@nxgt/janus 0.1.2 → 0.2.0

package/docs/guide/permissions.md

@@ -11,16 +11,23 @@ it to `janus()` so the user types become the subjects, but `subjects` takes
 any list of names — `defineModel({ subjects: ['user'], … })` — when your users
 live elsewhere. Importing `@nxgt/janus/permissions` loads no identity code.
 
+## The running example: a clinic
+
+Every snippet on this page uses this model, and only its names. Two sections
+need something else and say so: a [folder tree](#a-hierarchy) and
+[permissions on a user](#permissions-on-a-user).
+
 ```ts
 import { z } from 'zod';
-import { createMemoryStores, janus, scryptHasher } from '@nxgt/janus';
-import { createMemoryRelations, defineModel, permissions } from '@nxgt/janus/permissions';
+import { createMemoryStores, type CursorPage, janus, scryptHasher } from '@nxgt/janus';
+import { createMemoryRelations, defineModel, fromField, permissions, when } from '@nxgt/janus/permissions';
 
 const relations = createMemoryRelations();
 
 const auth = janus({
 	users: {
 		staff: { schema: z.object({ username: z.string() }), password: { login: 'username' } },
+		patient: { schema: z.object({ email: z.email() }), password: { login: 'email' } },
 	},
 	store: createMemoryStores(),
 	relations, // deleting a user deletes every tuple naming them
@@ -28,26 +35,45 @@ const auth = janus({
 });
 
 const model = defineModel({
-	subjects: auth.types, // 'staff': a user type is a subject type
+	subjects: auth.types, // 'staff' | 'patient': a user type is a subject type
 	types: {
 		team: {
-			relations: { member: ['staff', 'team#member'], lead: ['staff'] },
-			permissions: { manage: ['lead'], view: ['member', 'manage'] },
+			related: { members: ['staff', 'team#members'], leads: ['staff'] },
+			permits: { manage: ['leads'], view: ['members', 'manage'] },
+		},
+		record: {
+			related: {
+				doctors: fromField('doctorId', 'staff', { lookup: (staffId) => db.records.idsByDoctor(staffId) }),
+				patients: fromField('patientId', 'patient', { lookup: (patientId) => db.records.idsByPatient(patientId) }),
+				teams: ['team'],
+			},
+			permits: {
+				view: ['doctors', 'patients', 'teams->view'],
+				review: ['teams->leads'],
+				edit: [when('doctors', (ctx: { onShift: boolean }) => ctx.onShift)],
+			},
 		},
 	},
 });
 
 const access = permissions({ model, store: relations });
 
-const grace = await auth.staff.create({ username: 'grace' });
+const grace = await auth.staff.create({ username: 'grace' }); // a doctor
+const ada = await auth.staff.create({ username: 'ada' });     // a team lead
 const team = { type: 'team', id: 't1' } as const;
-
-await access.grant(team, 'lead', grace);
-await access.can(grace, 'view', team);   // true: view includes manage, which includes lead
-await access.revoke(team, 'lead', grace);
-await access.can(grace, 'view', team);   // false
+const record = { id: 'r1', doctorId: grace.id, patientId: 'p1', title: 'Chart' }; // as your database answered it
 ```
 
+`db` is your database; the two `lookup`s answer the ids of the records whose
+field names the subject — see [`fromField`](#a-relation-read-from-the-object).
+
+In words: a team has **members** — staff, or every member of another team —
+and **leads**; whoever leads it may **manage** it, and members and managers
+may **view** it. A record's **doctors** and **patients** are read from its own
+fields, its **teams** are stored; its doctors, its patients and whoever can
+view one of its teams may **view** it, the leads of its teams may **review**
+it, and its doctors may **edit** it while on shift.
+
 ## The model
 
 ```ts
@@ -61,30 +87,42 @@ interface ModelConfig {
 	readonly subjects: readonly string[]; // pass auth.types
 	readonly types: {
 		readonly [objectType: string]: {
-			readonly relations?: { readonly [name: string]: readonly string[] | FromField };
-			readonly permissions?: { readonly [name: string]: readonly (string | When)[] };
+			readonly related?: { readonly [relation: string]: readonly string[] | FromField };
+			readonly permits?: { readonly [permission: string]: readonly (string | When)[] };
 		};
 	};
 }
 ```
 
+An object type has two keys, Keto's words: **`related`**, who may hold each
+relation, and **`permits`**, what each permission is made of. Relation names
+are plural by convention — `members`, `doctors`, `teams` — because a relation
+holds many; `defineModel` does not enforce it.
+
 **A relation** lists who may hold it:
 
 | Holder | Means |
 | --- | --- |
 | `'staff'` | one user of type `staff` |
 | `'team'` | one object of type `team` — what an arrow follows |
-| `'team#member'` | a **subject set**: every member of a team |
-| `fromField('doctorId', 'staff')` | read from the object's own data — see [`fromField`](#fromfield) |
+| `'team#members'` | a **subject set**: every member of a team |
+| `fromField('doctorId', 'staff')` | read from the object's own data — see [`fromField`](#a-relation-read-from-the-object) |
 
 **A permission** is the union of its rules:
 
 | Rule | Means |
 | --- | --- |
-| `'member'` | a relation of the same object |
+| `'members'` | a relation of the same object |
 | `'manage'` | another permission of the same object |
-| `'team->view'` | an **arrow**: whoever holds `view` on the object's `team` |
-| `when('doctor', (ctx: { onShift: boolean }) => ctx.onShift)` | a rule under a condition — see [`when`](#when) |
+| `'teams->view'` | an **arrow**: whoever holds `view` on one of the object's `teams` |
+| `'teams->leads'` | an arrow to a relation: whoever leads one of the object's `teams` |
+| `when('doctors', (ctx: { onShift: boolean }) => ctx.onShift)` | a rule under a condition — see [`when`](#a-condition) |
+
+A rule may name another permission of the same type — `view: ['members',
+'manage']` — but never the permission itself: `view: ['view']` adds nothing
+and is a loop no relation ends, so your editor does not offer it and the
+compiler refuses it. A loop through another permission (`view: ['edit'],
+edit: ['view']`) is refused by `defineModel` when it runs.
 
 A permission may be asked of `can` and `list` like a relation, and a relation
 like a permission.
@@ -92,120 +130,256 @@ like a permission.
 ### What the compiler refuses
 
 A relation naming a type that does not exist, a rule naming nothing, an arrow
-to a permission its target lacks, a name that is both a relation and a
-permission: each is a compile error **on the offending name** — on the whole
-`fromField(…)` or `when(…)` call for those two. Except for that last one,
-which says to rename one, the error lists what you could have written, with
-"Did you mean" when one is close.
+to a permission its target lacks, an arrow through a relation that can hold a
+subject set, a name that is both a relation and a permission, a key other than
+`related` and `permits` — `permit:`, singular — on an object type: each is a
+compile error **on the offending name** — on the whole `fromField(…)` or
+`when(…)` call for those two. Except for the name used twice, which says to
+rename one, the error lists what you could have written, with "Did you mean"
+when one is close.
 
-Your editor offers those names as you type — subject types and subject sets
-in a relation, subject types in `fromField`, relations, permissions and arrows
-in a rule and in `when` — because `defineModel` types its `types` with a
-constraint an editor reads, not only with a check. A spec asks the TypeScript
-language service what it completes, so a change that loses it fails.
+```ts
+defineModel({
+	subjects: ['staff'],
+	types: {
+		team: {
+			// @ts-expect-error — Type '"staf"' is not assignable to type '"staff" | "team" | "team#members"'. Did you mean '"staff"'?
+			related: { members: ['staf'] },
+		},
+	},
+});
+```
+
+**The keys before 0.2**, `relations` and `permissions`, are refused with the
+name that replaced them — rename the key, nothing else changes:
 
 ```ts
 defineModel({
 	subjects: ['staff'],
 	types: {
 		team: {
-			// @ts-expect-error — Type '"staf"' is not assignable to type '"staff" | "team" | "team#member"'. Did you mean '"staff"'?
-			relations: { member: ['staf'] },
+			// @ts-expect-error — 'members' does not exist in type 'Refusal<"team.relations is now related: rename the key", never>'
+			relations: { members: ['staff'] },
 		},
 	},
 });
 ```
 
+`permissions:` is refused the same way: `team.permissions is now permits:
+rename the key`.
+
+Your editor offers those names as you type — subject types and subject sets
+in a relation, subject types in `fromField`, relations, permissions and arrows
+in a rule and in `when` — because `defineModel` types its `types` with a
+constraint an editor reads, not only with a check. A spec asks the TypeScript
+language service what it completes, so a change that loses it fails.
+
 ### What `defineModel` refuses at run time
 
-With a `TypeError`, when the model is defined — never at a check:
+With a `TypeError`, when the model is defined — never at a check. Each names
+the key you wrote, `types.record.permits.view` or `types.team.related.members`:
 
+- `relations` or `permissions` — the keys before 0.2 — and any key other than
+  `related` and `permits`;
 - a name that is not camelCase;
-- an object type named like a user type;
+- an object type named like a user type — see
+  [permissions on a user](#permissions-on-a-user);
 - a permission that reaches itself without crossing a relation (`view:
   ['edit'], edit: ['view']`) — no data could ever end that loop;
 - a subject set or an arrow that would have to read **another** object's
   `fromField` — only the object passed to `can()` carries its data. Store that
   relation instead.
 
-A loop that crosses a relation — a folder viewable through its parent — is
-fine: the data ends it.
+A loop that crosses a relation — a folder viewable through its parents — is
+fine: the data ends it. See [a hierarchy](#a-hierarchy).
+
+## Use cases
+
+Each case below runs against the clinic above, in order — except the two that
+say otherwise: a folder tree for a hierarchy, and an `account` for
+permissions on a user.
+
+### A direct relation
 
-## `fromField`
+A relation is what you store: `grant` writes it, `can` reads it.
 
 ```ts
-function fromField(field, subjectType): FromField;
-function fromField(field, subjectType, { lookup }): ReversibleFromField;
-type Lookup = (subjectId: string) => Promise<readonly string[]>;
+await access.grant(team, 'leads', ada);
+await access.can(ada, 'leads', team);  // true: a relation may be asked like a permission
+await access.can(grace, 'leads', team); // false
 ```
 
-A relation read from the object's own data — a record's `doctorId` — rather
-than a tuple kept in sync with it. Nothing is stored, and `grant` refuses it at
-compile time. `can()` is given the object, and the compiler requires every
-field a `fromField` of its type reads:
+### A permission naming a permission
+
+`view: ['members', 'manage']` includes whoever holds `manage`, which is
+`['leads']` — so a lead can view the team without being a member.
 
 ```ts
-const model = defineModel({
-	subjects: ['staff'],
-	types: {
-		record: {
-			relations: { doctor: fromField('doctorId', 'staff') },
-			permissions: { view: ['doctor'] },
+await access.can(ada, 'manage', team); // true: ada leads t1
+await access.can(ada, 'view', team);   // true: view includes manage
+```
+
+### A subject set
+
+`members: ['staff', 'team#members']` admits a staff member, or **every member
+of another team** at once. Grant the set with its `relation`:
+
+```ts
+const cardiology = { type: 'team', id: 't2' } as const;
+await access.grant(cardiology, 'members', grace);
+await access.grant(team, 'members', { type: 'team', id: 't2', relation: 'members' });
+await access.can(grace, 'view', team); // true: grace is a member of t2, whose members are members of t1
+```
+
+The set is followed as the data stands: revoke grace from `t2`, and she no
+longer views `t1`. A team member of itself — a cycle in the data — is cut, and
+is not an error.
+
+### An arrow
+
+`'teams->view'` is **whoever can view one of the record's teams**; the arrow
+follows the objects the `teams` relation holds, and asks them `view`. Grant
+the record its team, then everyone who views the team views the record:
+
+```ts
+await access.grant({ type: 'record', id: record.id }, 'teams', team);
+await access.can(ada, 'view', { type: 'record', ...record }); // true: ada views t1 (she leads it)
+```
+
+An arrow may end on a relation too: `review: ['teams->leads']` is whoever
+**leads** one of the record's teams — not its members.
+
+```ts
+await access.can(ada, 'review', { type: 'record', ...record });   // true: ada leads t1
+await access.can(grace, 'review', { type: 'record', ...record }); // false: grace is a member, not a lead
+```
+
+An arrow follows **object types only**: through a relation that can hold a
+subject set (`teams: ['team', 'team#members']`), `'teams->view'` is a compile
+error.
+
+### A hierarchy
+
+A folder tree, one of the two models on this page besides the clinic: a folder is
+viewable by its owners and by whoever views one of its parents. The arrow
+names the folder's own `view` — a loop in the model, which **the data ends**:
+the walk stops at a folder with no parents.
+
+```ts
+const files = permissions({
+	model: defineModel({
+		subjects: auth.types,
+		types: {
+			folder: {
+				related: { owners: ['staff'], parents: ['folder'] },
+				permits: { view: ['owners', 'parents->view'] },
+			},
 		},
-	},
+	}),
+	store: createMemoryRelations(),
 });
-const access = permissions({ model, store: createMemoryRelations() });
 
-const record = { id: 'r1', doctorId: grace.id, title: 'Chart' }; // as your database answered it
-await access.can(grace, 'view', { type: 'record', ...record });
+const root = { type: 'folder', id: 'root' } as const;
+const reports = { type: 'folder', id: 'reports' } as const;
+await files.grant(root, 'owners', grace);
+await files.grant(reports, 'parents', root);
+await files.can(grace, 'view', reports); // true: she owns its parent
 ```
 
-**Spread the loaded object.** A field missing at run time is a `TypeError`,
-never a denial. `null` in the field holds nobody.
+A deep tree crosses one relation per level; past `maxDepth` (`25`) the check
+is `PERMISSION_DEPTH`, never `false`.
 
-`list()` cannot read a field of objects it has not found, so it asks `lookup`
-for the ids of the objects whose field names the subject. A `list()` that would
-reach a `fromField` without one is a compile error:
+### A relation read from the object
 
 ```ts
-fromField('doctorId', 'staff', { lookup: (staffId) => db.records.ids({ doctorId: staffId }) });
+function fromField(field, subjectType): FromField;
+function fromField(field, subjectType, { lookup }): ReversibleFromField;
+type Lookup = (subjectId: string) => Promise<readonly string[]>;
 ```
 
+`doctors: fromField('doctorId', 'staff')` reads the record's own `doctorId`
+rather than a tuple kept in sync with it. Nothing is stored, and `grant`
+refuses it at compile time. `can()` is given the object, and the compiler
+requires every field a `fromField` of its type reads — here `doctorId` and
+`patientId`:
+
+```ts
+await access.can(grace, 'view', { type: 'record', ...record }); // true: record.doctorId is grace's id
+// @ts-expect-error — doctors is read from a field: there is nothing to grant
+await access.grant({ type: 'record', id: record.id }, 'doctors', grace);
+```
+
+**Spread the loaded object.** A field missing at run time is a `TypeError`,
+never a denial. `null` in the field holds nobody.
+
+**`list()` needs a `lookup`.** It cannot read a field of objects it has not
+found, so it asks `lookup` for the ids of the objects whose field names the
+subject — in the clinic, `db.records.idsByDoctor(staffId)`. A `list()` that
+would reach a `fromField` without one is a compile error, and your editor does
+not offer that permission.
+
 A lookup is your code, and it is not guarded: one that throws rejects `list()`
 with its own error. **Never answer `[]` for a database that could not answer**
 — that is a denial made of an outage.
 
-## `when`
+### A condition
 
 ```ts
 function when<const Rule extends string, Ctx>(rule: Rule, test: (ctx: Ctx) => boolean): When<Rule, Ctx>;
 ```
 
-Puts a condition written in TypeScript on a rule — any rule of the same type:
-a relation, a permission, an arrow. The test is synchronous and pure: it
-decides on what the caller passes, and reads nothing. Its `ctx` is what `can()`
-and `list()` then **require**, and only for the permissions whose rules reach
-it:
+`edit: [when('doctors', (ctx: { onShift: boolean }) => ctx.onShift)]` grants
+the record's doctors, **while on shift**. The rule is any rule of the same
+type — a relation, a permission, an arrow. The test is synchronous and pure:
+it decides on what the caller passes, and reads nothing. Its `ctx` is what
+`can()` and `list()` then **require** — and only for the permissions whose
+rules reach it:
 
 ```ts
-const model = defineModel({
-	subjects: ['staff'],
-	types: {
-		record: {
-			relations: { doctor: fromField('doctorId', 'staff') },
-			permissions: {
-				edit: [when('doctor', (ctx: { onShift: boolean }) => ctx.onShift)],
+await access.can(grace, 'edit', { type: 'record', ...record }, { ctx: { onShift: true } });  // true
+await access.can(grace, 'edit', { type: 'record', ...record }, { ctx: { onShift: false } }); // false
+// @ts-expect-error — ctx is required: edit reaches a condition
+await access.can(grace, 'edit', { type: 'record', ...record });
+
+await access.can(grace, 'view', { type: 'record', ...record }); // no ctx: view reaches no condition
+await access.list(grace, 'edit', 'record', { ctx: { onShift: true } });
+```
+
+### Permissions on a user
+
+A user type cannot also be an object type: `defineModel` refuses `staff` in
+`types` — `"staff" names a user type and an object type`. To decide who may
+edit a staff member's account, declare an object type **whose id is the
+user's id**, and read it with `fromField('id', …)`:
+
+```ts
+const accounts = permissions({
+	model: defineModel({
+		subjects: auth.types,
+		types: {
+			account: {
+				related: {
+					self: fromField('id', 'staff', { lookup: async (staffId) => [staffId] }),
+					managers: ['staff'],
+				},
+				permits: { edit: ['self', 'managers'] },
 			},
 		},
-	},
+	}),
+	store: relations,
 });
-const access = permissions({ model, store: createMemoryRelations() });
 
-await access.can(grace, 'edit', { type: 'record', ...record }, { ctx: { onShift: true } });
-// @ts-expect-error — ctx is required: edit reaches a condition
-await access.can(grace, 'edit', { type: 'record', ...record });
+const bob = await auth.staff.create({ username: 'bob' });
+await accounts.can(bob, 'edit', { type: 'account', id: bob.id }); // true: his own account
+await accounts.can(ada, 'edit', { type: 'account', id: bob.id }); // false
+await accounts.grant({ type: 'account', id: bob.id }, 'managers', ada);
+await accounts.can(ada, 'edit', { type: 'account', id: bob.id }); // true: she manages it
+await accounts.list(ada, 'edit', 'account');                      // her own account, and bob's
 ```
 
+The `lookup` answers the one account whose id is the subject's, so `list()`
+finds a user's own account too.
+
 ## `permissions()`
 
 ```ts
@@ -234,10 +408,14 @@ can(subject, permission, object, options?): Promise<boolean>;
 - `object` is `{ type, id }` plus every field its `fromField`s read.
 - `options.ctx` is required exactly when a `when` is reachable.
 
+Your editor completes `permission` with the names of the object's type once
+the object is written. **Before, it offers the names of every type**: the
+permission comes before the object, and nothing yet says which type it is.
+
 ```ts
-await access.can(grace, 'view', { type: 'record', ...record });                               // true
-await access.can(grace, 'edit', { type: 'record', ...record }, { ctx: { onShift: false } });   // false
-await access.can(null, 'view', { type: 'record', ...record });                                // false, no store call
+await access.can(grace, 'view', { type: 'record', ...record });                              // true
+await access.can(grace, 'edit', { type: 'record', ...record }, { ctx: { onShift: false } }); // false
+await access.can(null, 'view', { type: 'record', ...record });                               // false, no store call
 ```
 
 **A denial is `false`; a failure throws.** A store that cannot answer is
@@ -254,16 +432,32 @@ list(subject, permission, objectType, options?): Promise<CursorPage<string>>;
 
 The ids of the objects of `objectType` on which `subject` holds `permission`,
 ascending, by pages — what `can()` answers `true` for, found without naming
-them.
+them. Page with `limit` and `after`, passing each `nextCursor` back as it
+came, until it is `null`:
 
 ```ts
 const page = await access.list(grace, 'view', 'record', { limit: 50 });
-page.items;      // readonly string[]
+page.items;      // readonly string[]: the records grace can view — hers, and her teams'
 page.nextCursor; // string | null
 await access.list(grace, 'view', 'record', { after: page.nextCursor, limit: 50 });
+
+// Every page — annotate the page, or TypeScript cannot type the loop (TS7022):
+let after: string | null = null;
+do {
+	const next: CursorPage<string> = await access.list(grace, 'view', 'record', { after, limit: 100 });
+	for (const id of next.items) console.log(id);
+	after = next.nextCursor;
+} while (after);
 ```
 
-`limit` is 20 by default and at most 100; `ctx` is required as for `can`.
+`CursorPage` is exported from `@nxgt/janus`.
+
+`limit` is 20 by default and at most 100 — a larger one is capped, and one
+that is not a positive integer is a `TypeError`, so parse a limit read from a
+request first ([troubleshooting](../troubleshooting.md#call-limit-must-be-an-integer-of-at-least-1-or-absent)).
+`ctx` is required as for `can` — `list(grace, 'edit', 'record', { ctx })`.
+Your editor completes `permission` with what `list()` can answer only: a name
+reaching a `fromField` with no `lookup` is neither offered nor accepted.
 `null` answers an empty page before any store call.
 
 `list()` walks backwards from the subject, reading every page of the reverse
@@ -279,7 +473,18 @@ revoke(object, relation, subject): Promise<void>;
 ```
 
 Both are typed from the model: only a stored relation (never a `fromField`),
-and only a holder the relation admits.
+and only a holder the relation admits — a staff member, or a team's members
+where `'team#members'` is declared.
+
+```ts
+await access.grant(team, 'members', grace);                                               // a staff member
+await access.grant(team, 'members', { type: 'team', id: 't2', relation: 'members' });     // a subject set
+await access.grant({ type: 'record', id: 'r1' }, 'teams', team);                         // what 'teams->view' follows
+await access.revoke(team, 'members', grace);
+```
+
+Both are idempotent: granting what is held, or revoking what is not, is not an
+error. Each writes one tuple.
 
 The same rule holds when reading: `can()` and `list()` follow only the holders
 a relation admits. A tuple stored past `grant()` — by an older model, or by
@@ -288,36 +493,21 @@ it refuses to `grant()` it, so remove it with the store:
 
 ```ts
 await relations.write({
-	remove: [
-		{
-			object: { type: 'record', id: 'r1' },
-			relation: 'viewer',
-			subject: { type: 'team', id: 't1' },
-		},
-	],
+	remove: [{ object: { type: 'record', id: 'r1' }, relation: 'teams', subject: { type: 'team', id: 't1' } }],
 });
 ```
 
 Narrowing a model therefore hides the tuples it no longer admits; it does not
 delete them, and widening it again brings them back.
 
-```ts
-await access.grant({ type: 'team', id: 't1' }, 'member', grace);
-await access.grant({ type: 'team', id: 't1' }, 'member', { type: 'team', id: 't2', relation: 'member' }); // a subject set
-await access.grant({ type: 'record', id: 'r1' }, 'team', { type: 'team', id: 't1' });                  // what 'team->view' follows
-await access.revoke({ type: 'team', id: 't1' }, 'member', grace);
-```
-
-Both are idempotent: granting what is held, or revoking what is not, is not an
-error. Each writes one tuple.
-
 ### Deleting
 
-Wire the relation store into `janus({ relations })`, and deleting a user
-deletes every tuple naming them. Deleting an object's tuples is yours, from
-your own code, when you delete the object:
+Wire the relation store into `janus({ relations })`, as the clinic does, and
+deleting a user deletes every tuple naming them. Deleting an object's tuples
+is yours, from your own code, when you delete the object:
 
 ```ts
+await auth.staff.delete(grace);                              // grace, her sessions, and every tuple naming her
 await relations.deleteEntity({ type: 'record', id: 'r1' }); // answers how many tuples it removed
 ```
 
@@ -343,11 +533,16 @@ export async function getRecord(request: Request, id: string): Promise<Response>
 }
 ```
 
+Load the record first: `can()` needs its `doctorId` and `patientId`. An
+anonymous caller is `null`, which `can()` answers `false` without a store call
+— a `401` here, a `403` for a signed-in one.
+
 ## Subjects and the notation
 
 A user **is** a subject: `subjectOf(user)` from `@nxgt/janus` answers its
 `{ type, id }`, and `can` takes the user as it is. Tuples print in Zanzibar's
-notation, typed — see [the shared vocabulary](vocabulary.md#subjects-and-the-tuple-notation).
+notation, typed — `record:r1#teams@team:t1`, `team:t1#members@team:t2#members`
+— see [the shared vocabulary](vocabulary.md#subjects-and-the-tuple-notation).
 
 ## The relation store
 
@@ -362,3 +557,4 @@ rest.
 - [Users](users.md) — `janus({ relations })`, and user types as subject types
 - [Errors](errors.md) — `STORE_FAILED` and `PERMISSION_DEPTH`
 - [Writing an adapter](adapters.md) — `RelationStore` and its conformance suite
+- [Troubleshooting](../troubleshooting.md#definemodel-) — every `defineModel` message