@nubjs/nub-linux-x64 0.0.7 → 0.0.9

package/runtime/node_modules/@js-temporal/polyfill/lib/calendar.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,2424 @@
+import * as ES from './ecmascript';
+import { DefineIntrinsic } from './intrinsicclass';
+import type { Temporal } from '..';
+import type {
+  BuiltinCalendarId,
+  CalendarDateRecord,
+  CalendarFieldsRecord,
+  CalendarYMD,
+  DateDuration,
+  FieldKey,
+  ISODate,
+  ISODateToFieldsType,
+  MonthDayFromFieldsObject,
+  Overflow,
+  Resolve
+} from './internaltypes';
+
+function arrayFromSet<T>(src: Set<T>): T[] {
+  return [...src];
+}
+
+function calendarDateWeekOfYear(id: BuiltinCalendarId, isoDate: ISODate): { week: number; year: number } | undefined {
+  // Supports only Gregorian and ISO8601 calendar; can be updated to add support for other calendars.
+  // Returns undefined for calendars without a well-defined week calendar system.
+  // eslint-disable-next-line max-len
+  // Also see: https://github.com/unicode-org/icu/blob/ab72ab1d4a3c3f9beeb7d92b0c7817ca93dfdb04/icu4c/source/i18n/calendar.cpp#L1606
+  if (id !== 'gregory' && id !== 'iso8601') return undefined;
+  const calendar = impl[id];
+  let yow = isoDate.year;
+  const { dayOfWeek, dayOfYear, daysInYear } = calendar.isoToDate(isoDate, {
+    dayOfWeek: true,
+    dayOfYear: true,
+    daysInYear: true
+  });
+  const fdow = calendar.getFirstDayOfWeek();
+  const mdow = calendar.getMinimalDaysInFirstWeek();
+  ES.uncheckedAssertNarrowedType<number>(fdow, 'guaranteed to exist for iso8601/gregory');
+  ES.uncheckedAssertNarrowedType<number>(mdow, 'guaranteed to exist for iso8601/gregory');
+
+  // For both the input date and the first day of its calendar year, calculate the day of week
+  // relative to first day of week in the relevant calendar (e.g., in iso8601, relative to Monday).
+  let relDow = (dayOfWeek + 7 - fdow) % 7;
+  // Assuming the year length is less than 7000 days.
+  let relDowJan1 = (dayOfWeek - dayOfYear + 7001 - fdow) % 7;
+
+  let woy = Math.floor((dayOfYear - 1 + relDowJan1) / 7);
+  if (7 - relDowJan1 >= mdow) {
+    ++woy;
+  }
+
+  // Adjust for weeks at the year end that overlap into the previous or next calendar year.
+  if (woy == 0) {
+    // Check for last week of previous year; if true, handle the case for
+    // first week of next year
+    const prevYearCalendar = calendar.isoToDate(calendar.dateAdd(isoDate, { years: -1 }, 'constrain'), {
+      daysInYear: true
+    });
+    let prevDoy = dayOfYear + prevYearCalendar.daysInYear;
+    woy = weekNumber(fdow, mdow, prevDoy, dayOfWeek);
+    yow--;
+  } else {
+    // For it to be week 1 of the next year, dayOfYear must be >= lastDoy - 5
+    //          L-5                  L
+    // doy: 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 001
+    // dow:      1   2   3   4   5   6   7
+    let lastDoy = daysInYear;
+    if (dayOfYear >= lastDoy - 5) {
+      let lastRelDow = (relDow + lastDoy - dayOfYear) % 7;
+      if (lastRelDow < 0) {
+        lastRelDow += 7;
+      }
+      if (6 - lastRelDow >= mdow && dayOfYear + 7 - relDow > lastDoy) {
+        woy = 1;
+        yow++;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return { week: woy, year: yow };
+}
+
+function ISODateSurpasses(sign: -1 | 0 | 1, y1: number, m1: number, d1: number, isoDate2: ISODate) {
+  if (y1 !== isoDate2.year) {
+    if (sign * (y1 - isoDate2.year) > 0) return true;
+  } else if (m1 !== isoDate2.month) {
+    if (sign * (m1 - isoDate2.month) > 0) return true;
+  } else if (d1 !== isoDate2.day) {
+    if (sign * (d1 - isoDate2.day) > 0) return true;
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+type ResolveFieldsReturn<Type extends ISODateToFieldsType> = Resolve<
+  CalendarFieldsRecord & {
+    year: Type extends 'date' ? number : never;
+    month: number;
+    monthCode: string;
+    day: number;
+  }
+>;
+
+/**
+ * Shape of internal implementation of each built-in calendar. Note that
+ * parameter types are simpler than CalendarProtocol because the `Calendar`
+ * class performs validation and parameter normalization before handing control
+ * over to CalendarImpl.
+ *
+ * There are two instances of this interface: one for the ISO calendar and
+ * another that handles logic that's the same across all non-ISO calendars. The
+ * latter is cloned for each non-ISO calendar at the end of this file.
+ */
+export interface CalendarImpl {
+  isoToDate<
+    Request extends Partial<Record<keyof CalendarDateRecord, true>>,
+    T extends {
+      [Field in keyof CalendarDateRecord]: Request extends { [K in Field]: true } ? CalendarDateRecord[Field] : never;
+    }
+  >(
+    isoDate: ISODate,
+    requestedFields: Request
+  ): T;
+  getFirstDayOfWeek(): number | undefined;
+  getMinimalDaysInFirstWeek(): number | undefined;
+  resolveFields<Type extends ISODateToFieldsType>(
+    fields: CalendarFieldsRecord,
+    type: Type
+  ): asserts fields is ResolveFieldsReturn<Type>;
+  dateToISO(fields: ResolveFieldsReturn<'date'>, overflow: Overflow): ISODate;
+  monthDayToISOReferenceDate(fields: ResolveFieldsReturn<'month-day'>, overflow: Overflow): ISODate;
+  dateAdd(date: ISODate, duration: Partial<DateDuration>, overflow: Overflow): ISODate;
+  dateUntil(one: ISODate, two: ISODate, largestUnit: 'year' | 'month' | 'week' | 'day'): DateDuration;
+  extraFields(fields: FieldKey[]): FieldKey[];
+  fieldKeysToIgnore(keys: FieldKey[]): FieldKey[];
+}
+
+type CalendarImplementations = {
+  [k in BuiltinCalendarId]: CalendarImpl;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Implementations for each calendar.
+ * Registration for each of these calendars happens throughout this file. The ISO and non-ISO calendars are registered
+ * separately - look for 'iso8601' for the ISO calendar registration, and all non-ISO calendar registrations happens
+ * at the bottom of the file.
+ */
+const impl: CalendarImplementations = {} as unknown as CalendarImplementations;
+
+/**
+ * Implementation for the ISO 8601 calendar. This is the only calendar that's
+ * guaranteed to be supported by all ECMAScript implementations, including those
+ * without Intl (ECMA-402) support.
+ */
+impl['iso8601'] = {
+  resolveFields(fields, type) {
+    if ((type === 'date' || type === 'year-month') && fields.year === undefined) {
+      throw new TypeError('year is required');
+    }
+    if ((type === 'date' || type === 'month-day') && fields.day === undefined) {
+      throw new TypeError('day is required');
+    }
+    Object.assign(fields, resolveNonLunisolarMonth(fields));
+  },
+  dateToISO(fields, overflow) {
+    return ES.RegulateISODate(fields.year, fields.month, fields.day, overflow);
+  },
+  monthDayToISOReferenceDate(fields, overflow) {
+    const referenceISOYear = 1972;
+    const { month, day } = ES.RegulateISODate(fields.year ?? referenceISOYear, fields.month, fields.day, overflow);
+    return { month, day, year: referenceISOYear };
+  },
+  extraFields() {
+    return [];
+  },
+  fieldKeysToIgnore(keys) {
+    const result = new Set<FieldKey>();
+    for (let ix = 0; ix < keys.length; ix++) {
+      const key = keys[ix];
+      result.add(key);
+      if (key === 'month') {
+        result.add('monthCode');
+      } else if (key === 'monthCode') {
+        result.add('month');
+      }
+    }
+    return arrayFromSet(result);
+  },
+  dateAdd(isoDate, { years = 0, months = 0, weeks = 0, days = 0 }, overflow) {
+    let { year, month, day } = isoDate;
+    year += years;
+    month += months;
+    ({ year, month } = ES.BalanceISOYearMonth(year, month));
+    ({ year, month, day } = ES.RegulateISODate(year, month, day, overflow));
+    day += days + 7 * weeks;
+    return ES.BalanceISODate(year, month, day);
+  },
+  dateUntil(one, two, largestUnit) {
+    const sign = -ES.CompareISODate(one, two);
+    if (sign === 0) return { years: 0, months: 0, weeks: 0, days: 0 };
+    ES.uncheckedAssertNarrowedType<-1 | 1>(sign, "the - operator's return type is number");
+
+    let years = 0;
+    let months = 0;
+    let intermediate;
+    if (largestUnit === 'year' || largestUnit === 'month') {
+      // We can skip right to the neighbourhood of the correct number of years,
+      // it'll be at least one less than two.year - one.year (unless it's zero)
+      let candidateYears = two.year - one.year;
+      if (candidateYears !== 0) candidateYears -= sign;
+      // loops at most twice
+      while (!ISODateSurpasses(sign, one.year + candidateYears, one.month, one.day, two)) {
+        years = candidateYears;
+        candidateYears += sign;
+      }
+
+      let candidateMonths = sign;
+      intermediate = ES.BalanceISOYearMonth(one.year + years, one.month + candidateMonths);
+      // loops at most 12 times
+      while (!ISODateSurpasses(sign, intermediate.year, intermediate.month, one.day, two)) {
+        months = candidateMonths;
+        candidateMonths += sign;
+        intermediate = ES.BalanceISOYearMonth(intermediate.year, intermediate.month + sign);
+      }
+
+      if (largestUnit === 'month') {
+        months += years * 12;
+        years = 0;
+      }
+    }
+
+    intermediate = ES.BalanceISOYearMonth(one.year + years, one.month + months);
+    const constrained = ES.ConstrainISODate(intermediate.year, intermediate.month, one.day);
+
+    let weeks = 0;
+    let days =
+      ES.ISODateToEpochDays(two.year, two.month - 1, two.day) -
+      ES.ISODateToEpochDays(constrained.year, constrained.month - 1, constrained.day);
+
+    if (largestUnit === 'week') {
+      weeks = Math.trunc(days / 7);
+      days %= 7;
+    }
+
+    return { years, months, weeks, days };
+  },
+  isoToDate<
+    Request extends Partial<Record<keyof CalendarDateRecord, true>>,
+    T extends {
+      [Field in keyof CalendarDateRecord]: Request extends { [K in Field]: true } ? CalendarDateRecord[Field] : never;
+    }
+  >({ year, month, day }: ISODate, requestedFields: Request): T {
+    // requestedFields parameter is not part of the spec text. It's an
+    // illustration of one way implementations may choose to optimize this
+    // operation.
+    const date: Partial<CalendarDateRecord> = {
+      era: undefined,
+      eraYear: undefined,
+      year,
+      month,
+      day,
+      daysInWeek: 7,
+      monthsInYear: 12
+    };
+    if (requestedFields.monthCode) date.monthCode = buildMonthCode(month);
+    if (requestedFields.dayOfWeek) {
+      // https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determination_of_the_day_of_the_week#Disparate_variation
+      const shiftedMonth = month + (month < 3 ? 10 : -2);
+      const shiftedYear = year - (month < 3 ? 1 : 0);
+
+      const century = Math.floor(shiftedYear / 100);
+      const yearInCentury = shiftedYear - century * 100;
+
+      const monthTerm = Math.floor(2.6 * shiftedMonth - 0.2);
+      const yearTerm = yearInCentury + Math.floor(yearInCentury / 4);
+      const centuryTerm = Math.floor(century / 4) - 2 * century;
+
+      const dow = (day + monthTerm + yearTerm + centuryTerm) % 7;
+
+      date.dayOfWeek = dow + (dow <= 0 ? 7 : 0);
+    }
+    if (requestedFields.dayOfYear) {
+      let days = day;
+      for (let m = month - 1; m > 0; m--) {
+        days += ES.ISODaysInMonth(year, m);
+      }
+      date.dayOfYear = days;
+    }
+    if (requestedFields.weekOfYear) date.weekOfYear = calendarDateWeekOfYear('iso8601', { year, month, day });
+    if (requestedFields.daysInMonth) date.daysInMonth = ES.ISODaysInMonth(year, month);
+    if (requestedFields.daysInYear || requestedFields.inLeapYear) {
+      date.inLeapYear = ES.LeapYear(year);
+      date.daysInYear = date.inLeapYear ? 366 : 365;
+    }
+    return date as T;
+  },
+  getFirstDayOfWeek() {
+    return 1;
+  },
+  getMinimalDaysInFirstWeek() {
+    return 4;
+  }
+};
+
+// Note: Built-in calendars other than iso8601 are not part of the Temporal
+// proposal for ECMA-262. These calendars will be standardized as part of
+// ECMA-402. Code below here includes an implementation of these calendars to
+// validate the Temporal API and to get feedback. However, native non-ISO
+// calendar behavior is at least somewhat implementation-defined, so may not
+// match this polyfill's output exactly.
+//
+// Some ES implementations don't include ECMA-402. For this reason, it's helpful
+// to ensure a clean separation between the ISO calendar implementation which is
+// a part of ECMA-262 and the non-ISO calendar implementation which requires
+// ECMA-402.
+//
+// To ensure this separation, the implementation is split. A `CalendarImpl`
+// interface defines the common operations between both ISO and non-ISO
+// calendars.
+
+/**
+ * This type is passed through from CalendarImpl#dateFromFields().
+ * `monthExtra` is additional information used internally to identify lunisolar leap months.
+ */
+type CalendarDateFields = CalendarFieldsRecord & { monthExtra?: string };
+
+/**
+ * This is a "fully populated" calendar date record. It's only lacking
+ * `era`/`eraYear` (which may not be present in all calendars) and `monthExtra`
+ * which is only used in some cases.
+ */
+type FullCalendarDate = {
+  era?: string;
+  eraYear?: number;
+  year: number;
+  month: number;
+  monthCode: string;
+  day: number;
+  monthExtra?: string;
+};
+
+// The types below are various subsets of calendar dates
+type CalendarYM = { year: number; month: number };
+type CalendarYearOnly = { year: number };
+type EraAndEraYear = { era: string; eraYear: number };
+
+function nonLeapMonthCodeNumberPart(monthCode: string) {
+  if (!monthCode.startsWith('M')) {
+    throw new RangeError(`Invalid month code: ${monthCode}.  Month codes must start with M.`);
+  }
+  const month = +monthCode.slice(1);
+  if (Number.isNaN(month)) throw new RangeError(`Invalid month code: ${monthCode}`);
+  return month;
+}
+
+function buildMonthCode(month: number, leap = false) {
+  const digitPart = `${month}`.padStart(2, '0');
+  const leapMarker = leap ? 'L' : '';
+  return `M${digitPart}${leapMarker}`;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Safely merge a month, monthCode pair into an integer month.
+ * If both are present, make sure they match.
+ * This logic doesn't work for lunisolar calendars!
+ * */
+function resolveNonLunisolarMonth<T extends { monthCode?: string; month?: number }>(
+  calendarDate: T,
+  overflow: Overflow | undefined = undefined,
+  monthsPerYear = 12
+) {
+  let { month, monthCode } = calendarDate;
+  if (monthCode === undefined) {
+    if (month === undefined) throw new TypeError('Either month or monthCode are required');
+    // The ISO calendar uses the default (undefined) value because it does
+    // constrain/reject after this method returns. Non-ISO calendars, however,
+    // rely on this function to constrain/reject out-of-range `month` values.
+    if (overflow === 'reject') ES.RejectToRange(month, 1, monthsPerYear);
+    if (overflow === 'constrain') month = ES.ConstrainToRange(month, 1, monthsPerYear);
+    monthCode = buildMonthCode(month);
+  } else {
+    const numberPart = nonLeapMonthCodeNumberPart(monthCode);
+    if (monthCode !== buildMonthCode(numberPart)) {
+      throw new RangeError(`Invalid month code: ${monthCode}`);
+    }
+    if (month !== undefined && month !== numberPart) {
+      throw new RangeError(`monthCode ${monthCode} and month ${month} must match if both are present`);
+    }
+    month = numberPart;
+    if (month < 1 || month > monthsPerYear) throw new RangeError(`Invalid monthCode: ${monthCode}`);
+  }
+  return { ...calendarDate, month, monthCode };
+}
+
+function weekNumber(firstDayOfWeek: number, minimalDaysInFirstWeek: number, desiredDay: number, dayOfWeek: number) {
+  let periodStartDayOfWeek = (dayOfWeek - firstDayOfWeek - desiredDay + 1) % 7;
+  if (periodStartDayOfWeek < 0) periodStartDayOfWeek += 7;
+  let weekNo = Math.floor((desiredDay + periodStartDayOfWeek - 1) / 7);
+  if (7 - periodStartDayOfWeek >= minimalDaysInFirstWeek) {
+    ++weekNo;
+  }
+  return weekNo;
+}
+
+/**
+ * This prototype implementation of non-ISO calendars makes many repeated calls
+ * to Intl APIs which may be slow (e.g. >0.2ms). This trivial cache will speed
+ * up these repeat accesses. Each cache instance is associated (via a WeakMap)
+ * to a specific Temporal object, which speeds up multiple calendar calls on the
+ * same Temporal object instance.  No invalidation or pruning is necessary
+ * because each object's cache is thrown away when the object is GC-ed.
+ */
+class OneObjectCache {
+  map = new Map();
+  calls = 0;
+  // now = OneObjectCache.monotonicTimestamp();
+  hits = 0;
+  misses = 0;
+
+  // static monotonicTimestamp() {
+  //   return performance?.now() ?? Date.now();
+  // }
+
+  constructor(cacheToClone?: OneObjectCache) {
+    if (cacheToClone !== undefined) {
+      let i = 0;
+      for (const entry of cacheToClone.map.entries()) {
+        if (++i > OneObjectCache.MAX_CACHE_ENTRIES) break;
+        this.map.set(...entry);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  get(key: string) {
+    const result = this.map.get(key);
+    if (result) {
+      this.hits++;
+      this.report();
+    }
+    this.calls++;
+    return result;
+  }
+  set(key: string, value: unknown) {
+    this.map.set(key, value);
+    this.misses++;
+    this.report();
+  }
+  report() {
+    // if (this.calls === 0) return;
+    // const ms = OneObjectCache.monotonicTimestamp() - this.now;
+    // const hitRate = ((100 * this.hits) / this.calls).toFixed(0);
+    // const t = `${ms.toFixed(2)}ms`;
+    // // eslint-disable-next-line no-console
+    // console.log(`${this.calls} calls in ${t}. Hits: ${this.hits} (${hitRate}%). Misses: ${this.misses}.`);
+  }
+  setObject(obj: ISODate) {
+    if (OneObjectCache.objectMap.get(obj)) throw new RangeError('object already cached');
+    OneObjectCache.objectMap.set(obj, this);
+    this.report();
+  }
+
+  static objectMap = new WeakMap();
+  static MAX_CACHE_ENTRIES = 1000;
+
+  /**
+   * Returns a WeakMap-backed cache that's used to store expensive results
+   * that are associated with a particular Temporal object instance.
+   *
+   * @param obj - object to associate with the cache
+   */
+  static getCacheForObject(obj: ISODate) {
+    let cache = OneObjectCache.objectMap.get(obj);
+    if (!cache) {
+      cache = new OneObjectCache();
+      OneObjectCache.objectMap.set(obj, cache);
+    }
+    return cache;
+  }
+}
+
+function toUtcIsoDateString({ isoYear, isoMonth, isoDay }: { isoYear: number; isoMonth: number; isoDay: number }) {
+  const yearString = ES.ISOYearString(isoYear);
+  const monthString = ES.ISODateTimePartString(isoMonth);
+  const dayString = ES.ISODateTimePartString(isoDay);
+  return `${yearString}-${monthString}-${dayString}T00:00Z`;
+}
+
+function simpleDateDiff(one: CalendarYMD, two: CalendarYMD) {
+  return {
+    years: one.year - two.year,
+    months: one.month - two.month,
+    days: one.day - two.day
+  };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Implementation helper that's common to all non-ISO calendars
+ */
+abstract class HelperBase {
+  abstract id: BuiltinCalendarId;
+  abstract monthsInYear(calendarDate: CalendarYearOnly, cache?: OneObjectCache): number;
+  abstract maximumMonthLength(calendarDate?: CalendarYM): number;
+  abstract minimumMonthLength(calendarDate?: CalendarYM): number;
+  abstract maxLengthOfMonthCodeInAnyYear(monthCode: string): number;
+  abstract estimateIsoDate(calendarDate: CalendarYMD): ISODate;
+  abstract inLeapYear(calendarDate: CalendarYearOnly, cache?: OneObjectCache): boolean;
+  abstract calendarType: 'solar' | 'lunar' | 'lunisolar';
+  reviseIntlEra?<T extends Partial<EraAndEraYear>>(calendarDate: T, isoDate: ISODate): T;
+  eras: Era[] = [];
+  checkIcuBugs?(isoDate: ISODate): void;
+  private formatter?: globalThis.Intl.DateTimeFormat;
+  getFormatter() {
+    // `new Intl.DateTimeFormat()` is amazingly slow and chews up RAM. Per
+    // https://bugs.chromium.org/p/v8/issues/detail?id=6528#c4, we cache one
+    // DateTimeFormat instance per calendar. Caching is lazy so we only pay for
+    // calendars that are used. Note that the HelperBase class is extended to
+    // create each calendar's implementation before any cache is created, so
+    // each calendar gets its own separate cached formatter.
+    if (typeof this.formatter === 'undefined') {
+      this.formatter = new Intl.DateTimeFormat(`en-US-u-ca-${this.id}`, {
+        day: 'numeric',
+        month: 'numeric',
+        year: 'numeric',
+        era: 'short',
+        timeZone: 'UTC'
+      });
+    }
+    return this.formatter;
+  }
+  getCalendarParts(isoString: string) {
+    let dateTimeFormat = this.getFormatter();
+    let legacyDate = new Date(isoString);
+
+    // PlainDate's minimum date -271821-04-19 is one day beyond legacy Date's
+    // minimum -271821-04-20, because of accommodating all Instants in all time
+    // zones. If we have -271821-04-19, instead format -271821-04-20 in a time
+    // zone that pushes the result into the previous day. This is a slow path
+    // because we create a new Intl.DateTimeFormat.
+    if (isoString === '-271821-04-19T00:00Z') {
+      const options = dateTimeFormat.resolvedOptions();
+      dateTimeFormat = new Intl.DateTimeFormat(options.locale, {
+        ...(options as Intl.DateTimeFormatOptions),
+        timeZone: 'Etc/GMT+1'
+      });
+      legacyDate = new Date('-271821-04-20T00:00Z');
+    }
+
+    try {
+      return dateTimeFormat.formatToParts(legacyDate);
+    } catch (e) {
+      throw new RangeError(`Invalid ISO date: ${isoString}`);
+    }
+  }
+  isoToCalendarDate(isoDate: ISODate, cache: OneObjectCache): FullCalendarDate {
+    const { year: isoYear, month: isoMonth, day: isoDay } = isoDate;
+    const key = JSON.stringify({ func: 'isoToCalendarDate', isoYear, isoMonth, isoDay, id: this.id });
+    const cached = cache.get(key);
+    if (cached) return cached;
+
+    const isoString = toUtcIsoDateString({ isoYear, isoMonth, isoDay });
+    const parts = this.getCalendarParts(isoString);
+    const result: Partial<FullCalendarDate> = {};
+    for (let i = 0; i < parts.length; i++) {
+      const { type, value } = parts[i];
+      // TODO: remove this type annotation when `relatedYear` gets into TS lib types
+      if (type === 'year' || type === ('relatedYear' as Intl.DateTimeFormatPartTypes)) {
+        if (this.hasEra) {
+          result.eraYear = +value;
+        } else {
+          result.year = +value;
+        }
+      }
+      if (type === 'month') {
+        const matches = /^([0-9]*)(.*?)$/.exec(value);
+        if (!matches || matches.length != 3 || (!matches[1] && !matches[2])) {
+          throw new RangeError(`Unexpected month: ${value}`);
+        }
+        // If the month has no numeric part (should only see this for the Hebrew
+        // calendar with newer FF / Chromium versions; see
+        // https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1751833) then set a
+        // placeholder month index of `1` and rely on the derived class to
+        // calculate the correct month index from the month name stored in
+        // `monthExtra`.
+        result.month = matches[1] ? +matches[1] : 1;
+        if (result.month < 1) {
+          throw new RangeError(
+            `Invalid month ${value} from ${isoString}[u-ca-${this.id}]` +
+              ' (probably due to https://bugs.chromium.org/p/v8/issues/detail?id=10527)'
+          );
+        }
+        if (result.month > 13) {
+          throw new RangeError(
+            `Invalid month ${value} from ${isoString}[u-ca-${this.id}]` +
+              ' (probably due to https://bugs.chromium.org/p/v8/issues/detail?id=10529)'
+          );
+        }
+
+        // The ICU formats for the Hebrew calendar no longer support a numeric
+        // month format. So we'll rely on the derived class to interpret it.
+        // `monthExtra` is also used on the Chinese calendar to handle a suffix
+        // "bis" indicating a leap month.
+        if (matches[2]) result.monthExtra = matches[2];
+      }
+      if (type === 'day') result.day = +value;
+      if (this.hasEra && type === 'era' && value != null && value !== '') {
+        // The convention for Temporal era values is lowercase, so following
+        // that convention in this prototype. Punctuation is removed, accented
+        // letters are normalized, and spaces are replaced with dashes.
+        // E.g.: "ERA0" => "era0", "Before R.O.C." => "before-roc", "En’ō" => "eno"
+        // The call to normalize() and the replacement regex deals with era
+        // names that contain non-ASCII characters like Japanese eras. Also
+        // ignore extra content in parentheses like JPN era date ranges.
+        result.era = value
+          .split(' (')[0]
+          .normalize('NFD')
+          .replace(/[^-0-9 \p{L}]/gu, '')
+          .replace(/ /g, '-')
+          .toLowerCase();
+      }
+    }
+    if (this.hasEra && result.eraYear === undefined) {
+      // Node 12 has outdated ICU data that lacks the `relatedYear` field in the
+      // output of Intl.DateTimeFormat.formatToParts.
+      throw new RangeError(
+        `Intl.DateTimeFormat.formatToParts lacks relatedYear in ${this.id} calendar. Try Node 14+ or modern browsers.`
+      );
+    }
+    // Translate old ICU era codes "ERA0" etc. into canonical era names.
+    if (this.hasEra) {
+      const replacement = this.eras.find((e) => result.era === e.genericName);
+      if (replacement) result.era = replacement.code;
+    }
+    // Translate eras that may be handled differently by Temporal vs. by Intl
+    // (e.g. Japanese pre-Meiji eras). See https://github.com/tc39/proposal-temporal/issues/526.
+    if (this.reviseIntlEra) {
+      const { era, eraYear } = this.reviseIntlEra(result, isoDate);
+      result.era = era;
+      result.eraYear = eraYear;
+    }
+    if (this.checkIcuBugs) this.checkIcuBugs(isoDate);
+
+    const calendarDate = this.adjustCalendarDate(result, cache, 'constrain', true);
+    if (calendarDate.year === undefined) throw new RangeError(`Missing year converting ${JSON.stringify(isoDate)}`);
+    if (calendarDate.month === undefined) {
+      throw new RangeError(`Missing month converting ${JSON.stringify(isoDate)}`);
+    }
+    if (calendarDate.day === undefined) throw new RangeError(`Missing day converting ${JSON.stringify(isoDate)}`);
+    cache.set(key, calendarDate);
+    // Also cache the reverse mapping
+    const cacheReverse = (overflow: Overflow) => {
+      const keyReverse = JSON.stringify({
+        func: 'calendarToIsoDate',
+        year: calendarDate.year,
+        month: calendarDate.month,
+        day: calendarDate.day,
+        overflow,
+        id: this.id
+      });
+      cache.set(keyReverse, isoDate);
+    };
+    (['constrain', 'reject'] as const).forEach(cacheReverse);
+    return calendarDate;
+  }
+  validateCalendarDate(calendarDate: Partial<FullCalendarDate>): asserts calendarDate is FullCalendarDate {
+    const { month, year, day, eraYear, monthCode, monthExtra } = calendarDate;
+    // When there's a suffix (e.g. "5bis" for a leap month in Chinese calendar)
+    // the derived class must deal with it.
+    if (monthExtra !== undefined) throw new RangeError('Unexpected `monthExtra` value');
+    if (year === undefined && eraYear === undefined) throw new TypeError('year or eraYear is required');
+    if (month === undefined && monthCode === undefined) throw new TypeError('month or monthCode is required');
+    if (day === undefined) throw new RangeError('Missing day');
+    if (monthCode !== undefined) {
+      if (typeof monthCode !== 'string') {
+        throw new RangeError(`monthCode must be a string, not ${typeof monthCode}`);
+      }
+      if (!/^M([01]?\d)(L?)$/.test(monthCode)) {
+        throw new RangeError(`Invalid monthCode: ${monthCode}`);
+      }
+    }
+    if (this.hasEra) {
+      if ((calendarDate['era'] === undefined) !== (calendarDate['eraYear'] === undefined)) {
+        throw new TypeError('properties era and eraYear must be provided together');
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  /**
+   * Allows derived calendars to add additional fields and/or to make
+   * adjustments e.g. to set the era based on the date or to revise the month
+   * number in lunisolar calendars per
+   * https://github.com/tc39/proposal-temporal/issues/1203.
+   *
+   * The base implementation fills in missing values by assuming the simplest
+   * possible calendar:
+   * - no eras
+   * - non-lunisolar calendar (no leap months)
+   * */
+  adjustCalendarDate(
+    calendarDateParam: Partial<FullCalendarDate>,
+    cache: OneObjectCache | undefined = undefined,
+    overflow: Overflow = 'constrain',
+    // This param is only used by derived classes
+    // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-unused-vars
+    fromLegacyDate = false
+  ): FullCalendarDate {
+    if (this.calendarType === 'lunisolar') throw new RangeError('Override required for lunisolar calendars');
+    let calendarDate = calendarDateParam;
+    this.validateCalendarDate(calendarDate);
+    const largestMonth = this.monthsInYear(calendarDate, cache);
+    let { month, monthCode } = calendarDate;
+
+    ({ month, monthCode } = resolveNonLunisolarMonth(calendarDate, overflow, largestMonth));
+    return { ...(calendarDate as typeof calendarDate & CalendarYMD), month, monthCode };
+  }
+  regulateMonthDayNaive(calendarDate: FullCalendarDate, overflow: Overflow, cache: OneObjectCache): FullCalendarDate {
+    const largestMonth = this.monthsInYear(calendarDate, cache);
+    let { month, day } = calendarDate;
+    if (overflow === 'reject') {
+      ES.RejectToRange(month, 1, largestMonth);
+      ES.RejectToRange(day, 1, this.maximumMonthLength(calendarDate));
+    } else {
+      month = ES.ConstrainToRange(month, 1, largestMonth);
+      day = ES.ConstrainToRange(day, 1, this.maximumMonthLength({ ...calendarDate, month }));
+    }
+    return { ...calendarDate, month, day };
+  }
+  calendarToIsoDate(dateParam: CalendarDateFields, overflow: Overflow = 'constrain', cache: OneObjectCache): ISODate {
+    const originalDate = dateParam as Partial<FullCalendarDate>;
+    // First, normalize the calendar date to ensure that (year, month, day)
+    // are all present, converting monthCode and eraYear if needed.
+    let date = this.adjustCalendarDate(dateParam, cache, overflow, false);
+
+    // Fix obviously out-of-bounds values. Values that are valid generally, but
+    // not in this particular year, may not be caught here for some calendars.
+    // If so, these will be handled lower below.
+    date = this.regulateMonthDayNaive(date, overflow, cache);
+
+    const { year, month, day } = date;
+    const key = JSON.stringify({ func: 'calendarToIsoDate', year, month, day, overflow, id: this.id });
+    let cached = cache.get(key);
+    if (cached) return cached;
+    // If YMD are present in the input but the input has been constrained
+    // already, then cache both the original value and the constrained value.
+    let keyOriginal;
+    if (
+      originalDate.year !== undefined &&
+      originalDate.month !== undefined &&
+      originalDate.day !== undefined &&
+      (originalDate.year !== date.year || originalDate.month !== date.month || originalDate.day !== date.day)
+    ) {
+      keyOriginal = JSON.stringify({
+        func: 'calendarToIsoDate',
+        year: originalDate.year,
+        month: originalDate.month,
+        day: originalDate.day,
+        overflow,
+        id: this.id
+      });
+      cached = cache.get(keyOriginal);
+      if (cached) return cached;
+    }
+
+    // First, try to roughly guess the result
+    let isoEstimate = this.estimateIsoDate({ year, month, day });
+    const calculateSameMonthResult = (diffDays: number) => {
+      // If the estimate is in the same year & month as the target, then we can
+      // calculate the result exactly and short-circuit any additional logic.
+      // This optimization assumes that months are continuous. It would break if
+      // a calendar skipped days, like the Julian->Gregorian switchover. But
+      // current ICU calendars only skip days (japanese/roc/buddhist) because of
+      // a bug (https://bugs.chromium.org/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=1173158)
+      // that's currently worked around by a custom calendarToIsoDate
+      // implementation in those calendars. So this optimization should be safe
+      // for all ICU calendars.
+      let testIsoEstimate = this.addDaysIso(isoEstimate, diffDays);
+      if (date.day > this.minimumMonthLength(date)) {
+        // There's a chance that the calendar date is out of range. Throw or
+        // constrain if so.
+        let testCalendarDate = this.isoToCalendarDate(testIsoEstimate, cache);
+        while (testCalendarDate.month !== month || testCalendarDate.year !== year) {
+          if (overflow === 'reject') {
+            throw new RangeError(`day ${day} does not exist in month ${month} of year ${year}`);
+          }
+          // Back up a day at a time until we're not hanging over the month end
+          testIsoEstimate = this.addDaysIso(testIsoEstimate, -1);
+          testCalendarDate = this.isoToCalendarDate(testIsoEstimate, cache);
+        }
+      }
+      return testIsoEstimate;
+    };
+    let sign = 0;
+    let roundtripEstimate = this.isoToCalendarDate(isoEstimate, cache);
+    let diff = simpleDateDiff(date, roundtripEstimate);
+    if (diff.years !== 0 || diff.months !== 0 || diff.days !== 0) {
+      const diffTotalDaysEstimate = diff.years * 365 + diff.months * 30 + diff.days;
+      isoEstimate = this.addDaysIso(isoEstimate, diffTotalDaysEstimate);
+      roundtripEstimate = this.isoToCalendarDate(isoEstimate, cache);
+      diff = simpleDateDiff(date, roundtripEstimate);
+      if (diff.years === 0 && diff.months === 0) {
+        isoEstimate = calculateSameMonthResult(diff.days);
+      } else {
+        sign = this.compareCalendarDates(date, roundtripEstimate);
+      }
+    }
+    // If the initial guess is not in the same month, then bisect the
+    // distance to the target, starting with 8 days per step.
+    let increment = 8;
+    while (sign) {
+      isoEstimate = this.addDaysIso(isoEstimate, sign * increment);
+      const oldRoundtripEstimate = roundtripEstimate;
+      roundtripEstimate = this.isoToCalendarDate(isoEstimate, cache);
+      const oldSign = sign;
+      sign = this.compareCalendarDates(date, roundtripEstimate);
+      if (sign) {
+        diff = simpleDateDiff(date, roundtripEstimate);
+        if (diff.years === 0 && diff.months === 0) {
+          isoEstimate = calculateSameMonthResult(diff.days);
+          // Signal the loop condition that there's a match.
+          sign = 0;
+        } else if (oldSign && sign !== oldSign) {
+          if (increment > 1) {
+            // If the estimate overshot the target, try again with a smaller increment
+            // in the reverse direction.
+            increment /= 2;
+          } else {
+            // Increment is 1, and neither the previous estimate nor the new
+            // estimate is correct. The only way that can happen is if the
+            // original date was an invalid value that will be constrained or
+            // rejected here.
+            if (overflow === 'reject') {
+              throw new RangeError(`Can't find ISO date from calendar date: ${JSON.stringify({ ...originalDate })}`);
+            } else {
+              // To constrain, pick the earliest value
+              const order = this.compareCalendarDates(roundtripEstimate, oldRoundtripEstimate);
+              // If current value is larger, then back up to the previous value.
+              if (order > 0) isoEstimate = this.addDaysIso(isoEstimate, -1);
+              sign = 0;
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    cache.set(key, isoEstimate);
+    if (keyOriginal) cache.set(keyOriginal, isoEstimate);
+    if (
+      date.year === undefined ||
+      date.month === undefined ||
+      date.day === undefined ||
+      date.monthCode === undefined ||
+      (this.hasEra && (date.era === undefined || date.eraYear === undefined))
+    ) {
+      throw new RangeError('Unexpected missing property');
+    }
+    return isoEstimate;
+  }
+  compareCalendarDates(date1: CalendarYMD, date2: CalendarYMD) {
+    if (date1.year !== date2.year) return ES.ComparisonResult(date1.year - date2.year);
+    if (date1.month !== date2.month) return ES.ComparisonResult(date1.month - date2.month);
+    if (date1.day !== date2.day) return ES.ComparisonResult(date1.day - date2.day);
+    return 0;
+  }
+  /** Ensure that a calendar date actually exists. If not, return the closest earlier date. */
+  regulateDate(calendarDate: CalendarYMD, overflow: Overflow = 'constrain', cache: OneObjectCache): FullCalendarDate {
+    const isoDate = this.calendarToIsoDate(calendarDate, overflow, cache);
+    return this.isoToCalendarDate(isoDate, cache);
+  }
+  addDaysIso(isoDate: ISODate, days: number): ISODate {
+    const added = ES.BalanceISODate(isoDate.year, isoDate.month, isoDate.day + days);
+    return added;
+  }
+  addDaysCalendar(calendarDate: CalendarYMD, days: number, cache: OneObjectCache): FullCalendarDate {
+    const isoDate = this.calendarToIsoDate(calendarDate, 'constrain', cache);
+    const addedIso = this.addDaysIso(isoDate, days);
+    const addedCalendar = this.isoToCalendarDate(addedIso, cache);
+    return addedCalendar;
+  }
+  addMonthsCalendar(
+    calendarDateParam: CalendarYMD,
+    months: number,
+    overflow: Overflow,
+    cache: OneObjectCache
+  ): CalendarYMD {
+    let calendarDate = calendarDateParam;
+    const { day } = calendarDate;
+    for (let i = 0, absMonths = Math.abs(months); i < absMonths; i++) {
+      const { month } = calendarDate;
+      const oldCalendarDate = calendarDate;
+      const days =
+        months < 0
+          ? -Math.max(day, this.daysInPreviousMonth(calendarDate, cache))
+          : this.daysInMonth(calendarDate, cache);
+      const isoDate = this.calendarToIsoDate(calendarDate, 'constrain', cache);
+      let addedIso = this.addDaysIso(isoDate, days);
+      calendarDate = this.isoToCalendarDate(addedIso, cache);
+
+      // Normally, we can advance one month by adding the number of days in the
+      // current month. However, if we're at the end of the current month and
+      // the next month has fewer days, then we rolled over to the after-next
+      // month. Below we detect this condition and back up until we're back in
+      // the desired month.
+      if (months > 0) {
+        const monthsInOldYear = this.monthsInYear(oldCalendarDate, cache);
+        while (calendarDate.month - 1 !== month % monthsInOldYear) {
+          addedIso = this.addDaysIso(addedIso, -1);
+          calendarDate = this.isoToCalendarDate(addedIso, cache);
+        }
+      }
+
+      if (calendarDate.day !== day) {
+        // try to retain the original day-of-month, if possible
+        calendarDate = this.regulateDate({ ...calendarDate, day }, 'constrain', cache);
+      }
+    }
+    if (overflow === 'reject' && calendarDate.day !== day) {
+      throw new RangeError(`Day ${day} does not exist in resulting calendar month`);
+    }
+    return calendarDate;
+  }
+  addCalendar(
+    calendarDate: CalendarYMD & { monthCode: string },
+    { years = 0, months = 0, weeks = 0, days = 0 },
+    overflow: Overflow,
+    cache: OneObjectCache
+  ): FullCalendarDate {
+    const { year, day, monthCode } = calendarDate;
+    const addedYears = this.adjustCalendarDate({ year: year + years, monthCode, day }, cache);
+    const addedMonths = this.addMonthsCalendar(addedYears, months, overflow, cache);
+    const initialDays = days + weeks * 7;
+    const addedDays = this.addDaysCalendar(addedMonths, initialDays, cache);
+    return addedDays;
+  }
+  untilCalendar(
+    calendarOne: FullCalendarDate,
+    calendarTwo: FullCalendarDate,
+    largestUnit: Temporal.DateUnit,
+    cache: OneObjectCache
+  ): { years: number; months: number; weeks: number; days: number } {
+    let days = 0;
+    let weeks = 0;
+    let months = 0;
+    let years = 0;
+    switch (largestUnit) {
+      case 'day':
+        days = this.calendarDaysUntil(calendarOne, calendarTwo, cache);
+        break;
+      case 'week': {
+        const totalDays = this.calendarDaysUntil(calendarOne, calendarTwo, cache);
+        days = totalDays % 7;
+        weeks = (totalDays - days) / 7;
+        break;
+      }
+      case 'month':
+      case 'year': {
+        const sign = this.compareCalendarDates(calendarTwo, calendarOne);
+        if (!sign) {
+          return { years: 0, months: 0, weeks: 0, days: 0 };
+        }
+        const diffYears = calendarTwo.year - calendarOne.year;
+        const diffDays = calendarTwo.day - calendarOne.day;
+        if (largestUnit === 'year' && diffYears) {
+          let diffInYearSign = 0;
+          if (calendarTwo.monthCode > calendarOne.monthCode) diffInYearSign = 1;
+          if (calendarTwo.monthCode < calendarOne.monthCode) diffInYearSign = -1;
+          if (!diffInYearSign) diffInYearSign = Math.sign(diffDays);
+          const isOneFurtherInYear = diffInYearSign * sign < 0;
+          years = isOneFurtherInYear ? diffYears - sign : diffYears;
+        }
+        const yearsAdded = years ? this.addCalendar(calendarOne, { years }, 'constrain', cache) : calendarOne;
+        // Now we have less than one year remaining. Add one month at a time
+        // until we go over the target, then back up one month and calculate
+        // remaining days and weeks.
+        let current;
+        let next: CalendarYMD = yearsAdded;
+        do {
+          months += sign;
+          current = next;
+          next = this.addMonthsCalendar(current, sign, 'constrain', cache);
+          if (next.day !== calendarOne.day) {
+            // In case the day was constrained down, try to un-constrain it
+            next = this.regulateDate({ ...next, day: calendarOne.day }, 'constrain', cache);
+          }
+        } while (this.compareCalendarDates(calendarTwo, next) * sign >= 0);
+        months -= sign; // correct for loop above which overshoots by 1
+        const remainingDays = this.calendarDaysUntil(current, calendarTwo, cache);
+        days = remainingDays;
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+    return { years, months, weeks, days };
+  }
+  daysInMonth(calendarDate: CalendarYMD, cache: OneObjectCache): number {
+    // Add enough days to roll over to the next month. One we're in the next
+    // month, we can calculate the length of the current month. NOTE: This
+    // algorithm assumes that months are continuous. It would break if a
+    // calendar skipped days, like the Julian->Gregorian switchover. But current
+    // ICU calendars only skip days (japanese/roc/buddhist) because of a bug
+    // (https://bugs.chromium.org/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=1173158) that's
+    // currently worked around by a custom calendarToIsoDate implementation in
+    // those calendars. So this code should be safe for all ICU calendars.
+    const { day } = calendarDate;
+    const max = this.maximumMonthLength(calendarDate);
+    const min = this.minimumMonthLength(calendarDate);
+    // easiest case: we already know the month length if min and max are the same.
+    if (min === max) return min;
+
+    // Add enough days to get into the next month, without skipping it
+    const increment = day <= max - min ? max : min;
+    const isoDate = this.calendarToIsoDate(calendarDate, 'constrain', cache);
+    const addedIsoDate = this.addDaysIso(isoDate, increment);
+    const addedCalendarDate = this.isoToCalendarDate(addedIsoDate, cache);
+
+    // Now back up to the last day of the original month
+    const endOfMonthIso = this.addDaysIso(addedIsoDate, -addedCalendarDate.day);
+    const endOfMonthCalendar = this.isoToCalendarDate(endOfMonthIso, cache);
+    return endOfMonthCalendar.day;
+  }
+  daysInPreviousMonth(calendarDate: CalendarYMD, cache: OneObjectCache): number {
+    const { day, month, year } = calendarDate;
+
+    // Check to see if we already know the month length, and return it if so
+    const previousMonthYear = month > 1 ? year : year - 1;
+    let previousMonthDate = { year: previousMonthYear, month, day: 1 };
+    const previousMonth = month > 1 ? month - 1 : this.monthsInYear(previousMonthDate, cache);
+    previousMonthDate = { ...previousMonthDate, month: previousMonth };
+    const min = this.minimumMonthLength(previousMonthDate);
+    const max = this.maximumMonthLength(previousMonthDate);
+    if (min === max) return max;
+
+    const isoDate = this.calendarToIsoDate(calendarDate, 'constrain', cache);
+    const lastDayOfPreviousMonthIso = this.addDaysIso(isoDate, -day);
+    const lastDayOfPreviousMonthCalendar = this.isoToCalendarDate(lastDayOfPreviousMonthIso, cache);
+    return lastDayOfPreviousMonthCalendar.day;
+  }
+  startOfCalendarYear(calendarDate: CalendarYearOnly): CalendarYMD & { monthCode: string } {
+    return { year: calendarDate.year, month: 1, monthCode: 'M01', day: 1 };
+  }
+  startOfCalendarMonth(calendarDate: CalendarYM): CalendarYMD {
+    return { year: calendarDate.year, month: calendarDate.month, day: 1 };
+  }
+  calendarDaysUntil(calendarOne: CalendarYMD, calendarTwo: CalendarYMD, cache: OneObjectCache): number {
+    const oneIso = this.calendarToIsoDate(calendarOne, 'constrain', cache);
+    const twoIso = this.calendarToIsoDate(calendarTwo, 'constrain', cache);
+    return (
+      ES.ISODateToEpochDays(twoIso.year, twoIso.month - 1, twoIso.day) -
+      ES.ISODateToEpochDays(oneIso.year, oneIso.month - 1, oneIso.day)
+    );
+  }
+  // Override if calendar uses eras
+  hasEra = false;
+  // See https://github.com/tc39/proposal-temporal/issues/1784
+  erasBeginMidYear = false;
+  // Override this to shortcut the search space if certain month codes only
+  // occur long in the past
+  monthDaySearchStartYear(monthCode: string, day: number) {
+    void monthCode, day;
+    return 1972;
+  }
+  monthDayFromFields(fields: MonthDayFromFieldsObject, overflow: Overflow, cache: OneObjectCache): ISODate {
+    let { era, eraYear, year, month, monthCode, day } = fields;
+    if (month !== undefined && year === undefined && (!this.hasEra || era === undefined || eraYear === undefined)) {
+      throw new TypeError('when month is present, year (or era and eraYear) are required');
+    }
+    if (monthCode === undefined || year !== undefined || (this.hasEra && eraYear !== undefined)) {
+      // Apply overflow behaviour to year/month/day, to get correct monthCode/day
+      ({ monthCode, day } = this.isoToCalendarDate(this.calendarToIsoDate(fields, overflow, cache), cache));
+    }
+
+    let isoYear, isoMonth, isoDay;
+    let closestCalendar, closestIso;
+    // Look backwards starting from one of the calendar years spanning ISO year
+    // 1972, up to 20 calendar years prior, to find a year that has this month
+    // and day. Normal months and days will match immediately, but for leap days
+    // and leap months we may have to look for a while. For searches longer than
+    // 20 years, override the start date in monthDaySearchStartYear.
+    const startDateIso = {
+      year: this.monthDaySearchStartYear(monthCode, day),
+      month: 12,
+      day: 31
+    };
+    const calendarOfStartDateIso = this.isoToCalendarDate(startDateIso, cache);
+    // Note: relies on lexicographical ordering of monthCodes
+    const calendarYear =
+      calendarOfStartDateIso.monthCode > monthCode ||
+      (calendarOfStartDateIso.monthCode === monthCode && calendarOfStartDateIso.day >= day)
+        ? calendarOfStartDateIso.year
+        : calendarOfStartDateIso.year - 1;
+    for (let i = 0; i < 20; i++) {
+      const testCalendarDate: FullCalendarDate = this.adjustCalendarDate(
+        { day, monthCode, year: calendarYear - i },
+        cache
+      );
+      const isoDate = this.calendarToIsoDate(testCalendarDate, 'constrain', cache);
+      const roundTripCalendarDate = this.isoToCalendarDate(isoDate, cache);
+      ({ year: isoYear, month: isoMonth, day: isoDay } = isoDate);
+      if (roundTripCalendarDate.monthCode === monthCode && roundTripCalendarDate.day === day) {
+        return { month: isoMonth, day: isoDay, year: isoYear };
+      } else if (overflow === 'constrain') {
+        // If the requested day is never present in any instance of this month
+        // code, and the round trip date is an instance of this month code with
+        // the most possible days, we are as close as we can get.
+        const maxDayForMonthCode = this.maxLengthOfMonthCodeInAnyYear(roundTripCalendarDate.monthCode);
+        if (
+          roundTripCalendarDate.monthCode === monthCode &&
+          roundTripCalendarDate.day === maxDayForMonthCode &&
+          day > maxDayForMonthCode
+        ) {
+          return { month: isoMonth, day: isoDay, year: isoYear };
+        }
+        // non-ISO constrain algorithm tries to find the closest date in a matching month
+        if (
+          closestCalendar === undefined ||
+          (roundTripCalendarDate.monthCode === closestCalendar.monthCode &&
+            roundTripCalendarDate.day > closestCalendar.day)
+        ) {
+          closestCalendar = roundTripCalendarDate;
+          closestIso = isoDate;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    if (overflow === 'constrain' && closestIso !== undefined) return closestIso;
+    throw new RangeError(`No recent ${this.id} year with monthCode ${monthCode} and day ${day}`);
+  }
+  getFirstDayOfWeek(): number | undefined {
+    return undefined;
+  }
+  getMinimalDaysInFirstWeek(): number | undefined {
+    return undefined;
+  }
+}
+
+interface HebrewMonthInfo {
+  [m: string]: (
+    | {
+        leap: undefined;
+        regular: number;
+      }
+    | {
+        leap: number;
+        regular: undefined;
+      }
+    | {
+        leap: number;
+        regular: number;
+      }
+  ) & {
+    monthCode: string;
+    days:
+      | number
+      | {
+          min: number;
+          max: number;
+        };
+  };
+}
+
+class HebrewHelper extends HelperBase {
+  id = 'hebrew' as const;
+  calendarType = 'lunisolar' as const;
+  inLeapYear(calendarDate: CalendarYearOnly) {
+    const { year } = calendarDate;
+    // FYI: In addition to adding a month in leap years, the Hebrew calendar
+    // also has per-year changes to the number of days of Heshvan and Kislev.
+    // Given that these can be calculated by counting the number of days in
+    // those months, I assume that these DO NOT need to be exposed as
+    // Hebrew-only prototype fields or methods.
+    return (7 * year + 1) % 19 < 7;
+  }
+  monthsInYear(calendarDate: CalendarYearOnly) {
+    return this.inLeapYear(calendarDate) ? 13 : 12;
+  }
+  minimumMonthLength(calendarDate: CalendarYM) {
+    return this.minMaxMonthLength(calendarDate, 'min');
+  }
+  maximumMonthLength(calendarDate: CalendarYM) {
+    return this.minMaxMonthLength(calendarDate, 'max');
+  }
+  minMaxMonthLength(calendarDate: CalendarYM, minOrMax: 'min' | 'max') {
+    const { month, year } = calendarDate;
+    const monthCode = this.getMonthCode(year, month);
+    const monthInfo = Object.entries(this.months).find((m) => m[1].monthCode === monthCode);
+    if (monthInfo === undefined) throw new RangeError(`unmatched Hebrew month: ${month}`);
+    const daysInMonth = monthInfo[1].days;
+    return typeof daysInMonth === 'number' ? daysInMonth : daysInMonth[minOrMax];
+  }
+  maxLengthOfMonthCodeInAnyYear(monthCode: string) {
+    return ['M04', 'M06', 'M08', 'M10', 'M12'].includes(monthCode) ? 29 : 30;
+  }
+  /** Take a guess at what ISO date a particular calendar date corresponds to */
+  estimateIsoDate(calendarDate: CalendarYMD) {
+    const { year } = calendarDate;
+    return { year: year - 3760, month: 1, day: 1 };
+  }
+  months: HebrewMonthInfo = {
+    Tishri: { leap: 1, regular: 1, monthCode: 'M01', days: 30 },
+    Heshvan: { leap: 2, regular: 2, monthCode: 'M02', days: { min: 29, max: 30 } },
+    Kislev: { leap: 3, regular: 3, monthCode: 'M03', days: { min: 29, max: 30 } },
+    Tevet: { leap: 4, regular: 4, monthCode: 'M04', days: 29 },
+    Shevat: { leap: 5, regular: 5, monthCode: 'M05', days: 30 },
+    Adar: { leap: undefined, regular: 6, monthCode: 'M06', days: 29 },
+    'Adar I': { leap: 6, regular: undefined, monthCode: 'M05L', days: 30 },
+    'Adar II': { leap: 7, regular: undefined, monthCode: 'M06', days: 29 },
+    Nisan: { leap: 8, regular: 7, monthCode: 'M07', days: 30 },
+    Iyar: { leap: 9, regular: 8, monthCode: 'M08', days: 29 },
+    Sivan: { leap: 10, regular: 9, monthCode: 'M09', days: 30 },
+    Tamuz: { leap: 11, regular: 10, monthCode: 'M10', days: 29 },
+    Av: { leap: 12, regular: 11, monthCode: 'M11', days: 30 },
+    Elul: { leap: 13, regular: 12, monthCode: 'M12', days: 29 }
+  };
+  getMonthCode(year: number, month: number) {
+    if (this.inLeapYear({ year })) {
+      return month === 6 ? buildMonthCode(5, true) : buildMonthCode(month < 6 ? month : month - 1);
+    } else {
+      return buildMonthCode(month);
+    }
+  }
+  override adjustCalendarDate(
+    calendarDate: Partial<FullCalendarDate>,
+    cache?: OneObjectCache,
+    overflow: Overflow = 'constrain',
+    fromLegacyDate = false
+  ): FullCalendarDate {
+    let { year, month, monthCode, day, monthExtra } = calendarDate as Omit<typeof calendarDate, 'day'> & {
+      day: number;
+    };
+    if (year === undefined) throw new TypeError('Missing property: year');
+    if (fromLegacyDate) {
+      // In Pre Node-14 V8, DateTimeFormat.formatToParts `month: 'numeric'`
+      // output returns the numeric equivalent of `month` as a string, meaning
+      // that `'6'` in a leap year is Adar I, while `'6'` in a non-leap year
+      // means Adar. In this case, `month` will already be correct and no action
+      // is needed. However, in Node 14 and later formatToParts returns the name
+      // of the Hebrew month (e.g. "Tevet"), so we'll need to look up the
+      // correct `month` using the string name as a key.
+      if (monthExtra) {
+        const monthInfo = this.months[monthExtra];
+        if (!monthInfo) throw new RangeError(`Unrecognized month from formatToParts: ${monthExtra}`);
+        month = this.inLeapYear({ year }) ? monthInfo.leap : monthInfo.regular;
+      }
+      // Because we're getting data from legacy Date, then `month` will always be present
+      monthCode = this.getMonthCode(year, month as number);
+      return { year, month: month as number, day, monthCode };
+    } else {
+      // When called without input coming from legacy Date output, simply ensure
+      // that all fields are present.
+      this.validateCalendarDate(calendarDate);
+      if (month === undefined) {
+        ES.assertExists(monthCode);
+        if (monthCode.endsWith('L')) {
+          if (monthCode !== 'M05L') {
+            throw new RangeError(`Hebrew leap month must have monthCode M05L, not ${monthCode}`);
+          }
+          month = 6;
+          if (!this.inLeapYear({ year })) {
+            if (overflow === 'reject') {
+              throw new RangeError(`Hebrew monthCode M05L is invalid in year ${year} which is not a leap year`);
+            } else {
+              // constrain to same day of next month (Adar)
+              month = 6;
+              monthCode = 'M06';
+            }
+          }
+        } else {
+          month = nonLeapMonthCodeNumberPart(monthCode);
+          // if leap month is before this one, the month index is one more than the month code
+          if (this.inLeapYear({ year }) && month >= 6) month++;
+          const largestMonth = this.monthsInYear({ year });
+          if (month < 1 || month > largestMonth) throw new RangeError(`Invalid monthCode: ${monthCode}`);
+        }
+      } else {
+        if (overflow === 'reject') {
+          ES.RejectToRange(month, 1, this.monthsInYear({ year }));
+          ES.RejectToRange(day, 1, this.maximumMonthLength({ year, month }));
+        } else {
+          month = ES.ConstrainToRange(month, 1, this.monthsInYear({ year }));
+          day = ES.ConstrainToRange(day, 1, this.maximumMonthLength({ year, month }));
+        }
+        if (monthCode === undefined) {
+          monthCode = this.getMonthCode(year, month);
+        } else {
+          const calculatedMonthCode = this.getMonthCode(year, month);
+          if (calculatedMonthCode !== monthCode) {
+            throw new RangeError(`monthCode ${monthCode} doesn't correspond to month ${month} in Hebrew year ${year}`);
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      return { ...calendarDate, day, month, monthCode, year };
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * For Temporal purposes, the Islamic calendar is simple because it's always the
+ * same 12 months in the same order.
+ */
+abstract class IslamicBaseHelper extends HelperBase {
+  abstract override id: BuiltinCalendarId;
+  calendarType = 'lunar' as const;
+  inLeapYear(calendarDate: CalendarYearOnly, cache: OneObjectCache) {
+    const startOfYearCalendar = { year: calendarDate.year, month: 1, monthCode: 'M01', day: 1 };
+    const startOfNextYearCalendar = { year: calendarDate.year + 1, month: 1, monthCode: 'M01', day: 1 };
+    const result = this.calendarDaysUntil(startOfYearCalendar, startOfNextYearCalendar, cache);
+    return result === 355;
+  }
+  monthsInYear(/* calendarYear, cache */) {
+    return 12;
+  }
+  minimumMonthLength(/* calendarDate */) {
+    return 29;
+  }
+  maximumMonthLength(/* calendarDate */) {
+    return 30;
+  }
+  maxLengthOfMonthCodeInAnyYear(/* monthCode */) {
+    return 30;
+  }
+  DAYS_PER_ISLAMIC_YEAR = 354 + 11 / 30;
+  DAYS_PER_ISO_YEAR = 365.2425;
+  estimateIsoDate(calendarDate: CalendarYMD) {
+    const { year } = this.adjustCalendarDate(calendarDate);
+    return { year: Math.floor((year * this.DAYS_PER_ISLAMIC_YEAR) / this.DAYS_PER_ISO_YEAR) + 622, month: 1, day: 1 };
+  }
+}
+
+// There are 6 Islamic calendars with the same implementation in this polyfill.
+// They vary only in their ID. They do emit different output from the underlying
+// Intl implementation, but our code for each of them is identical.
+class IslamicHelper extends IslamicBaseHelper {
+  id = 'islamic' as const;
+}
+class IslamicUmalquraHelper extends IslamicBaseHelper {
+  id = 'islamic-umalqura' as const;
+}
+class IslamicTblaHelper extends IslamicBaseHelper {
+  id = 'islamic-tbla' as const;
+}
+class IslamicCivilHelper extends IslamicBaseHelper {
+  id = 'islamic-civil' as const;
+}
+class IslamicRgsaHelper extends IslamicBaseHelper {
+  id = 'islamic-rgsa' as const;
+}
+class IslamicCcHelper extends IslamicBaseHelper {
+  id = 'islamicc' as const;
+}
+
+class PersianHelper extends HelperBase {
+  id = 'persian' as const;
+  calendarType = 'solar' as const;
+  inLeapYear(calendarDate: CalendarYearOnly, cache: OneObjectCache) {
+    // If the last month has 30 days, it's a leap year.
+    return this.daysInMonth({ year: calendarDate.year, month: 12, day: 1 }, cache) === 30;
+  }
+  monthsInYear(/* calendarYear, cache */) {
+    return 12;
+  }
+  minimumMonthLength(calendarDate: CalendarYM) {
+    const { month } = calendarDate;
+    if (month === 12) return 29;
+    return month <= 6 ? 31 : 30;
+  }
+  maximumMonthLength(calendarDate: CalendarYM) {
+    const { month } = calendarDate;
+    if (month === 12) return 30;
+    return month <= 6 ? 31 : 30;
+  }
+  maxLengthOfMonthCodeInAnyYear(monthCode: string) {
+    const month = nonLeapMonthCodeNumberPart(monthCode);
+    return month <= 6 ? 31 : 30;
+  }
+  estimateIsoDate(calendarDate: CalendarYMD) {
+    const { year } = this.adjustCalendarDate(calendarDate);
+    return { year: year + 621, month: 1, day: 1 };
+  }
+}
+
+interface IndianMonthInfo {
+  [month: number]: {
+    length: number;
+    month: number;
+    day: number;
+    leap?: {
+      length: number;
+      month: number;
+      day: number;
+    };
+    nextYear?: true | undefined;
+  };
+}
+
+class IndianHelper extends HelperBase {
+  id = 'indian' as const;
+  calendarType = 'solar' as const;
+  inLeapYear(calendarDate: CalendarYearOnly) {
+    // From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_national_calendar:
+    // Years are counted in the Saka era, which starts its year 0 in the year 78
+    // of the Common Era. To determine leap years, add 78 to the Saka year – if
+    // the result is a leap year in the Gregorian calendar, then the Saka year
+    // is a leap year as well.
+    return isGregorianLeapYear(calendarDate.year + 78);
+  }
+  monthsInYear(/* calendarYear, cache */) {
+    return 12;
+  }
+  minimumMonthLength(calendarDate: CalendarYM) {
+    return this.getMonthInfo(calendarDate).length;
+  }
+  maximumMonthLength(calendarDate: CalendarYM) {
+    return this.getMonthInfo(calendarDate).length;
+  }
+  maxLengthOfMonthCodeInAnyYear(monthCode: string) {
+    const month = nonLeapMonthCodeNumberPart(monthCode);
+    let monthInfo = this.months[month];
+    monthInfo = monthInfo.leap ?? monthInfo;
+    return monthInfo.length;
+  }
+  // Indian months always start at the same well-known Gregorian month and
+  // day. So this conversion is easy and fast. See
+  // https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_national_calendar
+  months: IndianMonthInfo = {
+    1: { length: 30, month: 3, day: 22, leap: { length: 31, month: 3, day: 21 } },
+    2: { length: 31, month: 4, day: 21 },
+    3: { length: 31, month: 5, day: 22 },
+    4: { length: 31, month: 6, day: 22 },
+    5: { length: 31, month: 7, day: 23 },
+    6: { length: 31, month: 8, day: 23 },
+    7: { length: 30, month: 9, day: 23 },
+    8: { length: 30, month: 10, day: 23 },
+    9: { length: 30, month: 11, day: 22 },
+    10: { length: 30, month: 12, day: 22 },
+    11: { length: 30, month: 1, nextYear: true, day: 21 },
+    12: { length: 30, month: 2, nextYear: true, day: 20 }
+  };
+  getMonthInfo(calendarDate: CalendarYM) {
+    const { month } = calendarDate;
+    let monthInfo = this.months[month];
+    if (monthInfo === undefined) throw new RangeError(`Invalid month: ${month}`);
+    if (this.inLeapYear(calendarDate) && monthInfo.leap) monthInfo = monthInfo.leap;
+    return monthInfo;
+  }
+  estimateIsoDate(calendarDateParam: CalendarYMD) {
+    // FYI, this "estimate" is always the exact ISO date, which makes the Indian
+    // calendar fast!
+    const calendarDate = this.adjustCalendarDate(calendarDateParam);
+    const monthInfo = this.getMonthInfo(calendarDate);
+    const isoYear = calendarDate.year + 78 + (monthInfo.nextYear ? 1 : 0);
+    const isoMonth = monthInfo.month;
+    const isoDay = monthInfo.day;
+    const isoDate = ES.BalanceISODate(isoYear, isoMonth, isoDay + calendarDate.day - 1);
+    return isoDate;
+  }
+  // https://bugs.chromium.org/p/v8/issues/detail?id=10529 causes Intl's Indian
+  // calendar output to fail for all dates before 0001-01-01 ISO.  For example,
+  // in Node 12 0000-01-01 is calculated as 6146/12/-583 instead of 10/11/-79 as
+  // expected.
+  vulnerableToBceBug =
+    new Date('0000-01-01T00:00Z').toLocaleDateString('en-US-u-ca-indian', { timeZone: 'UTC' }) !== '10/11/-79 Saka';
+  override checkIcuBugs(isoDate: ISODate) {
+    if (this.vulnerableToBceBug && isoDate.year < 1) {
+      throw new RangeError(
+        `calendar '${this.id}' is broken for ISO dates before 0001-01-01` +
+          ' (see https://bugs.chromium.org/p/v8/issues/detail?id=10529)'
+      );
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Era metadata defined for each calendar.
+ * TODO: instead of optional properties, this should really have rules
+ * encoded in the type, e.g. isoEpoch is required unless reverseOf is present.
+ *  */
+interface InputEra {
+  /**
+   * Era code, used to populate the 'era' field of Temporal instances.
+   * See https://tc39.es/proposal-intl-era-monthcode/#table-eras
+   */
+  code: string;
+
+  /**
+   * Names are additionally accepted as alternate era codes on input, and the
+   * first name is also output in error messages (and may be the era code if
+   * desired.)
+   * See https://tc39.es/proposal-intl-era-monthcode/#table-eras
+   * If absent, this field defaults to a single element matching the code.
+   */
+  names?: string[];
+
+  /**
+   * Signed calendar year where this era begins.Will be
+   * 1 (or 0 for zero-based eras) for the anchor era assuming that `year`
+   * numbering starts at the beginning of the anchor era, which is true
+   * for all ICU calendars except Japanese. If an era starts mid-year
+   * then a calendar month and day are included. Otherwise
+   * `{ month: 1, day: 1 }` is assumed.
+   */
+  anchorEpoch?: CalendarYearOnly | CalendarYMD;
+
+  /** ISO date of the first day of this era */
+  isoEpoch?: { year: number; month: number; day: number };
+
+  /**
+   * If present, then this era counts years backwards like BC
+   * and this property points to the forward era. This must be
+   * the last (oldest) era in the array.
+   * */
+  reverseOf?: string;
+
+  /**
+   * If true, the era's years are 0-based. If omitted or false,
+   * then the era's years are 1-based.
+   * */
+  hasYearZero?: boolean;
+
+  /**
+   * Override if this era is the anchor. Not normally used because
+   * anchor eras are inferred.
+   * */
+  isAnchor?: boolean;
+}
+/**
+ * Transformation of the `InputEra` type with all fields filled in by
+ * `adjustEras()`
+ * */
+interface Era {
+  /**
+   * Era code, used to populate the 'era' field of Temporal instances.
+   * See https://tc39.es/proposal-intl-era-monthcode/#table-eras
+   */
+  code: string;
+
+  /**
+   * Names are additionally accepted as alternate era codes on input, and the
+   * first name is also output in error messages (and may be the era code if
+   * desired.)
+   * See https://tc39.es/proposal-intl-era-monthcode/#table-eras
+   * If absent, this field defaults to a single element matching the code.
+   */
+  names: string[];
+
+  /**
+   * alternate name of the era used in old versions of ICU data
+   * format is `era{n}` where n is the zero-based index of the era
+   * with the oldest era being 0.
+   * */
+  genericName: string;
+
+  /**
+   * Signed calendar year where this era begins. Will be 1 (or 0 for zero-based
+   * eras) for the anchor era assuming that `year` numbering starts at the
+   * beginning of the anchor era, which is true for all ICU calendars except
+   * Japanese. For input, the month and day are optional. If an era starts
+   * mid-year then a calendar month and day are included.
+   * Otherwise `{ month: 1, day: 1 }` is assumed.
+   */
+  anchorEpoch: CalendarYMD;
+
+  /** ISO date of the first day of this era */
+  isoEpoch: ISODate;
+
+  /**
+   * If present, then this era counts years backwards like BC
+   * and this property points to the forward era. This must be
+   * the last (oldest) era in the array.
+   * */
+  reverseOf?: Era;
+
+  /**
+   * If true, the era's years are 0-based. If omitted or false,
+   * then the era's years are 1-based.
+   * */
+  hasYearZero?: boolean;
+
+  /**
+   * Override if this era is the anchor. Not normally used because
+   * anchor eras are inferred.
+   * */
+  isAnchor?: boolean;
+}
+
+/**
+ * This function adds additional metadata that makes it easier to work with
+ * eras. Note that it mutates and normalizes the original era objects, which is
+ * OK because this is non-observable, internal-only metadata.
+ *
+ * The result is an array of eras with the shape defined above.
+ * */
+function adjustEras(erasParam: InputEra[]): { eras: Era[]; anchorEra: Era } {
+  let eras: (InputEra | Era)[] = erasParam;
+  if (eras.length === 0) {
+    throw new RangeError('Invalid era data: eras are required');
+  }
+  if (eras.length === 1 && eras[0].reverseOf) {
+    throw new RangeError('Invalid era data: anchor era cannot count years backwards');
+  }
+  if (eras.length === 1 && !eras[0].code) {
+    throw new RangeError('Invalid era data: at least one named era is required');
+  }
+  if (eras.filter((e) => e.reverseOf != null).length > 1) {
+    throw new RangeError('Invalid era data: only one era can count years backwards');
+  }
+
+  // Find the "anchor era" which is the era used for (era-less) `year`. Reversed
+  // eras can never be anchors. The era without an `anchorEpoch` property is the
+  // anchor.
+  let anchorEra: Era | InputEra | undefined;
+  eras.forEach((e) => {
+    if (e.isAnchor || (!e.anchorEpoch && !e.reverseOf)) {
+      if (anchorEra) throw new RangeError('Invalid era data: cannot have multiple anchor eras');
+      anchorEra = e;
+      e.anchorEpoch = { year: e.hasYearZero ? 0 : 1 };
+    } else if (!e.code) {
+      throw new RangeError('If era name is blank, it must be the anchor era');
+    }
+  });
+
+  // If the era name is undefined, then it's an anchor that doesn't interact
+  // with eras at all. For example, Japanese `year` is always the same as ISO
+  // `year`.  So this "era" is the anchor era but isn't used for era matching.
+  // Strip it from the list that's returned.
+  eras = eras.filter((e) => e.code);
+
+  eras.forEach((e) => {
+    // Some eras are mirror images of another era e.g. B.C. is the reverse of A.D.
+    // Replace the string-valued "reverseOf" property with the actual era object
+    // that's reversed.
+    const { reverseOf } = e;
+    if (reverseOf) {
+      const reversedEra = eras.find((era) => era.code === reverseOf);
+      if (reversedEra === undefined) {
+        throw new RangeError(`Invalid era data: unmatched reverseOf era: ${reverseOf}`);
+      }
+      e.reverseOf = reversedEra as Era; // genericName property added later
+      e.anchorEpoch = reversedEra.anchorEpoch;
+      e.isoEpoch = reversedEra.isoEpoch;
+    }
+    type YMD = {
+      year: number;
+      month: number;
+      day: number;
+    };
+    if ((e.anchorEpoch as YMD).month === undefined) (e.anchorEpoch as YMD).month = 1;
+    if ((e.anchorEpoch as YMD).day === undefined) (e.anchorEpoch as YMD).day = 1;
+  });
+
+  // Ensure that the latest epoch is first in the array. This lets us try to
+  // match eras in index order, with the last era getting the remaining older
+  // years. Any reverse-signed era must be at the end.
+  eras.sort((e1, e2) => {
+    if (e1.reverseOf) return 1;
+    if (e2.reverseOf) return -1;
+    if (!e1.isoEpoch || !e2.isoEpoch) throw new RangeError('Invalid era data: missing ISO epoch');
+    return e2.isoEpoch.year - e1.isoEpoch.year;
+  });
+
+  // If there's a reversed era, then the one before it must be the era that's
+  // being reversed.
+  const lastEraReversed = eras[eras.length - 1].reverseOf;
+  if (lastEraReversed) {
+    if (lastEraReversed !== eras[eras.length - 2]) {
+      throw new RangeError('Invalid era data: invalid reverse-sign era');
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Finally, add a "genericName" property in the format "era{n} where `n` is
+  // zero-based index, with the oldest era being zero. This format is used by
+  // older versions of ICU data.
+  eras.forEach((e, i) => {
+    (e as Era).genericName = `era${eras.length - 1 - i}`;
+  });
+
+  return { eras: eras as Era[], anchorEra: (anchorEra || eras[0]) as Era };
+}
+
+function isGregorianLeapYear(year: number) {
+  return year % 4 === 0 && (year % 100 !== 0 || year % 400 === 0);
+}
+
+/** Base for all Gregorian-like calendars. */
+abstract class GregorianBaseHelperFixedEpoch extends HelperBase {
+  id: BuiltinCalendarId;
+  isoEpoch: ISODate;
+
+  constructor(id: BuiltinCalendarId, isoEpoch: ISODate) {
+    super();
+    this.id = id;
+    this.isoEpoch = isoEpoch;
+  }
+  calendarType = 'solar' as const;
+  inLeapYear(calendarDate: CalendarYearOnly) {
+    const { year } = this.estimateIsoDate({ month: 1, day: 1, year: calendarDate.year });
+    return isGregorianLeapYear(year);
+  }
+  monthsInYear(/* calendarDate */) {
+    return 12;
+  }
+  minimumMonthLength(calendarDate: CalendarYM): number {
+    const { month } = calendarDate;
+    if (month === 2) return this.inLeapYear(calendarDate) ? 29 : 28;
+    return [4, 6, 9, 11].indexOf(month) >= 0 ? 30 : 31;
+  }
+  maximumMonthLength(calendarDate: CalendarYM): number {
+    return this.minimumMonthLength(calendarDate);
+  }
+  maxLengthOfMonthCodeInAnyYear(monthCode: string) {
+    const month = nonLeapMonthCodeNumberPart(monthCode);
+    return [31, 29, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31][month - 1];
+  }
+  estimateIsoDate(calendarDateParam: CalendarYMD) {
+    const calendarDate = this.adjustCalendarDate(calendarDateParam);
+    return ES.RegulateISODate(
+      calendarDate.year + this.isoEpoch.year,
+      calendarDate.month + this.isoEpoch.month,
+      calendarDate.day + this.isoEpoch.day,
+      'constrain'
+    );
+  }
+}
+
+/** Base for Gregorian-like calendars with eras. */
+abstract class GregorianBaseHelper extends HelperBase {
+  id: BuiltinCalendarId;
+  anchorEra: Era;
+
+  constructor(id: BuiltinCalendarId, originalEras: InputEra[]) {
+    super();
+    this.id = id;
+    const { eras, anchorEra } = adjustEras(originalEras);
+    this.anchorEra = anchorEra;
+    this.eras = eras;
+  }
+  override hasEra = true;
+  calendarType = 'solar' as const;
+  inLeapYear(calendarDate: CalendarYearOnly) {
+    // Calendars that don't override this method use the same months and leap
+    // years as Gregorian. Once we know the ISO year corresponding to the
+    // calendar year, we'll know if it's a leap year or not.
+    const { year } = this.estimateIsoDate({ month: 1, day: 1, year: calendarDate.year });
+    return isGregorianLeapYear(year);
+  }
+  monthsInYear(/* calendarDate */) {
+    return 12;
+  }
+  minimumMonthLength(calendarDate: CalendarYM): number {
+    const { month } = calendarDate;
+    if (month === 2) return this.inLeapYear(calendarDate) ? 29 : 28;
+    return [4, 6, 9, 11].indexOf(month) >= 0 ? 30 : 31;
+  }
+  maximumMonthLength(calendarDate: CalendarYM): number {
+    return this.minimumMonthLength(calendarDate);
+  }
+  maxLengthOfMonthCodeInAnyYear(monthCode: string) {
+    const month = nonLeapMonthCodeNumberPart(monthCode);
+    return [31, 29, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31][month - 1];
+  }
+  /** Fill in missing parts of the (year, era, eraYear) tuple */
+  completeEraYear(
+    calendarDate: FullCalendarDate
+  ): FullCalendarDate & Required<Pick<FullCalendarDate, 'era' | 'eraYear'>> {
+    const checkField = (property: keyof FullCalendarDate, value: string | number | undefined, names?: string[]) => {
+      const currentValue = calendarDate[property];
+      if (currentValue != null && currentValue != value && !((names || []) as unknown[]).includes(currentValue)) {
+        // Prefer displaying an era alias, instead of "gregory-inverse"
+        const preferredName = names?.[0];
+        const expected = preferredName ? `${value} (also called ${preferredName})` : value;
+        throw new RangeError(`Input ${property} ${currentValue} doesn't match calculated value ${expected}`);
+      }
+    };
+    const eraFromYear = (year: number) => {
+      let eraYear;
+      const adjustedCalendarDate = { ...calendarDate, year };
+      const matchingEra = this.eras.find((e, i) => {
+        if (i === this.eras.length - 1) {
+          if (e.reverseOf) {
+            // This is a reverse-sign era (like BCE) which must be the oldest
+            // era. Count years backwards.
+            if (year > 0) throw new RangeError(`Signed year ${year} is invalid for era ${e.code}`);
+            eraYear = e.anchorEpoch.year - year;
+            return true;
+          }
+          // last era always gets all "leftover" (older than epoch) years,
+          // so no need for a comparison like below.
+          eraYear = year - e.anchorEpoch.year + (e.hasYearZero ? 0 : 1);
+          return true;
+        }
+        const comparison = this.compareCalendarDates(adjustedCalendarDate, e.anchorEpoch);
+        if (comparison >= 0) {
+          eraYear = year - e.anchorEpoch.year + (e.hasYearZero ? 0 : 1);
+          return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+      });
+      if (!matchingEra) throw new RangeError(`Year ${year} was not matched by any era`);
+      return { eraYear: eraYear as unknown as number, era: matchingEra.code, eraNames: matchingEra.names };
+    };
+
+    let { year, eraYear, era } = calendarDate;
+    if (year != null) {
+      const matchData = eraFromYear(year);
+      ({ eraYear, era } = matchData);
+      checkField('era', era, matchData?.eraNames);
+      checkField('eraYear', eraYear);
+    } else if (eraYear != null) {
+      if (era === undefined) throw new RangeError('era and eraYear must be provided together');
+      // TS limitation: https://github.com/microsoft/TypeScript/issues/11498
+      // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion
+      const matchingEra = this.eras.find(({ code, names = [] }) => code === era || names.includes(era!));
+      if (!matchingEra) throw new RangeError(`Era ${era} (ISO year ${eraYear}) was not matched by any era`);
+      if (matchingEra.reverseOf) {
+        year = matchingEra.anchorEpoch.year - eraYear;
+      } else {
+        year = eraYear + matchingEra.anchorEpoch.year - (matchingEra.hasYearZero ? 0 : 1);
+      }
+      checkField('year', year);
+      // We'll accept dates where the month/day is earlier than the start of
+      // the era or after its end as long as it's in the same year. If that
+      // happens, we'll adjust the era/eraYear pair to be the correct era for
+      // the `year`.
+      ({ eraYear, era } = eraFromYear(year));
+    } else {
+      throw new RangeError('Either year or eraYear and era are required');
+    }
+    return { ...calendarDate, year, eraYear, era };
+  }
+  override adjustCalendarDate(
+    calendarDateParam: Partial<FullCalendarDate>,
+    cache?: OneObjectCache,
+    overflow: Overflow = 'constrain'
+  ): FullCalendarDate {
+    let calendarDate = calendarDateParam;
+    // Because this is not a lunisolar calendar, it's safe to convert monthCode to a number
+    const { month, monthCode } = calendarDate;
+    if (month === undefined) calendarDate = { ...calendarDate, month: nonLeapMonthCodeNumberPart(monthCode as string) };
+    this.validateCalendarDate(calendarDate);
+    calendarDate = this.completeEraYear(calendarDate);
+    return super.adjustCalendarDate(calendarDate, cache, overflow);
+  }
+  estimateIsoDate(calendarDateParam: CalendarYMD) {
+    const calendarDate = this.adjustCalendarDate(calendarDateParam);
+    const { year, month, day } = calendarDate;
+    const { anchorEra } = this;
+    const isoYearEstimate = year + anchorEra.isoEpoch.year - (anchorEra.hasYearZero ? 0 : 1);
+    return ES.RegulateISODate(isoYearEstimate, month, day, 'constrain');
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Some calendars are identical to Gregorian except era and year. For these
+ * calendars, we can avoid using Intl.DateTimeFormat and just calculate the
+ * year, era, and eraYear. This is faster (because Intl.DateTimeFormat is slow
+ * and uses a huge amount of RAM), and it avoids ICU bugs like
+ * https://bugs.chromium.org/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=1173158.
+ */
+abstract class SameMonthDayAsGregorianBaseHelper extends GregorianBaseHelper {
+  constructor(id: BuiltinCalendarId, originalEras: InputEra[]) {
+    super(id, originalEras);
+  }
+  override isoToCalendarDate(isoDate: ISODate): FullCalendarDate {
+    // Month and day are same as ISO, so bypass Intl.DateTimeFormat and
+    // calculate the year, era, and eraYear here.
+    const { year: isoYear, month, day } = isoDate;
+    const monthCode = buildMonthCode(month);
+    const year = isoYear - this.anchorEra.isoEpoch.year + 1;
+    return this.completeEraYear({ year, month, monthCode, day });
+  }
+}
+const OrthodoxOps = {
+  inLeapYear(calendarDate: CalendarYearOnly) {
+    // Leap years happen one year before the Julian leap year. Note that this
+    // calendar is based on the Julian calendar which has a leap year every 4
+    // years, unlike the Gregorian calendar which doesn't have leap years on
+    // years divisible by 100 except years divisible by 400.
+    //
+    // Note that we're assuming that leap years in before-epoch times match
+    // how leap years are defined now. This is probably not accurate but I'm
+    // not sure how better to do it.
+    const { year } = calendarDate;
+    return (year + 1) % 4 === 0;
+  },
+  monthsInYear(/* calendarDate */) {
+    return 13;
+  },
+  minimumMonthLength(calendarDate: CalendarYM) {
+    const { month } = calendarDate;
+    // Ethiopian/Coptic calendars have 12 30-day months and an extra 5-6 day 13th month.
+    if (month === 13) return this.inLeapYear(calendarDate) ? 6 : 5;
+    return 30;
+  },
+  maximumMonthLength(calendarDate: CalendarYM) {
+    return this.minimumMonthLength(calendarDate);
+  },
+  maxLengthOfMonthCodeInAnyYear(monthCode: string) {
+    return monthCode === 'M13' ? 6 : 30;
+  }
+};
+abstract class OrthodoxBaseHelperFixedEpoch extends GregorianBaseHelperFixedEpoch {
+  constructor(id: BuiltinCalendarId, isoEpoch: ISODate) {
+    super(id, isoEpoch);
+  }
+  override inLeapYear = OrthodoxOps.inLeapYear;
+  override monthsInYear = OrthodoxOps.monthsInYear;
+  override minimumMonthLength = OrthodoxOps.minimumMonthLength;
+  override maximumMonthLength = OrthodoxOps.maximumMonthLength;
+  override maxLengthOfMonthCodeInAnyYear = OrthodoxOps.maxLengthOfMonthCodeInAnyYear;
+}
+abstract class OrthodoxBaseHelper extends GregorianBaseHelper {
+  constructor(id: BuiltinCalendarId, originalEras: InputEra[]) {
+    super(id, originalEras);
+  }
+  override inLeapYear = OrthodoxOps.inLeapYear;
+  override monthsInYear = OrthodoxOps.monthsInYear;
+  override minimumMonthLength = OrthodoxOps.minimumMonthLength;
+  override maximumMonthLength = OrthodoxOps.maximumMonthLength;
+  override maxLengthOfMonthCodeInAnyYear = OrthodoxOps.maxLengthOfMonthCodeInAnyYear;
+}
+
+// `coptic` and `ethiopic` calendars are very similar to `ethioaa` calendar,
+// with the following differences:
+// - Coptic uses BCE-like positive numbers for years before its epoch (the other
+//   two use negative year numbers before epoch)
+// - Coptic has a different epoch date
+// - Ethiopic has an additional second era that starts at the same date as the
+//   zero era of ethioaa.
+class EthioaaHelper extends OrthodoxBaseHelperFixedEpoch {
+  constructor() {
+    super('ethioaa', { year: -5492, month: 7, day: 17 });
+  }
+}
+class CopticHelper extends OrthodoxBaseHelper {
+  constructor() {
+    super('coptic', [
+      { code: 'coptic', isoEpoch: { year: 284, month: 8, day: 29 } },
+      { code: 'coptic-inverse', reverseOf: 'coptic' }
+    ]);
+  }
+}
+
+// Anchor is currently the older era to match ethioaa, but should it be the newer era?
+// See https://github.com/tc39/ecma402/issues/534 for discussion.
+class EthiopicHelper extends OrthodoxBaseHelper {
+  constructor() {
+    super('ethiopic', [
+      { code: 'ethioaa', names: ['ethiopic-amete-alem', 'mundi'], isoEpoch: { year: -5492, month: 7, day: 17 } },
+      { code: 'ethiopic', names: ['incar'], isoEpoch: { year: 8, month: 8, day: 27 }, anchorEpoch: { year: 5501 } }
+    ]);
+  }
+}
+
+class RocHelper extends SameMonthDayAsGregorianBaseHelper {
+  constructor() {
+    super('roc', [
+      { code: 'roc', names: ['minguo'], isoEpoch: { year: 1912, month: 1, day: 1 } },
+      { code: 'roc-inverse', names: ['before-roc'], reverseOf: 'roc' }
+    ]);
+  }
+}
+
+class BuddhistHelper extends GregorianBaseHelperFixedEpoch {
+  constructor() {
+    super('buddhist', { year: -543, month: 1, day: 1 });
+  }
+}
+
+class GregoryHelper extends SameMonthDayAsGregorianBaseHelper {
+  constructor() {
+    super('gregory', [
+      { code: 'gregory', names: ['ad', 'ce'], isoEpoch: { year: 1, month: 1, day: 1 } },
+      { code: 'gregory-inverse', names: ['be', 'bce'], reverseOf: 'gregory' }
+    ]);
+  }
+  override reviseIntlEra<T extends Partial<EraAndEraYear>>(calendarDate: T /*, isoDate: IsoDate*/): T {
+    let { era, eraYear } = calendarDate;
+    // Firefox 96 introduced a bug where the `'short'` format of the era
+    // option mistakenly returns the one-letter (narrow) format instead. The
+    // code below handles either the correct or Firefox-buggy format. See
+    // https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1752253
+    if (era === 'b') era = 'gregory-inverse';
+    if (era === 'a') era = 'gregory';
+    return { era, eraYear } as T;
+  }
+  override getFirstDayOfWeek() {
+    return 1;
+  }
+  override getMinimalDaysInFirstWeek() {
+    return 1;
+  }
+}
+
+// NOTE: Only the 5 modern eras (Meiji and later) are included. For dates
+// before Meiji 1, the `ce` and `bce` eras are used. Challenges with pre-Meiji
+// eras include:
+// - Start/end dates of older eras are not precisely defined, which is
+//   challenging given Temporal's need for precision
+// - Some era dates and/or names are disputed by historians
+// - As historical research proceeds, new eras are discovered and existing era
+//   dates are modified, leading to considerable churn which is not good for
+//   Temporal use.
+//  - The earliest era (in 645 CE) may not end up being the earliest depending
+//    on future historical scholarship
+//  - Before Meiji, Japan used a lunar (or lunisolar?) calendar but AFAIK
+//    that's not reflected in the ICU implementation.
+//
+// For more discussion: https://github.com/tc39/proposal-temporal/issues/526.
+//
+// Here's a full list of CLDR/ICU eras:
+// https://github.com/unicode-org/icu/blob/master/icu4c/source/data/locales/root.txt#L1582-L1818
+// https://github.com/unicode-org/cldr/blob/master/common/supplemental/supplementalData.xml#L4310-L4546
+//
+// NOTE: Japan started using the Gregorian calendar in 6 Meiji, replacing a
+// lunisolar calendar. So the day before January 1 of 6 Meiji (1873) was not
+// December 31, but December 2, of 5 Meiji (1872). The existing Ecma-402
+// Japanese calendar doesn't seem to take this into account, so neither do we:
+// > args = ['en-ca-u-ca-japanese', { era: 'short' }]
+// > new Date('1873-01-01T12:00').toLocaleString(...args)
+// '1 1, 6 Meiji, 12:00:00 PM'
+// > new Date('1872-12-31T12:00').toLocaleString(...args)
+// '12 31, 5 Meiji, 12:00:00 PM'
+class JapaneseHelper extends SameMonthDayAsGregorianBaseHelper {
+  constructor() {
+    super('japanese', [
+      // The Japanese calendar `year` is just the ISO year, because (unlike other
+      // ICU calendars) there's no obvious "default era", we use the ISO year.
+      { code: 'reiwa', isoEpoch: { year: 2019, month: 5, day: 1 }, anchorEpoch: { year: 2019, month: 5, day: 1 } },
+      { code: 'heisei', isoEpoch: { year: 1989, month: 1, day: 8 }, anchorEpoch: { year: 1989, month: 1, day: 8 } },
+      { code: 'showa', isoEpoch: { year: 1926, month: 12, day: 25 }, anchorEpoch: { year: 1926, month: 12, day: 25 } },
+      { code: 'taisho', isoEpoch: { year: 1912, month: 7, day: 30 }, anchorEpoch: { year: 1912, month: 7, day: 30 } },
+      { code: 'meiji', isoEpoch: { year: 1868, month: 9, day: 8 }, anchorEpoch: { year: 1868, month: 9, day: 8 } },
+      { code: 'japanese', names: ['japanese', 'gregory', 'ad', 'ce'], isoEpoch: { year: 1, month: 1, day: 1 } },
+      { code: 'japanese-inverse', names: ['japanese-inverse', 'gregory-inverse', 'bc', 'bce'], reverseOf: 'japanese' }
+    ]);
+  }
+
+  override erasBeginMidYear = true;
+
+  override reviseIntlEra<T extends Partial<EraAndEraYear>>(calendarDate: T, isoDate: ISODate): T {
+    const { era, eraYear } = calendarDate;
+    const { year: isoYear } = isoDate;
+    if (this.eras.find((e) => e.code === era)) return { era, eraYear } as T;
+    return (
+      isoYear < 1 ? { era: 'japanese-inverse', eraYear: 1 - isoYear } : { era: 'japanese', eraYear: isoYear }
+    ) as T;
+  }
+}
+
+interface ChineseMonthInfo {
+  [key: string]: { monthIndex: number; daysInMonth: number };
+}
+interface ChineseDraftMonthInfo {
+  [key: string]: { monthIndex: number; daysInMonth?: number };
+}
+
+abstract class ChineseBaseHelper extends HelperBase {
+  abstract override id: BuiltinCalendarId;
+  calendarType = 'lunisolar' as const;
+  inLeapYear(calendarDate: CalendarYearOnly, cache: OneObjectCache) {
+    const months = this.getMonthList(calendarDate.year, cache);
+    return Object.entries(months).length === 13;
+  }
+  monthsInYear(calendarDate: CalendarYearOnly, cache: OneObjectCache) {
+    return this.inLeapYear(calendarDate, cache) ? 13 : 12;
+  }
+  minimumMonthLength(/* calendarDate */) {
+    return 29;
+  }
+  maximumMonthLength(/* calendarDate */) {
+    return 30;
+  }
+  maxLengthOfMonthCodeInAnyYear(monthCode: string) {
+    // See note below about ICU4C vs ICU4X. It is possible this override should
+    // always return 30.
+    return ['M01L', 'M09L', 'M10L', 'M11L', 'M12L'].includes(monthCode) ? 29 : 30;
+  }
+  override monthDaySearchStartYear(monthCode: string, day: number) {
+    // Note that ICU4C actually has _no_ years in which leap months M01L and
+    // M09L through M12L have 30 days. The values marked with (*) here are years
+    // in which the leap month occurs with 29 days. ICU4C disagrees with ICU4X
+    // here and it is not clear which is correct.
+    const monthMap: Record<string, [number, number]> = {
+      M01L: [1651, 1651], // *
+      M02L: [1947, 1765],
+      M03L: [1966, 1955],
+      M04L: [1963, 1944],
+      M05L: [1971, 1952],
+      M06L: [1960, 1941],
+      M07L: [1968, 1938],
+      M08L: [1957, 1718],
+      M09L: [1832, 1832], // *
+      M10L: [1870, 1870], // *
+      M11L: [1814, 1814], // *
+      M12L: [1890, 1890] // *
+    };
+    const years = monthMap[monthCode] ?? [1972, 1972];
+    return day < 30 ? years[0] : years[1];
+  }
+  getMonthList(calendarYear: number, cache: OneObjectCache): ChineseMonthInfo {
+    if (calendarYear === undefined) {
+      throw new TypeError('Missing year');
+    }
+    const key = JSON.stringify({ func: 'getMonthList', calendarYear, id: this.id });
+    const cached = cache.get(key);
+    if (cached) return cached;
+    const dateTimeFormat = this.getFormatter();
+    const getCalendarDate = (isoYear: number, daysPastFeb1: number) => {
+      const isoStringFeb1 = toUtcIsoDateString({ isoYear, isoMonth: 2, isoDay: 1 });
+      const legacyDate = new Date(isoStringFeb1);
+      // Now add the requested number of days, which may wrap to the next month.
+      legacyDate.setUTCDate(daysPastFeb1 + 1);
+      const newYearGuess = dateTimeFormat.formatToParts(legacyDate);
+      // The 'month' and 'day' parts are guaranteed to be present because the
+      // formatter was created with month and day options.
+      // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion
+      const calendarMonthString = newYearGuess.find((tv) => tv.type === 'month')!.value;
+      // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion
+      const calendarDay = +newYearGuess.find((tv) => tv.type === 'day')!.value;
+      const calendarYearPartToVerify = newYearGuess.find((tv) => (tv.type as string) === 'relatedYear');
+      let calendarYearToVerify: number | undefined;
+      if (calendarYearPartToVerify !== undefined) {
+        calendarYearToVerify = +calendarYearPartToVerify.value;
+      } else {
+        // Node 12 has outdated ICU data that lacks the `relatedYear` field in the
+        // output of Intl.DateTimeFormat.formatToParts.
+        throw new RangeError(
+          `Intl.DateTimeFormat.formatToParts lacks relatedYear in ${this.id} calendar. Try Node 14+ or modern browsers.`
+        );
+      }
+      return { calendarMonthString, calendarDay, calendarYearToVerify };
+    };
+
+    // First, find a date close to Chinese New Year. Feb 17 will either be in
+    // the first month or near the end of the last month of the previous year.
+    let isoDaysDelta = 17;
+    let { calendarMonthString, calendarDay, calendarYearToVerify } = getCalendarDate(calendarYear, isoDaysDelta);
+
+    // If we didn't guess the first month correctly, add (almost in some months)
+    // a lunar month
+    if (calendarMonthString !== '1') {
+      isoDaysDelta += 29;
+      ({ calendarMonthString, calendarDay } = getCalendarDate(calendarYear, isoDaysDelta));
+    }
+
+    // Now back up to near the start of the first month, but not too near that
+    // off-by-one issues matter.
+    isoDaysDelta -= calendarDay - 5;
+    const result = {} as ChineseDraftMonthInfo;
+    let monthIndex = 1;
+    let oldCalendarDay: number | undefined;
+    let oldMonthString: string | undefined;
+    let done = false;
+    do {
+      ({ calendarMonthString, calendarDay, calendarYearToVerify } = getCalendarDate(calendarYear, isoDaysDelta));
+      if (oldCalendarDay) {
+        result[oldMonthString as string].daysInMonth = oldCalendarDay + 30 - calendarDay;
+      }
+      if (calendarYearToVerify !== calendarYear) {
+        done = true;
+      } else {
+        result[calendarMonthString] = { monthIndex: monthIndex++ };
+        // Move to the next month. Because months are sometimes 29 days, the day of the
+        // calendar month will move forward slowly but not enough to flip over to a new
+        // month before the loop ends at 12-13 months.
+        isoDaysDelta += 30;
+      }
+      oldCalendarDay = calendarDay;
+      oldMonthString = calendarMonthString;
+    } while (!done);
+    result[oldMonthString].daysInMonth = oldCalendarDay + 30 - calendarDay;
+
+    cache.set(key, result);
+    return result as ChineseMonthInfo;
+  }
+  estimateIsoDate(calendarDate: CalendarYMD) {
+    const { year, month } = calendarDate;
+    return { year, month: month >= 12 ? 12 : month + 1, day: 1 };
+  }
+  override adjustCalendarDate(
+    calendarDate: Partial<FullCalendarDate>,
+    cache: OneObjectCache,
+    overflow: Overflow = 'constrain',
+    fromLegacyDate = false
+  ): FullCalendarDate {
+    let { year, month, monthExtra, day, monthCode } = calendarDate;
+    if (year === undefined) throw new TypeError('Missing property: year');
+    if (fromLegacyDate) {
+      // Legacy Date output returns a string that's an integer with an optional
+      // "bis" suffix used only by the Chinese/Dangi calendar to indicate a leap
+      // month. Below we'll normalize the output.
+      if (monthExtra && monthExtra !== 'bis') throw new RangeError(`Unexpected leap month suffix: ${monthExtra}`);
+      const monthCode = buildMonthCode(month as number, monthExtra !== undefined);
+      const monthString = `${month}${monthExtra || ''}`;
+      const months = this.getMonthList(year, cache);
+      const monthInfo = months[monthString];
+      if (monthInfo === undefined) throw new RangeError(`Unmatched month ${monthString} in Chinese year ${year}`);
+      month = monthInfo.monthIndex;
+      return { year, month, day: day as number, monthCode };
+    } else {
+      // When called without input coming from legacy Date output,
+      // simply ensure that all fields are present.
+      this.validateCalendarDate(calendarDate);
+      if (month === undefined) {
+        ES.assertExists(monthCode);
+        const months = this.getMonthList(year, cache);
+        let numberPart = monthCode.replace(/^M|L$/g, (ch) => (ch === 'L' ? 'bis' : ''));
+        if (numberPart[0] === '0') numberPart = numberPart.slice(1);
+        let monthInfo = months[numberPart];
+        month = monthInfo && monthInfo.monthIndex;
+
+        // If this leap month isn't present in this year, constrain to the same
+        // day of the previous month.
+        if (month === undefined && monthCode.endsWith('L') && monthCode != 'M13L' && overflow === 'constrain') {
+          const withoutML = +monthCode.replace(/^M0?|L$/g, '');
+          monthInfo = months[withoutML];
+          if (monthInfo) {
+            month = monthInfo.monthIndex;
+            monthCode = buildMonthCode(withoutML);
+          }
+        }
+        if (month === undefined) {
+          throw new RangeError(`Unmatched month ${monthCode} in Chinese year ${year}`);
+        }
+      } else if (monthCode === undefined) {
+        const months = this.getMonthList(year, cache);
+        const monthEntries = Object.entries(months);
+        const largestMonth = monthEntries.length;
+        if (overflow === 'reject') {
+          ES.RejectToRange(month, 1, largestMonth);
+          ES.RejectToRange(day as number, 1, this.maximumMonthLength());
+        } else {
+          month = ES.ConstrainToRange(month, 1, largestMonth);
+          day = ES.ConstrainToRange(day, 1, this.maximumMonthLength());
+        }
+        const matchingMonthEntry = monthEntries.find((entry) => entry[1].monthIndex === month);
+        if (matchingMonthEntry === undefined) {
+          throw new RangeError(`Invalid month ${month} in Chinese year ${year}`);
+        }
+        monthCode = buildMonthCode(
+          +matchingMonthEntry[0].replace('bis', ''),
+          matchingMonthEntry[0].indexOf('bis') !== -1
+        );
+      } else {
+        // Both month and monthCode are present. Make sure they don't conflict.
+        const months = this.getMonthList(year, cache);
+        let numberPart = monthCode.replace(/^M|L$/g, (ch) => (ch === 'L' ? 'bis' : ''));
+        if (numberPart[0] === '0') numberPart = numberPart.slice(1);
+        const monthInfo = months[numberPart];
+        if (!monthInfo) throw new RangeError(`Unmatched monthCode ${monthCode} in Chinese year ${year}`);
+        if (month !== monthInfo.monthIndex) {
+          throw new RangeError(`monthCode ${monthCode} doesn't correspond to month ${month} in Chinese year ${year}`);
+        }
+      }
+      return { ...calendarDate, year, month, monthCode, day: day as number };
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+class ChineseHelper extends ChineseBaseHelper {
+  id = 'chinese' as const;
+}
+
+// Dangi (Korean) calendar has same implementation as Chinese
+class DangiHelper extends ChineseBaseHelper {
+  id = 'dangi' as const;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Common implementation of all non-ISO calendars.
+ * Per-calendar id and logic live in `id` and `helper` properties attached later.
+ * This split allowed an easy separation between code that was similar between
+ * ISO and non-ISO implementations vs. code that was very different.
+ */
+class NonIsoCalendar implements CalendarImpl {
+  constructor(private readonly helper: HelperBase) {}
+  extraFields(fields: FieldKey[]): FieldKey[] {
+    if (this.helper.hasEra && fields.includes('year')) {
+      return ['era', 'eraYear'];
+    }
+    return [];
+  }
+  resolveFields(fields: CalendarFieldsRecord /* , type */) {
+    if (this.helper.calendarType !== 'lunisolar') {
+      const cache = new OneObjectCache();
+      const largestMonth = this.helper.monthsInYear({ year: fields.year ?? 1972 }, cache);
+      resolveNonLunisolarMonth(fields, undefined, largestMonth);
+    }
+  }
+  dateToISO(fields: CalendarDateFields, overflow: Overflow) {
+    const cache = new OneObjectCache();
+    const result = this.helper.calendarToIsoDate(fields, overflow, cache);
+    cache.setObject(result);
+    return result;
+  }
+  monthDayToISOReferenceDate(fields: MonthDayFromFieldsObject, overflow: Overflow) {
+    const cache = new OneObjectCache();
+    const result = this.helper.monthDayFromFields(fields, overflow, cache);
+    // result.year is a reference year where this month/day exists in this calendar
+    cache.setObject(result);
+    return result;
+  }
+  fieldKeysToIgnore(
+    keys: Exclude<keyof Temporal.PlainDateLike, 'calendar'>[]
+  ): Exclude<keyof Temporal.PlainDateLike, 'calendar'>[] {
+    const result = new Set<(typeof keys)[number]>();
+    for (let ix = 0; ix < keys.length; ix++) {
+      const key = keys[ix];
+      result.add(key);
+      switch (key) {
+        case 'era':
+          result.add('eraYear');
+          result.add('year');
+          break;
+        case 'eraYear':
+          result.add('era');
+          result.add('year');
+          break;
+        case 'year':
+          result.add('era');
+          result.add('eraYear');
+          break;
+        case 'month':
+          result.add('monthCode');
+          // See https://github.com/tc39/proposal-temporal/issues/1784
+          if (this.helper.erasBeginMidYear) {
+            result.add('era');
+            result.add('eraYear');
+          }
+          break;
+        case 'monthCode':
+          result.add('month');
+          if (this.helper.erasBeginMidYear) {
+            result.add('era');
+            result.add('eraYear');
+          }
+          break;
+        case 'day':
+          if (this.helper.erasBeginMidYear) {
+            result.add('era');
+            result.add('eraYear');
+          }
+          break;
+      }
+    }
+    return arrayFromSet(result);
+  }
+  dateAdd(isoDate: ISODate, { years, months, weeks, days }: DateDuration, overflow: Overflow) {
+    const cache = OneObjectCache.getCacheForObject(isoDate);
+    const calendarDate = this.helper.isoToCalendarDate(isoDate, cache);
+    const added = this.helper.addCalendar(calendarDate, { years, months, weeks, days }, overflow, cache);
+    const isoAdded = this.helper.calendarToIsoDate(added, 'constrain', cache);
+    // The new object's cache starts with the cache of the old object
+    if (!OneObjectCache.getCacheForObject(isoAdded)) {
+      const newCache = new OneObjectCache(cache);
+      newCache.setObject(isoAdded);
+    }
+    return isoAdded;
+  }
+  dateUntil(one: ISODate, two: ISODate, largestUnit: Temporal.DateUnit) {
+    const cacheOne = OneObjectCache.getCacheForObject(one);
+    const cacheTwo = OneObjectCache.getCacheForObject(two);
+    const calendarOne = this.helper.isoToCalendarDate(one, cacheOne);
+    const calendarTwo = this.helper.isoToCalendarDate(two, cacheTwo);
+    const result = this.helper.untilCalendar(calendarOne, calendarTwo, largestUnit, cacheOne);
+    return result;
+  }
+  isoToDate<
+    Request extends Partial<Record<keyof CalendarDateRecord, true>>,
+    T extends {
+      [Field in keyof CalendarDateRecord]: Request extends { [K in Field]: true } ? CalendarDateRecord[Field] : never;
+    }
+  >(isoDate: ISODate, requestedFields: Request): T {
+    const cache = OneObjectCache.getCacheForObject(isoDate);
+    const calendarDate: Partial<CalendarDateRecord> & FullCalendarDate = this.helper.isoToCalendarDate(isoDate, cache);
+    if (requestedFields.dayOfWeek) {
+      calendarDate.dayOfWeek = impl['iso8601'].isoToDate(isoDate, { dayOfWeek: true }).dayOfWeek;
+    }
+    if (requestedFields.dayOfYear) {
+      const startOfYear = this.helper.startOfCalendarYear(calendarDate);
+      const diffDays = this.helper.calendarDaysUntil(startOfYear, calendarDate, cache);
+      calendarDate.dayOfYear = diffDays + 1;
+    }
+    if (requestedFields.weekOfYear) calendarDate.weekOfYear = calendarDateWeekOfYear(this.helper.id, isoDate);
+    calendarDate.daysInWeek = 7;
+    if (requestedFields.daysInMonth) calendarDate.daysInMonth = this.helper.daysInMonth(calendarDate, cache);
+    if (requestedFields.daysInYear) {
+      const startOfYearCalendar = this.helper.startOfCalendarYear(calendarDate);
+      const startOfNextYearCalendar = this.helper.addCalendar(startOfYearCalendar, { years: 1 }, 'constrain', cache);
+      calendarDate.daysInYear = this.helper.calendarDaysUntil(startOfYearCalendar, startOfNextYearCalendar, cache);
+    }
+    if (requestedFields.monthsInYear) calendarDate.monthsInYear = this.helper.monthsInYear(calendarDate, cache);
+    if (requestedFields.inLeapYear) calendarDate.inLeapYear = this.helper.inLeapYear(calendarDate, cache);
+    return calendarDate as T;
+  }
+  getFirstDayOfWeek(): number | undefined {
+    return this.helper.getFirstDayOfWeek();
+  }
+  getMinimalDaysInFirstWeek(): number | undefined {
+    return this.helper.getMinimalDaysInFirstWeek();
+  }
+}
+
+for (const Helper of [
+  HebrewHelper,
+  PersianHelper,
+  EthiopicHelper,
+  EthioaaHelper,
+  CopticHelper,
+  ChineseHelper,
+  DangiHelper,
+  RocHelper,
+  IndianHelper,
+  BuddhistHelper,
+  GregoryHelper,
+  JapaneseHelper,
+  IslamicHelper,
+  IslamicUmalquraHelper,
+  IslamicTblaHelper,
+  IslamicCivilHelper,
+  IslamicRgsaHelper,
+  IslamicCcHelper
+]) {
+  const helper = new Helper();
+  // Construct a new NonIsoCalendar instance with the given Helper implementation that contains
+  // per-calendar logic.
+  impl[helper.id] = new NonIsoCalendar(helper);
+}
+
+function calendarImpl(calendar: BuiltinCalendarId) {
+  return impl[calendar];
+}
+// Probably not what the intrinsics mechanism was intended for, but view this as
+// an export of calendarImpl while avoiding circular dependencies
+DefineIntrinsic('calendarImpl', calendarImpl);