@noble/curves 2.0.1 → 2.2.0

package/src/abstract/fft.ts

@@ -3,15 +3,36 @@
  * API may change at any time. The code has not been audited. Feature requests are welcome.
  * @module
  */
+import type { TArg } from '../utils.ts';
 import type { IField } from './modular.ts';
 
+/** Array-like coefficient storage that can be mutated in place. */
 export interface MutableArrayLike<T> {
+  /** Element access by numeric index. */
   [index: number]: T;
+  /** Current amount of stored coefficients. */
   length: number;
+  /**
+   * Return a sliced copy using the same storage shape.
+   * @param start - Inclusive start index.
+   * @param end - Exclusive end index.
+   * @returns Sliced copy.
+   */
   slice(start?: number, end?: number): this;
+  /**
+   * Iterate over stored coefficients in order.
+   * @returns Coefficient iterator.
+   */
   [Symbol.iterator](): Iterator<T>;
 }
 
+/**
+ * Concrete polynomial containers accepted by the high-level `poly(...)` helpers.
+ * Lower-level FFT helpers can work with structural `MutableArrayLike`, but `poly(...)`
+ * intentionally keeps runtime dispatch on plain arrays and typed-array views.
+ */
+export type PolyStorage<T> = T[] | (MutableArrayLike<T> & ArrayBufferView);
+
 function checkU32(n: number) {
   // 0xff_ff_ff_ff
   if (!Number.isSafeInteger(n) || n < 0 || n > 0xffffffff)
@@ -19,26 +40,77 @@ function checkU32(n: number) {
   return n;
 }
 
-/** Checks if integer is in form of `1 << X` */
+/**
+ * Checks if integer is in form of `1 << X`.
+ * @param x - Integer to inspect.
+ * @returns `true` when the value is a power of two.
+ * @throws If `x` is not a valid unsigned 32-bit integer. {@link Error}
+ * @example
+ * Validate that an FFT size is a power of two.
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * isPowerOfTwo(8);
+ * ```
+ */
 export function isPowerOfTwo(x: number): boolean {
   checkU32(x);
   return (x & (x - 1)) === 0 && x !== 0;
 }
 
+/**
+ * @param n - Input value.
+ * @returns Next power of two within the u32/array-length domain.
+ * @throws If `n` is not a valid unsigned 32-bit integer. {@link Error}
+ * @example
+ * Round an integer up to the FFT size it needs.
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * nextPowerOfTwo(9);
+ * ```
+ */
 export function nextPowerOfTwo(n: number): number {
   checkU32(n);
   if (n <= 1) return 1;
+  // FFT sizes here are used as JS array lengths, so `2^32` is not a meaningful result:
+  // keep the fast u32 bit-twiddling path and fail explicitly instead of wrapping to 1.
+  if (n > 0x8000_0000) throw new Error('nextPowerOfTwo overflow: result does not fit u32');
   return (1 << (log2(n - 1) + 1)) >>> 0;
 }
 
+/**
+ * @param n - Value to reverse.
+ * @param bits - Number of bits to use.
+ * @returns Bit-reversed integer.
+ * @throws If `n` is not a valid unsigned 32-bit integer. {@link Error}
+ * @example
+ * Reverse the low `bits` bits of one index.
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * reverseBits(3, 3);
+ * ```
+ */
 export function reverseBits(n: number, bits: number): number {
   checkU32(n);
+  if (!Number.isSafeInteger(bits) || bits < 0 || bits > 32)
+    throw new Error(`expected integer 0 <= bits <= 32, got ${bits}`);
   let reversed = 0;
   for (let i = 0; i < bits; i++, n >>>= 1) reversed = (reversed << 1) | (n & 1);
-  return reversed;
+  // JS bitwise ops are signed i32; cast back so 32-bit reversals stay in the unsigned u32 domain.
+  return reversed >>> 0;
 }
 
-/** Similar to `bitLen(x)-1` but much faster for small integers, like indices */
+/**
+ * Similar to `bitLen(x)-1` but much faster for small integers, like indices.
+ * @param n - Input value.
+ * @returns Base-2 logarithm. For `n = 0`, the current implementation returns `-1`.
+ * @throws If `n` is not a valid unsigned 32-bit integer. {@link Error}
+ * @example
+ * Compute the radix-2 stage count for one transform size.
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * log2(8);
+ * ```
+ */
 export function log2(n: number): number {
   checkU32(n);
   return 31 - Math.clz32(n);
@@ -48,11 +120,21 @@ export function log2(n: number): number {
  * Moves lowest bit to highest position, which at first step splits
  * array on even and odd indices, then it applied again to each part,
  * which is core of fft
+ * @param values - Mutable coefficient array.
+ * @returns Mutated input array.
+ * @throws If the array length is not a positive power of two. {@link Error}
+ * @example
+ * Reorder coefficients into bit-reversed order in place.
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * const values = Uint8Array.from([0, 1, 2, 3]);
+ * bitReversalInplace(values);
+ * ```
  */
 export function bitReversalInplace<T extends MutableArrayLike<any>>(values: T): T {
   const n = values.length;
-  if (n < 2 || !isPowerOfTwo(n))
-    throw new Error('n must be a power of 2 and greater than 1. Got ' + n);
+  // Size-1 FFT is the identity, so bit-reversal must stay a no-op there instead of rejecting it.
+  if (!isPowerOfTwo(n)) throw new Error('expected positive power-of-two length, got ' + n);
   const bits = log2(n);
   for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
     const j = reverseBits(i, bits);
@@ -65,27 +147,78 @@ export function bitReversalInplace<T extends MutableArrayLike<any>>(values: T):
   return values;
 }
 
+/**
+ * @param values - Input values.
+ * @returns Reordered copy.
+ * @throws If the array length is not a positive power of two. {@link Error}
+ * @example
+ * Return a reordered copy instead of mutating the input in place.
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * const reordered = bitReversalPermutation([0, 1, 2, 3]);
+ * ```
+ */
 export function bitReversalPermutation<T>(values: T[]): T[] {
   return bitReversalInplace(values.slice()) as T[];
 }
 
 const _1n = /** @__PURE__ */ BigInt(1);
-function findGenerator(field: IField<bigint>) {
+function findGenerator(field: TArg<IField<bigint>>) {
   let G = BigInt(2);
   for (; field.eql(field.pow(G, field.ORDER >> _1n), field.ONE); G++);
   return G;
 }
 
+/** Cached roots-of-unity tables derived from one finite field. */
 export type RootsOfUnity = {
+  /** Generator and 2-adicity metadata for the cached field. */
   info: { G: bigint; oddFactor: bigint; powerOfTwo: number };
+  /**
+   * Return the natural-order roots of unity for one radix-2 size.
+   * @param bits - Transform size as `log2(N)`.
+   * @returns Natural-order roots for that size.
+   */
   roots: (bits: number) => bigint[];
+  /**
+   * Return the bit-reversal permutation of the roots for one radix-2 size.
+   * @param bits - Transform size as `log2(N)`.
+   * @returns Bit-reversed roots.
+   */
   brp(bits: number): bigint[];
+  /**
+   * Return the inverse roots of unity for one radix-2 size.
+   * @param bits - Transform size as `log2(N)`.
+   * @returns Inverse roots.
+   */
   inverse(bits: number): bigint[];
+  /**
+   * Return one primitive root used by a radix-2 stage.
+   * @param bits - Transform size as `log2(N)`.
+   * @returns Primitive root for that stage.
+   */
   omega: (bits: number) => bigint;
+  /**
+   * Drop all cached root tables.
+   * @returns Nothing.
+   */
   clear: () => void;
 };
-/** We limit roots up to 2**31, which is a lot: 2-billion polynomimal should be rare. */
-export function rootsOfUnity(field: IField<bigint>, generator?: bigint): RootsOfUnity {
+/**
+ * We limit roots up to 2**31, which is a lot: 2-billion polynomimal should be rare.
+ * @param field - Field implementation.
+ * @param generator - Optional generator override.
+ * @returns Roots-of-unity cache.
+ * @example
+ * Cache roots once, then ask for the omega table of one FFT size.
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * import { rootsOfUnity } from '@noble/curves/abstract/fft.js';
+ * import { Field } from '@noble/curves/abstract/modular.js';
+ * const roots = rootsOfUnity(Field(17n));
+ * const omega = roots.omega(4);
+ * ```
+ */
+export function rootsOfUnity(field: TArg<IField<bigint>>, generator?: bigint): RootsOfUnity {
   // Factor field.ORDER-1 as oddFactor * 2^powerOfTwo
   let oddFactor = field.ORDER - _1n;
   let powerOfTwo = 0;
@@ -118,6 +251,7 @@ export function rootsOfUnity(field: IField<bigint>, generator?: bigint): RootsOf
   };
   const brpCache = new Map<number, bigint[]>();
   const inverseCache = new Map<number, bigint[]>();
+  // roots()/brp()/inverse() expose shared cached arrays by reference for speed; callers must treat them as read-only.
 
   // NOTE: we use bits instead of power, because power = 2**bits,
   // but power is not neccesary isPowerOfTwo(power)!
@@ -149,41 +283,80 @@ export function rootsOfUnity(field: IField<bigint>, generator?: bigint): RootsOf
     clear: (): void => {
       rootsCache.splice(0, rootsCache.length);
       brpCache.clear();
+      inverseCache.clear();
     },
   };
 }
 
+/** Polynomial coefficient container used by the FFT helpers. */
 export type Polynomial<T> = MutableArrayLike<T>;
 
 /**
+ * Arithmetic operations used by the generic FFT implementation.
+ *
  * Maps great to Field<bigint>, but not to Group (EC points):
  * - inv from scalar field
  * - we need multiplyUnsafe here, instead of multiply for speed
  * - multiplyUnsafe is safe in the context: we do mul(rootsOfUnity), which are public and sparse
  */
 export type FFTOpts<T, R> = {
+  /**
+   * Add two coefficients.
+   * @param a - Left coefficient.
+   * @param b - Right coefficient.
+   * @returns Sum coefficient.
+   */
   add: (a: T, b: T) => T;
+  /**
+   * Subtract two coefficients.
+   * @param a - Left coefficient.
+   * @param b - Right coefficient.
+   * @returns Difference coefficient.
+   */
   sub: (a: T, b: T) => T;
+  /**
+   * Multiply one coefficient by a scalar/root factor.
+   * @param a - Coefficient value.
+   * @param scalar - Scalar/root factor.
+   * @returns Scaled coefficient.
+   */
   mul: (a: T, scalar: R) => T;
+  /**
+   * Invert one scalar/root factor.
+   * @param a - Scalar/root factor.
+   * @returns Inverse factor.
+   */
   inv: (a: R) => R;
 };
 
+/** Configuration for one low-level FFT loop. */
 export type FFTCoreOpts<R> = {
+  /** Transform size. Must be a power of two. */
   N: number;
+  /** Stage roots for the selected transform size. */
   roots: Polynomial<R>;
+  /** Whether to run the DIT variant instead of DIF. */
   dit: boolean;
+  /** Whether to invert butterfly placement for decode-oriented layouts. */
   invertButterflies?: boolean;
+  /** Number of initial stages to skip. */
   skipStages?: number;
+  /** Whether to apply bit-reversal permutation at the boundary. */
   brp?: boolean;
 };
 
+/**
+ * Callable low-level FFT loop over one polynomial storage shape.
+ * @param values - Polynomial coefficients to transform in place.
+ * @returns The mutated input polynomial.
+ */
 export type FFTCoreLoop<T> = <P extends Polynomial<T>>(values: P) => P;
 
 /**
  * Constructs different flavors of FFT. radix2 implementation of low level mutating API. Flavors:
  *
- * - DIT (Decimation-in-Time): Bottom-Up (leaves -> root), Cool-Turkey
- * - DIF (Decimation-in-Frequency): Top-Down (root -> leaves), Gentleman–Sande
+ * - DIT (Decimation-in-Time): Bottom-Up (leaves to root), Cool-Turkey
+ * - DIF (Decimation-in-Frequency): Top-Down (root to leaves), Gentleman-Sande
  *
  * DIT takes brp input, returns natural output.
  * DIF takes natural input, returns brp output.
@@ -194,11 +367,35 @@ export type FFTCoreLoop<T> = <P extends Polynomial<T>>(values: P) => P;
  *
  * Cyclic NTT: Rq = Zq[x]/(x^n-1). butterfly_DIT+loop_DIT OR butterfly_DIF+loop_DIT, roots are omega
  * Negacyclic NTT: Rq = Zq[x]/(x^n+1). butterfly_DIT+loop_DIF, at least for mlkem / mldsa
+ * @param F - Field operations.
+ * @param coreOpts - FFT configuration:
+ *   - `N`: Transform size. Must be a power of two.
+ *   - `roots`: Stage roots for the selected transform size.
+ *   - `dit`: Whether to run the DIT variant instead of DIF.
+ *   - `invertButterflies` (optional): Whether to invert butterfly placement.
+ *   - `skipStages` (optional): Number of initial stages to skip.
+ *   - `brp` (optional): Whether to apply bit-reversal permutation at the boundary.
+ * @returns Low-level FFT loop.
+ * @throws If the FFT options or cached roots are invalid for the requested size. {@link Error}
+ * @example
+ * Constructs different flavors of FFT.
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * import { FFTCore, rootsOfUnity } from '@noble/curves/abstract/fft.js';
+ * import { Field } from '@noble/curves/abstract/modular.js';
+ * const Fp = Field(17n);
+ * const roots = rootsOfUnity(Fp).roots(2);
+ * const loop = FFTCore(Fp, { N: 4, roots, dit: true });
+ * const values = loop([1n, 2n, 3n, 4n]);
+ * ```
  */
 export const FFTCore = <T, R>(F: FFTOpts<T, R>, coreOpts: FFTCoreOpts<R>): FFTCoreLoop<T> => {
   const { N, roots, dit, invertButterflies = false, skipStages = 0, brp = true } = coreOpts;
   const bits = log2(N);
   if (!isPowerOfTwo(N)) throw new Error('FFT: Polynomial size should be power of two');
+  // Wrong-sized root tables can stay in-bounds for some loop shapes and silently compute nonsense.
+  if (roots.length !== N)
+    throw new Error(`FFT: wrong roots length: expected ${N}, got ${roots.length}`);
   const isDit = dit !== invertButterflies;
   isDit;
   return <P extends Polynomial<T>>(values: P): P => {
@@ -240,14 +437,42 @@ export const FFTCore = <T, R>(F: FFTOpts<T, R>, coreOpts: FFTCoreOpts<R>): FFTCo
   };
 };
 
+/** Forward and inverse FFT helpers for one coefficient domain. */
 export type FFTMethods<T> = {
+  /**
+   * Apply the forward transform.
+   * @param values - Polynomial coefficients to transform.
+   * @param brpInput - Whether the input is already bit-reversed.
+   * @param brpOutput - Whether to keep the output bit-reversed.
+   * @returns Transformed copy.
+   */
   direct<P extends Polynomial<T>>(values: P, brpInput?: boolean, brpOutput?: boolean): P;
+  /**
+   * Apply the inverse transform.
+   * @param values - Polynomial coefficients to transform.
+   * @param brpInput - Whether the input is already bit-reversed.
+   * @param brpOutput - Whether to keep the output bit-reversed.
+   * @returns Inverse-transformed copy.
+   */
   inverse<P extends Polynomial<T>>(values: P, brpInput?: boolean, brpOutput?: boolean): P;
 };
 
 /**
  * NTT aka FFT over finite field (NOT over complex numbers).
  * Naming mirrors other libraries.
+ * @param roots - Roots-of-unity cache.
+ * @param opts - Field operations. See {@link FFTOpts}.
+ * @returns Forward and inverse FFT helpers.
+ * @example
+ * NTT aka FFT over finite field (NOT over complex numbers).
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * import { FFT, rootsOfUnity } from '@noble/curves/abstract/fft.js';
+ * import { Field } from '@noble/curves/abstract/modular.js';
+ * const Fp = Field(17n);
+ * const fft = FFT(rootsOfUnity(Fp), Fp);
+ * const values = fft.direct([1n, 2n, 3n, 4n]);
+ * ```
  */
 export function FFT<T>(roots: RootsOfUnity, opts: FFTOpts<T, bigint>): FFTMethods<T> {
   const getLoop = (
@@ -274,6 +499,7 @@ export function FFT<T>(roots: RootsOfUnity, opts: FFTOpts<T, bigint>): FFTMethod
     },
     inverse<P extends Polynomial<T>>(values: P, brpInput = false, brpOutput = false): P {
       const N = values.length;
+      if (!isPowerOfTwo(N)) throw new Error('FFT: Polynomial size should be power of two');
       const bits = log2(N);
       const res = getLoop(N, roots.inverse(bits), brpInput, brpOutput)(values.slice());
       const ivm = opts.inv(BigInt(values.length)); // scale
@@ -287,34 +513,114 @@ export function FFT<T>(roots: RootsOfUnity, opts: FFTOpts<T, bigint>): FFTMethod
   };
 }
 
-export type CreatePolyFn<P extends Polynomial<T>, T> = (len: number, elm?: T) => P;
+/**
+ * Factory that allocates one polynomial storage container.
+ * Callers must ensure `_create(len)` returns field-zero-filled storage when `elm` is omitted,
+ * because the quadratic `mul()` / `convolve()` paths and the Kronecker-δ shortcut in
+ * `lagrange.basis()` rely on that default instead of always passing `field.ZERO` explicitly.
+ * @param len - Requested amount of coefficients.
+ * @param elm - Optional fill value.
+ * @returns Newly allocated polynomial container.
+ */
+export type CreatePolyFn<P extends PolyStorage<T>, T> = (len: number, elm?: T) => P;
 
-export type PolyFn<P extends Polynomial<T>, T> = {
+/** High-level polynomial helpers layered on top of FFT and field arithmetic. */
+export type PolyFn<P extends PolyStorage<T>, T> = {
+  /** Roots-of-unity cache used by the helper namespace. */
   roots: RootsOfUnity;
+  /** Factory used to allocate new polynomial containers. */
   create: CreatePolyFn<P, T>;
-  length?: number; // optional enforced size
+  /** Optional enforced polynomial length. */
+  length?: number;
 
+  /**
+   * Compute the polynomial degree.
+   * @param a - Polynomial coefficients.
+   * @returns Polynomial degree.
+   */
   degree: (a: P) => number;
+  /**
+   * Extend or truncate one polynomial to a requested length.
+   * @param a - Polynomial coefficients.
+   * @param len - Target length.
+   * @returns Resized polynomial.
+   */
   extend: (a: P, len: number) => P;
-  add: (a: P, b: P) => P; // fc(x) = fa(x) + fb(x)
-  sub: (a: P, b: P) => P; // fc(x) = fa(x) - fb(x)
-  mul: (a: P, b: P | T) => P; // fc(x) = fa(x) * fb(x) OR fc(x) = fa(x) * scalar (same as field)
-  dot: (a: P, b: P) => P; // point-wise coeff multiplication
+  /**
+   * Add two polynomials coefficient-wise.
+   * @param a - Left polynomial.
+   * @param b - Right polynomial.
+   * @returns Sum polynomial.
+   */
+  add: (a: P, b: P) => P;
+  /**
+   * Subtract two polynomials coefficient-wise.
+   * @param a - Left polynomial.
+   * @param b - Right polynomial.
+   * @returns Difference polynomial.
+   */
+  sub: (a: P, b: P) => P;
+  /**
+   * Multiply by another polynomial or by one scalar.
+   * @param a - Left polynomial.
+   * @param b - Right polynomial or scalar.
+   * @returns Product polynomial.
+   */
+  mul: (a: P, b: P | T) => P;
+  /**
+   * Multiply coefficients point-wise.
+   * @param a - Left polynomial.
+   * @param b - Right polynomial.
+   * @returns Point-wise product polynomial.
+   */
+  dot: (a: P, b: P) => P;
+  /**
+   * Multiply two polynomials with convolution.
+   * @param a - Left polynomial.
+   * @param b - Right polynomial.
+   * @returns Convolution product.
+   */
   convolve: (a: P, b: P) => P;
-  shift: (p: P, factor: bigint) => P; // point-wise coeffcient shift
+  /**
+   * Apply a point-wise coefficient shift by powers of one factor.
+   * @param p - Polynomial coefficients.
+   * @param factor - Shift factor.
+   * @returns Shifted polynomial.
+   */
+  shift: (p: P, factor: bigint) => P;
+  /**
+   * Clone one polynomial container.
+   * @param a - Polynomial coefficients.
+   * @returns Cloned polynomial.
+   */
   clone: (a: P) => P;
-  // Eval
-  eval: (a: P, basis: P) => T; // y = fc(x)
+  /**
+   * Evaluate one polynomial on a basis vector.
+   * @param a - Polynomial coefficients.
+   * @param basis - Basis vector.
+   * @returns Evaluated field element.
+   */
+  eval: (a: P, basis: P) => T;
+  /** Helpers for monomial-basis polynomials. */
   monomial: {
+    /** Build the monomial basis vector for one evaluation point. */
     basis: (x: T, n: number) => P;
+    /** Evaluate a polynomial in the monomial basis. */
     eval: (a: P, x: T) => T;
   };
+  /** Helpers for Lagrange-basis polynomials. */
   lagrange: {
+    /** Build the Lagrange basis vector for one evaluation point. */
     basis: (x: T, n: number, brp?: boolean) => P;
+    /** Evaluate a polynomial in the Lagrange basis. */
     eval: (a: P, x: T, brp?: boolean) => T;
   };
-  // Complex
-  vanishing: (roots: P) => P; // f(x) = 0 for every x in roots
+  /**
+   * Build the vanishing polynomial for a root set.
+   * @param roots - Root set.
+   * @returns Vanishing polynomial.
+   */
+  vanishing: (roots: P) => P;
 };
 
 /**
@@ -328,37 +634,62 @@ export type PolyFn<P extends Polynomial<T>, T> = {
  * - **Monominal** is Polynomial where `basis[i](x) == x**i` (powers)
  * - **Array size** is domain size
  * - **Lattice** is matrix (Polynomial of Polynomials)
+ * @param field - Field implementation.
+ * @param roots - Roots-of-unity cache.
+ * @param create - Optional polynomial factory. Runtime input validation accepts only plain `Array`
+ *   and typed-array polynomial containers; arbitrary structural wrappers are intentionally rejected.
+ * @param fft - Optional FFT implementation.
+ * @param length - Optional fixed polynomial length.
+ * @returns Polynomial helper namespace.
+ * @example
+ * Build polynomial helpers, then convolve two coefficient arrays.
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * import { poly, rootsOfUnity } from '@noble/curves/abstract/fft.js';
+ * import { Field } from '@noble/curves/abstract/modular.js';
+ * const Fp = Field(17n);
+ * const poly17 = poly(Fp, rootsOfUnity(Fp));
+ * const product = poly17.convolve([1n, 2n], [3n, 4n]);
+ * ```
  */
 export function poly<T>(
-  field: IField<T>,
+  field: TArg<IField<T>>,
   roots: RootsOfUnity,
   create?: undefined,
   fft?: FFTMethods<T>,
   length?: number
 ): PolyFn<T[], T>;
-export function poly<T, P extends Polynomial<T>>(
-  field: IField<T>,
+export function poly<T, P extends PolyStorage<T>>(
+  field: TArg<IField<T>>,
   roots: RootsOfUnity,
   create: CreatePolyFn<P, T>,
   fft?: FFTMethods<T>,
   length?: number
 ): PolyFn<P, T>;
-export function poly<T, P extends Polynomial<T>>(
-  field: IField<T>,
+export function poly<T, P extends PolyStorage<T>>(
+  field: TArg<IField<T>>,
   roots: RootsOfUnity,
   create?: CreatePolyFn<P, T>,
   fft?: FFTMethods<T>,
   length?: number
 ): PolyFn<any, T> {
-  const F = field;
+  const F = field as IField<T>;
   const _create =
     create ||
-    (((len: number, elm?: T): Polynomial<T> => new Array(len).fill(elm ?? F.ZERO)) as CreatePolyFn<
-      P,
-      T
-    >);
+    (((len: number, elm?: T): T[] => new Array(len).fill(elm ?? F.ZERO)) as CreatePolyFn<P, T>);
 
-  const isPoly = (x: any): x is P => Array.isArray(x) || ArrayBuffer.isView(x);
+  // `poly.mul(a, b)` distinguishes polynomial-vs-scalar at runtime, so keep accepted
+  // polynomial containers concrete instead of trying to support arbitrary wrappers.
+  const isPoly = (x: any): x is P => {
+    if (Array.isArray(x)) return true;
+    if (!ArrayBuffer.isView(x)) return false;
+    const v = x as unknown as ArrayLike<unknown> & { slice?: unknown; [Symbol.iterator]?: unknown };
+    return (
+      typeof v.length === 'number' &&
+      typeof v.slice === 'function' &&
+      typeof v[Symbol.iterator] === 'function'
+    );
+  };
   const checkLength = (...lst: P[]): number => {
     if (!lst.length) return 0;
     for (const i of lst) if (!isPoly(i)) throw new Error('poly: not polynomial: ' + i);
@@ -383,7 +714,9 @@ export function poly<T, P extends Polynomial<T>>(
     extend: (a: P, len: number): P => {
       checkLength(a);
       const out = _create(len, F.ZERO);
-      for (let i = 0; i < a.length; i++) out[i] = a[i];
+      // Plain arrays grow when writing past `out.length`, so cap the copy explicitly to keep
+      // `extend()` consistent with typed arrays and with its documented truncate behavior.
+      for (let i = 0; i < Math.min(a.length, len); i++) out[i] = a[i];
       return out;
     },
     degree: (a: P): number => {
@@ -454,7 +787,7 @@ export function poly<T, P extends Polynomial<T>>(
       return out;
     },
     eval: (a: P, basis: P): T => {
-      checkLength(a);
+      checkLength(a, basis);
       let acc = F.ZERO;
       for (let i = 0; i < a.length; i++) acc = F.add(acc, F.mul(a[i], basis[i]));
       return acc;
@@ -480,7 +813,7 @@ export function poly<T, P extends Polynomial<T>>(
     lagrange: {
       basis: (x: T, n: number, brp = false, weights?: P): P => {
         const bits = log2(n);
-        const cache = weights || brp ? roots.brp(bits) : roots.roots(bits); // [ω⁰, ω¹, ..., ωⁿ⁻¹]
+        const cache = weights || (brp ? roots.brp(bits) : roots.roots(bits)); // [ω⁰, ω¹, ..., ωⁿ⁻¹]
         const out = _create(n);
         // Fast Kronecker-δ shortcut
         const idx = findOmegaIndex(x, n, brp);