@noble/curves 1.9.0 → 1.9.2

package/abstract/hash-to-curve.js.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
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+{"version":3,"file":"hash-to-curve.js","sourceRoot":"","sources":["../src/abstract/hash-to-curve.ts"],"names":[],"mappings":";;AA6EA,gDA0BC;AASD,gDA2BC;AAUD,sCAuCC;AAID,gCAgBC;AAwCD,oCAwCC;AAxRD,0CAQqB;AAErB,6CAA+D;AA2B/D,6FAA6F;AAC7F,MAAM,KAAK,GAAG,0BAAe,CAAC;AAE9B,4CAA4C;AAC5C,SAAS,KAAK,CAAC,KAAa,EAAE,MAAc;IAC1C,IAAI,CAAC,KAAK,CAAC,CAAC;IACZ,IAAI,CAAC,MAAM,CAAC,CAAC;IACb,IAAI,KAAK,GAAG,CAAC,IAAI,KAAK,IAAI,CAAC,IAAI,CAAC,CAAC,GAAG,MAAM,CAAC;QAAE,MAAM,IAAI,KAAK,CAAC,uBAAuB,GAAG,KAAK,CAAC,CAAC;IAC9F,MAAM,GAAG,GAAG,KAAK,CAAC,IAAI,CAAC,EAAE,MAAM,EAAE,CAAC,CAAC,IAAI,CAAC,CAAC,CAAa,CAAC;IACvD,KAAK,IAAI,CAAC,GAAG,MAAM,GAAG,CAAC,EAAE,CAAC,IAAI,CAAC,EAAE,CAAC,EAAE,EAAE,CAAC;QACrC,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC,GAAG,KAAK,GAAG,IAAI,CAAC;QACtB,KAAK,MAAM,CAAC,CAAC;IACf,CAAC;IACD,OAAO,IAAI,UAAU,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC;AAC7B,CAAC;AAED,SAAS,MAAM,CAAC,CAAa,EAAE,CAAa;IAC1C,MAAM,GAAG,GAAG,IAAI,UAAU,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC,MAAM,CAAC,CAAC;IACrC,KAAK,IAAI,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,EAAE,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC,MAAM,EAAE,CAAC,EAAE,EAAE,CAAC;QAClC,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC;IACvB,CAAC;IACD,OAAO,GAAG,CAAC;AACb,CAAC;AAED,SAAS,IAAI,CAAC,IAAa;IACzB,IAAI,CAAC,MAAM,CAAC,aAAa,CAAC,IAAI,CAAC;QAAE,MAAM,IAAI,KAAK,CAAC,iBAAiB,CAAC,CAAC;AACtE,CAAC;AAED;;;GAGG;AACH,SAAgB,kBAAkB,CAChC,GAAe,EACf,GAAe,EACf,UAAkB,EAClB,CAAQ;IAER,IAAA,iBAAM,EAAC,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC;IACZ,IAAA,iBAAM,EAAC,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC;IACZ,IAAI,CAAC,UAAU,CAAC,CAAC;IACjB,uDAAuD;IACvD,IAAI,GAAG,CAAC,MAAM,GAAG,GAAG;QAAE,GAAG,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC,IAAA,sBAAW,EAAC,IAAA,sBAAW,EAAC,mBAAmB,CAAC,EAAE,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC;IAClF,MAAM,EAAE,SAAS,EAAE,UAAU,EAAE,QAAQ,EAAE,UAAU,EAAE,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC;IAC1D,MAAM,GAAG,GAAG,IAAI,CAAC,IAAI,CAAC,UAAU,GAAG,UAAU,CAAC,CAAC;IAC/C,IAAI,UAAU,GAAG,KAAK,IAAI,GAAG,GAAG,GAAG;QAAE,MAAM,IAAI,KAAK,CAAC,wCAAwC,CAAC,CAAC;IAC/F,MAAM,SAAS,GAAG,IAAA,sBAAW,EAAC,GAAG,EAAE,KAAK,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,MAAM,EAAE,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC;IACzD,MAAM,KAAK,GAAG,KAAK,CAAC,CAAC,EAAE,UAAU,CAAC,CAAC;IACnC,MAAM,SAAS,GAAG,KAAK,CAAC,UAAU,EAAE,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC,mBAAmB;IAC3D,MAAM,CAAC,GAAG,IAAI,KAAK,CAAa,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC;IACrC,MAAM,GAAG,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC,IAAA,sBAAW,EAAC,KAAK,EAAE,GAAG,EAAE,SAAS,EAAE,KAAK,CAAC,CAAC,EAAE,CAAC,CAAC,EAAE,SAAS,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC;IAC1E,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC,IAAA,sBAAW,EAAC,GAAG,EAAE,KAAK,CAAC,CAAC,EAAE,CAAC,CAAC,EAAE,SAAS,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC;IACnD,KAAK,IAAI,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,EAAE,CAAC,IAAI,GAAG,EAAE,CAAC,EAAE,EAAE,CAAC;QAC9B,MAAM,IAAI,GAAG,CAAC,MAAM,CAAC,GAAG,EAAE,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC,EAAE,KAAK,CAAC,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,EAAE,CAAC,CAAC,EAAE,SAAS,CAAC,CAAC;QACjE,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC,IAAA,sBAAW,EAAC,GAAG,IAAI,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC;IACjC,CAAC;IACD,MAAM,mBAAmB,GAAG,IAAA,sBAAW,EAAC,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC;IAC9C,OAAO,mBAAmB,CAAC,KAAK,CAAC,CAAC,EAAE,UAAU,CAAC,CAAC;AAClD,CAAC;AAED;;;;;;GAMG;AACH,SAAgB,kBAAkB,CAChC,GAAe,EACf,GAAe,EACf,UAAkB,EAClB,CAAS,EACT,CAAQ;IAER,IAAA,iBAAM,EAAC,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC;IACZ,IAAA,iBAAM,EAAC,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC;IACZ,IAAI,CAAC,UAAU,CAAC,CAAC;IACjB,uDAAuD;IACvD,oFAAoF;IACpF,IAAI,GAAG,CAAC,MAAM,GAAG,GAAG,EAAE,CAAC;QACrB,MAAM,KAAK,GAAG,IAAI,CAAC,IAAI,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC;QACrC,GAAG,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC,MAAM,CAAC,EAAE,KAAK,EAAE,CAAC,CAAC,MAAM,CAAC,IAAA,sBAAW,EAAC,mBAAmB,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC,MAAM,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC,MAAM,EAAE,CAAC;IAC1F,CAAC;IACD,IAAI,UAAU,GAAG,KAAK,IAAI,GAAG,CAAC,MAAM,GAAG,GAAG;QACxC,MAAM,IAAI,KAAK,CAAC,wCAAwC,CAAC,CAAC;IAC5D,OAAO,CACL,CAAC,CAAC,MAAM,CAAC,EAAE,KAAK,EAAE,UAAU,EAAE,CAAC;SAC5B,MAAM,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC;SACX,MAAM,CAAC,KAAK,CAAC,UAAU,EAAE,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC;QAC7B,2CAA2C;SAC1C,MAAM,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC;SACX,MAAM,CAAC,KAAK,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,MAAM,EAAE,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC;SAC5B,MAAM,EAAE,CACZ,CAAC;AACJ,CAAC;AAED;;;;;;;GAOG;AACH,SAAgB,aAAa,CAAC,GAAe,EAAE,KAAa,EAAE,OAAgB;IAC5E,IAAA,0BAAe,EAAC,OAAO,EAAE;QACvB,CAAC,EAAE,QAAQ;QACX,CAAC,EAAE,QAAQ;QACX,CAAC,EAAE,QAAQ;QACX,IAAI,EAAE,UAAU;KACjB,CAAC,CAAC;IACH,MAAM,EAAE,CAAC,EAAE,CAAC,EAAE,CAAC,EAAE,IAAI,EAAE,MAAM,EAAE,GAAG,EAAE,IAAI,EAAE,GAAG,OAAO,CAAC;IACrD,IAAI,CAAC,IAAA,kBAAO,EAAC,IAAI,CAAC,IAAI,OAAO,IAAI,KAAK,QAAQ;QAC5C,MAAM,IAAI,KAAK,CAAC,kCAAkC,CAAC,CAAC;IACtD,IAAI,CAAC,IAAA,iBAAM,EAAC,OAAO,CAAC,IAAI,CAAC;QAAE,MAAM,IAAI,KAAK,CAAC,qBAAqB,CAAC,CAAC;IAClE,IAAA,iBAAM,EAAC,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC;IACZ,IAAI,CAAC,KAAK,CAAC,CAAC;IACZ,MAAM,GAAG,GAAG,OAAO,IAAI,KAAK,QAAQ,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC,IAAA,sBAAW,EAAC,IAAI,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC,IAAI,CAAC;IAChE,MAAM,KAAK,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC,QAAQ,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC,MAAM,CAAC;IACnC,MAAM,CAAC,GAAG,IAAI,CAAC,IAAI,CAAC,CAAC,KAAK,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC,uCAAuC;IAC7E,MAAM,YAAY,GAAG,KAAK,GAAG,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC;IACnC,IAAI,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC,sBAAsB;IAC/B,IAAI,MAAM,KAAK,KAAK,EAAE,CAAC;QACrB,GAAG,GAAG,kBAAkB,CAAC,GAAG,EAAE,GAAG,EAAE,YAAY,EAAE,IAAI,CAAC,CAAC;IACzD,CAAC;SAAM,IAAI,MAAM,KAAK,KAAK,EAAE,CAAC;QAC5B,GAAG,GAAG,kBAAkB,CAAC,GAAG,EAAE,GAAG,EAAE,YAAY,EAAE,CAAC,EAAE,IAAI,CAAC,CAAC;IAC5D,CAAC;SAAM,IAAI,MAAM,KAAK,gBAAgB,EAAE,CAAC;QACvC,0BAA0B;QAC1B,GAAG,GAAG,GAAG,CAAC;IACZ,CAAC;SAAM,CAAC;QACN,MAAM,IAAI,KAAK,CAAC,+BAA+B,CAAC,CAAC;IACnD,CAAC;IACD,MAAM,CAAC,GAAG,IAAI,KAAK,CAAC,KAAK,CAAC,CAAC;I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package/abstract/modular.d.ts

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ export declare function mod(a: bigint, b: bigint): bigint;
 /**
  * Efficiently raise num to power and do modular division.
  * Unsafe in some contexts: uses ladder, so can expose bigint bits.
- * TODO: remove.
  * @example
  * pow(2n, 6n, 11n) // 64n % 11n == 9n
  */
@@ -23,12 +22,11 @@ export declare function invert(number: bigint, modulo: bigint): bigint;
  */
 export declare function tonelliShanks(P: bigint): <T>(Fp: IField<T>, n: T) => T;
 /**
- * Square root for a finite field. It will try to check if optimizations are applicable and fall back to 4:
+ * Square root for a finite field. Will try optimized versions first:
  *
  * 1. P ≡ 3 (mod 4)
  * 2. P ≡ 5 (mod 8)
- * 3. P ≡ 9 (mod 16)
- * 4. Tonelli-Shanks algorithm
+ * 3. Tonelli-Shanks algorithm
  *
  * Different algorithms can give different roots, it is up to user to decide which one they want.
  * For example there is FpSqrtOdd/FpSqrtEven to choice root based on oddness (used for hash-to-curve).
@@ -47,6 +45,7 @@ export interface IField<T> {
     create: (num: T) => T;
     isValid: (num: T) => boolean;
     is0: (num: T) => boolean;
+    isValidNot0: (num: T) => boolean;
     neg(num: T): T;
     inv(num: T): T;
     sqrt(num: T): T;
@@ -62,7 +61,6 @@ export interface IField<T> {
     mulN(lhs: T, rhs: T | bigint): T;
     sqrN(num: T): T;
     isOdd?(num: T): boolean;
-    pow(lhs: T, power: bigint): T;
     invertBatch: (lst: T[]) => T[];
     toBytes(num: T): Uint8Array;
     fromBytes(bytes: Uint8Array): T;
@@ -84,35 +82,48 @@ export declare function FpDiv<T>(Fp: IField<T>, lhs: T, rhs: T | bigint): T;
 /**
  * Legendre symbol.
  * Legendre constant is used to calculate Legendre symbol (a | p)
- * which denotes the value of a^((p-1)/2) (mod p)..
+ * which denotes the value of a^((p-1)/2) (mod p).
  *
  * * (a | p) ≡ 1    if a is a square (mod p), quadratic residue
  * * (a | p) ≡ -1   if a is not a square (mod p), quadratic non residue
  * * (a | p) ≡ 0    if a ≡ 0 (mod p)
  */
-export declare function FpLegendre<T>(Fp: IField<T>, n: T): number;
+export declare function FpLegendre<T>(Fp: IField<T>, n: T): -1 | 0 | 1;
 export declare function FpIsSquare<T>(Fp: IField<T>, n: T): boolean;
-export declare function nLength(n: bigint, nBitLength?: number): {
-    nBitLength: number;
+export type NLength = {
     nByteLength: number;
+    nBitLength: number;
 };
+export declare function nLength(n: bigint, nBitLength?: number): NLength;
 type FpField = IField<bigint> & Required<Pick<IField<bigint>, 'isOdd'>>;
+type SqrtFn = (n: bigint) => bigint;
+type FieldOpts = Partial<{
+    sqrt: SqrtFn;
+    isLE: boolean;
+    BITS: number;
+}>;
 /**
- * Initializes a finite field over prime.
- * Major performance optimizations:
- * * a) denormalized operations like mulN instead of mul
- * * b) same object shape: never add or remove keys
- * * c) Object.freeze
+ * Creates a finite field. Major performance optimizations:
+ * * 1. Denormalized operations like mulN instead of mul.
+ * * 2. Identical object shape: never add or remove keys.
+ * * 3. `Object.freeze`.
  * Fragile: always run a benchmark on a change.
  * Security note: operations don't check 'isValid' for all elements for performance reasons,
  * it is caller responsibility to check this.
  * This is low-level code, please make sure you know what you're doing.
- * @param ORDER prime positive bigint
+ *
+ * Note about field properties:
+ * * CHARACTERISTIC p = prime number, number of elements in main subgroup.
+ * * ORDER q = similar to cofactor in curves, may be composite `q = p^m`.
+ *
+ * @param ORDER field order, probably prime, or could be composite
  * @param bitLen how many bits the field consumes
- * @param isLE (def: false) if encoding / decoding should be in little-endian
+ * @param isLE (default: false) if encoding / decoding should be in little-endian
  * @param redef optional faster redefinitions of sqrt and other methods
  */
-export declare function Field(ORDER: bigint, bitLen?: number, isLE?: boolean, redef?: Partial<IField<bigint>>): Readonly<FpField>;
+export declare function Field(ORDER: bigint, bitLenOrOpts?: number | FieldOpts, isLE?: boolean, opts?: {
+    sqrt?: SqrtFn;
+}): Readonly<FpField>;
 export declare function FpSqrtOdd<T>(Fp: IField<T>, elm: T): T;
 export declare function FpSqrtEven<T>(Fp: IField<T>, elm: T): T;
 /**

package/abstract/modular.d.ts.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
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package/abstract/modular.js

@@ -22,20 +22,18 @@ exports.getFieldBytesLength = getFieldBytesLength;
 exports.getMinHashLength = getMinHashLength;
 exports.mapHashToField = mapHashToField;
 /**
- * Utils for modular division and finite fields.
- * A finite field over 11 is integer number operations `mod 11`.
+ * Utils for modular division and fields.
+ * Field over 11 is a finite (Galois) field is integer number operations `mod 11`.
  * There is no division: it is replaced by modular multiplicative inverse.
  * @module
  */
 /*! noble-curves - MIT License (c) 2022 Paul Miller (paulmillr.com) */
-const utils_1 = require("@noble/hashes/utils");
-const utils_ts_1 = require("./utils.js");
+const utils_ts_1 = require("../utils.js");
 // prettier-ignore
 const _0n = BigInt(0), _1n = BigInt(1), _2n = /* @__PURE__ */ BigInt(2), _3n = /* @__PURE__ */ BigInt(3);
 // prettier-ignore
-const _4n = /* @__PURE__ */ BigInt(4), _5n = /* @__PURE__ */ BigInt(5), _8n = /* @__PURE__ */ BigInt(8);
-// prettier-ignore
-const _9n = /* @__PURE__ */ BigInt(9), _16n = /* @__PURE__ */ BigInt(16);
+const _4n = /* @__PURE__ */ BigInt(4), _5n = /* @__PURE__ */ BigInt(5);
+const _8n = /* @__PURE__ */ BigInt(8);
 // Calculates a modulo b
 function mod(a, b) {
     const result = a % b;
@@ -44,25 +42,11 @@ function mod(a, b) {
 /**
  * Efficiently raise num to power and do modular division.
  * Unsafe in some contexts: uses ladder, so can expose bigint bits.
- * TODO: remove.
  * @example
  * pow(2n, 6n, 11n) // 64n % 11n == 9n
  */
 function pow(num, power, modulo) {
-    if (power < _0n)
-        throw new Error('invalid exponent, negatives unsupported');
-    if (modulo <= _0n)
-        throw new Error('invalid modulus');
-    if (modulo === _1n)
-        return _0n;
-    let res = _1n;
-    while (power > _0n) {
-        if (power & _1n)
-            res = (res * num) % modulo;
-        num = (num * num) % modulo;
-        power >>= _1n;
-    }
-    return res;
+    return FpPow(Field(modulo), num, power);
 }
 /** Does `x^(2^power)` mod p. `pow2(30, 4)` == `30^(2^4)` */
 function pow2(x, power, modulo) {
@@ -101,6 +85,51 @@ function invert(number, modulo) {
         throw new Error('invert: does not exist');
     return mod(x, modulo);
 }
+// Not all roots are possible! Example which will throw:
+// const NUM =
+// n = 72057594037927816n;
+// Fp = Field(BigInt('0x1a0111ea397fe69a4b1ba7b6434bacd764774b84f38512bf6730d2a0f6b0f6241eabfffeb153ffffb9feffffffffaaab'));
+function sqrt3mod4(Fp, n) {
+    const p1div4 = (Fp.ORDER + _1n) / _4n;
+    const root = Fp.pow(n, p1div4);
+    // Throw if root^2 != n
+    if (!Fp.eql(Fp.sqr(root), n))
+        throw new Error('Cannot find square root');
+    return root;
+}
+function sqrt5mod8(Fp, n) {
+    const p5div8 = (Fp.ORDER - _5n) / _8n;
+    const n2 = Fp.mul(n, _2n);
+    const v = Fp.pow(n2, p5div8);
+    const nv = Fp.mul(n, v);
+    const i = Fp.mul(Fp.mul(nv, _2n), v);
+    const root = Fp.mul(nv, Fp.sub(i, Fp.ONE));
+    if (!Fp.eql(Fp.sqr(root), n))
+        throw new Error('Cannot find square root');
+    return root;
+}
+// TODO: Commented-out for now. Provide test vectors.
+// Tonelli is too slow for extension fields Fp2.
+// That means we can't use sqrt (c1, c2...) even for initialization constants.
+// if (P % _16n === _9n) return sqrt9mod16;
+// // prettier-ignore
+// function sqrt9mod16<T>(Fp: IField<T>, n: T, p7div16?: bigint) {
+//   if (p7div16 === undefined) p7div16 = (Fp.ORDER + BigInt(7)) / _16n;
+//   const c1 = Fp.sqrt(Fp.neg(Fp.ONE)); //  1. c1 = sqrt(-1) in F, i.e., (c1^2) == -1 in F
+//   const c2 = Fp.sqrt(c1);             //  2. c2 = sqrt(c1) in F, i.e., (c2^2) == c1 in F
+//   const c3 = Fp.sqrt(Fp.neg(c1));     //  3. c3 = sqrt(-c1) in F, i.e., (c3^2) == -c1 in F
+//   const c4 = p7div16;                 //  4. c4 = (q + 7) / 16        # Integer arithmetic
+//   let tv1 = Fp.pow(n, c4);            //  1. tv1 = x^c4
+//   let tv2 = Fp.mul(c1, tv1);          //  2. tv2 = c1 * tv1
+//   const tv3 = Fp.mul(c2, tv1);        //  3. tv3 = c2 * tv1
+//   let tv4 = Fp.mul(c3, tv1);          //  4. tv4 = c3 * tv1
+//   const e1 = Fp.eql(Fp.sqr(tv2), n);  //  5.  e1 = (tv2^2) == x
+//   const e2 = Fp.eql(Fp.sqr(tv3), n);  //  6.  e2 = (tv3^2) == x
+//   tv1 = Fp.cmov(tv1, tv2, e1); //  7. tv1 = CMOV(tv1, tv2, e1)  # Select tv2 if (tv2^2) == x
+//   tv2 = Fp.cmov(tv4, tv3, e2); //  8. tv2 = CMOV(tv4, tv3, e2)  # Select tv3 if (tv3^2) == x
+//   const e3 = Fp.eql(Fp.sqr(tv2), n);  //  9.  e3 = (tv2^2) == x
+//   return Fp.cmov(tv1, tv2, e3); // 10.  z = CMOV(tv1, tv2, e3) # Select the sqrt from tv1 and tv2
+// }
 /**
  * Tonelli-Shanks square root search algorithm.
  * 1. https://eprint.iacr.org/2012/685.pdf (page 12)
@@ -109,131 +138,89 @@ function invert(number, modulo) {
  * @returns function that takes field Fp (created from P) and number n
  */
 function tonelliShanks(P) {
-    // Do expensive precomputation step
-    // Step 1: By factoring out powers of 2 from p - 1,
-    // find q and s such that p-1 == q*(2^s) with q odd
+    // Initialization (precomputation).
+    // Caching initialization could boost perf by 7%.
+    if (P < BigInt(3))
+        throw new Error('sqrt is not defined for small field');
+    // Factor P - 1 = Q * 2^S, where Q is odd
     let Q = P - _1n;
     let S = 0;
     while (Q % _2n === _0n) {
         Q /= _2n;
         S++;
     }
-    // Step 2: Select a non-square z such that (z | p) ≡ -1 and set c ≡ zq
+    // Find the first quadratic non-residue Z >= 2
     let Z = _2n;
     const _Fp = Field(P);
-    while (Z < P && FpIsSquare(_Fp, Z)) {
+    while (FpLegendre(_Fp, Z) === 1) {
+        // Basic primality test for P. After x iterations, chance of
+        // not finding quadratic non-residue is 2^x, so 2^1000.
         if (Z++ > 1000)
             throw new Error('Cannot find square root: probably non-prime P');
     }
-    // Fast-path
-    if (S === 1) {
-        const p1div4 = (P + _1n) / _4n;
-        return function tonelliFast(Fp, n) {
-            const root = Fp.pow(n, p1div4);
-            if (!Fp.eql(Fp.sqr(root), n))
-                throw new Error('Cannot find square root');
-            return root;
-        };
-    }
+    // Fast-path; usually done before Z, but we do "primality test".
+    if (S === 1)
+        return sqrt3mod4;
     // Slow-path
+    // TODO: test on Fp2 and others
+    let cc = _Fp.pow(Z, Q); // c = z^Q
     const Q1div2 = (Q + _1n) / _2n;
     return function tonelliSlow(Fp, n) {
-        // Step 0: Check that n is indeed a square: (n | p) should not be ≡ -1
-        if (!FpIsSquare(Fp, n))
+        if (Fp.is0(n))
+            return n;
+        // Check if n is a quadratic residue using Legendre symbol
+        if (FpLegendre(Fp, n) !== 1)
             throw new Error('Cannot find square root');
-        let r = S;
-        // TODO: test on Fp2 and others
-        let g = Fp.pow(Fp.mul(Fp.ONE, Z), Q); // will update both x and b
-        let x = Fp.pow(n, Q1div2); // first guess at the square root
-        let b = Fp.pow(n, Q); // first guess at the fudge factor
-        while (!Fp.eql(b, Fp.ONE)) {
-            // (4. If t = 0, return r = 0)
-            // https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonelli%E2%80%93Shanks_algorithm
-            if (Fp.eql(b, Fp.ZERO))
-                return Fp.ZERO;
-            // Find m such b^(2^m)==1
-            let m = 1;
-            for (let t2 = Fp.sqr(b); m < r; m++) {
-                if (Fp.eql(t2, Fp.ONE))
-                    break;
-                t2 = Fp.sqr(t2); // t2 *= t2
+        // Initialize variables for the main loop
+        let M = S;
+        let c = Fp.mul(Fp.ONE, cc); // c = z^Q, move cc from field _Fp into field Fp
+        let t = Fp.pow(n, Q); // t = n^Q, first guess at the fudge factor
+        let R = Fp.pow(n, Q1div2); // R = n^((Q+1)/2), first guess at the square root
+        // Main loop
+        // while t != 1
+        while (!Fp.eql(t, Fp.ONE)) {
+            if (Fp.is0(t))
+                return Fp.ZERO; // if t=0 return R=0
+            let i = 1;
+            // Find the smallest i >= 1 such that t^(2^i) ≡ 1 (mod P)
+            let t_tmp = Fp.sqr(t); // t^(2^1)
+            while (!Fp.eql(t_tmp, Fp.ONE)) {
+                i++;
+                t_tmp = Fp.sqr(t_tmp); // t^(2^2)...
+                if (i === M)
+                    throw new Error('Cannot find square root');
             }
-            // NOTE: r-m-1 can be bigger than 32, need to convert to bigint before shift,
-            // otherwise there will be overflow.
-            const ge = Fp.pow(g, _1n << BigInt(r - m - 1)); // ge = 2^(r-m-1)
-            g = Fp.sqr(ge); // g = ge * ge
-            x = Fp.mul(x, ge); // x *= ge
-            b = Fp.mul(b, g); // b *= g
-            r = m;
+            // Calculate the exponent for b: 2^(M - i - 1)
+            const exponent = _1n << BigInt(M - i - 1); // bigint is important
+            const b = Fp.pow(c, exponent); // b = 2^(M - i - 1)
+            // Update variables
+            M = i;
+            c = Fp.sqr(b); // c = b^2
+            t = Fp.mul(t, c); // t = (t * b^2)
+            R = Fp.mul(R, b); // R = R*b
         }
-        return x;
+        return R;
     };
 }
 /**
- * Square root for a finite field. It will try to check if optimizations are applicable and fall back to 4:
+ * Square root for a finite field. Will try optimized versions first:
  *
  * 1. P ≡ 3 (mod 4)
  * 2. P ≡ 5 (mod 8)
- * 3. P ≡ 9 (mod 16)
- * 4. Tonelli-Shanks algorithm
+ * 3. Tonelli-Shanks algorithm
  *
  * Different algorithms can give different roots, it is up to user to decide which one they want.
  * For example there is FpSqrtOdd/FpSqrtEven to choice root based on oddness (used for hash-to-curve).
  */
 function FpSqrt(P) {
-    // P ≡ 3 (mod 4)
-    // √n = n^((P+1)/4)
-    if (P % _4n === _3n) {
-        // Not all roots possible!
-        // const ORDER =
-        //   0x1a0111ea397fe69a4b1ba7b6434bacd764774b84f38512bf6730d2a0f6b0f6241eabfffeb153ffffb9feffffffffaaabn;
-        // const NUM = 72057594037927816n;
-        return function sqrt3mod4(Fp, n) {
-            const p1div4 = (P + _1n) / _4n;
-            const root = Fp.pow(n, p1div4);
-            // Throw if root**2 != n
-            if (!Fp.eql(Fp.sqr(root), n))
-                throw new Error('Cannot find square root');
-            return root;
-        };
-    }
-    // Atkin algorithm for q ≡ 5 (mod 8), https://eprint.iacr.org/2012/685.pdf (page 10)
-    if (P % _8n === _5n) {
-        return function sqrt5mod8(Fp, n) {
-            const n2 = Fp.mul(n, _2n);
-            const c1 = (P - _5n) / _8n;
-            const v = Fp.pow(n2, c1);
-            const nv = Fp.mul(n, v);
-            const i = Fp.mul(Fp.mul(nv, _2n), v);
-            const root = Fp.mul(nv, Fp.sub(i, Fp.ONE));
-            if (!Fp.eql(Fp.sqr(root), n))
-                throw new Error('Cannot find square root');
-            return root;
-        };
-    }
-    // P ≡ 9 (mod 16)
-    if (P % _16n === _9n) {
-        // NOTE: tonelli is too slow for bls-Fp2 calculations even on start
-        // Means we cannot use sqrt for constants at all!
-        //
-        // const c1 = Fp.sqrt(Fp.negate(Fp.ONE)); //  1. c1 = sqrt(-1) in F, i.e., (c1^2) == -1 in F
-        // const c2 = Fp.sqrt(c1);                //  2. c2 = sqrt(c1) in F, i.e., (c2^2) == c1 in F
-        // const c3 = Fp.sqrt(Fp.negate(c1));     //  3. c3 = sqrt(-c1) in F, i.e., (c3^2) == -c1 in F
-        // const c4 = (P + _7n) / _16n;           //  4. c4 = (q + 7) / 16        # Integer arithmetic
-        // sqrt = (x) => {
-        //   let tv1 = Fp.pow(x, c4);             //  1. tv1 = x^c4
-        //   let tv2 = Fp.mul(c1, tv1);           //  2. tv2 = c1 * tv1
-        //   const tv3 = Fp.mul(c2, tv1);         //  3. tv3 = c2 * tv1
-        //   let tv4 = Fp.mul(c3, tv1);           //  4. tv4 = c3 * tv1
-        //   const e1 = Fp.equals(Fp.square(tv2), x); //  5.  e1 = (tv2^2) == x
-        //   const e2 = Fp.equals(Fp.square(tv3), x); //  6.  e2 = (tv3^2) == x
-        //   tv1 = Fp.cmov(tv1, tv2, e1); //  7. tv1 = CMOV(tv1, tv2, e1)  # Select tv2 if (tv2^2) == x
-        //   tv2 = Fp.cmov(tv4, tv3, e2); //  8. tv2 = CMOV(tv4, tv3, e2)  # Select tv3 if (tv3^2) == x
-        //   const e3 = Fp.equals(Fp.square(tv2), x); //  9.  e3 = (tv2^2) == x
-        //   return Fp.cmov(tv1, tv2, e3); //  10.  z = CMOV(tv1, tv2, e3)  # Select the sqrt from tv1 and tv2
-        // }
-    }
-    // Other cases: Tonelli-Shanks algorithm
+    // P ≡ 3 (mod 4) => √n = n^((P+1)/4)
+    if (P % _4n === _3n)
+        return sqrt3mod4;
+    // P ≡ 5 (mod 8) => Atkin algorithm, page 10 of https://eprint.iacr.org/2012/685.pdf
+    if (P % _8n === _5n)
+        return sqrt5mod8;
+    // P ≡ 9 (mod 16) not implemented, see above
+    // Tonelli-Shanks algorithm
     return tonelliShanks(P);
 }
 // Little-endian check for first LE bit (last BE bit);
@@ -249,14 +236,18 @@ function validateField(field) {
     const initial = {
         ORDER: 'bigint',
         MASK: 'bigint',
-        BYTES: 'isSafeInteger',
-        BITS: 'isSafeInteger',
+        BYTES: 'number',
+        BITS: 'number',
     };
     const opts = FIELD_FIELDS.reduce((map, val) => {
         map[val] = 'function';
         return map;
     }, initial);
-    return (0, utils_ts_1.validateObject)(field, opts);
+    (0, utils_ts_1._validateObject)(field, opts);
+    // const max = 16384;
+    // if (field.BYTES < 1 || field.BYTES > max) throw new Error('invalid field');
+    // if (field.BITS < 1 || field.BITS > 8 * max) throw new Error('invalid field');
+    return field;
 }
 // Generic field functions
 /**
@@ -270,7 +261,6 @@ function FpPow(Fp, num, power) {
         return Fp.ONE;
     if (power === _1n)
         return num;
-    // @ts-ignore
     let p = Fp.ONE;
     let d = num;
     while (power > _0n) {
@@ -313,55 +303,80 @@ function FpDiv(Fp, lhs, rhs) {
 /**
  * Legendre symbol.
  * Legendre constant is used to calculate Legendre symbol (a | p)
- * which denotes the value of a^((p-1)/2) (mod p)..
+ * which denotes the value of a^((p-1)/2) (mod p).
  *
  * * (a | p) ≡ 1    if a is a square (mod p), quadratic residue
  * * (a | p) ≡ -1   if a is not a square (mod p), quadratic non residue
  * * (a | p) ≡ 0    if a ≡ 0 (mod p)
  */
 function FpLegendre(Fp, n) {
-    const legc = (Fp.ORDER - _1n) / _2n;
-    const powered = Fp.pow(n, legc);
+    // We can use 3rd argument as optional cache of this value
+    // but seems unneeded for now. The operation is very fast.
+    const p1mod2 = (Fp.ORDER - _1n) / _2n;
+    const powered = Fp.pow(n, p1mod2);
     const yes = Fp.eql(powered, Fp.ONE);
     const zero = Fp.eql(powered, Fp.ZERO);
     const no = Fp.eql(powered, Fp.neg(Fp.ONE));
     if (!yes && !zero && !no)
-        throw new Error('Cannot find square root: probably non-prime P');
+        throw new Error('invalid Legendre symbol result');
     return yes ? 1 : zero ? 0 : -1;
 }
 // This function returns True whenever the value x is a square in the field F.
 function FpIsSquare(Fp, n) {
     const l = FpLegendre(Fp, n);
-    return l === 0 || l === 1;
+    return l === 1;
 }
 // CURVE.n lengths
 function nLength(n, nBitLength) {
     // Bit size, byte size of CURVE.n
     if (nBitLength !== undefined)
-        (0, utils_1.anumber)(nBitLength);
+        (0, utils_ts_1.anumber)(nBitLength);
     const _nBitLength = nBitLength !== undefined ? nBitLength : n.toString(2).length;
     const nByteLength = Math.ceil(_nBitLength / 8);
     return { nBitLength: _nBitLength, nByteLength };
 }
 /**
- * Initializes a finite field over prime.
- * Major performance optimizations:
- * * a) denormalized operations like mulN instead of mul
- * * b) same object shape: never add or remove keys
- * * c) Object.freeze
+ * Creates a finite field. Major performance optimizations:
+ * * 1. Denormalized operations like mulN instead of mul.
+ * * 2. Identical object shape: never add or remove keys.
+ * * 3. `Object.freeze`.
  * Fragile: always run a benchmark on a change.
  * Security note: operations don't check 'isValid' for all elements for performance reasons,
  * it is caller responsibility to check this.
  * This is low-level code, please make sure you know what you're doing.
- * @param ORDER prime positive bigint
+ *
+ * Note about field properties:
+ * * CHARACTERISTIC p = prime number, number of elements in main subgroup.
+ * * ORDER q = similar to cofactor in curves, may be composite `q = p^m`.
+ *
+ * @param ORDER field order, probably prime, or could be composite
  * @param bitLen how many bits the field consumes
- * @param isLE (def: false) if encoding / decoding should be in little-endian
+ * @param isLE (default: false) if encoding / decoding should be in little-endian
  * @param redef optional faster redefinitions of sqrt and other methods
  */
-function Field(ORDER, bitLen, isLE = false, redef = {}) {
+function Field(ORDER, bitLenOrOpts, isLE = false, opts = {}) {
     if (ORDER <= _0n)
         throw new Error('invalid field: expected ORDER > 0, got ' + ORDER);
-    const { nBitLength: BITS, nByteLength: BYTES } = nLength(ORDER, bitLen);
+    let _nbitLength = undefined;
+    let _sqrt = undefined;
+    if (typeof bitLenOrOpts === 'object' && bitLenOrOpts != null) {
+        if (opts.sqrt || isLE)
+            throw new Error('cannot specify opts in two arguments');
+        const _opts = bitLenOrOpts;
+        if (_opts.BITS)
+            _nbitLength = _opts.BITS;
+        if (_opts.sqrt)
+            _sqrt = _opts.sqrt;
+        if (typeof _opts.isLE === 'boolean')
+            isLE = _opts.isLE;
+    }
+    else {
+        if (typeof bitLenOrOpts === 'number')
+            _nbitLength = bitLenOrOpts;
+        if (opts.sqrt)
+            _sqrt = opts.sqrt;
+    }
+    const { nBitLength: BITS, nByteLength: BYTES } = nLength(ORDER, _nbitLength);
     if (BYTES > 2048)
         throw new Error('invalid field: expected ORDER of <= 2048 bytes');
     let sqrtP; // cached sqrtP
@@ -380,6 +395,8 @@ function Field(ORDER, bitLen, isLE = false, redef = {}) {
             return _0n <= num && num < ORDER; // 0 is valid element, but it's not invertible
         },
         is0: (num) => num === _0n,
+        // is valid and invertible
+        isValidNot0: (num) => !f.is0(num) && f.isValid(num),
         isOdd: (num) => (num & _1n) === _1n,
         neg: (num) => mod(-num, ORDER),
         eql: (lhs, rhs) => lhs === rhs,
@@ -395,7 +412,7 @@ function Field(ORDER, bitLen, isLE = false, redef = {}) {
         subN: (lhs, rhs) => lhs - rhs,
         mulN: (lhs, rhs) => lhs * rhs,
         inv: (num) => invert(num, ORDER),
-        sqrt: redef.sqrt ||
+        sqrt: _sqrt ||
             ((n) => {
                 if (!sqrtP)
                     sqrtP = FpSqrt(ORDER);