@nxtedition/rocksdb 5.2.1 → 5.2.2

package/deps/rocksdb/rocksdb/db/write_thread.cc

@@ -0,0 +1,796 @@
+//  Copyright (c) 2011-present, Facebook, Inc.  All rights reserved.
+//  This source code is licensed under both the GPLv2 (found in the
+//  COPYING file in the root directory) and Apache 2.0 License
+//  (found in the LICENSE.Apache file in the root directory).
+
+#include "db/write_thread.h"
+#include <chrono>
+#include <thread>
+#include "db/column_family.h"
+#include "monitoring/perf_context_imp.h"
+#include "port/port.h"
+#include "test_util/sync_point.h"
+#include "util/random.h"
+
+namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE {
+
+WriteThread::WriteThread(const ImmutableDBOptions& db_options)
+    : max_yield_usec_(db_options.enable_write_thread_adaptive_yield
+                          ? db_options.write_thread_max_yield_usec
+                          : 0),
+      slow_yield_usec_(db_options.write_thread_slow_yield_usec),
+      allow_concurrent_memtable_write_(
+          db_options.allow_concurrent_memtable_write),
+      enable_pipelined_write_(db_options.enable_pipelined_write),
+      max_write_batch_group_size_bytes(
+          db_options.max_write_batch_group_size_bytes),
+      newest_writer_(nullptr),
+      newest_memtable_writer_(nullptr),
+      last_sequence_(0),
+      write_stall_dummy_(),
+      stall_mu_(),
+      stall_cv_(&stall_mu_) {}
+
+uint8_t WriteThread::BlockingAwaitState(Writer* w, uint8_t goal_mask) {
+  // We're going to block.  Lazily create the mutex.  We guarantee
+  // propagation of this construction to the waker via the
+  // STATE_LOCKED_WAITING state.  The waker won't try to touch the mutex
+  // or the condvar unless they CAS away the STATE_LOCKED_WAITING that
+  // we install below.
+  w->CreateMutex();
+
+  auto state = w->state.load(std::memory_order_acquire);
+  assert(state != STATE_LOCKED_WAITING);
+  if ((state & goal_mask) == 0 &&
+      w->state.compare_exchange_strong(state, STATE_LOCKED_WAITING)) {
+    // we have permission (and an obligation) to use StateMutex
+    std::unique_lock<std::mutex> guard(w->StateMutex());
+    w->StateCV().wait(guard, [w] {
+      return w->state.load(std::memory_order_relaxed) != STATE_LOCKED_WAITING;
+    });
+    state = w->state.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
+  }
+  // else tricky.  Goal is met or CAS failed.  In the latter case the waker
+  // must have changed the state, and compare_exchange_strong has updated
+  // our local variable with the new one.  At the moment WriteThread never
+  // waits for a transition across intermediate states, so we know that
+  // since a state change has occurred the goal must have been met.
+  assert((state & goal_mask) != 0);
+  return state;
+}
+
+uint8_t WriteThread::AwaitState(Writer* w, uint8_t goal_mask,
+                                AdaptationContext* ctx) {
+  uint8_t state = 0;
+
+  // 1. Busy loop using "pause" for 1 micro sec
+  // 2. Else SOMETIMES busy loop using "yield" for 100 micro sec (default)
+  // 3. Else blocking wait
+
+  // On a modern Xeon each loop takes about 7 nanoseconds (most of which
+  // is the effect of the pause instruction), so 200 iterations is a bit
+  // more than a microsecond.  This is long enough that waits longer than
+  // this can amortize the cost of accessing the clock and yielding.
+  for (uint32_t tries = 0; tries < 200; ++tries) {
+    state = w->state.load(std::memory_order_acquire);
+    if ((state & goal_mask) != 0) {
+      return state;
+    }
+    port::AsmVolatilePause();
+  }
+
+  // This is below the fast path, so that the stat is zero when all writes are
+  // from the same thread.
+  PERF_TIMER_GUARD(write_thread_wait_nanos);
+
+  // If we're only going to end up waiting a short period of time,
+  // it can be a lot more efficient to call std::this_thread::yield()
+  // in a loop than to block in StateMutex().  For reference, on my 4.0
+  // SELinux test server with support for syscall auditing enabled, the
+  // minimum latency between FUTEX_WAKE to returning from FUTEX_WAIT is
+  // 2.7 usec, and the average is more like 10 usec.  That can be a big
+  // drag on RockDB's single-writer design.  Of course, spinning is a
+  // bad idea if other threads are waiting to run or if we're going to
+  // wait for a long time.  How do we decide?
+  //
+  // We break waiting into 3 categories: short-uncontended,
+  // short-contended, and long.  If we had an oracle, then we would always
+  // spin for short-uncontended, always block for long, and our choice for
+  // short-contended might depend on whether we were trying to optimize
+  // RocksDB throughput or avoid being greedy with system resources.
+  //
+  // Bucketing into short or long is easy by measuring elapsed time.
+  // Differentiating short-uncontended from short-contended is a bit
+  // trickier, but not too bad.  We could look for involuntary context
+  // switches using getrusage(RUSAGE_THREAD, ..), but it's less work
+  // (portability code and CPU) to just look for yield calls that take
+  // longer than we expect.  sched_yield() doesn't actually result in any
+  // context switch overhead if there are no other runnable processes
+  // on the current core, in which case it usually takes less than
+  // a microsecond.
+  //
+  // There are two primary tunables here: the threshold between "short"
+  // and "long" waits, and the threshold at which we suspect that a yield
+  // is slow enough to indicate we should probably block.  If these
+  // thresholds are chosen well then CPU-bound workloads that don't
+  // have more threads than cores will experience few context switches
+  // (voluntary or involuntary), and the total number of context switches
+  // (voluntary and involuntary) will not be dramatically larger (maybe
+  // 2x) than the number of voluntary context switches that occur when
+  // --max_yield_wait_micros=0.
+  //
+  // There's another constant, which is the number of slow yields we will
+  // tolerate before reversing our previous decision.  Solitary slow
+  // yields are pretty common (low-priority small jobs ready to run),
+  // so this should be at least 2.  We set this conservatively to 3 so
+  // that we can also immediately schedule a ctx adaptation, rather than
+  // waiting for the next update_ctx.
+
+  const size_t kMaxSlowYieldsWhileSpinning = 3;
+
+  // Whether the yield approach has any credit in this context. The credit is
+  // added by yield being succesfull before timing out, and decreased otherwise.
+  auto& yield_credit = ctx->value;
+  // Update the yield_credit based on sample runs or right after a hard failure
+  bool update_ctx = false;
+  // Should we reinforce the yield credit
+  bool would_spin_again = false;
+  // The samling base for updating the yeild credit. The sampling rate would be
+  // 1/sampling_base.
+  const int sampling_base = 256;
+
+  if (max_yield_usec_ > 0) {
+    update_ctx = Random::GetTLSInstance()->OneIn(sampling_base);
+
+    if (update_ctx || yield_credit.load(std::memory_order_relaxed) >= 0) {
+      // we're updating the adaptation statistics, or spinning has >
+      // 50% chance of being shorter than max_yield_usec_ and causing no
+      // involuntary context switches
+      auto spin_begin = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
+
+      // this variable doesn't include the final yield (if any) that
+      // causes the goal to be met
+      size_t slow_yield_count = 0;
+
+      auto iter_begin = spin_begin;
+      while ((iter_begin - spin_begin) <=
+             std::chrono::microseconds(max_yield_usec_)) {
+        std::this_thread::yield();
+
+        state = w->state.load(std::memory_order_acquire);
+        if ((state & goal_mask) != 0) {
+          // success
+          would_spin_again = true;
+          break;
+        }
+
+        auto now = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
+        if (now == iter_begin ||
+            now - iter_begin >= std::chrono::microseconds(slow_yield_usec_)) {
+          // conservatively count it as a slow yield if our clock isn't
+          // accurate enough to measure the yield duration
+          ++slow_yield_count;
+          if (slow_yield_count >= kMaxSlowYieldsWhileSpinning) {
+            // Not just one ivcsw, but several.  Immediately update yield_credit
+            // and fall back to blocking
+            update_ctx = true;
+            break;
+          }
+        }
+        iter_begin = now;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  if ((state & goal_mask) == 0) {
+    TEST_SYNC_POINT_CALLBACK("WriteThread::AwaitState:BlockingWaiting", w);
+    state = BlockingAwaitState(w, goal_mask);
+  }
+
+  if (update_ctx) {
+    // Since our update is sample based, it is ok if a thread overwrites the
+    // updates by other threads. Thus the update does not have to be atomic.
+    auto v = yield_credit.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
+    // fixed point exponential decay with decay constant 1/1024, with +1
+    // and -1 scaled to avoid overflow for int32_t
+    //
+    // On each update the positive credit is decayed by a facor of 1/1024 (i.e.,
+    // 0.1%). If the sampled yield was successful, the credit is also increased
+    // by X. Setting X=2^17 ensures that the credit never exceeds
+    // 2^17*2^10=2^27, which is lower than 2^31 the upperbound of int32_t. Same
+    // logic applies to negative credits.
+    v = v - (v / 1024) + (would_spin_again ? 1 : -1) * 131072;
+    yield_credit.store(v, std::memory_order_relaxed);
+  }
+
+  assert((state & goal_mask) != 0);
+  return state;
+}
+
+void WriteThread::SetState(Writer* w, uint8_t new_state) {
+  assert(w);
+  auto state = w->state.load(std::memory_order_acquire);
+  if (state == STATE_LOCKED_WAITING ||
+      !w->state.compare_exchange_strong(state, new_state)) {
+    assert(state == STATE_LOCKED_WAITING);
+
+    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> guard(w->StateMutex());
+    assert(w->state.load(std::memory_order_relaxed) != new_state);
+    w->state.store(new_state, std::memory_order_relaxed);
+    w->StateCV().notify_one();
+  }
+}
+
+bool WriteThread::LinkOne(Writer* w, std::atomic<Writer*>* newest_writer) {
+  assert(newest_writer != nullptr);
+  assert(w->state == STATE_INIT);
+  Writer* writers = newest_writer->load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
+  while (true) {
+    // If write stall in effect, and w->no_slowdown is not true,
+    // block here until stall is cleared. If its true, then return
+    // immediately
+    if (writers == &write_stall_dummy_) {
+      if (w->no_slowdown) {
+        w->status = Status::Incomplete("Write stall");
+        SetState(w, STATE_COMPLETED);
+        return false;
+      }
+      // Since no_slowdown is false, wait here to be notified of the write
+      // stall clearing
+      {
+        MutexLock lock(&stall_mu_);
+        writers = newest_writer->load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
+        if (writers == &write_stall_dummy_) {
+          stall_cv_.Wait();
+          // Load newest_writers_ again since it may have changed
+          writers = newest_writer->load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
+          continue;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    w->link_older = writers;
+    if (newest_writer->compare_exchange_weak(writers, w)) {
+      return (writers == nullptr);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+bool WriteThread::LinkGroup(WriteGroup& write_group,
+                            std::atomic<Writer*>* newest_writer) {
+  assert(newest_writer != nullptr);
+  Writer* leader = write_group.leader;
+  Writer* last_writer = write_group.last_writer;
+  Writer* w = last_writer;
+  while (true) {
+    // Unset link_newer pointers to make sure when we call
+    // CreateMissingNewerLinks later it create all missing links.
+    w->link_newer = nullptr;
+    w->write_group = nullptr;
+    if (w == leader) {
+      break;
+    }
+    w = w->link_older;
+  }
+  Writer* newest = newest_writer->load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
+  while (true) {
+    leader->link_older = newest;
+    if (newest_writer->compare_exchange_weak(newest, last_writer)) {
+      return (newest == nullptr);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+void WriteThread::CreateMissingNewerLinks(Writer* head) {
+  while (true) {
+    Writer* next = head->link_older;
+    if (next == nullptr || next->link_newer != nullptr) {
+      assert(next == nullptr || next->link_newer == head);
+      break;
+    }
+    next->link_newer = head;
+    head = next;
+  }
+}
+
+WriteThread::Writer* WriteThread::FindNextLeader(Writer* from,
+                                                 Writer* boundary) {
+  assert(from != nullptr && from != boundary);
+  Writer* current = from;
+  while (current->link_older != boundary) {
+    current = current->link_older;
+    assert(current != nullptr);
+  }
+  return current;
+}
+
+void WriteThread::CompleteLeader(WriteGroup& write_group) {
+  assert(write_group.size > 0);
+  Writer* leader = write_group.leader;
+  if (write_group.size == 1) {
+    write_group.leader = nullptr;
+    write_group.last_writer = nullptr;
+  } else {
+    assert(leader->link_newer != nullptr);
+    leader->link_newer->link_older = nullptr;
+    write_group.leader = leader->link_newer;
+  }
+  write_group.size -= 1;
+  SetState(leader, STATE_COMPLETED);
+}
+
+void WriteThread::CompleteFollower(Writer* w, WriteGroup& write_group) {
+  assert(write_group.size > 1);
+  assert(w != write_group.leader);
+  if (w == write_group.last_writer) {
+    w->link_older->link_newer = nullptr;
+    write_group.last_writer = w->link_older;
+  } else {
+    w->link_older->link_newer = w->link_newer;
+    w->link_newer->link_older = w->link_older;
+  }
+  write_group.size -= 1;
+  SetState(w, STATE_COMPLETED);
+}
+
+void WriteThread::BeginWriteStall() {
+  LinkOne(&write_stall_dummy_, &newest_writer_);
+
+  // Walk writer list until w->write_group != nullptr. The current write group
+  // will not have a mix of slowdown/no_slowdown, so its ok to stop at that
+  // point
+  Writer* w = write_stall_dummy_.link_older;
+  Writer* prev = &write_stall_dummy_;
+  while (w != nullptr && w->write_group == nullptr) {
+    if (w->no_slowdown) {
+      prev->link_older = w->link_older;
+      w->status = Status::Incomplete("Write stall");
+      SetState(w, STATE_COMPLETED);
+      // Only update `link_newer` if it's already set.
+      // `CreateMissingNewerLinks()` will update the nullptr `link_newer` later,
+      // which assumes the the first non-nullptr `link_newer` is the last
+      // nullptr link in the writer list.
+      // If `link_newer` is set here, `CreateMissingNewerLinks()` may stop
+      // updating the whole list when it sees the first non nullptr link.
+      if (prev->link_older && prev->link_older->link_newer) {
+        prev->link_older->link_newer = prev;
+      }
+      w = prev->link_older;
+    } else {
+      prev = w;
+      w = w->link_older;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+void WriteThread::EndWriteStall() {
+  MutexLock lock(&stall_mu_);
+
+  // Unlink write_stall_dummy_ from the write queue. This will unblock
+  // pending write threads to enqueue themselves
+  assert(newest_writer_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed) == &write_stall_dummy_);
+  assert(write_stall_dummy_.link_older != nullptr);
+  write_stall_dummy_.link_older->link_newer = write_stall_dummy_.link_newer;
+  newest_writer_.exchange(write_stall_dummy_.link_older);
+
+  // Wake up writers
+  stall_cv_.SignalAll();
+}
+
+static WriteThread::AdaptationContext jbg_ctx("JoinBatchGroup");
+void WriteThread::JoinBatchGroup(Writer* w) {
+  TEST_SYNC_POINT_CALLBACK("WriteThread::JoinBatchGroup:Start", w);
+  assert(w->batch != nullptr);
+
+  bool linked_as_leader = LinkOne(w, &newest_writer_);
+
+  if (linked_as_leader) {
+    SetState(w, STATE_GROUP_LEADER);
+  }
+
+  TEST_SYNC_POINT_CALLBACK("WriteThread::JoinBatchGroup:Wait", w);
+
+  if (!linked_as_leader) {
+    /**
+     * Wait util:
+     * 1) An existing leader pick us as the new leader when it finishes
+     * 2) An existing leader pick us as its follewer and
+     * 2.1) finishes the memtable writes on our behalf
+     * 2.2) Or tell us to finish the memtable writes in pralallel
+     * 3) (pipelined write) An existing leader pick us as its follower and
+     *    finish book-keeping and WAL write for us, enqueue us as pending
+     *    memtable writer, and
+     * 3.1) we become memtable writer group leader, or
+     * 3.2) an existing memtable writer group leader tell us to finish memtable
+     *      writes in parallel.
+     */
+    TEST_SYNC_POINT_CALLBACK("WriteThread::JoinBatchGroup:BeganWaiting", w);
+    AwaitState(w, STATE_GROUP_LEADER | STATE_MEMTABLE_WRITER_LEADER |
+                      STATE_PARALLEL_MEMTABLE_WRITER | STATE_COMPLETED,
+               &jbg_ctx);
+    TEST_SYNC_POINT_CALLBACK("WriteThread::JoinBatchGroup:DoneWaiting", w);
+  }
+}
+
+size_t WriteThread::EnterAsBatchGroupLeader(Writer* leader,
+                                            WriteGroup* write_group) {
+  assert(leader->link_older == nullptr);
+  assert(leader->batch != nullptr);
+  assert(write_group != nullptr);
+
+  size_t size = WriteBatchInternal::ByteSize(leader->batch);
+
+  // Allow the group to grow up to a maximum size, but if the
+  // original write is small, limit the growth so we do not slow
+  // down the small write too much.
+  size_t max_size = max_write_batch_group_size_bytes;
+  const uint64_t min_batch_size_bytes = max_write_batch_group_size_bytes / 8;
+  if (size <= min_batch_size_bytes) {
+    max_size = size + min_batch_size_bytes;
+  }
+
+  leader->write_group = write_group;
+  write_group->leader = leader;
+  write_group->last_writer = leader;
+  write_group->size = 1;
+  Writer* newest_writer = newest_writer_.load(std::memory_order_acquire);
+
+  // This is safe regardless of any db mutex status of the caller. Previous
+  // calls to ExitAsGroupLeader either didn't call CreateMissingNewerLinks
+  // (they emptied the list and then we added ourself as leader) or had to
+  // explicitly wake us up (the list was non-empty when we added ourself,
+  // so we have already received our MarkJoined).
+  CreateMissingNewerLinks(newest_writer);
+
+  // Tricky. Iteration start (leader) is exclusive and finish
+  // (newest_writer) is inclusive. Iteration goes from old to new.
+  Writer* w = leader;
+  while (w != newest_writer) {
+    assert(w->link_newer);
+    w = w->link_newer;
+
+    if (w->sync && !leader->sync) {
+      // Do not include a sync write into a batch handled by a non-sync write.
+      break;
+    }
+
+    if (w->no_slowdown != leader->no_slowdown) {
+      // Do not mix writes that are ok with delays with the ones that
+      // request fail on delays.
+      break;
+    }
+
+    if (w->disable_wal != leader->disable_wal) {
+      // Do not mix writes that enable WAL with the ones whose
+      // WAL disabled.
+      break;
+    }
+
+    if (w->batch == nullptr) {
+      // Do not include those writes with nullptr batch. Those are not writes,
+      // those are something else. They want to be alone
+      break;
+    }
+
+    if (w->callback != nullptr && !w->callback->AllowWriteBatching()) {
+      // don't batch writes that don't want to be batched
+      break;
+    }
+
+    auto batch_size = WriteBatchInternal::ByteSize(w->batch);
+    if (size + batch_size > max_size) {
+      // Do not make batch too big
+      break;
+    }
+
+    w->write_group = write_group;
+    size += batch_size;
+    write_group->last_writer = w;
+    write_group->size++;
+  }
+  TEST_SYNC_POINT_CALLBACK("WriteThread::EnterAsBatchGroupLeader:End", w);
+  return size;
+}
+
+void WriteThread::EnterAsMemTableWriter(Writer* leader,
+                                        WriteGroup* write_group) {
+  assert(leader != nullptr);
+  assert(leader->link_older == nullptr);
+  assert(leader->batch != nullptr);
+  assert(write_group != nullptr);
+
+  size_t size = WriteBatchInternal::ByteSize(leader->batch);
+
+  // Allow the group to grow up to a maximum size, but if the
+  // original write is small, limit the growth so we do not slow
+  // down the small write too much.
+  size_t max_size = max_write_batch_group_size_bytes;
+  const uint64_t min_batch_size_bytes = max_write_batch_group_size_bytes / 8;
+  if (size <= min_batch_size_bytes) {
+    max_size = size + min_batch_size_bytes;
+  }
+
+  leader->write_group = write_group;
+  write_group->leader = leader;
+  write_group->size = 1;
+  Writer* last_writer = leader;
+
+  if (!allow_concurrent_memtable_write_ || !leader->batch->HasMerge()) {
+    Writer* newest_writer = newest_memtable_writer_.load();
+    CreateMissingNewerLinks(newest_writer);
+
+    Writer* w = leader;
+    while (w != newest_writer) {
+      assert(w->link_newer);
+      w = w->link_newer;
+
+      if (w->batch == nullptr) {
+        break;
+      }
+
+      if (w->batch->HasMerge()) {
+        break;
+      }
+
+      if (!allow_concurrent_memtable_write_) {
+        auto batch_size = WriteBatchInternal::ByteSize(w->batch);
+        if (size + batch_size > max_size) {
+          // Do not make batch too big
+          break;
+        }
+        size += batch_size;
+      }
+
+      w->write_group = write_group;
+      last_writer = w;
+      write_group->size++;
+    }
+  }
+
+  write_group->last_writer = last_writer;
+  write_group->last_sequence =
+      last_writer->sequence + WriteBatchInternal::Count(last_writer->batch) - 1;
+}
+
+void WriteThread::ExitAsMemTableWriter(Writer* /*self*/,
+                                       WriteGroup& write_group) {
+  Writer* leader = write_group.leader;
+  Writer* last_writer = write_group.last_writer;
+
+  Writer* newest_writer = last_writer;
+  if (!newest_memtable_writer_.compare_exchange_strong(newest_writer,
+                                                       nullptr)) {
+    CreateMissingNewerLinks(newest_writer);
+    Writer* next_leader = last_writer->link_newer;
+    assert(next_leader != nullptr);
+    next_leader->link_older = nullptr;
+    SetState(next_leader, STATE_MEMTABLE_WRITER_LEADER);
+  }
+  Writer* w = leader;
+  while (true) {
+    if (!write_group.status.ok()) {
+      w->status = write_group.status;
+    }
+    Writer* next = w->link_newer;
+    if (w != leader) {
+      SetState(w, STATE_COMPLETED);
+    }
+    if (w == last_writer) {
+      break;
+    }
+    assert(next);
+    w = next;
+  }
+  // Note that leader has to exit last, since it owns the write group.
+  SetState(leader, STATE_COMPLETED);
+}
+
+void WriteThread::LaunchParallelMemTableWriters(WriteGroup* write_group) {
+  assert(write_group != nullptr);
+  write_group->running.store(write_group->size);
+  for (auto w : *write_group) {
+    SetState(w, STATE_PARALLEL_MEMTABLE_WRITER);
+  }
+}
+
+static WriteThread::AdaptationContext cpmtw_ctx("CompleteParallelMemTableWriter");
+// This method is called by both the leader and parallel followers
+bool WriteThread::CompleteParallelMemTableWriter(Writer* w) {
+
+  auto* write_group = w->write_group;
+  if (!w->status.ok()) {
+    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> guard(write_group->leader->StateMutex());
+    write_group->status = w->status;
+  }
+
+  if (write_group->running-- > 1) {
+    // we're not the last one
+    AwaitState(w, STATE_COMPLETED, &cpmtw_ctx);
+    return false;
+  }
+  // else we're the last parallel worker and should perform exit duties.
+  w->status = write_group->status;
+  // Callers of this function must ensure w->status is checked.
+  write_group->status.PermitUncheckedError();
+  return true;
+}
+
+void WriteThread::ExitAsBatchGroupFollower(Writer* w) {
+  auto* write_group = w->write_group;
+
+  assert(w->state == STATE_PARALLEL_MEMTABLE_WRITER);
+  assert(write_group->status.ok());
+  ExitAsBatchGroupLeader(*write_group, write_group->status);
+  assert(w->status.ok());
+  assert(w->state == STATE_COMPLETED);
+  SetState(write_group->leader, STATE_COMPLETED);
+}
+
+static WriteThread::AdaptationContext eabgl_ctx("ExitAsBatchGroupLeader");
+void WriteThread::ExitAsBatchGroupLeader(WriteGroup& write_group,
+                                         Status& status) {
+  Writer* leader = write_group.leader;
+  Writer* last_writer = write_group.last_writer;
+  assert(leader->link_older == nullptr);
+
+  // If status is non-ok already, then write_group.status won't have the chance
+  // of being propagated to caller.
+  if (!status.ok()) {
+    write_group.status.PermitUncheckedError();
+  }
+
+  // Propagate memtable write error to the whole group.
+  if (status.ok() && !write_group.status.ok()) {
+    status = write_group.status;
+  }
+
+  if (enable_pipelined_write_) {
+    // Notify writers don't write to memtable to exit.
+    for (Writer* w = last_writer; w != leader;) {
+      Writer* next = w->link_older;
+      w->status = status;
+      if (!w->ShouldWriteToMemtable()) {
+        CompleteFollower(w, write_group);
+      }
+      w = next;
+    }
+    if (!leader->ShouldWriteToMemtable()) {
+      CompleteLeader(write_group);
+    }
+
+    Writer* next_leader = nullptr;
+
+    // Look for next leader before we call LinkGroup. If there isn't
+    // pending writers, place a dummy writer at the tail of the queue
+    // so we know the boundary of the current write group.
+    Writer dummy;
+    Writer* expected = last_writer;
+    bool has_dummy = newest_writer_.compare_exchange_strong(expected, &dummy);
+    if (!has_dummy) {
+      // We find at least one pending writer when we insert dummy. We search
+      // for next leader from there.
+      next_leader = FindNextLeader(expected, last_writer);
+      assert(next_leader != nullptr && next_leader != last_writer);
+    }
+
+    // Link the ramaining of the group to memtable writer list.
+    //
+    // We have to link our group to memtable writer queue before wake up the
+    // next leader or set newest_writer_ to null, otherwise the next leader
+    // can run ahead of us and link to memtable writer queue before we do.
+    if (write_group.size > 0) {
+      if (LinkGroup(write_group, &newest_memtable_writer_)) {
+        // The leader can now be different from current writer.
+        SetState(write_group.leader, STATE_MEMTABLE_WRITER_LEADER);
+      }
+    }
+
+    // If we have inserted dummy in the queue, remove it now and check if there
+    // are pending writer join the queue since we insert the dummy. If so,
+    // look for next leader again.
+    if (has_dummy) {
+      assert(next_leader == nullptr);
+      expected = &dummy;
+      bool has_pending_writer =
+          !newest_writer_.compare_exchange_strong(expected, nullptr);
+      if (has_pending_writer) {
+        next_leader = FindNextLeader(expected, &dummy);
+        assert(next_leader != nullptr && next_leader != &dummy);
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (next_leader != nullptr) {
+      next_leader->link_older = nullptr;
+      SetState(next_leader, STATE_GROUP_LEADER);
+    }
+    AwaitState(leader, STATE_MEMTABLE_WRITER_LEADER |
+                           STATE_PARALLEL_MEMTABLE_WRITER | STATE_COMPLETED,
+               &eabgl_ctx);
+  } else {
+    Writer* head = newest_writer_.load(std::memory_order_acquire);
+    if (head != last_writer ||
+        !newest_writer_.compare_exchange_strong(head, nullptr)) {
+      // Either w wasn't the head during the load(), or it was the head
+      // during the load() but somebody else pushed onto the list before
+      // we did the compare_exchange_strong (causing it to fail).  In the
+      // latter case compare_exchange_strong has the effect of re-reading
+      // its first param (head).  No need to retry a failing CAS, because
+      // only a departing leader (which we are at the moment) can remove
+      // nodes from the list.
+      assert(head != last_writer);
+
+      // After walking link_older starting from head (if not already done)
+      // we will be able to traverse w->link_newer below. This function
+      // can only be called from an active leader, only a leader can
+      // clear newest_writer_, we didn't, and only a clear newest_writer_
+      // could cause the next leader to start their work without a call
+      // to MarkJoined, so we can definitely conclude that no other leader
+      // work is going on here (with or without db mutex).
+      CreateMissingNewerLinks(head);
+      assert(last_writer->link_newer->link_older == last_writer);
+      last_writer->link_newer->link_older = nullptr;
+
+      // Next leader didn't self-identify, because newest_writer_ wasn't
+      // nullptr when they enqueued (we were definitely enqueued before them
+      // and are still in the list).  That means leader handoff occurs when
+      // we call MarkJoined
+      SetState(last_writer->link_newer, STATE_GROUP_LEADER);
+    }
+    // else nobody else was waiting, although there might already be a new
+    // leader now
+
+    while (last_writer != leader) {
+      assert(last_writer);
+      last_writer->status = status;
+      // we need to read link_older before calling SetState, because as soon
+      // as it is marked committed the other thread's Await may return and
+      // deallocate the Writer.
+      auto next = last_writer->link_older;
+      SetState(last_writer, STATE_COMPLETED);
+
+      last_writer = next;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+static WriteThread::AdaptationContext eu_ctx("EnterUnbatched");
+void WriteThread::EnterUnbatched(Writer* w, InstrumentedMutex* mu) {
+  assert(w != nullptr && w->batch == nullptr);
+  mu->Unlock();
+  bool linked_as_leader = LinkOne(w, &newest_writer_);
+  if (!linked_as_leader) {
+    TEST_SYNC_POINT("WriteThread::EnterUnbatched:Wait");
+    // Last leader will not pick us as a follower since our batch is nullptr
+    AwaitState(w, STATE_GROUP_LEADER, &eu_ctx);
+  }
+  if (enable_pipelined_write_) {
+    WaitForMemTableWriters();
+  }
+  mu->Lock();
+}
+
+void WriteThread::ExitUnbatched(Writer* w) {
+  assert(w != nullptr);
+  Writer* newest_writer = w;
+  if (!newest_writer_.compare_exchange_strong(newest_writer, nullptr)) {
+    CreateMissingNewerLinks(newest_writer);
+    Writer* next_leader = w->link_newer;
+    assert(next_leader != nullptr);
+    next_leader->link_older = nullptr;
+    SetState(next_leader, STATE_GROUP_LEADER);
+  }
+}
+
+static WriteThread::AdaptationContext wfmw_ctx("WaitForMemTableWriters");
+void WriteThread::WaitForMemTableWriters() {
+  assert(enable_pipelined_write_);
+  if (newest_memtable_writer_.load() == nullptr) {
+    return;
+  }
+  Writer w;
+  if (!LinkOne(&w, &newest_memtable_writer_)) {
+    AwaitState(&w, STATE_MEMTABLE_WRITER_LEADER, &wfmw_ctx);
+  }
+  newest_memtable_writer_.store(nullptr);
+}
+
+}  // namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE