatBytes(DEFAULT_MAX_BYTES)} limit. Hashline output requires full lines; cannot emit an editable numbered preview for a truncated line.]`;
+			} else {
+				outputText = formatText(snippet.text, startLineDisplay);
+			}
+
+			if (snippet.text.length === 0) {
+				outputText = `[Line ${startLineDisplay} is ${formatBytes(
+					firstLineBytes,
+				)}, exceeds ${formatBytes(DEFAULT_MAX_BYTES)} limit. Unable to display a valid UTF-8 snippet.]`;
+			}
+
+			details.truncation = truncation;
+			truncationInfo = {
+				result: truncation,
+				options: { direction: "head", startLine: startLineDisplay, totalFileLines: totalLines },
+			};
+		} else if (truncation.truncated) {
+			const outputLines = truncation.outputLines ?? countTextLines(truncation.content);
+			const endLineDisplay = startLineDisplay + Math.max(0, outputLines - 1);
+			if (options.raw === true) {
+				rawSeenLines = contiguousLineNumbers(startLineDisplay, outputLines);
+				outputText = formatText(truncation.content, startLineDisplay);
+			} else {
+				outputText = formatLineEntries(buildLineEntries(endLineDisplay), startLineDisplay);
+			}
+			details.truncation = truncation;
+			truncationInfo = {
+				result: truncation,
+				options: { direction: "head", startLine: startLineDisplay, totalFileLines: totalLines },
+			};
+		} else if (userLimitedLines !== undefined && startLine + userLimitedLines < allLines.length) {
+			const remaining = allLines.length - (startLine + userLimitedLines);
+			const nextOffset = startLine + userLimitedLines + 1;
+
+			if (options.raw === true) {
+				rawSeenLines = contiguousLineNumbers(startLineDisplay, userLimitedLines);
+				outputText = formatText(selectedContent, startLineDisplay);
+			} else {
+				outputText = formatLineEntries(buildLineEntries(endLine), startLineDisplay);
+			}
+			outputText += `\n\n[${remaining} more lines in ${options.entityLabel}. Use :${nextOffset} to continue]`;
+		} else {
+			if (options.raw === true) {
+				rawSeenLines = contiguousLineNumbers(startLineDisplay, endLine - startLine);
+				outputText = formatText(truncation.content, startLineDisplay);
+			} else {
+				outputText = formatLineEntries(buildLineEntries(endLine), startLineDisplay);
+			}
+		}
+
+		if (hashContext?.tag && options.sourcePath && seenLines) {
+			recordSeenLines(this.session, options.sourcePath, hashContext.tag, seenLines);
+		}
+		if (options.raw === true && options.sourcePath && options.immutable !== true && rawSeenLines) {
+			recordInMemorySeenLines(this.session, options.sourcePath, text, rawSeenLines);
+		}
+		resultBuilder.text(outputText);
+		if (truncationInfo) {
+			resultBuilder.truncation(truncationInfo.result, truncationInfo.options);
+		}
+		return resultBuilder.done();
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Render a multi-range read against in-memory text. Each range emits a
+	 * formatted block with its own anchors / line numbers, blocks are joined
+	 * with an elision separator, and ranges past EOF surface as `[…]` notices
+	 * so the model can correct the next call. No leading/trailing context is
+	 * added — multi-range callers always specify exact bounds.
+	 */
+	#buildInMemoryMultiRangeResult(
+		text: string,
+		ranges: readonly LineRange[],
+		options: {
+			details?: ReadToolDetails;
+			sourcePath?: string;
+			sourceUrl?: string;
+			sourceInternal?: string;
+			entityLabel: string;
+			raw?: boolean;
+			immutable?: boolean;
+		},
+	): AgentToolResult<ReadToolDetails> {
+		const displayMode = resolveFileDisplayMode(this.session, { raw: options.raw, immutable: options.immutable });
+		const details = options.details ?? {};
+		const allLines = text.split("\n");
+		const totalLines = allLines.length;
+		const shouldAddHashLines = displayMode.hashLines;
+		const shouldAddLineNumbers = shouldAddHashLines ? false : displayMode.lineNumbers;
+		const hashContext =
+			shouldAddHashLines && options.sourcePath
+				? recordFullHashlineContext(
+						this.session,
+						options.sourcePath,
+						formatPathRelativeToCwd(options.sourcePath, this.session.cwd),
+						text,
+					)
+				: undefined;
+		let emittedHashlineHeader = false;
+
+		let seenLines: number[] | undefined;
+		const resultBuilder = toolResult(details);
+		if (options.sourcePath) resultBuilder.sourcePath(options.sourcePath);
+		if (options.sourceUrl) resultBuilder.sourceUrl(options.sourceUrl);
+		if (options.sourceInternal) resultBuilder.sourceInternal(options.sourceInternal);
+
+		const outOfBounds: LineRange[] = [];
+		const visibleSpans: Array<{ startLine: number; endLine: number }> = [];
+		const rawParts: string[] = [];
+		for (const range of ranges) {
+			if (range.startLine > totalLines) {
+				outOfBounds.push(range);
+				continue;
+			}
+			const effectiveEnd = Math.min(range.endLine ?? totalLines, totalLines);
+			visibleSpans.push({ startLine: range.startLine, endLine: effectiveEnd });
+			if (options.raw === true) {
+				rawParts.push(allLines.slice(range.startLine - 1, effectiveEnd).join("\n"));
+			}
+		}
+
+		let outputText = "";
+		if (options.raw === true) {
+			outputText = rawParts.length > 0 ? rawParts.join("\n\n…\n\n") : "";
+		} else if (visibleSpans.length > 0) {
+			const entries = buildLineEntriesWithBlockContext(allLines, visibleSpans, { path: options.sourcePath });
+			if (shouldAddHashLines) seenLines = lineNumbersFromEntries(entries);
+			const firstLine = entries.find(entry => entry.kind === "line");
+			if (firstLine?.kind === "line") {
+				details.displayContent = {
+					text: lineEntriesToPlainText(entries, BRACKET_CONTEXT_ELLIPSIS),
+					startLine: firstLine.lineNumber,
+					lineNumbers: entries.map(entry => (entry.kind === "line" ? entry.lineNumber : null)),
+				};
+			}
+			const formatted = formatLineEntriesWithMode(entries, shouldAddHashLines, shouldAddLineNumbers);
+			outputText = hashContext && !emittedHashlineHeader ? prependHashlineHeader(formatted, hashContext) : formatted;
+			if (hashContext) emittedHashlineHeader = true;
+		}
+		const notices: string[] = [];
+		for (const range of outOfBounds) {
+			const bound = range.endLine !== undefined ? `${range.startLine}-${range.endLine}` : `${range.startLine}`;
+			notices.push(`[Range ${bound} is beyond end of ${options.entityLabel} (${totalLines} lines total); skipped]`);
+		}
+		const finalText =
+			notices.length > 0 ? (outputText ? `${outputText}\n${notices.join("\n")}` : notices.join("\n")) : outputText;
+		if (hashContext?.tag && options.sourcePath && seenLines) {
+			recordSeenLines(this.session, options.sourcePath, hashContext.tag, seenLines);
+		}
+		if (options.raw === true && options.sourcePath && options.immutable !== true && visibleSpans.length > 0) {
+			recordInMemorySeenLines(this.session, options.sourcePath, text, lineNumbersFromSpans(visibleSpans));
+		}
+		resultBuilder.text(finalText);
+		return resultBuilder.done();
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Stream multiple non-contiguous ranges from a local file. ACP bridge takes
+	 * priority when present (editor buffer is source of truth); otherwise each
+	 * range is streamed independently with its own line/byte budget. Out-of-bounds
+	 * ranges surface as inline notices rather than aborting the read.
+	 */
+	async #readLocalFileMultiRange(
+		absolutePath: string,
+		ranges: readonly LineRange[],
+		fileSize: number,
+		parsed: ParsedSelector,
+		displayMode: { hashLines: boolean; lineNumbers: boolean },
+		suffixResolution: { from: string; to: string } | undefined,
+		signal: AbortSignal | undefined,
+		allowBridge = true,
+	): Promise<{
+		outputText: string;
+		columnTruncated: number;
+		displayContent?: { text: string; startLine: number; lineNumbers?: Array<number | null> };
+		bridgeResult?: AgentToolResult<ReadToolDetails>;
+	}> {
+		const rawSelector = isRawSelector(parsed);
+
+		// ACP bridge first — the editor's in-memory buffer is source of truth.
+		const bridgePromise = allowBridge ? this.#routeReadThroughBridge(absolutePath) : undefined;
+		if (bridgePromise !== undefined) {
+			try {
+				const bridgeText = await bridgePromise;
+				const bridgeResult = this.#buildInMemoryMultiRangeResult(bridgeText, ranges, {
+					details: { resolvedPath: absolutePath, suffixResolution },
+					sourcePath: absolutePath,
+					entityLabel: "file",
+					raw: rawSelector,
+				});
+				if (suffixResolution) {
+					const notice = `[Path '${suffixResolution.from}' not found; resolved to '${suffixResolution.to}' via suffix match]`;
+					const firstText = bridgeResult.content.find((c): c is TextContent => c.type === "text");
+					if (firstText) firstText.text = `${notice}\n${firstText.text}`;
+				}
+				return { outputText: "", columnTruncated: 0, bridgeResult };
+			} catch (error) {
+				logger.warn("ACP fs readTextFile failed; falling back to disk", { path: absolutePath, error });
+			}
+		}
+
+		const shouldAddHashLines = !rawSelector && displayMode.hashLines;
+		const shouldAddLineNumbers = rawSelector ? false : shouldAddHashLines ? false : displayMode.lineNumbers;
+		const maxColumns = resolveOutputMaxColumns(this.session.settings);
+
+		const blocks: string[] = [];
+		const notices: string[] = [];
+		const visibleSpans: Array<{ startLine: number; endLine: number }> = [];
+		const displayLineByNumber = new Map<number, string>();
+		const fullLines = rawSelector ? undefined : await readBracketContextFullLines(absolutePath, fileSize);
+		let columnTruncated = 0;
+		const clippedLines = new Set<number>();
+		let displayContent: { text: string; startLine: number; lineNumbers?: Array<number | null> } | undefined;
+
+		for (const range of ranges) {
+			const rangeStart = range.startLine - 1; // 0-indexed
+			const requestedLength = range.endLine !== undefined ? range.endLine - range.startLine + 1 : this.#defaultLimit;
+			const maxLines = Math.min(requestedLength, DEFAULT_MAX_LINES);
+
+			// When the full file is already in memory (the common case for files
+			// within the snapshot byte cap), slice ranges from it instead of
+			// re-streaming the file once per range.
+			let collectedLines: string[];
+			let totalFileLines: number;
+			if (fullLines) {
+				totalFileLines = fullLines.length;
+				collectedLines = fullLines.slice(rangeStart, rangeStart + maxLines);
+			} else {
+				const maxBytesForRead = Math.max(DEFAULT_MAX_BYTES, maxLines * 512);
+				const streamResult = await streamLinesFromFile(
+					absolutePath,
+					rangeStart,
+					maxLines,
+					maxBytesForRead,
+					maxLines,
+					signal,
+					fileSize > SNAPSHOT_MAX_BYTES, // giant file: collected ranges don't need an exact EOF line count
+				);
+				totalFileLines = streamResult.totalFileLines;
+				collectedLines = streamResult.lines;
+			}
+
+			if (rangeStart >= totalFileLines) {
+				const bound = range.endLine !== undefined ? `${range.startLine}-${range.endLine}` : `${range.startLine}`;
+				notices.push(`[Range ${bound} is beyond end of file (${totalFileLines} lines total); skipped]`);
+				continue;
+			}
+
+			// Column truncation is display-only; clone before stamping ellipsis so
+			// the original on-disk lines stay intact for display reconstruction.
+			let displayLines: string[] = collectedLines;
+			if (!rawSelector && maxColumns > 0) {
+				let cloned: string[] | undefined;
+				for (let i = 0; i < collectedLines.length; i++) {
+					const { text, wasTruncated } = truncateLine(collectedLines[i], maxColumns);
+					if (wasTruncated) {
+						if (!cloned) cloned = collectedLines.slice();
+						cloned[i] = text;
+						columnTruncated = maxColumns;
+						clippedLines.add(range.startLine + i);
+					}
+				}
+				if (cloned) displayLines = cloned;
+			}
+			if (displayLines.length > 0) {
+				const endLine = range.startLine + displayLines.length - 1;
+				visibleSpans.push({ startLine: range.startLine, endLine });
+				for (let i = 0; i < displayLines.length; i++) {
+					displayLineByNumber.set(range.startLine + i, displayLines[i] ?? "");
+				}
+				if (!fullLines || rawSelector) {
+					const blockText = displayLines.join("\n");
+					blocks.push(formatTextWithMode(blockText, range.startLine, shouldAddHashLines, shouldAddLineNumbers));
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		let outputText: string;
+		if (!rawSelector && fullLines && visibleSpans.length > 0) {
+			const entries = buildLineEntriesWithBlockContext(
+				fullLines,
+				visibleSpans,
+				{ path: absolutePath },
+				{
+					lineText: (lineNumber, sourceText) => {
+						const visibleText = displayLineByNumber.get(lineNumber);
+						if (visibleText !== undefined) return visibleText;
+						if (maxColumns <= 0) return sourceText;
+						const truncated = truncateLine(sourceText, maxColumns);
+						if (truncated.wasTruncated) {
+							columnTruncated = maxColumns;
+							clippedLines.add(lineNumber);
+						}
+						return truncated.text;
+					},
+				},
+			);
+			const firstLine = entries.find(entry => entry.kind === "line");
+			displayContent = {
+				text: lineEntriesToPlainText(entries, BRACKET_CONTEXT_ELLIPSIS),
+				startLine: firstLine?.kind === "line" ? firstLine.lineNumber : (visibleSpans[0]?.startLine ?? 1),
+				lineNumbers: entries.map(entry => (entry.kind === "line" ? entry.lineNumber : null)),
+			};
+			outputText = formatLineEntriesWithMode(entries, shouldAddHashLines, shouldAddLineNumbers);
+		} else {
+			outputText = blocks.join("\n\n…\n\n");
+		}
+		if (shouldAddHashLines && outputText) {
+			const tag = await recordFileSnapshot(this.session, absolutePath);
+			if (tag) {
+				recordSeenLinesFromBody(this.session, absolutePath, tag, outputText, clippedLines);
+				outputText = `${formatReadHashlineHeader(formatPathRelativeToCwd(absolutePath, this.session.cwd), tag)}\n${outputText}`;
+			}
+		} else if (rawSelector && visibleSpans.length > 0) {
+			const rawSeenLines = lineNumbersFromSpans(visibleSpans);
+			if (rawSeenLines.length > 0) await recordFileSnapshot(this.session, absolutePath, rawSeenLines);
+		}
+		if (notices.length > 0) {
+			outputText = outputText ? `${outputText}\n${notices.join("\n")}` : notices.join("\n");
+		}
+		return { outputText, columnTruncated, displayContent };
+	}
+
+	async #readArchiveDirectory(
+		archive: ArchiveReader,
+		archivePath: string,
+		subPath: string,
+		offset: number | undefined,
+		limit: number | undefined,
+		details: ReadToolDetails,
+		signal?: AbortSignal,
+	): Promise<AgentToolResult<ReadToolDetails>> {
+		const DEFAULT_LIMIT = 500;
+		const effectiveLimit = limit ?? DEFAULT_LIMIT;
+		const allEntries = archive.listDirectory(subPath);
+		// `offset` is 1-indexed (line-selector semantics): `a.zip:dir:50` starts
+		// the listing at the 50th entry instead of being silently ignored.
+		const entries = offset !== undefined && offset > 1 ? allEntries.slice(offset - 1) : allEntries;
+
+		const listLimit = applyListLimit(entries, { limit: effectiveLimit });
+		const limitedEntries = listLimit.items;
+		const limitMeta = listLimit.meta;
+
+		for (let index = 0; index < limitedEntries.length; index++) {
+			throwIfAborted(signal);
+		}
+		const results = formatArchiveEntryLines(limitedEntries);
+
+		const output = results.length > 0 ? results.join("\n") : "(empty archive directory)";
+		const text = prependSuffixResolutionNotice(output, details.suffixResolution);
+		const truncation = truncateHead(text, { maxLines: Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER });
+		const directoryDetails: ReadToolDetails = { ...details, isDirectory: true };
+		const resultBuilder = toolResult<ReadToolDetails>(directoryDetails).text(truncation.content);
+		resultBuilder.sourcePath(archivePath).limits({ resultLimit: limitMeta.resultLimit?.reached });
+		if (truncation.truncated) {
+			directoryDetails.truncation = truncation;
+			resultBuilder.truncation(truncation, { direction: "head" });
+		}
+		return resultBuilder.done();
+	}
+
+	async #readArchive(
+		readPath: string,
+		parsedSel: ParsedSelector,
+		resolvedArchivePath: ResolvedArchiveReadPath,
+		signal?: AbortSignal,
+	): Promise<AgentToolResult<ReadToolDetails>> {
+		throwIfAborted(signal);
+		const archive = await openArchive(resolvedArchivePath.absolutePath);
+		throwIfAborted(signal);
+
+		const details: ReadToolDetails = {
+			resolvedPath: resolvedArchivePath.absolutePath,
+			suffixResolution: resolvedArchivePath.suffixResolution,
+		};
+
+		let archiveSubPath = resolvedArchivePath.archiveSubPath;
+		let sel = parsedSel;
+		let node = archive.getNode(archiveSubPath);
+		if (!node && archiveSubPath) {
+			// `archive.zip:500` / `archive.zip:raw`: the whole subPath is a
+			// selector on the archive root, not a member name. Member names take
+			// precedence (getNode above); fall back to root + selector.
+			const wholeSel = parseSel(archiveSubPath);
+			if (wholeSel.kind !== "none") {
+				node = archive.getNode("");
+				archiveSubPath = "";
+				sel = wholeSel;
+			}
+		}
+		if (!node) {
+			throw new ToolError(`Path '${readPath}' not found inside archive`);
+		}
+
+		if (node.isDirectory) {
+			if (isMultiRange(sel)) {
+				throw new ToolError("Multi-range line selectors are not supported for archive directory listings.");
+			}
+			const { offset, limit } = selToOffsetLimit(sel);
+			return this.#readArchiveDirectory(
+				archive,
+				resolvedArchivePath.absolutePath,
+				archiveSubPath,
+				offset,
+				limit,
+				details,
+				signal,
+			);
+		}
+
+		const entry = await archive.readFile(archiveSubPath);
+		const text = decodeUtf8Text(entry.bytes);
+		if (text === null) {
+			return toolResult<ReadToolDetails>(details)
+				.text(
+					prependSuffixResolutionNotice(
+						`[Cannot read binary archive entry '${entry.path}' (${formatBytes(entry.size)})]`,
+						resolvedArchivePath.suffixResolution,
+					),
+				)
+				.sourcePath(resolvedArchivePath.absolutePath)
+				.done();
+		}
+
+		// Archive members are immutable: there is no edit path for bytes inside
+		// an archive, and a hashline tag keyed to the archive file would invite
+		// (and fail) edits while clobbering sibling members' snapshots.
+		const raw = isRawSelector(sel);
+		const result =
+			isMultiRange(sel) && sel.kind === "lines"
+				? this.#buildInMemoryMultiRangeResult(text, sel.ranges, {
+						details,
+						sourcePath: resolvedArchivePath.absolutePath,
+						entityLabel: "archive entry",
+						raw,
+						immutable: true,
+					})
+				: this.#buildInMemoryTextResult(text, selToOffsetLimit(sel).offset, selToOffsetLimit(sel).limit, {
+						details,
+						sourcePath: resolvedArchivePath.absolutePath,
+						entityLabel: "archive entry",
+						raw,
+						immutable: true,
+					});
+		const firstText = result.content.find((content): content is TextContent => content.type === "text");
+		if (firstText) {
+			firstText.text = prependSuffixResolutionNotice(firstText.text, resolvedArchivePath.suffixResolution);
+		}
+		return result;
+	}
+
+	async #readSqlite(
+		resolvedSqlitePath: ResolvedSqliteReadPath,
+		signal?: AbortSignal,
+	): Promise<AgentToolResult<ReadToolDetails>> {
+		throwIfAborted(signal);
+
+		const selectorInput = {
+			subPath: resolvedSqlitePath.sqliteSubPath,
+			queryString: resolvedSqlitePath.queryString,
+		};
+		const selector = parseSqliteSelector(selectorInput.subPath, selectorInput.queryString);
+		const details: ReadToolDetails = {
+			resolvedPath: resolvedSqlitePath.absolutePath,
+			suffixResolution: resolvedSqlitePath.suffixResolution,
+		};
+
+		let db: Database | null = null;
+		try {
+			db = new Database(resolvedSqlitePath.absolutePath, { readonly: true, strict: true });
+			db.run("PRAGMA busy_timeout = 3000");
+			throwIfAborted(signal);
+
+			switch (selector.kind) {
+				case "list": {
+					const listLimit = applyListLimit(listTables(db), { limit: 500 });
+					const output = prependSuffixResolutionNotice(
+						renderTableList(listLimit.items),
+						resolvedSqlitePath.suffixResolution,
+					);
+					const truncation = truncateHead(output, { maxLines: Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER });
+					details.truncation = truncation.truncated ? truncation : undefined;
+					const resultBuilder = toolResult<ReadToolDetails>(details)
+						.text(truncation.content)
+						.sourcePath(resolvedSqlitePath.absolutePath)
+						.limits({ resultLimit: listLimit.meta.resultLimit?.reached });
+					if (truncation.truncated) {
+						resultBuilder.truncation(truncation, { direction: "head" });
+					}
+					return resultBuilder.done();
+				}
+				case "schema": {
+					const sampleRows = queryRows(db, selector.table, { limit: selector.sampleLimit, offset: 0 });
+					let output = renderSchema(getTableSchema(db, selector.table), {
+						columns: sampleRows.columns,
+						rows: sampleRows.rows,
+					});
+					if (sampleRows.rows.length < sampleRows.totalCount) {
+						const remaining = sampleRows.totalCount - sampleRows.rows.length;
+						output += `\n[${remaining} more rows; append :${selector.table}?limit=20&offset=${sampleRows.rows.length} to the database path to continue]`;
+					}
+					return toolResult<ReadToolDetails>(details)
+						.text(prependSuffixResolutionNotice(output, resolvedSqlitePath.suffixResolution))
+						.sourcePath(resolvedSqlitePath.absolutePath)
+						.done();
+				}
+				case "row": {
+					const lookup = resolveTableRowLookup(db, selector.table);
+					const row =
+						lookup.kind === "pk"
+							? getRowByKey(db, selector.table, lookup, selector.key)
+							: getRowByRowId(db, selector.table, selector.key);
+					if (!row) {
+						return toolResult<ReadToolDetails>(details)
+							.text(
+								prependSuffixResolutionNotice(
+									`No row found in table '${selector.table}' for key '${selector.key}'.`,
+									resolvedSqlitePath.suffixResolution,
+								),
+							)
+							.sourcePath(resolvedSqlitePath.absolutePath)
+							.done();
+					}
+					return toolResult<ReadToolDetails>(details)
+						.text(prependSuffixResolutionNotice(renderRow(row), resolvedSqlitePath.suffixResolution))
+						.sourcePath(resolvedSqlitePath.absolutePath)
+						.done();
+				}
+				case "query": {
+					const page = queryRows(db, selector.table, selector);
+					return toolResult<ReadToolDetails>(details)
+						.text(
+							prependSuffixResolutionNotice(
+								renderTable(page.columns, page.rows, {
+									totalCount: page.totalCount,
+									offset: selector.offset,
+									limit: selector.limit,
+									table: selector.table,
+									dbPath: resolvedSqlitePath.absolutePath,
+								}),
+								resolvedSqlitePath.suffixResolution,
+							),
+						)
+						.sourcePath(resolvedSqlitePath.absolutePath)
+						.done();
+				}
+				case "raw": {
+					const result = executeReadQuery(db, selector.sql);
+					let output = renderTable(result.columns, result.rows, {
+						totalCount: result.rows.length,
+						offset: 0,
+						limit: result.rows.length || DEFAULT_MAX_LINES,
+						table: "query",
+						dbPath: resolvedSqlitePath.absolutePath,
+					});
+					if (result.truncated) {
+						output += `\n[Output capped at ${MAX_RAW_QUERY_ROWS} rows; add a LIMIT/OFFSET clause to the query to page through more]`;
+					}
+					return toolResult<ReadToolDetails>(details)
+						.text(prependSuffixResolutionNotice(output, resolvedSqlitePath.suffixResolution))
+						.sourcePath(resolvedSqlitePath.absolutePath)
+						.done();
+				}
+			}
+
+			throw new ToolError("Unsupported SQLite selector");
+		} catch (error) {
+			if (error instanceof ToolError) {
+				throw error;
+			}
+			throw new ToolError(error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error));
+		} finally {
+			db?.close();
+		}
+	}
+
+	#routeReadThroughBridge(
+		absolutePath: string,
+		options?: { line?: number; limit?: number },
+	): Promise<string> | undefined {
+		const bridge = this.session.getClientBridge?.();
+		if (!bridge?.capabilities.readTextFile || !bridge.readTextFile) return undefined;
+		return bridge.readTextFile({ path: absolutePath, ...options });
+	}
+
+	async #trySummarize(absolutePath: string, fileSize: number, signal?: AbortSignal): Promise<SummaryResult | null> {
+		if (fileSize > MAX_SUMMARY_BYTES) return null;
+
+		try {
+			throwIfAborted(signal);
+			const bridgePromise = this.#routeReadThroughBridge(absolutePath);
+			const code =
+				bridgePromise !== undefined
+					? await bridgePromise.catch(() => Bun.file(absolutePath).text())
+					: await Bun.file(absolutePath).text();
+			throwIfAborted(signal);
+			const lineCount = countTextLines(code);
+			if (lineCount > MAX_SUMMARY_LINES) return null;
+			if (lineCount < this.session.settings.get("read.summarize.minTotalLines")) return null;
+
+			const minBodyLines = this.session.settings.get("read.summarize.minBodyLines");
+			const minCommentLines = this.session.settings.get("read.summarize.minCommentLines");
+			const unfoldUntilLines = this.session.settings.get("read.summarize.unfoldUntil");
+			const unfoldLimitLines = this.session.settings.get("read.summarize.unfoldLimit");
+			const cache = getSummaryParseCache(this.session);
+			const cacheKey = `${absolutePath}\0${Bun.hash(code)}\0${minBodyLines},${minCommentLines},${unfoldUntilLines},${unfoldLimitLines}`;
+			const memoized = cache.get(cacheKey);
+			if (memoized !== undefined) return memoized || null;
+			const result = summarizeCode({
+				code,
+				path: absolutePath,
+				minBodyLines,
+				minCommentLines,
+				unfoldUntilLines,
+				unfoldLimitLines,
+			});
+			const usable = result.parsed && result.elided ? result : false;
+			cache.set(cacheKey, usable);
+			return usable || null;
+		} catch {
+			return null;
+		}
+	}
+
+	#renderSummary(summary: SummaryResult): {
+		text: string;
+		displayText: string;
+		elidedRanges: ElidedRange[];
+		elidedLines: number;
+	} {
+		const displayMode = resolveFileDisplayMode(this.session);
+		const shouldAddHashLines = displayMode.hashLines;
+		const shouldAddLineNumbers = shouldAddHashLines ? false : displayMode.lineNumbers;
+
+		// Flatten segments into per-line units so we can merge a kept-head /
+		// elided / kept-tail sandwich into a single brace-pair line when the
+		// boundary lines look like `… {` and `}` (or matching variants).
+		type Unit =
+			| { kind: "line"; line: number; text: string }
+			| { kind: "elided"; startLine: number; endLine: number }
+			| {
+					kind: "merged";
+					startLine: number;
+					endLine: number;
+					headText: string;
+					tailText: string;
+			  };
+
+		const raw: Unit[] = [];
+		for (const segment of summary.segments) {
+			if (segment.kind === "elided") {
+				raw.push({ kind: "elided", startLine: segment.startLine, endLine: segment.endLine });
+				continue;
+			}
+			const text = segment.text ?? "";
+			if (text.length === 0) continue;
+			const lines = text.split("\n");
+			for (let i = 0; i < lines.length; i++) {
+				raw.push({ kind: "line", line: segment.startLine + i, text: lines[i] });
+			}
+		}
+
+		const units: Unit[] = [];
+		let i = 0;
+		while (i < raw.length) {
+			const cur = raw[i];
+			if (cur.kind === "elided") {
+				const prev = units.length > 0 ? units[units.length - 1] : null;
+				const next = i + 1 < raw.length ? raw[i + 1] : null;
+				if (prev?.kind === "line" && next?.kind === "line" && canMergeBracePair(prev.text, next.text)) {
+					units.pop();
+					units.push({
+						kind: "merged",
+						startLine: prev.line,
+						endLine: next.line,
+						headText: prev.text,
+						tailText: next.text,
+					});
+					i += 2;
+					continue;
+				}
+			}
+			units.push(cur);
+			i++;
+		}
+
+		const modelParts: string[] = [];
+		const displayParts: string[] = [];
+		const elidedRanges: ElidedRange[] = [];
+		let elidedLines = 0;
+		for (const unit of units) {
+			if (unit.kind === "elided") {
+				modelParts.push("…");
+				displayParts.push("…");
+				elidedRanges.push({ start: unit.startLine, end: unit.endLine });
+				elidedLines += unit.endLine - unit.startLine + 1;
+				continue;
+			}
+			if (unit.kind === "merged") {
+				const formatted = formatMergedBraceLine(
+					unit.startLine,
+					unit.endLine,
+					unit.headText,
+					unit.tailText,
+					shouldAddHashLines,
+					shouldAddLineNumbers,
+				);
+				modelParts.push(formatted.model);
+				displayParts.push(formatted.display);
+				// Suggest the full brace range so re-reading shows both braces
+				// plus the elided body in one shot.
+				elidedRanges.push({ start: unit.startLine, end: unit.endLine });
+				// Merged brace pair encloses (start+1)..(end-1) as elided.
+				elidedLines += Math.max(0, unit.endLine - unit.startLine - 1);
+				continue;
+			}
+			modelParts.push(formatSingleLine(unit.line, unit.text, shouldAddHashLines, shouldAddLineNumbers));
+			displayParts.push(unit.text);
+		}
+
+		return { text: modelParts.join("\n"), displayText: displayParts.join("\n"), elidedRanges, elidedLines };
+	}
+
+	async execute(
+		_toolCallId: string,
+		params: ReadParams,
+		signal?: AbortSignal,
+		_onUpdate?: AgentToolUpdateCallback<ReadToolDetails>,
+		_toolContext?: AgentToolContext,
+	): Promise<AgentToolResult<ReadToolDetails>> {
+		let { path: readPath } = params;
+		if (readPath.startsWith("file://")) {
+			readPath = expandPath(readPath);
+		}
+
+		const conflictUri = parseConflictUri(readPath);
+		if (conflictUri) {
+			if (conflictUri.id === "*") {
+				throw new ToolError(
+					"Reading `conflict://*` is not supported — wildcards are write-only. Use the `<path>:conflicts` read selector for the full list of conflicts in a file, or read `conflict://<N>` to inspect a single block.",
+				);
+			}
+			return this.#readConflictRegion(conflictUri.id, conflictUri.scope);
+		}
+		const displayMode = resolveFileDisplayMode(this.session);
+
+		const parsedUrlTarget = parseReadUrlTarget(readPath);
+		if (parsedUrlTarget) {
+			if (!this.session.settings.get("fetch.enabled")) {
+				throw new ToolError("URL reads are disabled by settings.");
+			}
+			if (parsedUrlTarget.ranges !== undefined) {
+				const cached = await loadReadUrlCacheEntry(
+					this.session,
+					{ path: parsedUrlTarget.path, raw: parsedUrlTarget.raw },
+					signal,
+					{ ensureArtifact: true, preferCached: true },
+				);
+				return this.#buildInMemoryMultiRangeResult(cached.output, parsedUrlTarget.ranges, {
+					details: { ...cached.details },
+					sourceUrl: cached.details.finalUrl,
+					entityLabel: "URL output",
+					raw: parsedUrlTarget.raw,
+					immutable: true,
+				});
+			}
+			if (parsedUrlTarget.offset !== undefined || parsedUrlTarget.limit !== undefined) {
+				const cached = await loadReadUrlCacheEntry(
+					this.session,
+					{ path: parsedUrlTarget.path, raw: parsedUrlTarget.raw },
+					signal,
+					{
+						ensureArtifact: true,
+						preferCached: true,
+					},
+				);
+				return this.#buildInMemoryTextResult(cached.output, parsedUrlTarget.offset, parsedUrlTarget.limit, {
+					details: { ...cached.details },
+					sourceUrl: cached.details.finalUrl,
+					entityLabel: "URL output",
+					raw: parsedUrlTarget.raw,
+					immutable: true,
+				});
+			}
+			return executeReadUrl(this.session, { path: parsedUrlTarget.path, raw: parsedUrlTarget.raw }, signal);
+		}
+
+		// Handle internal URLs (agent://, artifact://, memory://, skill://, rule://, local://, mcp://, omp://, issue://, pr://).
+		// Use the internal-URL-aware splitter so malformed selectors are peeled
+		// off the URL and surfaced via parseSel rather than confusing handlers.
+		const internalRouter = InternalUrlRouter.instance();
+		if (internalRouter.canHandle(readPath)) {
+			const internalTarget = splitInternalUrlSel(readPath);
+			const parsed = parseSel(internalTarget.sel);
+			if (internalTarget.sel !== undefined && parsed.kind === "none") {
+				throw new ToolError(
+					`Invalid selector ':${internalTarget.sel}' on '${internalTarget.path}'. Use :N, :N-M, :N+K, :N- (open-ended), a comma-separated list of ranges, :raw, or a range combined with raw (e.g. :raw:50-100).`,
+				);
+			}
+			const urlMeta = parseInternalUrl(internalTarget.path);
+			const scheme = urlMeta.protocol.replace(/:$/, "").toLowerCase();
+			if (scheme === "local") {
+				const localFile = await resolveLocalUrlToFile(urlMeta, {
+					cwd: this.session.cwd,
+					settings: this.session.settings,
+					signal,
+					localProtocolOptions: this.session.localProtocolOptions,
+					skills: this.session.skills,
+				});
+				if (localFile) {
+					readPath = internalTarget.sel === undefined ? localFile.path : `${localFile.path}:${internalTarget.sel}`;
+				} else {
+					return this.#handleInternalUrl(internalTarget.path, parsed, signal);
+				}
+			} else {
+				return this.#handleInternalUrl(internalTarget.path, parsed, signal);
+			}
+		}
+
+		// One suffix-glob memo per read call — archive, sqlite, and plain-path
+		// resolution share misses instead of re-globbing the workspace.
+		const suffixCache: SuffixMatchCache = new Map();
+
+		const archivePath = await this.#resolveArchiveReadPath(readPath, suffixCache, signal);
+		if (archivePath) {
+			const archiveSubPath = splitPathAndSel(archivePath.archiveSubPath);
+			const archiveParsed = parseSel(archiveSubPath.sel);
+			return this.#readArchive(
+				readPath,
+				archiveParsed,
+				{ ...archivePath, archiveSubPath: archiveSubPath.path },
+				signal,
+			);
+		}
+
+		const sqlitePath = await this.#resolveSqliteReadPath(readPath, suffixCache, signal);
+		if (sqlitePath) {
+			return this.#readSqlite(sqlitePath, signal);
+		}
+
+		const pdfImageMemberPath = splitPdfImageMemberReadPath(readPath);
+		if (pdfImageMemberPath) {
+			let absolutePdfPath = resolveReadPath(pdfImageMemberPath.pdfPath, this.session.cwd);
+			let suffixResolution: { from: string; to: string } | undefined;
+			try {
+				const stat = await Bun.file(absolutePdfPath).stat();
+				if (stat.isDirectory())
+					throw new ToolError(`Path '${pdfImageMemberPath.pdfPath}' is a directory, not a PDF file`);
+			} catch (error) {
+				if (!isNotFoundError(error) || isRemoteMountPath(absolutePdfPath)) throw error;
+				const suffixMatch = await this.#findSuffixMatchCached(suffixCache, pdfImageMemberPath.pdfPath, signal);
+				if (!suffixMatch) throw new ToolError(`Path '${pdfImageMemberPath.pdfPath}' not found`);
+				absolutePdfPath = suffixMatch.absolutePath;
+				suffixResolution = { from: pdfImageMemberPath.pdfPath, to: suffixMatch.displayPath };
+			}
+			return this.#readPdfImageMember(
+				absolutePdfPath,
+				pdfImageMemberPath.pdfPath,
+				pdfImageMemberPath.member,
+				suffixResolution,
+				signal,
+			);
+		}
+
+		const localTarget = splitPathAndSel(readPath);
+		const localReadPath = localTarget.path;
+		const parsed = parseSel(localTarget.sel);
+
+		let absolutePath = resolveReadPath(localReadPath, this.session.cwd);
+		let suffixResolution: { from: string; to: string } | undefined;
+
+		let isDirectory = false;
+		let fileSize = 0;
+		try {
+			const stat = await Bun.file(absolutePath).stat();
+			fileSize = stat.size;
+			isDirectory = stat.isDirectory();
+		} catch (error) {
+			if (isNotFoundError(error)) {
+				// Attempt unique suffix resolution before falling back to fuzzy suggestions
+				if (!isRemoteMountPath(absolutePath)) {
+					const suffixMatch = await this.#findSuffixMatchCached(suffixCache, localReadPath, signal);
+					if (suffixMatch) {
+						try {
+							const retryStat = await Bun.file(suffixMatch.absolutePath).stat();
+							absolutePath = suffixMatch.absolutePath;
+							fileSize = retryStat.size;
+							isDirectory = retryStat.isDirectory();
+							suffixResolution = { from: localReadPath, to: suffixMatch.displayPath };
+						} catch {
+							// Suffix match candidate no longer stats — fall through to error path
+						}
+					}
+				}
+
+				if (!suffixResolution) {
+					const delimitedResult = await this.#tryReadDelimitedPaths(readPath, signal);
+					if (delimitedResult) return delimitedResult;
+					throw new ToolError(`Path '${localReadPath}' not found`);
+				}
+			} else {
+				throw error;
+			}
+		}
+
+		if (isDirectory) {
+			if (isMultiRange(parsed)) {
+				throw new ToolError("Multi-range line selectors are not supported for directory listings.");
+			}
+			const { offset, limit } = selToOffsetLimit(parsed);
+			// Directory listings are deterministic and fast; never abort them mid-scan
+			// (an interrupt would otherwise surface a misleading "Operation aborted").
+			const dirResult = await this.#readDirectory(absolutePath, offset, limit, undefined);
+			if (suffixResolution) {
+				dirResult.details ??= {};
+				dirResult.details.suffixResolution = suffixResolution;
+			}
+			return dirResult;
+		}
+
+		if (parsed.kind === "conflicts") {
+			return this.#readFileConflicts(absolutePath, suffixResolution, signal);
+		}
+
+		const imageMetadata = await readImageMetadata(absolutePath);
+		const mimeType = imageMetadata?.mimeType;
+		const ext = path.extname(absolutePath).toLowerCase();
+		const shouldConvertWithMarkit = CONVERTIBLE_EXTENSIONS.has(ext);
+		// Read the file based on type
+		let content: Array<TextContent | ImageContent> | undefined;
+		let details: ReadToolDetails = {};
+		let sourcePath: string | undefined;
+		let columnTruncated = 0;
+		let truncationInfo:
+			| { result: TruncationResult; options: { direction: "head"; startLine?: number; totalFileLines?: number } }
+			| undefined;
+
+		if (mimeType) {
+			({ content, details, sourcePath } = await this.#loadImageContent({
+				readPath,
+				absolutePath,
+				mimeType,
+				imageMetadata,
+				fileSize,
+			}));
+		} else if (isNotebookPath(absolutePath) && !isRawSelector(parsed)) {
+			const notebookText = await readEditableNotebookText(absolutePath, localReadPath);
+			if (isMultiRange(parsed) && parsed.kind === "lines") {
+				return this.#buildInMemoryMultiRangeResult(notebookText, parsed.ranges, {
+					details: { resolvedPath: absolutePath },
+					sourcePath: absolutePath,
+					entityLabel: "notebook",
+				});
+			}
+			const { offset, limit } = selToOffsetLimit(parsed);
+			return this.#buildInMemoryTextResult(notebookText, offset, limit, {
+				details: { resolvedPath: absolutePath },
+				sourcePath: absolutePath,
+				entityLabel: "notebook",
+			});
+		} else if (shouldConvertWithMarkit) {
+			// Convert document via markit.
+			const result = await convertFileWithMarkit(absolutePath, signal);
+			if (result.ok) {
+				const renderedContent =
+					ext === ".pdf" ? rewritePdfImagePlaceholders(result.content, localReadPath) : result.content;
+				// Route the converted markdown through the in-memory text builder
+				// so line-range selectors (`file.pdf:50-100`, `:5-16,40-80`) and
+				// raw mode apply against the converted output. Without this,
+				// `file.pdf:50-100` silently returned the head of the document
+				// because only `truncateHead` was being applied.
+				if (isMultiRange(parsed) && parsed.kind === "lines") {
+					return this.#buildInMemoryMultiRangeResult(renderedContent, parsed.ranges, {
+						details: { resolvedPath: absolutePath },
+						sourcePath: absolutePath,
+						entityLabel: "document",
+					});
+				}
+				const { offset, limit } = selToOffsetLimit(parsed);
+				return this.#buildInMemoryTextResult(renderedContent, offset, limit, {
+					details: { resolvedPath: absolutePath },
+					sourcePath: absolutePath,
+					entityLabel: "document",
+					raw: isRawSelector(parsed),
+				});
+			} else if (result.error) {
+				content = [{ type: "text", text: `[Cannot read ${ext} file: ${result.error || "conversion failed"}]` }];
+			} else {
+				content = [{ type: "text", text: `[Cannot read ${ext} file: conversion failed]` }];
+			}
+		} else {
+			// Binary sniff before any UTF-8 text materialization. A binary file
+			// (font, object, archive, packed blob) decodes to NUL/control bytes and
+			// U+FFFD mojibake that corrupts the terminal and burns context. Images,
+			// notebooks, and markit-convertible documents were already routed above;
+			// everything reaching here is meant to be plain text. `:raw` stays the
+			// explicit escape hatch for reading bytes verbatim. This single guard
+			// covers both the multi-range and single-range disk paths below.
+			if (!isRawSelector(parsed) && (await isProbablyBinary(absolutePath))) {
+				return toolResult<ReadToolDetails>({ resolvedPath: absolutePath, suffixResolution })
+					.text(
+						prependSuffixResolutionNotice(
+							`[Cannot read binary file '${formatPathRelativeToCwd(absolutePath, this.session.cwd)}' (${formatBytes(fileSize)}); not valid UTF-8 text. Use ':raw' to read bytes verbatim.]`,
+							suffixResolution,
+						),
+					)
+					.sourcePath(absolutePath)
+					.done();
+			}
+
+			if (
+				parsed.kind === "none" &&
+				this.session.settings.get("read.summarize.enabled") &&
+				(this.session.settings.get("read.summarize.prose") || !PROSE_SUMMARY_EXTENSIONS.has(ext))
+			) {
+				const summary = await this.#trySummarize(absolutePath, fileSize, signal);
+				if (summary?.parsed && summary.elided) {
+					const renderedSummary = this.#renderSummary(summary);
+					const footer = formatSummaryElisionFooter(
+						localReadPath,
+						renderedSummary.elidedRanges,
+						renderedSummary.elidedLines,
+					);
+					const summaryHashContext = displayMode.hashLines
+						? await readHashlineHeaderContext(this.session, absolutePath, this.session.cwd)
+						: undefined;
+					const bodyText = footer ? `${renderedSummary.text}\n\n${footer}` : renderedSummary.text;
+					const modelText = prependHashlineHeader(bodyText, summaryHashContext);
+					if (summaryHashContext?.tag) {
+						recordSeenLinesFromBody(this.session, absolutePath, summaryHashContext.tag, renderedSummary.text);
+					}
+					details = {
+						displayContent: { text: renderedSummary.displayText, startLine: 1 },
+						summary: {
+							lines: countTextLines(renderedSummary.text),
+							elidedSpans: renderedSummary.elidedRanges.length,
+							elidedLines: renderedSummary.elidedLines,
+						},
+					};
+
+					sourcePath = absolutePath;
+					content = [{ type: "text", text: modelText }];
+				}
+			}
+
+			if (!content) {
+				if (isMultiRange(parsed) && parsed.kind === "lines") {
+					const multiResult = await this.#readLocalFileMultiRange(
+						absolutePath,
+						parsed.ranges,
+						fileSize,
+						parsed,
+						displayMode,
+						suffixResolution,
+						undefined, // plain-file read: deterministic and fast, never abort mid-read
+					);
+					if (multiResult.bridgeResult) return multiResult.bridgeResult;
+					content = [{ type: "text", text: multiResult.outputText }];
+					sourcePath = absolutePath;
+					details = multiResult.displayContent ? { displayContent: multiResult.displayContent } : {};
+					if (multiResult.columnTruncated > 0) {
+						columnTruncated = multiResult.columnTruncated;
+					}
+				} else {
+					// Raw text or line-range mode
+					const { offset, limit } = selToOffsetLimit(parsed);
+					// Try ACP bridge first — editor's in-memory buffer is source of truth.
+					// Request full text so local range rendering keeps normal context and line numbers.
+					const bridgePromise = this.#routeReadThroughBridge(absolutePath);
+					if (bridgePromise !== undefined) {
+						try {
+							const bridgeText = await bridgePromise;
+							const bridgeResult = this.#buildInMemoryTextResult(bridgeText, offset, limit, {
+								details: { resolvedPath: absolutePath, suffixResolution },
+								sourcePath: absolutePath,
+								entityLabel: "file",
+								raw: isRawSelector(parsed),
+							});
+							if (suffixResolution) {
+								const notice = `[Path '${suffixResolution.from}' not found; resolved to '${suffixResolution.to}' via suffix match]`;
+								const firstText = bridgeResult.content.find((c): c is TextContent => c.type === "text");
+								if (firstText) firstText.text = `${notice}\n${firstText.text}`;
+							}
+							return bridgeResult;
+						} catch (error) {
+							logger.warn("ACP fs readTextFile failed; falling back to disk", { path: absolutePath, error });
+						}
+					}
+
+					// User-requested 0-indexed range start. Lines BEFORE this become
+					// leading context (added below if offset is explicit).
+					const requestedStart = offset ? Math.max(0, offset - 1) : 0;
+					const expandStart = offset !== undefined && offset > 1;
+					const expandEnd = limit !== undefined;
+					const leadingContext = expandStart ? Math.min(requestedStart, RANGE_LEADING_CONTEXT_LINES) : 0;
+					const trailingContext = expandEnd ? RANGE_TRAILING_CONTEXT_LINES : 0;
+					const startLine = requestedStart - leadingContext;
+					const startLineDisplay = startLine + 1;
+
+					const DEFAULT_LIMIT = this.#defaultLimit;
+					const effectiveLimit = limit ?? DEFAULT_LIMIT;
+					const maxLinesToCollect = Math.min(effectiveLimit + leadingContext + trailingContext, DEFAULT_MAX_LINES);
+					const selectedLineLimit = effectiveLimit + leadingContext + trailingContext;
+					// Scale byte budget with line limit so the configured line count actually fits.
+					// Assume ~512 bytes/line average; never go below the shared default.
+					const maxBytesForRead = Math.max(DEFAULT_MAX_BYTES, maxLinesToCollect * 512);
+
+					const streamResult = await streamLinesFromFile(
+						absolutePath,
+						startLine,
+						maxLinesToCollect,
+						maxBytesForRead,
+						selectedLineLimit,
+						undefined, // plain-file read: deterministic and fast, never abort mid-read
+						fileSize > SNAPSHOT_MAX_BYTES, // giant file: don't scan to EOF just for an exact line count
+					);
+
+					const {
+						lines: collectedLines,
+						totalFileLines,
+						collectedBytes,
+						stoppedByByteLimit,
+						firstLinePreview,
+						firstLineByteLength,
+						reachedEof,
+					} = streamResult;
+
+					// Check if offset is out of bounds - return graceful message instead of throwing
+					if (requestedStart >= totalFileLines) {
+						const suggestion =
+							totalFileLines === 0
+								? "The file is empty."
+								: `Use :1 to read from the start, or :${totalFileLines} to read the last line.`;
+						return toolResult<ReadToolDetails>({ resolvedPath: absolutePath, suffixResolution })
+							.text(
+								`Line ${requestedStart + 1} is beyond end of file (${totalFileLines} lines total). ${suggestion}`,
+							)
+							.done();
+					}
+
+					// Per-line column cap. Skipped in raw mode so `:raw` always returns
+					// verbatim bytes for paste-back-into-tool workflows. Total byte/line
+					// counts in `truncation` keep reflecting the source, not the trimmed
+					// view — column truncation surfaces separately via `.limits()`.
+					const rawSelector = isRawSelector(parsed);
+					const maxColumns = resolveOutputMaxColumns(this.session.settings);
+					// Column truncation is display-only. `collectedLines` MUST stay
+					// byte-for-byte with the on-disk content so the snapshot recorded
+					// below can be verified against the live file. Mutating it with
+					// ellipsis-truncated text made every long-line file uneditable on
+					// the next edit attempt.
+					let displayLines: string[] = collectedLines;
+					const clippedLines = new Set<number>();
+					if (!rawSelector && maxColumns > 0) {
+						let cloned: string[] | undefined;
+						for (let i = 0; i < collectedLines.length; i++) {
+							const { text, wasTruncated } = truncateLine(collectedLines[i], maxColumns);
+							if (wasTruncated) {
+								if (!cloned) cloned = collectedLines.slice();
+								cloned[i] = text;
+								columnTruncated = maxColumns;
+								clippedLines.add(startLineDisplay + i);
+							}
+						}
+						if (cloned) displayLines = cloned;
+					}
+
+					const displayLineByNumber = new Map<number, string>();
+					for (let i = 0; i < displayLines.length; i++) {
+						displayLineByNumber.set(startLineDisplay + i, displayLines[i] ?? "");
+					}
+					const bracketContextFullLines = rawSelector
+						? undefined
+						: await readBracketContextFullLines(absolutePath, fileSize);
+					const displayedEndLine = startLineDisplay + Math.max(0, displayLines.length - 1);
+
+					const selectedContent = displayLines.join("\n");
+					const userLimitedLines = collectedLines.length;
+
+					const totalSelectedLines = totalFileLines - startLine;
+					const totalSelectedBytes = collectedBytes;
+					const wasTruncated = collectedLines.length < totalSelectedLines || stoppedByByteLimit;
+					const firstLineExceedsLimit = firstLineByteLength !== undefined && firstLineByteLength > maxBytesForRead;
+
+					const truncation: TruncationResult = {
+						content: selectedContent,
+						truncated: wasTruncated,
+						truncatedBy: stoppedByByteLimit ? "bytes" : wasTruncated ? "lines" : undefined,
+						totalLines: totalSelectedLines,
+						totalBytes: totalSelectedBytes,
+						outputLines: collectedLines.length,
+						outputBytes: collectedBytes,
+						lastLinePartial: false,
+						firstLineExceedsLimit,
+					};
+
+					const shouldAddHashLines = !rawSelector && displayMode.hashLines;
+					const shouldAddLineNumbers = rawSelector ? false : shouldAddHashLines ? false : displayMode.lineNumbers;
+					let hashContext: HashlineHeaderContext | undefined;
+					if (shouldAddHashLines && collectedLines.length > 0 && !firstLineExceedsLimit) {
+						// The tag is a content hash of the WHOLE file. A whole-file read
+						// already holds every line in memory; a range read re-reads the
+						// file (bounded by SNAPSHOT_MAX_BYTES) so the tag fingerprints the
+						// full file and any anchor validates while the file is unchanged.
+						const isWholeFile = offset === undefined && limit === undefined && !wasTruncated;
+						const tag = isWholeFile
+							? getFileSnapshotStore(this.session).record(
+									canonicalSnapshotKey(absolutePath),
+									normalizeToLF(collectedLines.join("\n")),
+								)
+							: await recordFileSnapshot(this.session, absolutePath);
+						if (tag) {
+							hashContext = hashlineHeaderContext(formatPathRelativeToCwd(absolutePath, this.session.cwd), tag);
+						}
+					}
+
+					let capturedDisplayContent:
+						| { text: string; startLine: number; lineNumbers?: Array<number | null> }
+						| undefined;
+					let emittedHashlineHeader = false;
+					const formatText = (text: string, startNum: number): string => {
+						const lineCount = countTextLines(text);
+						capturedDisplayContent = {
+							text,
+							startLine: startNum,
+							lineNumbers: Array.from({ length: lineCount }, (_, i) => startNum + i),
+						};
+						const formatted = formatTextWithMode(text, startNum, shouldAddHashLines, shouldAddLineNumbers);
+						if (!hashContext || emittedHashlineHeader) return formatted;
+						emittedHashlineHeader = true;
+						return prependHashlineHeader(formatted, hashContext);
+					};
+					const formatBracketAwareText = (): string | undefined => {
+						if (!bracketContextFullLines) return undefined;
+						const entries = buildLineEntriesWithBlockContext(
+							bracketContextFullLines,
+							[{ startLine: startLineDisplay, endLine: displayedEndLine }],
+							{ path: absolutePath },
+							{
+								lineText: (lineNumber, sourceText) => {
+									const visibleText = displayLineByNumber.get(lineNumber);
+									if (visibleText !== undefined) return visibleText;
+									if (maxColumns <= 0) return sourceText;
+									const truncated = truncateLine(sourceText, maxColumns);
+									if (truncated.wasTruncated) {
+										columnTruncated = maxColumns;
+										clippedLines.add(lineNumber);
+									}
+									return truncated.text;
+								},
+							},
+						);
+						const firstLine = entries.find(entry => entry.kind === "line");
+						capturedDisplayContent = {
+							text: lineEntriesToPlainText(entries, BRACKET_CONTEXT_ELLIPSIS),
+							startLine: firstLine?.kind === "line" ? firstLine.lineNumber : startLineDisplay,
+							lineNumbers: entries.map(entry => (entry.kind === "line" ? entry.lineNumber : null)),
+						};
+						const formatted = formatLineEntriesWithMode(entries, shouldAddHashLines, shouldAddLineNumbers);
+						if (!hashContext || emittedHashlineHeader) return formatted;
+						emittedHashlineHeader = true;
+						return prependHashlineHeader(formatted, hashContext);
+					};
+
+					let outputText: string;
+
+					if (truncation.firstLineExceedsLimit) {
+						const firstLineBytes = firstLineByteLength ?? 0;
+						const snippet = firstLinePreview ?? { text: "", bytes: 0 };
+
+						if (shouldAddHashLines) {
+							outputText = `[Line ${startLineDisplay} is ${formatBytes(
+								firstLineBytes,
+							)}, exceeds ${formatBytes(maxBytesForRead)} limit. Hashline output requires full lines; cannot emit an editable numbered preview for a truncated line.]`;
+						} else {
+							outputText = formatText(snippet.text, startLineDisplay);
+						}
+						if (snippet.text.length === 0) {
+							outputText = `[Line ${startLineDisplay} is ${formatBytes(
+								firstLineBytes,
+							)}, exceeds ${formatBytes(maxBytesForRead)} limit. Unable to display a valid UTF-8 snippet.]`;
+						}
+						details = { truncation };
+						sourcePath = absolutePath;
+						truncationInfo = {
+							result: truncation,
+							options: {
+								direction: "head",
+								startLine: startLineDisplay,
+								totalFileLines: reachedEof ? totalFileLines : undefined,
+							},
+						};
+					} else if (truncation.truncated) {
+						outputText = formatBracketAwareText() ?? formatText(truncation.content, startLineDisplay);
+						details = { truncation };
+						sourcePath = absolutePath;
+						truncationInfo = {
+							result: truncation,
+							options: {
+								direction: "head",
+								startLine: startLineDisplay,
+								totalFileLines: reachedEof ? totalFileLines : undefined,
+							},
+						};
+					} else if (startLine + userLimitedLines < totalFileLines || !reachedEof) {
+						const nextOffset = startLine + userLimitedLines + 1;
+
+						outputText = formatBracketAwareText() ?? formatText(truncation.content, startLineDisplay);
+						outputText += reachedEof
+							? `\n\n[${totalFileLines - (startLine + userLimitedLines)} more lines in file. Use :${nextOffset} to continue]`
+							: `\n\n[More lines in file (${formatBytes(fileSize)} total; not scanned to EOF). Use :${nextOffset} to continue]`;
+						details = {};
+						sourcePath = absolutePath;
+					} else {
+						// No truncation, no user limit exceeded
+						outputText = formatBracketAwareText() ?? formatText(truncation.content, startLineDisplay);
+						details = {};
+						sourcePath = absolutePath;
+					}
+
+					if (hashContext?.tag) {
+						recordSeenLinesFromBody(this.session, absolutePath, hashContext.tag, outputText, clippedLines);
+					}
+					if (rawSelector && !firstLineExceedsLimit && collectedLines.length > 0) {
+						await recordFileSnapshot(
+							this.session,
+							absolutePath,
+							contiguousLineNumbers(startLineDisplay, collectedLines.length),
+						);
+					}
+
+					if (capturedDisplayContent) {
+						details.displayContent = capturedDisplayContent;
+					}
+
+					if (!firstLineExceedsLimit && collectedLines.length > 0) {
+						const blocks = scanConflictLines(collectedLines, startLineDisplay);
+						if (blocks.length > 0) {
+							const history = getConflictHistory(this.session);
+							const displayPathForWarning = formatPathRelativeToCwd(absolutePath, this.session.cwd);
+							const entries = blocks.map(block =>
+								history.register({
+									absolutePath,
+									displayPath: displayPathForWarning,
+									...block,
+								}),
+							);
+							// Cheap full-file scan only when the window already showed
+							// at least one conflict — otherwise pay nothing on clean files.
+							let totalInFile = entries.length;
+							let scanTruncated = false;
+							try {
+								const fileScan = await scanFileForConflicts(absolutePath);
+								totalInFile = Math.max(entries.length, fileScan.blocks.length);
+								scanTruncated = fileScan.scanTruncated;
+							} catch {
+								// Best-effort enrichment; fall back to window-only count.
+							}
+							outputText += formatConflictWarning(entries, {
+								totalInFile,
+								displayPath: displayPathForWarning,
+								scanTruncated,
+							});
+							details.conflictCount = entries.length;
+						}
+					}
+
+					content = [{ type: "text", text: outputText }];
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		if (suffixResolution) {
+			details.suffixResolution = suffixResolution;
+			// Inline resolution notice into first text block so the model sees the actual path
+			const notice = `[Path '${suffixResolution.from}' not found; resolved to '${suffixResolution.to}' via suffix match]`;
+			const firstText = content.find((c): c is TextContent => c.type === "text");
+			if (firstText) {
+				firstText.text = `${notice}\n${firstText.text}`;
+			} else {
+				content = [{ type: "text", text: notice }, ...content];
+			}
+		}
+		const resultBuilder = toolResult(details).content(content);
+		if (sourcePath) {
+			resultBuilder.sourcePath(sourcePath);
+		}
+		if (truncationInfo) {
+			resultBuilder.truncation(truncationInfo.result, truncationInfo.options);
+		}
+		if (columnTruncated > 0) {
+			resultBuilder.limits({ columnMax: columnTruncated });
+		}
+		return resultBuilder.done();
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Render a `conflict://<N>` (or `conflict://<N>/<scope>`) region as
+	 * regular file content. The lines are emitted with their original
+	 * file line numbers so hashline anchors line up with the source
+	 * file, and no truncation footer is appended.
+	 */
+	async #readConflictRegion(id: number, scope: ConflictScope | undefined): Promise<AgentToolResult<ReadToolDetails>> {
+		const entry: ConflictEntry | undefined = getConflictHistory(this.session).get(id);
+		if (!entry) {
+			throw new ToolError(
+				`Conflict #${id} not found. Conflict ids are registered when \`read\` surfaces a marker block; re-read the file to get a current id.`,
+			);
+		}
+
+		const region = renderConflictRegion(entry, scope);
+		const displayMode = resolveFileDisplayMode(this.session);
+		const shouldAddHashLines = displayMode.hashLines;
+		const shouldAddLineNumbers = shouldAddHashLines ? false : displayMode.lineNumbers;
+
+		const rawText = region.lines.join("\n");
+		const tag = shouldAddHashLines ? await recordFileSnapshot(this.session, entry.absolutePath) : undefined;
+		const hashContext = tag
+			? hashlineHeaderContext(formatPathRelativeToCwd(entry.absolutePath, this.session.cwd), tag)
+			: undefined;
+		const formattedBody = formatTextWithMode(rawText, region.startLine, shouldAddHashLines, shouldAddLineNumbers);
+		const formattedText = prependHashlineHeader(formattedBody, hashContext);
+
+		const details: ReadToolDetails = {
+			resolvedPath: entry.absolutePath,
+			displayContent: { text: rawText, startLine: region.startLine },
+		};
+		return toolResult<ReadToolDetails>(details).text(formattedText).sourcePath(entry.absolutePath).done();
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Implement the `<path>:conflicts` read selector: scan the whole file once, register
+	 * every block in the session's conflict history, and return a compact
+	 * `#N L_a-L_b` index instead of file content. Designed for heavily
+	 * conflicted files where dumping every body would be wasteful.
+	 */
+	async #readFileConflicts(
+		absolutePath: string,
+		suffixResolution: { from: string; to: string } | undefined,
+		signal: AbortSignal | undefined,
+	): Promise<AgentToolResult<ReadToolDetails>> {
+		throwIfAborted(signal);
+		const scan = await scanFileForConflicts(absolutePath);
+		const displayPath = formatPathRelativeToCwd(absolutePath, this.session.cwd);
+		const history = getConflictHistory(this.session);
+		const entries = scan.blocks.map(block =>
+			history.register({
+				absolutePath,
+				displayPath,
+				...block,
+			}),
+		);
+
+		const summary =
+			entries.length === 0
+				? `No unresolved git merge conflicts in ${displayPath}.`
+				: formatConflictSummary(entries, { displayPath, scanTruncated: scan.scanTruncated });
+
+		const details: ReadToolDetails = {
+			resolvedPath: absolutePath,
+			suffixResolution,
+			conflictCount: entries.length,
+		};
+		return toolResult<ReadToolDetails>(details).text(summary).sourcePath(absolutePath).done();
+	}
+
+	#formatArtifactWorkflowNotice(artifact: ResolvedArtifactFile, artifactUrl: string): string {
+		const displayPath = shortenPath(artifact.path);
+		return `Artifact storage: ${displayPath} (${formatBytes(artifact.size)}). Use ${artifactUrl}:N-M to page, ${artifactUrl}:raw:N-M for verbatim chunks, and the artifact file path for search/copy workflows.`;
+	}
+
+	#formatRawArtifactBlockedNotice(artifact: ResolvedArtifactFile, artifactUrl: string): string {
+		const displayPath = shortenPath(artifact.path);
+		return `Unbounded raw read blocked for ${artifactUrl} (${formatBytes(
+			artifact.size,
+		)}). Reading the whole artifact verbatim can exhaust memory. Use ${artifactUrl}:raw:1-3000 for bounded verbatim chunks, ${artifactUrl}:1-3000 for numbered exploration, and the artifact file path for search/copy workflows: ${displayPath}`;
+	}
+
+	async #readArtifactFile(
+		url: InternalUrl,
+		parsedSel: ParsedSelector,
+		signal?: AbortSignal,
+	): Promise<AgentToolResult<ReadToolDetails>> {
+		const artifact = await resolveArtifactFile(url, {
+			cwd: this.session.cwd,
+			settings: this.session.settings,
+			signal,
+			localProtocolOptions: this.session.localProtocolOptions,
+			skills: this.session.skills,
+		});
+		const artifactUrl = `artifact://${artifact.id}`;
+		const details: ReadToolDetails = {
+			resolvedPath: artifact.path,
+			contentType: "text/plain",
+		};
+
+		if (parsedSel.kind === "raw" && artifact.size > MAX_ARTIFACT_RAW_INLINE_BYTES) {
+			return toolResult<ReadToolDetails>(details)
+				.text(this.#formatRawArtifactBlockedNotice(artifact, artifactUrl))
+				.sourcePath(artifact.path)
+				.sourceInternal(url.href)
+				.done();
+		}
+
+		const rawSelector = isRawSelector(parsedSel);
+		const displayMode = resolveFileDisplayMode(this.session, { raw: rawSelector, immutable: true });
+		if (isMultiRange(parsedSel) && parsedSel.kind === "lines") {
+			const read = await this.#readLocalFileMultiRange(
+				artifact.path,
+				parsedSel.ranges,
+				artifact.size,
+				parsedSel,
+				displayMode,
+				undefined,
+				signal,
+				false,
+			);
+			if (read.bridgeResult) return read.bridgeResult;
+			if (read.displayContent) details.displayContent = read.displayContent;
+			let text = read.outputText;
+			if (!rawSelector && artifact.size > MAX_ARTIFACT_RAW_INLINE_BYTES) {
+				text = text
+					? `${text}\n\n[${this.#formatArtifactWorkflowNotice(artifact, artifactUrl)}]`
+					: this.#formatArtifactWorkflowNotice(artifact, artifactUrl);
+			}
+			const resultBuilder = toolResult<ReadToolDetails>(details)
+				.text(text)
+				.sourcePath(artifact.path)
+				.sourceInternal(url.href);
+			if (read.columnTruncated > 0) resultBuilder.limits({ columnMax: read.columnTruncated });
+			return resultBuilder.done();
+		}
+
+		const { offset, limit } = selToOffsetLimit(parsedSel);
+		const requestedStart = offset ? Math.max(0, offset - 1) : 0;
+		const expandStart = offset !== undefined && offset > 1;
+		const expandEnd = limit !== undefined;
+		const leadingContext = expandStart ? Math.min(requestedStart, RANGE_LEADING_CONTEXT_LINES) : 0;
+		const trailingContext = expandEnd ? RANGE_TRAILING_CONTEXT_LINES : 0;
+		const startLine = requestedStart - leadingContext;
+		const startLineDisplay = startLine + 1;
+		const effectiveLimit = limit ?? this.#defaultLimit;
+		const maxLinesToCollect = Math.min(effectiveLimit + leadingContext + trailingContext, DEFAULT_MAX_LINES);
+		const selectedLineLimit = effectiveLimit + leadingContext + trailingContext;
+		const maxBytesForRead = Math.max(DEFAULT_MAX_BYTES, maxLinesToCollect * 512);
+		const streamResult = await streamLinesFromFile(
+			artifact.path,
+			startLine,
+			maxLinesToCollect,
+			maxBytesForRead,
+			selectedLineLimit,
+			signal,
+			artifact.size > SNAPSHOT_MAX_BYTES,
+		);
+		const {
+			lines: collectedLines,
+			totalFileLines,
+			collectedBytes,
+			stoppedByByteLimit,
+			firstLinePreview,
+			firstLineByteLength,
+			reachedEof,
+		} = streamResult;
+
+		if (requestedStart >= totalFileLines) {
+			const suggestion =
+				totalFileLines === 0
+					? "The artifact is empty."
+					: `Use ${artifactUrl}:1 to read from the start, or ${artifactUrl}:${totalFileLines} to read the last line.`;
+			return toolResult<ReadToolDetails>(details)
+				.text(`Line ${requestedStart + 1} is beyond end of artifact (${totalFileLines} lines total). ${suggestion}`)
+				.sourcePath(artifact.path)
+				.sourceInternal(url.href)
+				.done();
+		}
+
+		const shouldAddLineNumbers = rawSelector ? false : displayMode.hashLines ? false : displayMode.lineNumbers;
+		const selectedContent = collectedLines.join("\n");
+		const totalSelectedLines = totalFileLines - startLine;
+		const wasTruncated = collectedLines.length < totalSelectedLines || stoppedByByteLimit;
+		const firstLineExceedsLimit = firstLineByteLength !== undefined && firstLineByteLength > maxBytesForRead;
+		const truncation: TruncationResult = {
+			content: selectedContent,
+			truncated: wasTruncated,
+			truncatedBy: stoppedByByteLimit ? "bytes" : wasTruncated ? "lines" : undefined,
+			totalLines: totalSelectedLines,
+			totalBytes: collectedBytes,
+			outputLines: collectedLines.length,
+			outputBytes: collectedBytes,
+			lastLinePartial: false,
+			firstLineExceedsLimit,
+		};
+
+		let displayContent: { text: string; startLine: number; lineNumbers?: Array<number | null> } | undefined;
+		const formatText = (text: string, startNum: number): string => {
+			const lineCount = countTextLines(text);
+			displayContent = {
+				text,
+				startLine: startNum,
+				lineNumbers: Array.from({ length: lineCount }, (_, i) => startNum + i),
+			};
+			return formatTextWithMode(text, startNum, false, shouldAddLineNumbers);
+		};
+
+		let outputText: string;
+		let truncationInfo:
+			| { result: TruncationResult; options: { direction: "head"; startLine?: number; totalFileLines?: number } }
+			| undefined;
+		if (truncation.firstLineExceedsLimit) {
+			const firstLineBytes = firstLineByteLength ?? 0;
+			const snippet = firstLinePreview ?? { text: "", bytes: 0 };
+			outputText =
+				snippet.text.length > 0
+					? formatText(snippet.text, startLineDisplay)
+					: `[Line ${startLineDisplay} is ${formatBytes(
+							firstLineBytes,
+						)}, exceeds ${formatBytes(maxBytesForRead)} limit. Unable to display a valid UTF-8 snippet.]`;
+			truncationInfo = {
+				result: truncation,
+				options: {
+					direction: "head",
+					startLine: startLineDisplay,
+					totalFileLines: reachedEof ? totalFileLines : undefined,
+				},
+			};
+		} else {
+			outputText = formatText(truncation.content, startLineDisplay);
+			if (truncation.truncated) {
+				truncationInfo = {
+					result: truncation,
+					options: {
+						direction: "head",
+						startLine: startLineDisplay,
+						totalFileLines: reachedEof ? totalFileLines : undefined,
+					},
+				};
+			} else if (startLine + collectedLines.length < totalFileLines || !reachedEof) {
+				const nextOffset = startLine + collectedLines.length + 1;
+				outputText += reachedEof
+					? `\n\n[${totalFileLines - (startLine + collectedLines.length)} more lines in artifact. Use ${artifactUrl}:${nextOffset} to continue]`
+					: `\n\n[More lines in artifact (${formatBytes(artifact.size)} total; not scanned to EOF). Use ${artifactUrl}:${nextOffset} to continue]`;
+			}
+		}
+
+		if (!rawSelector && artifact.size > MAX_ARTIFACT_RAW_INLINE_BYTES) {
+			outputText += `\n\n[${this.#formatArtifactWorkflowNotice(artifact, artifactUrl)}]`;
+		}
+		if (displayContent) details.displayContent = displayContent;
+		if (truncationInfo) details.truncation = truncationInfo.result;
+		const resultBuilder = toolResult<ReadToolDetails>(details)
+			.text(outputText)
+			.sourcePath(artifact.path)
+			.sourceInternal(url.href);
+		if (truncationInfo) resultBuilder.truncation(truncationInfo.result, truncationInfo.options);
+		return resultBuilder.done();
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Handle internal URLs (agent://, artifact://, memory://, skill://, rule://, local://, mcp://).
+	 * Supports pagination via offset/limit but rejects them when query extraction is used.
+	 */
+	async #handleInternalUrl(
+		url: string,
+		parsedSel: ParsedSelector,
+		signal?: AbortSignal,
+	): Promise<AgentToolResult<ReadToolDetails>> {
+		const internalRouter = InternalUrlRouter.instance();
+
+		// Check if URL has query extraction (agent:// only).
+		// Use parseInternalUrl which handles colons in host (namespaced skills).
+		let urlMeta: InternalUrl;
+		try {
+			urlMeta = parseInternalUrl(url);
+		} catch (e) {
+			throw new ToolError(e instanceof Error ? e.message : String(e));
+		}
+		const scheme = urlMeta.protocol.replace(/:$/, "").toLowerCase();
+		let hasExtraction = false;
+		if (scheme === "agent") {
+			const hasPathExtraction = urlMeta.pathname && urlMeta.pathname !== "/" && urlMeta.pathname !== "";
+			const queryParam = urlMeta.searchParams.get("q");
+			const hasQueryExtraction = queryParam !== null && queryParam !== "";
+			hasExtraction = hasPathExtraction || hasQueryExtraction;
+		}
+		if (scheme === "artifact") {
+			return this.#readArtifactFile(urlMeta, parsedSel, signal);
+		}
+
+		// local:// files are real on-disk paths. Detect image files and emit a
+		// decoded image block before the text-only resource contract UTF-8
+		// decodes the binary into mojibake. The fast path returns null for
+		// non-images, directories, listings, or any resolution failure, so the
+		// text path below reproduces the router's not-found / symlink-escape
+		// behavior unchanged.
+		if (scheme === "local") {
+			const imageResult = await this.#tryReadLocalImage(urlMeta, signal);
+			if (imageResult) return imageResult;
+		}
+
+		// Reject line selectors when query extraction is used
+		if (hasExtraction && parsedSel.kind !== "none" && parsedSel.kind !== "raw") {
+			throw new ToolError("Cannot combine query extraction with line selectors");
+		}
+
+		// Resolve the internal URL
+		const resource = await internalRouter.resolve(url, {
+			cwd: this.session.cwd,
+			settings: this.session.settings,
+			signal,
+			localProtocolOptions: this.session.localProtocolOptions,
+			skills: this.session.skills,
+		});
+		const details: ReadToolDetails = { resolvedPath: resource.sourcePath, contentType: resource.contentType };
+
+		// If extraction was used, return directly (no pagination)
+		if (hasExtraction) {
+			return toolResult(details).text(resource.content).sourceInternal(url).done();
+		}
+
+		const raw = isRawSelector(parsedSel);
+		if (isMultiRange(parsedSel) && parsedSel.kind === "lines") {
+			return this.#buildInMemoryMultiRangeResult(resource.content, parsedSel.ranges, {
+				details,
+				sourcePath: resource.sourcePath,
+				sourceInternal: url,
+				entityLabel: "resource",
+				immutable: resource.immutable,
+				raw,
+			});
+		}
+
+		const { offset, limit } = selToOffsetLimit(parsedSel);
+		return this.#buildInMemoryTextResult(resource.content, offset, limit, {
+			details,
+			sourcePath: resource.sourcePath,
+			sourceInternal: url,
+			entityLabel: "resource",
+			ignoreResultLimits: scheme === "skill",
+			immutable: resource.immutable,
+			raw,
+		});
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Fast path for `local://` image files. Resolves the URL to its real
+	 * on-disk path with the same realpath + containment checks as
+	 * {@link LocalProtocolHandler.resolve} (via {@link resolveLocalUrlToFile}),
+	 * and — only when the target is a genuine image — emits a decoded image
+	 * block. Returns null for non-images, directories, listings, or any
+	 * resolution failure (not-found, symlink escape) so the caller falls back to
+	 * normal text resolution, which reproduces the router's errors. Errors from
+	 * a confirmed image (too large / unsupported) propagate rather than
+	 * degrading into a corrupted text read.
+	 */
+	async #tryReadLocalImage(url: InternalUrl, signal?: AbortSignal): Promise<AgentToolResult<ReadToolDetails> | null> {
+		let file: { path: string; size: number } | null;
+		try {
+			file = await resolveLocalUrlToFile(url, {
+				cwd: this.session.cwd,
+				settings: this.session.settings,
+				signal,
+				localProtocolOptions: this.session.localProtocolOptions,
+			});
+		} catch {
+			// Not found / containment escape / no session — let the text path
+			// surface the router's canonical error.
+			return null;
+		}
+		if (!file) return null;
+
+		const imageMetadata = await readImageMetadata(file.path);
+		const mimeType = imageMetadata?.mimeType;
+		if (!mimeType) return null;
+
+		const { content, details, sourcePath } = await this.#loadImageContent({
+			readPath: url.href,
+			absolutePath: file.path,
+			mimeType,
+			imageMetadata,
+			fileSize: file.size,
+		});
+		const resultBuilder = toolResult(details).content(content).sourceInternal(url.href);
+		if (sourcePath) resultBuilder.sourcePath(sourcePath);
+		return resultBuilder.done();
+	}
+
+	/** Read directory contents as a formatted listing */
+	async #readDirectory(
+		absolutePath: string,
+		offset: number | undefined,
+		limit: number | undefined,
+		signal?: AbortSignal,
+	): Promise<AgentToolResult<ReadToolDetails>> {
+		const READ_DIRECTORY_MAX_DEPTH = 2;
+		const READ_DIRECTORY_CHILD_LIMIT = 12;
+
+		throwIfAborted(signal);
+		let tree: DirectoryTree;
+		try {
+			tree = await buildDirectoryTree(absolutePath, {
+				maxDepth: READ_DIRECTORY_MAX_DEPTH,
+				perDirLimit: READ_DIRECTORY_CHILD_LIMIT,
+				rootLimit: null,
+				// `lineCap` truncates the rendered tree itself, so apply it only when the caller
+				// did not request an offset — otherwise we'd cap the first N lines before slicing.
+				lineCap: offset === undefined && limit !== undefined ? limit : null,
+			});
+		} catch (error) {
+			const message = error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error);
+			throw new ToolError(`Cannot read directory: ${message}`);
+		}
+		throwIfAborted(signal);
+
+		const output = tree.totalLines <= 1 ? "(empty directory)" : tree.rendered;
+		const details: ReadToolDetails = {
+			isDirectory: true,
+			resolvedPath: tree.rootPath,
+		};
+
+		// Slice the rendered listing when the caller passed an offset/limit. We do this
+		// instead of passing the selector down to `buildDirectoryTree` because the tree
+		// builder lays out entries hierarchically (per-dir caps, recent-then-elided
+		// summaries); line-based slicing operates on the formatted text and matches what
+		// users expect from `:N-M` on long listings.
+		const wantsSlice = offset !== undefined || limit !== undefined;
+		if (wantsSlice) {
+			const allLines = output.split("\n");
+			const start = offset ? Math.max(0, offset - 1) : 0;
+			if (start >= allLines.length) {
+				const suggestion =
+					allLines.length === 0
+						? "The listing is empty."
+						: `Use :1 to read from the start, or :${allLines.length} to read the last line.`;
+				return toolResult(details)
+					.text(`Line ${start + 1} is beyond end of listing (${allLines.length} lines total). ${suggestion}`)
+					.sourcePath(tree.rootPath)
+					.done();
+			}
+			const end = limit !== undefined ? Math.min(start + limit, allLines.length) : allLines.length;
+			const sliced = allLines.slice(start, end).join("\n");
+			const resultBuilder = toolResult(details).sourcePath(tree.rootPath);
+			let text = sliced;
+			if (end < allLines.length) {
+				const remaining = allLines.length - end;
+				text += `\n\n[${remaining} more lines in listing. Use :${end + 1} to continue]`;
+			}
+			resultBuilder.text(text);
+			if (tree.truncated) {
+				resultBuilder.limits({ resultLimit: 1 });
+			}
+			return resultBuilder.done();
+		}
+
+		const truncation = truncateHead(output, { maxLines: Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER });
+		const resultBuilder = toolResult(details).text(truncation.content).sourcePath(tree.rootPath);
+		if (tree.truncated) {
+			resultBuilder.limits({ resultLimit: 1 });
+		}
+		if (truncation.truncated) {
+			resultBuilder.truncation(truncation, { direction: "head" });
+			details.truncation = truncation;
+		}
+
+		return resultBuilder.done();
+	}
+}
+
+// =============================================================================
+// TUI Renderer
+// =============================================================================
+
+interface ReadRenderArgs {
+	path?: string;
+	file_path?: string;
+	sel?: string;
+	// Legacy fields from old schema — tolerated for in-flight tool calls during transition
+	offset?: number;
+	limit?: number;
+	raw?: boolean;
+}
+
+const INTERNAL_URL_LIKE_RE = /^[a-z][a-z0-9+.-]*:\/\//i;
+
+function splitReadRenderPath(rawPath: string): { path: string; sel?: string } {
+	if (INTERNAL_URL_LIKE_RE.test(rawPath)) {
+		const internal = splitInternalUrlSel(rawPath);
+		if (internal.sel) return internal;
+	}
+	return splitPathAndSel(rawPath);
+}
+
+function firstReadSelectorLine(sel: string | undefined): number | undefined {
+	if (!sel) return undefined;
+	try {
+		const parsed = parseSel(sel);
+		if (parsed.kind !== "lines") return undefined;
+		return parsed.ranges[0].startLine;
+	} catch {
+		return undefined;
+	}
+}
+
+/** Absolute fs path the read result actually resolved to, used as the OSC 8 link
+ * target when the structured `resolvedPath` isn't set (the common plain-file and
+ * image reads only record the path in `meta.source`). URL/internal sources are
+ * not fs paths, so only `type: "path"` qualifies. */
+function readSourceFsPath(details: ReadToolDetails | undefined): string | undefined {
+	const source = details?.meta?.source;
+	return source?.type === "path" ? source.value : undefined;
+}
+
+function formatReadPathLink(
+	rawPath: string,
+	options: {
+		resolvedPath?: string;
+		sourcePath?: string;
+		suffixResolution?: { from: string; to: string };
+		offset?: number;
+		fallbackLabel?: string;
+	},
+): string {
+	const split = splitReadRenderPath(rawPath);
+	const basePath = split.path || rawPath;
+	const selectorSuffix = split.sel ? `:${split.sel}` : "";
+	const plainDisplayPath = options.suffixResolution
+		? shortenPath(options.suffixResolution.to)
+		: shortenPath(basePath || options.resolvedPath || options.fallbackLabel || rawPath);
+	const absoluteInputPath = path.isAbsolute(basePath) ? basePath : undefined;
+	const target =
+		options.resolvedPath ?? options.sourcePath ?? tryResolveInternalUrlSync(basePath) ?? absoluteInputPath;
+	const line = firstReadSelectorLine(split.sel) ?? options.offset;
+	const linkOptions = line !== undefined ? { line } : undefined;
+	const linkedPath = target ? fileHyperlink(target, plainDisplayPath, linkOptions) : plainDisplayPath;
+	return `${linkedPath}${selectorSuffix}`;
+}
+
+export const readToolRenderer = {
+	renderCall(args: ReadRenderArgs, _options: RenderResultOptions, uiTheme: Theme): Component {
+		if (isReadableUrlPath(args.file_path || args.path || "")) {
+			return renderReadUrlCall(args, _options, uiTheme);
+		}
+
+		const rawPath = args.file_path || args.path || "";
+		const offset = args.offset;
+		const limit = args.limit;
+
+		let pathDisplay = formatReadPathLink(rawPath, { offset, fallbackLabel: "…" }) || "…";
+		if (offset !== undefined || limit !== undefined) {
+			const startLine = offset ?? 1;
+			const endLine = limit !== undefined ? startLine + limit - 1 : "";
+			pathDisplay += `:${startLine}${endLine ? `-${endLine}` : ""}`;
+		}
+
+		const text = renderStatusLine({ icon: "pending", title: "Read", description: pathDisplay }, uiTheme);
+		return new Text(text, 0, 0);
+	},
+
+	renderResult(
+		result: { content: Array<{ type: string; text?: string }>; details?: ReadToolDetails; isError?: boolean },
+		options: RenderResultOptions,
+		uiTheme: Theme,
+		args?: ReadRenderArgs,
+	): Component {
+		const urlDetails = result.details as ReadUrlToolDetails | undefined;
+		if (urlDetails?.kind === "url" || isReadableUrlPath(args?.file_path || args?.path || "")) {
+			return renderReadUrlResult(
+				result as {
+					content: Array<{ type: string; text?: string }>;
+					details?: ReadUrlToolDetails;
+					isError?: boolean;
+				},
+				options,
+				uiTheme,
+			);
+		}
+
+		if (result.isError) {
+			const rawErrorText = result.content?.find(c => c.type === "text")?.text ?? "";
+			const errorText = (rawErrorText || "Unknown error").replace(/^Error:\s*/, "");
+			const rawPath = args?.file_path || args?.path || "";
+			const filePath =
+				formatReadPathLink(rawPath, { offset: args?.offset, sourcePath: readSourceFsPath(result.details) }) ||
+				shortenPath(rawPath);
+			let title = filePath ? `Read ${filePath}` : "Read";
+			if (args?.offset !== undefined || args?.limit !== undefined) {
+				const startLine = args.offset ?? 1;
+				const endLine = args.limit !== undefined ? startLine + args.limit - 1 : "";
+				title += `:${startLine}${endLine ? `-${endLine}` : ""}`;
+			}
+			const header = renderStatusLine({ icon: "error", title }, uiTheme);
+			const errorLines = errorText.split("\n").map(line => uiTheme.fg("error", replaceTabs(line)));
+			const outputBlock = new CachedOutputBlock();
+			return markFramedBlockComponent({
+				render: (width: number) =>
+					outputBlock.render({ header, state: "error", sections: [{ lines: errorLines }], width }, uiTheme),
+				invalidate: () => outputBlock.invalidate(),
+			});
+		}
+		const details = result.details;
+		const rawText = result.content?.find(c => c.type === "text")?.text ?? "";
+		// Prefer structured `displayContent` from details when available so the TUI
+		// shows clean file content (no model-only hashline anchors) without parsing the formatted text.
+		// Fall back to the raw text, but strip the LLM-facing notice so it doesn't
+		// echo next to the styled warning line below.
+		const contentText = details?.displayContent?.text ?? stripOutputNotice(rawText, details?.meta);
+		const imageContent = result.content?.find(c => c.type === "image");
+		const rawPath = args?.file_path || args?.path || "";
+		const renderPath = splitReadRenderPath(rawPath);
+		const lang = getLanguageFromPath(renderPath.path);
+
+		const warningLines: string[] = [];
+		const truncation = details?.meta?.truncation;
+		const fallback = details?.truncation;
+		if (details?.resolvedPath) {
+			warningLines.push(uiTheme.fg("dim", wrapBrackets(`Resolved path: ${details.resolvedPath}`, uiTheme)));
+		}
+		if (truncation) {
+			if (fallback?.firstLineExceedsLimit) {
+				let warning = `First line exceeds ${formatBytes(fallback.outputBytes ?? fallback.totalBytes)} limit`;
+				if (truncation.artifactId) {
+					warning += `. ${formatFullOutputReference(truncation.artifactId)}`;
+				}
+				warningLines.push(uiTheme.fg("warning", wrapBrackets(warning, uiTheme)));
+			} else {
+				const warning = formatStyledTruncationWarning(details?.meta, uiTheme);
+				if (warning) warningLines.push(warning);
+			}
+		}
+
+		if (imageContent) {
+			const suffix = details?.suffixResolution;
+			const displayPath = formatReadPathLink(rawPath, {
+				resolvedPath: details?.resolvedPath,
+				sourcePath: readSourceFsPath(details),
+				suffixResolution: suffix,
+				fallbackLabel: "image",
+			});
+			const correction = suffix ? ` ${uiTheme.fg("dim", `(corrected from ${shortenPath(suffix.from)})`)}` : "";
+			const header = renderStatusLine(
+				{ icon: suffix ? "warning" : "success", title: "Read", description: `${displayPath}${correction}` },
+				uiTheme,
+			);
+			const detailLines = contentText ? contentText.split("\n").map(line => uiTheme.fg("toolOutput", line)) : [];
+			const lines = [...detailLines, ...warningLines];
+			const outputBlock = new CachedOutputBlock();
+			return markFramedBlockComponent({
+				render: (width: number) =>
+					outputBlock.render(
+						{
+							header,
+							state: "success",
+							sections: [
+								{
+									label: uiTheme.fg("toolTitle", "Details"),
+									lines: lines.length > 0 ? lines : [uiTheme.fg("dim", "(image)")],
+								},
+							],
+							width,
+						},
+						uiTheme,
+					),
+				invalidate: () => outputBlock.invalidate(),
+			});
+		}
+
+		const suffix = details?.suffixResolution;
+		// resolvedPath is the absolute fs path when a read resolved/corrected the
+		// input (suffix match, internal URL, archive/sqlite/notebook); plain file
+		// reads only record the absolute path in meta.source, so fall back to that
+		// (and then to a sync internal-URL resolver) to keep the title clickable.
+		const displayPath = formatReadPathLink(rawPath, {
+			resolvedPath: details?.resolvedPath,
+			sourcePath: readSourceFsPath(details),
+			suffixResolution: suffix,
+			offset: args?.offset,
+		});
+		const correction = suffix ? ` ${uiTheme.fg("dim", `(corrected from ${shortenPath(suffix.from)})`)}` : "";
+		let title = displayPath ? `Read ${displayPath}${correction}` : "Read";
+		if (args?.offset !== undefined || args?.limit !== undefined) {
+			const startLine = args.offset ?? 1;
+			const endLine = args.limit !== undefined ? startLine + args.limit - 1 : "";
+			title += `:${startLine}${endLine ? `-${endLine}` : ""}`;
+		}
+		if (details?.summary) {
+			title += ` (summary: ${details.summary.elidedSpans} elided span${details.summary.elidedSpans === 1 ? "" : "s"})`;
+		}
+		if (details?.conflictCount && details.conflictCount > 0) {
+			const n = details.conflictCount;
+			title += ` ${uiTheme.fg("warning", `(⚠ ${n} conflict${n === 1 ? "" : "s"})`)}`;
+		}
+		const rawRequested = args?.raw === true || isRawSelector(parseSel(renderPath.sel));
+		const isMarkdown = details?.contentType === "text/markdown" && !rawRequested;
+		let cachedWidth: number | undefined;
+		let cachedExpanded: boolean | undefined;
+		let cachedLines: string[] | undefined;
+		return markFramedBlockComponent({
+			render: (width: number) => {
+				const expanded = options.expanded;
+				if (cachedLines && cachedWidth === width && cachedExpanded === expanded) return cachedLines;
+				cachedLines = isMarkdown
+					? renderMarkdownCell(
+							{
+								content: contentText,
+								title,
+								status: "complete",
+								output: warningLines.length > 0 ? warningLines.join("\n") : undefined,
+								expanded,
+								width,
+							},
+							uiTheme,
+						)
+					: renderCodeCell(
+							{
+								code: contentText,
+								language: lang,
+								title,
+								status: "complete",
+								output: warningLines.length > 0 ? warningLines.join("\n") : undefined,
+								expanded,
+								codeStartLine: details?.displayContent?.startLine,
+								codeLineNumbers: details?.displayContent?.lineNumbers,
+								width,
+							},
+							uiTheme,
+						);
+				cachedWidth = width;
+				cachedExpanded = expanded;
+				return cachedLines;
+			},
+			invalidate: () => {
+				cachedWidth = undefined;
+				cachedExpanded = undefined;
+				cachedLines = undefined;
+			},
+		});
+	},
+	mergeCallAndResult: true,
+};