@nifrajs/otel 1.13.0 → 2.1.0

package/README.md

@@ -61,8 +61,7 @@ inventing trace identity.
 
 ## Adapters
 
-Implement `ObservationAdapter` to send spans wherever you collect them. `SpanExporter` remains as a
-backwards-compatible type alias:
+Implement `ObservationAdapter` to send spans wherever you collect them:
 
 ```ts
 interface ObservationAdapter {

package/dist/effects.d.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+/** Token-only OpenTelemetry spans for capability admission, execution, compensation, and reconciliation. */
+import type { EffectLifecycleObserver } from "@nifrajs/core/effect-lifecycle";
+import type { IdentityPlugin } from "@nifrajs/core/server";
+import type { ObservationAdapter } from "./span.js";
+export interface EffectTracingOptions {
+    readonly exporter?: ObservationAdapter;
+    readonly adapters?: readonly ObservationAdapter[];
+    /** Maximum unmatched started events retained at once. Default 10,000. */
+    readonly maxActive?: number;
+    /** Opportunistically expire unmatched events older than this many milliseconds. Default 5 min. */
+    readonly maxActiveAgeMs?: number;
+    /** Injectable wall clock for deterministic retention tests. */
+    readonly now?: () => number;
+}
+export interface EffectTracingPlugin extends IdentityPlugin {
+    /** Pass the same observer to `createSagaEngine({ observer })` and reconciliation helpers. */
+    readonly observer: EffectLifecycleObserver;
+}
+/**
+ * Installs child effect spans on subsequent routes. The observer consumes only the constrained
+ * `EffectLifecycleEvent` contract; request/business payloads and error text cannot enter an export.
+ */
+export declare function effectTracing(options?: EffectTracingOptions): EffectTracingPlugin;
+//# sourceMappingURL=effects.d.ts.map

package/dist/effects.d.ts.map

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"version":3,"file":"effects.d.ts","sourceRoot":"","sources":["../src/effects.ts"],"names":[],"mappings":"AAAA,4GAA4G;AAE5G,OAAO,KAAK,EAAwB,uBAAuB,EAAE,MAAM,gCAAgC,CAAA;AACnG,OAAO,KAAK,EAAa,cAAc,EAAE,MAAM,sBAAsB,CAAA;AAErE,OAAO,KAAK,EAAkB,kBAAkB,EAAE,MAAM,WAAW,CAAA;AAEnE,MAAM,WAAW,oBAAoB;IACnC,QAAQ,CAAC,QAAQ,CAAC,EAAE,kBAAkB,CAAA;IACtC,QAAQ,CAAC,QAAQ,CAAC,EAAE,SAAS,kBAAkB,EAAE,CAAA;IACjD,yEAAyE;IACzE,QAAQ,CAAC,SAAS,CAAC,EAAE,MAAM,CAAA;IAC3B,kGAAkG;IAClG,QAAQ,CAAC,cAAc,CAAC,EAAE,MAAM,CAAA;IAChC,+DAA+D;IAC/D,QAAQ,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,EAAE,MAAM,MAAM,CAAA;CAC5B;AAED,MAAM,WAAW,mBAAoB,SAAQ,cAAc;IACzD,6FAA6F;IAC7F,QAAQ,CAAC,QAAQ,EAAE,uBAAuB,CAAA;CAC3C;AAoBD;;;GAGG;AACH,wBAAgB,aAAa,CAAC,OAAO,GAAE,oBAAyB,GAAG,mBAAmB,CAoGrF"}

package/dist/effects.js

@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+/** Token-only OpenTelemetry spans for capability admission, execution, compensation, and reconciliation. */
+import { createObservationLifecycle } from "./lifecycle.js";
+function attributesOf(event) {
+    const attributes = {
+        "nifra.effect.id": event.effectId,
+        "nifra.effect.capability": event.capability,
+        "nifra.effect.stage": event.stage,
+        "nifra.effect.phase": event.phase,
+    };
+    if (event.target !== undefined)
+        attributes["nifra.effect.target"] = event.target;
+    if (event.digest !== undefined)
+        attributes["nifra.effect.digest"] = event.digest;
+    if (event.attempt !== undefined)
+        attributes["nifra.effect.attempt"] = event.attempt;
+    if (event.errorCode !== undefined)
+        attributes["nifra.effect.error_code"] = event.errorCode;
+    if (event.durationMs !== undefined)
+        attributes["nifra.effect.duration_ms"] = event.durationMs;
+    for (const [axis, value] of Object.entries(event.cost ?? {})) {
+        attributes[`nifra.effect.cost.${axis}`] = value;
+    }
+    return attributes;
+}
+/**
+ * Installs child effect spans on subsequent routes. The observer consumes only the constrained
+ * `EffectLifecycleEvent` contract; request/business payloads and error text cannot enter an export.
+ */
+export function effectTracing(options = {}) {
+    const adapters = [
+        ...(options.exporter === undefined ? [] : [options.exporter]),
+        ...(options.adapters ?? []),
+    ];
+    const maxActive = options.maxActive ?? 10_000;
+    const maxActiveAgeMs = options.maxActiveAgeMs ?? 5 * 60_000;
+    if (!Number.isSafeInteger(maxActive) || maxActive < 1) {
+        throw new RangeError("effect tracing maxActive must be a positive safe integer");
+    }
+    if (!Number.isSafeInteger(maxActiveAgeMs) || maxActiveAgeMs < 1) {
+        throw new RangeError("effect tracing maxActiveAgeMs must be a positive safe integer");
+    }
+    const now = options.now ?? Date.now;
+    const lifecycle = createObservationLifecycle({ adapters });
+    const active = new Map();
+    let nextSweepAt = Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY;
+    const keyOf = (event) => `${event.effectId}\n${event.stage}`;
+    const evict = (key, errorCode) => {
+        const entry = active.get(key);
+        if (entry === undefined)
+            return;
+        active.delete(key);
+        entry.observation.setAttributes({
+            "nifra.effect.phase": "ambiguous",
+            "nifra.effect.error_code": errorCode,
+        });
+        entry.observation.end({ status: "error" });
+    };
+    const sweep = () => {
+        const at = now();
+        if (!Number.isFinite(at) || at < nextSweepAt)
+            return at;
+        // `active` iterates in insertion order and entries carry a monotonic `at`, so the front is the
+        // oldest / earliest-expiring. Evict the expired prefix and stop at the first live entry: its expiry
+        // is the earliest remaining, i.e. the next sweep deadline. A sweep is therefore O(evicted), not
+        // O(active.size). (A backwards clock only defers an eviction to the size cap - the hard bound; age
+        // eviction is opportunistic.)
+        nextSweepAt = Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY;
+        for (const [key, entry] of active) {
+            const expiresAt = entry.at + maxActiveAgeMs;
+            if (at >= expiresAt) {
+                evict(key, "observation_expired");
+            }
+            else {
+                nextSweepAt = expiresAt;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        return at;
+    };
+    const observer = (event) => {
+        const at = sweep();
+        const key = keyOf(event);
+        if (event.phase === "started") {
+            if (active.has(key))
+                return;
+            while (active.size >= maxActive) {
+                const oldest = active.keys().next().value;
+                if (oldest === undefined)
+                    break;
+                evict(oldest, "observation_evicted");
+            }
+            const startedAt = Number.isFinite(at) ? at : event.at;
+            active.set(key, Object.freeze({
+                observation: lifecycle.start({
+                    name: `nifra.effect.${event.stage}`,
+                    parent: event.trace ?? null,
+                    attributes: attributesOf(event),
+                }),
+                at: startedAt,
+            }));
+            nextSweepAt = Math.min(nextSweepAt, startedAt + maxActiveAgeMs);
+            return;
+        }
+        const entry = active.get(key);
+        let observation;
+        if (entry === undefined) {
+            observation = lifecycle.start({
+                name: `nifra.effect.${event.stage}`,
+                parent: event.trace ?? null,
+                attributes: attributesOf(event),
+            });
+        }
+        else {
+            active.delete(key);
+            observation = entry.observation;
+            observation.setAttributes(attributesOf(event));
+        }
+        observation.end({ status: event.phase === "succeeded" ? "ok" : "error" });
+    };
+    const apply = (app) => {
+        app.observeCapability(observer);
+        return app;
+    };
+    return Object.assign(apply, {
+        pluginName: "nifra:effect-tracing",
+        observer,
+    });
+}
+//# sourceMappingURL=effects.js.map

package/dist/effects.js.map

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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package/dist/index.d.ts

@@ -2,15 +2,17 @@
  * @nifrajs/otel — distributed tracing for nifra. The `tracing()` plugin continues (or starts) a W3C
  * trace per request, opens an OpenTelemetry-semantic-convention span, and exposes `c.trace` so you
  * can forward the trace to downstream services with `traceHeaders(c.trace)`. Spans go to a pluggable
- * `SpanExporter` — bridge to the OpenTelemetry SDK, or log with `consoleSpanExporter`. No SDK
+ * `ObservationAdapter` — bridge to the OpenTelemetry SDK, or log with `consoleSpanExporter`. No SDK
  * bundled; edge-safe.
  *
  *   import { tracing, traceHeaders, consoleSpanExporter } from "@nifrajs/otel"
  *   app.use(tracing({ exporter: consoleSpanExporter(), serviceName: "orders-api" }))
  */
 export { causalitySpanLink } from "./causality.js";
+export { type EffectTracingOptions, type EffectTracingPlugin, effectTracing, } from "./effects.js";
 export { type ActiveObservation, createObservationLifecycle, type EndObservation, type ObservationClock, type ObservationContext, type ObservationLifecycle, type ObservationLifecycleOptions, type ObservationParent, type StartObservation, } from "./lifecycle.js";
-export { type AttributeValue, combineObservationAdapters, consoleSpanExporter, type NifraSpan, type ObservationAdapter, type ObservationLink, type SpanExporter, type SpanStatus, } from "./span.js";
+export { type OtlpExporter, type OtlpExporterOptions, otlpExporter } from "./otlp.js";
+export { type AttributeValue, combineObservationAdapters, consoleSpanExporter, type NifraSpan, type ObservationAdapter, type ObservationLink, type SpanStatus, } from "./span.js";
 export { formatTraceparent, generateSpanId, generateTraceId, type ParsedTraceparent, parseTraceparent, } from "./traceparent.js";
 export { type TraceContext, type TracingOptions, traceHeaders, tracing } from "./tracing.js";
 //# sourceMappingURL=index.d.ts.map

package/dist/index.d.ts.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
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+{"version":3,"file":"index.d.ts","sourceRoot":"","sources":["../src/index.ts"],"names":[],"mappings":"AAAA;;;;;;;;;GASG;AAEH,OAAO,EAAE,iBAAiB,EAAE,MAAM,gBAAgB,CAAA;AAClD,OAAO,EACL,KAAK,oBAAoB,EACzB,KAAK,mBAAmB,EACxB,aAAa,GACd,MAAM,cAAc,CAAA;AACrB,OAAO,EACL,KAAK,iBAAiB,EACtB,0BAA0B,EAC1B,KAAK,cAAc,EACnB,KAAK,gBAAgB,EACrB,KAAK,kBAAkB,EACvB,KAAK,oBAAoB,EACzB,KAAK,2BAA2B,EAChC,KAAK,iBAAiB,EACtB,KAAK,gBAAgB,GACtB,MAAM,gBAAgB,CAAA;AACvB,OAAO,EAAE,KAAK,YAAY,EAAE,KAAK,mBAAmB,EAAE,YAAY,EAAE,MAAM,WAAW,CAAA;AACrF,OAAO,EACL,KAAK,cAAc,EACnB,0BAA0B,EAC1B,mBAAmB,EACnB,KAAK,SAAS,EACd,KAAK,kBAAkB,EACvB,KAAK,eAAe,EACpB,KAAK,UAAU,GAChB,MAAM,WAAW,CAAA;AAClB,OAAO,EACL,iBAAiB,EACjB,cAAc,EACd,eAAe,EACf,KAAK,iBAAiB,EACtB,gBAAgB,GACjB,MAAM,kBAAkB,CAAA;AACzB,OAAO,EAAE,KAAK,YAAY,EAAE,KAAK,cAAc,EAAE,YAAY,EAAE,OAAO,EAAE,MAAM,cAAc,CAAA"}

package/dist/index.js

@@ -2,14 +2,16 @@
  * @nifrajs/otel — distributed tracing for nifra. The `tracing()` plugin continues (or starts) a W3C
  * trace per request, opens an OpenTelemetry-semantic-convention span, and exposes `c.trace` so you
  * can forward the trace to downstream services with `traceHeaders(c.trace)`. Spans go to a pluggable
- * `SpanExporter` — bridge to the OpenTelemetry SDK, or log with `consoleSpanExporter`. No SDK
+ * `ObservationAdapter` — bridge to the OpenTelemetry SDK, or log with `consoleSpanExporter`. No SDK
  * bundled; edge-safe.
  *
  *   import { tracing, traceHeaders, consoleSpanExporter } from "@nifrajs/otel"
  *   app.use(tracing({ exporter: consoleSpanExporter(), serviceName: "orders-api" }))
  */
 export { causalitySpanLink } from "./causality.js";
+export { effectTracing, } from "./effects.js";
 export { createObservationLifecycle, } from "./lifecycle.js";
+export { otlpExporter } from "./otlp.js";
 export { combineObservationAdapters, consoleSpanExporter, } from "./span.js";
 export { formatTraceparent, generateSpanId, generateTraceId, parseTraceparent, } from "./traceparent.js";
 export { traceHeaders, tracing } from "./tracing.js";

package/dist/index.js.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
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package/dist/metrics.d.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+/**
+ * RED metrics for nifra as an opt-in `.use(metrics())` plugin, exposed in Prometheus text format at
+ * `/metrics`. Dependency-free and in-process: an atomic counter/gauge/histogram registry with a
+ * Prometheus renderer, plus automatic per-request rate/errors/duration series labeled by the matched
+ * route TEMPLATE (not the raw path, so `/users/:id` is one series, not one per id).
+ *
+ *   import { metrics } from "@nifrajs/otel/metrics"
+ *   const app = server().use(metrics()).get("/users/:id", handler)
+ *   // GET /metrics → nifra_http_requests_total{method="GET",route="/users/:id",status="200"} 5 …
+ *
+ * `c` is not touched; apps that want custom app metrics create their own registry and pass it in
+ * (`metrics({ registry })`), then register series on it - they render at the same `/metrics`.
+ */
+import { type NifraPlugin } from "@nifrajs/core/server";
+type Labels = Readonly<Record<string, string>>;
+/** A monotonically increasing counter (requests, errors). */
+export declare class Counter {
+    readonly name: string;
+    readonly help: string;
+    private readonly series;
+    constructor(name: string, help: string);
+    inc(labels?: Labels, by?: number): void;
+    render(): string;
+}
+/** A value that can go up and down (in-flight requests, queue depth). */
+export declare class Gauge {
+    readonly name: string;
+    readonly help: string;
+    private readonly series;
+    constructor(name: string, help: string);
+    private at;
+    inc(labels?: Labels, by?: number): void;
+    dec(labels?: Labels, by?: number): void;
+    set(labels: Labels, value: number): void;
+    render(): string;
+}
+/** Latency-style distribution over fixed buckets (seconds). Renders Prometheus cumulative buckets. */
+export declare class Histogram {
+    readonly name: string;
+    readonly help: string;
+    private readonly series;
+    private readonly buckets;
+    constructor(name: string, help: string, buckets: readonly number[]);
+    observe(value: number, labels?: Labels): void;
+    render(): string;
+}
+/** A collection of metrics that renders one Prometheus exposition document. */
+export declare class MetricsRegistry {
+    private readonly counters;
+    private readonly gauges;
+    private readonly histograms;
+    counter(name: string, help?: string): Counter;
+    gauge(name: string, help?: string): Gauge;
+    histogram(name: string, buckets: readonly number[], help?: string): Histogram;
+    /** The Prometheus text exposition of every registered series. */
+    render(): string;
+}
+/** Create a standalone registry to register custom app metrics on, shared into `metrics({ registry })`. */
+export declare function createMetricsRegistry(): MetricsRegistry;
+export interface MetricsOptions {
+    /** Where to expose the Prometheus text. Default `/metrics`. This route is excluded from the metrics. */
+    readonly path?: string;
+    /** Reuse a registry (so custom app metrics render alongside the RED series). Default: a fresh one. */
+    readonly registry?: MetricsRegistry;
+    /** Histogram buckets in SECONDS for request duration. Default OpenTelemetry latency buckets. */
+    readonly buckets?: readonly number[];
+}
+/**
+ * Enable RED metrics + a `/metrics` Prometheus endpoint. Records `nifra_http_requests_total`,
+ * `nifra_http_request_duration_seconds`, and `nifra_http_requests_in_flight`, labeled by method,
+ * matched route template, and status. Apply once (named-plugin dedupe).
+ */
+export declare function metrics(options?: MetricsOptions): NifraPlugin;
+export {};
+//# sourceMappingURL=metrics.d.ts.map

package/dist/metrics.d.ts.map

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package/dist/metrics.js.map

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package/dist/otlp.d.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+/**
+ * A dependency-free OTLP/HTTP (JSON) span exporter. Ships completed spans to any OpenTelemetry
+ * collector (`.../v1/traces`) with in-process batching, matching the package's no-SDK stance: it
+ * speaks the wire protocol directly over `fetch`, so it runs on Bun, Node, Deno, and workerd alike.
+ *
+ * Wire mapping follows the OTLP/JSON encoding: ids stay hex, times become Unix-nanosecond strings,
+ * attributes become typed `KeyValue`s. Export is fail-open (a collector outage never throws into a
+ * request); delivery failures reach `onError`.
+ */
+import type { ObservationAdapter } from "./span.js";
+export interface OtlpExporterOptions {
+    /** The collector's traces endpoint, e.g. `http://localhost:4318/v1/traces`. */
+    readonly url: string;
+    /** Extra headers on every export (auth tokens, tenant ids). */
+    readonly headers?: Record<string, string>;
+    /** `service.name` resource attribute. Default `"nifra"`. */
+    readonly serviceName?: string;
+    /** Batching knobs. */
+    readonly batch?: {
+        /** Flush once this many spans are queued. Must be a positive safe integer. Default 512. */
+        readonly maxBatch?: number;
+        /** Hard cap on the queue; oldest spans are dropped past it. Positive safe integer; default 2048. */
+        readonly maxQueue?: number;
+        /** Periodic flush interval (ms). Must be a positive safe integer. Default 5000. */
+        readonly flushIntervalMs?: number;
+    };
+    /** Called when an export POST fails or spans are dropped. Fail-open: never throws into a request. */
+    readonly onError?: (error: unknown) => void;
+    /** Override `fetch` (tests, a proxy agent). Defaults to the global. */
+    readonly fetch?: (input: string, init: RequestInit) => Promise<{
+        ok: boolean;
+        status: number;
+    }>;
+}
+export interface OtlpExporter extends ObservationAdapter {
+    /** Send everything queued now. Await it in a graceful shutdown so no span is lost. */
+    flush(): Promise<void>;
+    /** Stop the periodic timer and flush a final time. Call on server stop. */
+    shutdown(): Promise<void>;
+}
+export declare function otlpExporter(options: OtlpExporterOptions): OtlpExporter;
+//# sourceMappingURL=otlp.d.ts.map

package/dist/otlp.d.ts.map

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"version":3,"file":"otlp.d.ts","sourceRoot":"","sources":["../src/otlp.ts"],"names":[],"mappings":"AAAA;;;;;;;;GAQG;AAEH,OAAO,KAAK,EAA6B,kBAAkB,EAAc,MAAM,WAAW,CAAA;AAE1F,MAAM,WAAW,mBAAmB;IAClC,+EAA+E;IAC/E,QAAQ,CAAC,GAAG,EAAE,MAAM,CAAA;IACpB,+DAA+D;IAC/D,QAAQ,CAAC,OAAO,CAAC,EAAE,MAAM,CAAC,MAAM,EAAE,MAAM,CAAC,CAAA;IACzC,4DAA4D;IAC5D,QAAQ,CAAC,WAAW,CAAC,EAAE,MAAM,CAAA;IAC7B,sBAAsB;IACtB,QAAQ,CAAC,KAAK,CAAC,EAAE;QACf,2FAA2F;QAC3F,QAAQ,CAAC,QAAQ,CAAC,EAAE,MAAM,CAAA;QAC1B,oGAAoG;QACpG,QAAQ,CAAC,QAAQ,CAAC,EAAE,MAAM,CAAA;QAC1B,mFAAmF;QACnF,QAAQ,CAAC,eAAe,CAAC,EAAE,MAAM,CAAA;KAClC,CAAA;IACD,qGAAqG;IACrG,QAAQ,CAAC,OAAO,CAAC,EAAE,CAAC,KAAK,EAAE,OAAO,KAAK,IAAI,CAAA;IAC3C,uEAAuE;IACvE,QAAQ,CAAC,KAAK,CAAC,EAAE,CAAC,KAAK,EAAE,MAAM,EAAE,IAAI,EAAE,WAAW,KAAK,OAAO,CAAC;QAAE,EAAE,EAAE,OAAO,CAAC;QAAC,MAAM,EAAE,MAAM,CAAA;KAAE,CAAC,CAAA;CAChG;AAED,MAAM,WAAW,YAAa,SAAQ,kBAAkB;IACtD,sFAAsF;IACtF,KAAK,IAAI,OAAO,CAAC,IAAI,CAAC,CAAA;IACtB,2EAA2E;IAC3E,QAAQ,IAAI,OAAO,CAAC,IAAI,CAAC,CAAA;CAC1B;AAiDD,wBAAgB,YAAY,CAAC,OAAO,EAAE,mBAAmB,GAAG,YAAY,CA2EvE"}

package/dist/otlp.js

@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+/**
+ * A dependency-free OTLP/HTTP (JSON) span exporter. Ships completed spans to any OpenTelemetry
+ * collector (`.../v1/traces`) with in-process batching, matching the package's no-SDK stance: it
+ * speaks the wire protocol directly over `fetch`, so it runs on Bun, Node, Deno, and workerd alike.
+ *
+ * Wire mapping follows the OTLP/JSON encoding: ids stay hex, times become Unix-nanosecond strings,
+ * attributes become typed `KeyValue`s. Export is fail-open (a collector outage never throws into a
+ * request); delivery failures reach `onError`.
+ */
+const STATUS_CODE = { unset: 0, ok: 1, error: 2 };
+function assertPositiveSafeInteger(value, option) {
+    if (!Number.isSafeInteger(value) || value <= 0) {
+        throw new RangeError(`otlpExporter: ${option} must be a positive safe integer; received ${String(value)}`);
+    }
+}
+function anyValue(value) {
+    if (typeof value === "boolean")
+        return { boolValue: value };
+    if (typeof value === "string")
+        return { stringValue: value };
+    // OTLP/JSON carries 64-bit ints as strings; non-integers use doubleValue.
+    return Number.isInteger(value) ? { intValue: String(value) } : { doubleValue: value };
+}
+function keyValues(attributes) {
+    return Object.entries(attributes).map(([key, value]) => ({ key, value: anyValue(value) }));
+}
+const MS_TO_NANOS = 1_000_000;
+function toOtlpSpan(span) {
+    const end = span.endTime ?? span.startTime;
+    return {
+        traceId: span.traceId,
+        spanId: span.spanId,
+        ...(span.parentSpanId !== undefined ? { parentSpanId: span.parentSpanId } : {}),
+        name: span.name,
+        kind: 2, // SPAN_KIND_SERVER
+        startTimeUnixNano: String(span.startTime * MS_TO_NANOS),
+        endTimeUnixNano: String(end * MS_TO_NANOS),
+        attributes: keyValues(span.attributes),
+        status: { code: STATUS_CODE[span.status] },
+        ...(span.links !== undefined && span.links.length > 0
+            ? {
+                links: span.links.map((link) => ({
+                    traceId: link.traceId,
+                    spanId: link.spanId,
+                    ...(link.attributes !== undefined ? { attributes: keyValues(link.attributes) } : {}),
+                })),
+            }
+            : {}),
+    };
+}
+export function otlpExporter(options) {
+    const maxBatch = options.batch?.maxBatch ?? 512;
+    const maxQueue = options.batch?.maxQueue ?? 2048;
+    const flushIntervalMs = options.batch?.flushIntervalMs ?? 5000;
+    assertPositiveSafeInteger(maxBatch, "batch.maxBatch");
+    assertPositiveSafeInteger(maxQueue, "batch.maxQueue");
+    assertPositiveSafeInteger(flushIntervalMs, "batch.flushIntervalMs");
+    const doFetch = options.fetch ?? globalThis.fetch;
+    const resourceAttributes = keyValues({ "service.name": options.serviceName ?? "nifra" });
+    const queue = [];
+    let timer;
+    const report = (error) => {
+        try {
+            options.onError?.(error);
+        }
+        catch {
+            // an onError that itself throws must not break export
+        }
+    };
+    const send = async (spans) => {
+        if (spans.length === 0 || doFetch === undefined)
+            return;
+        const body = JSON.stringify({
+            resourceSpans: [
+                {
+                    resource: { attributes: resourceAttributes },
+                    scopeSpans: [{ scope: { name: "nifra" }, spans: spans.map(toOtlpSpan) }],
+                },
+            ],
+        });
+        try {
+            const res = await doFetch(options.url, {
+                method: "POST",
+                headers: { "content-type": "application/json", ...options.headers },
+                body,
+            });
+            if (!res.ok)
+                report(new Error(`otlp_export_failed_${res.status}`));
+        }
+        catch (error) {
+            report(error);
+        }
+    };
+    const flush = () => {
+        if (queue.length === 0)
+            return Promise.resolve();
+        return send(queue.splice(0, queue.length));
+    };
+    const ensureTimer = () => {
+        if (timer !== undefined)
+            return;
+        timer = setInterval(() => {
+            void flush();
+        }, flushIntervalMs);
+        timer.unref?.(); // never keep the process alive for the exporter
+    };
+    return {
+        onEnd(span) {
+            queue.push(span);
+            if (queue.length > maxQueue) {
+                queue.shift(); // drop the oldest under sustained backpressure rather than grow unbounded
+                report(new Error("otlp_queue_overflow_span_dropped"));
+            }
+            if (queue.length >= maxBatch)
+                void flush();
+            else
+                ensureTimer();
+        },
+        flush,
+        async shutdown() {
+            if (timer !== undefined) {
+                clearInterval(timer);
+                timer = undefined;
+            }
+            await flush();
+        },
+    };
+}
+//# sourceMappingURL=otlp.js.map

package/dist/otlp.js.map

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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package/dist/span.d.ts

@@ -46,8 +46,6 @@ export interface ObservationAdapter {
     onStart?(span: NifraSpan): void;
     onEnd(span: NifraSpan): void;
 }
-/** Backwards-compatible name for an observation sink. */
-export type SpanExporter = ObservationAdapter;
 /**
  * Fan out lifecycle notifications to several adapters. Each adapter is isolated: an exception in
  * one sink cannot prevent the remaining sinks from observing the span.
@@ -55,5 +53,5 @@ export type SpanExporter = ObservationAdapter;
 export declare function combineObservationAdapters(adapters: readonly ObservationAdapter[]): ObservationAdapter;
 /** A no-frills exporter that logs each completed span as one structured line. Useful in dev or as a
  * starting point before wiring a real backend. */
-export declare function consoleSpanExporter(log?: (line: string) => void): SpanExporter;
+export declare function consoleSpanExporter(log?: (line: string) => void): ObservationAdapter;
 //# sourceMappingURL=span.d.ts.map

package/dist/span.d.ts.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
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package/dist/span.js.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
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+{"version":3,"file":"span.js","sourceRoot":"","sources":["../src/span.ts"],"names":[],"mappings":"AAAA;;;;;;GAMG;AA+CH;;;GAGG;AACH,MAAM,UAAU,0BAA0B,CACxC,QAAuC;IAEvC,OAAO;QACL,OAAO,CAAC,IAAI;YACV,KAAK,MAAM,OAAO,IAAI,QAAQ,EAAE,CAAC;gBAC/B,IAAI,CAAC;oBACH,OAAO,CAAC,OAAO,EAAE,CAAC,IAAI,CAAC,CAAA;gBACzB,CAAC;gBAAC,MAAM,CAAC;oBACP,wCAAwC;gBAC1C,CAAC;YACH,CAAC;QACH,CAAC;QACD,KAAK,CAAC,IAAI;YACR,KAAK,MAAM,OAAO,IAAI,QAAQ,EAAE,CAAC;gBAC/B,IAAI,CAAC;oBACH,OAAO,CAAC,KAAK,CAAC,IAAI,CAAC,CAAA;gBACrB,CAAC;gBAAC,MAAM,CAAC;oBACP,wCAAwC;gBAC1C,CAAC;YACH,CAAC;QACH,CAAC;KACF,CAAA;AACH,CAAC;AAED;kDACkD;AAClD,MAAM,UAAU,mBAAmB,CACjC,MAA8B,CAAC,CAAC,EAAE,EAAE;IAClC,OAAO,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC,CAAA;AAChB,CAAC;IAED,OAAO;QACL,KAAK,CAAC,IAAI;YACR,GAAG,CACD,IAAI,CAAC,SAAS,CAAC;gBACb,IAAI,EAAE,IAAI,CAAC,IAAI;gBACf,OAAO,EAAE,IAAI,CAAC,OAAO;gBACrB,MAAM,EAAE,IAAI,CAAC,MAAM;gBACnB,YAAY,EAAE,IAAI,CAAC,YAAY;gBAC/B,UAAU,EAAE,IAAI,CAAC,UAAU;gBAC3B,MAAM,EAAE,IAAI,CAAC,MAAM;gBACnB,GAAG,IAAI,CAAC,UAAU;aACnB,CAAC,CACH,CAAA;QACH,CAAC;KACF,CAAA;AACH,CAAC"}

package/dist/tracing.d.ts

@@ -2,16 +2,16 @@
  * The `tracing()` plugin — establishes a span per request, propagates W3C trace context, and exposes
  * `c.trace` for forwarding the trace to downstream services. OpenTelemetry-compatible by wire format
  * (traceparent) and attribute names (HTTP semantic conventions); the span itself is exported through
- * your {@link SpanExporter} (bridge to the OTel SDK, or log via `consoleSpanExporter`).
+ * your {@link ObservationAdapter} (bridge to the OTel SDK, or log via `consoleSpanExporter`).
  */
-import { type CausalityContext, type CausalityRecorder } from "@nifrajs/core";
+import { type CausalityContext, type CausalityRecorder } from "@nifrajs/core/causality";
 import { type ObservationContext } from "./lifecycle.js";
-import { type ObservationAdapter, type SpanExporter } from "./span.js";
+import { type ObservationAdapter } from "./span.js";
 /** The trace context exposed on the handler `c.trace` (typed, threaded via `derive`). */
 export type TraceContext = ObservationContext;
 export interface TracingOptions {
     /** Where spans are sent. Default: {@link consoleSpanExporter}. */
-    readonly exporter?: SpanExporter;
+    readonly exporter?: ObservationAdapter;
     /** Additional observation adapters (DevTools, a private redacting backend, metrics, …). */
     readonly adapters?: readonly ObservationAdapter[];
     /** Sets the `service.name` attribute on every span. */
@@ -50,5 +50,5 @@ export declare function traceHeaders(trace: TraceContext, causality?: CausalityC
  * // in a handler: fetch(url, { headers: traceHeaders(c.trace) })  // continue the trace downstream
  * ```
  */
-export declare function tracing(options?: TracingOptions): import("@nifrajs/core").NifraPlugin<import("@nifrajs/core").AnyServer, import("@nifrajs/core").Server<any, any>>;
+export declare function tracing(options?: TracingOptions): import("@nifrajs/core/server").NifraPlugin<import("@nifrajs/core/server").AnyServer, import("@nifrajs/core/server").Server<any, any>>;
 //# sourceMappingURL=tracing.d.ts.map

package/dist/tracing.d.ts.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"version":3,"file":"tracing.d.ts","sourceRoot":"","sources":["../src/tracing.ts"],"names":[],"mappings":"AAAA;;;;;GAKG;AAEH,OAAO,EACL,KAAK,gBAAgB,EACrB,KAAK,iBAAiB,EAMvB,MAAM,eAAe,CAAA;AACtB,OAAO,EAGL,KAAK,kBAAkB,EACxB,MAAM,gBAAgB,CAAA;AACvB,OAAO,EAAuB,KAAK,kBAAkB,EAAE,KAAK,YAAY,EAAE,MAAM,WAAW,CAAA;AAE3F,yFAAyF;AACzF,MAAM,MAAM,YAAY,GAAG,kBAAkB,CAAA;AAE7C,MAAM,WAAW,cAAc;IAC7B,kEAAkE;IAClE,QAAQ,CAAC,QAAQ,CAAC,EAAE,YAAY,CAAA;IAChC,2FAA2F;IAC3F,QAAQ,CAAC,QAAQ,CAAC,EAAE,SAAS,kBAAkB,EAAE,CAAA;IACjD,uDAAuD;IACvD,QAAQ,CAAC,WAAW,CAAC,EAAE,MAAM,CAAA;IAC7B;;;OAGG;IACH,QAAQ,CAAC,cAAc,CAAC,EAAE,OAAO,CAAA;IACjC;;;OAGG;IACH,QAAQ,CAAC,SAAS,CAAC,EAAE;QACnB,QAAQ,CAAC,QAAQ,CAAC,EAAE,iBAAiB,CAAA;QACrC,sDAAsD;QACtD,QAAQ,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,EAAE,MAAM,MAAM,CAAA;QAC3B;;;WAGG;QACH,QAAQ,CAAC,aAAa,CAAC,EAAE,CACvB,OAAO,EAAE,OAAO,EAChB,OAAO,EAAE,gBAAgB,KACtB,OAAO,GAAG,OAAO,CAAC,OAAO,CAAC,CAAA;KAChC,CAAA;CACF;AAED;uDACuD;AACvD,wBAAgB,YAAY,CAC1B,KAAK,EAAE,YAAY,EACnB,SAAS,CAAC,EAAE,gBAAgB,GAC3B;IAAE,QAAQ,CAAC,WAAW,EAAE,MAAM,CAAA;CAAE,GAAG,QAAQ,CAAC,MAAM,CAAC,MAAM,EAAE,MAAM,CAAC,CAAC,CAKrE;AAUD;;;;;;;;GAQG;AACH,wBAAgB,OAAO,CAAC,OAAO,GAAE,cAAmB,oHAqGnD"}
+{"version":3,"file":"tracing.d.ts","sourceRoot":"","sources":["../src/tracing.ts"],"names":[],"mappings":"AAAA;;;;;GAKG;AAEH,OAAO,EACL,KAAK,gBAAgB,EACrB,KAAK,iBAAiB,EAKvB,MAAM,yBAAyB,CAAA;AAEhC,OAAO,EAGL,KAAK,kBAAkB,EACxB,MAAM,gBAAgB,CAAA;AACvB,OAAO,EAAuB,KAAK,kBAAkB,EAAE,MAAM,WAAW,CAAA;AAExE,yFAAyF;AACzF,MAAM,MAAM,YAAY,GAAG,kBAAkB,CAAA;AAE7C,MAAM,WAAW,cAAc;IAC7B,kEAAkE;IAClE,QAAQ,CAAC,QAAQ,CAAC,EAAE,kBAAkB,CAAA;IACtC,2FAA2F;IAC3F,QAAQ,CAAC,QAAQ,CAAC,EAAE,SAAS,kBAAkB,EAAE,CAAA;IACjD,uDAAuD;IACvD,QAAQ,CAAC,WAAW,CAAC,EAAE,MAAM,CAAA;IAC7B;;;OAGG;IACH,QAAQ,CAAC,cAAc,CAAC,EAAE,OAAO,CAAA;IACjC;;;OAGG;IACH,QAAQ,CAAC,SAAS,CAAC,EAAE;QACnB,QAAQ,CAAC,QAAQ,CAAC,EAAE,iBAAiB,CAAA;QACrC,sDAAsD;QACtD,QAAQ,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,EAAE,MAAM,MAAM,CAAA;QAC3B;;;WAGG;QACH,QAAQ,CAAC,aAAa,CAAC,EAAE,CACvB,OAAO,EAAE,OAAO,EAChB,OAAO,EAAE,gBAAgB,KACtB,OAAO,GAAG,OAAO,CAAC,OAAO,CAAC,CAAA;KAChC,CAAA;CACF;AAED;uDACuD;AACvD,wBAAgB,YAAY,CAC1B,KAAK,EAAE,YAAY,EACnB,SAAS,CAAC,EAAE,gBAAgB,GAC3B;IAAE,QAAQ,CAAC,WAAW,EAAE,MAAM,CAAA;CAAE,GAAG,QAAQ,CAAC,MAAM,CAAC,MAAM,EAAE,MAAM,CAAC,CAAC,CAKrE;AAUD;;;;;;;;GAQG;AACH,wBAAgB,OAAO,CAAC,OAAO,GAAE,cAAmB,yIAqGnD"}

package/dist/tracing.js

@@ -2,9 +2,10 @@
  * The `tracing()` plugin — establishes a span per request, propagates W3C trace context, and exposes
  * `c.trace` for forwarding the trace to downstream services. OpenTelemetry-compatible by wire format
  * (traceparent) and attribute names (HTTP semantic conventions); the span itself is exported through
- * your {@link SpanExporter} (bridge to the OTel SDK, or log via `consoleSpanExporter`).
+ * your {@link ObservationAdapter} (bridge to the OTel SDK, or log via `consoleSpanExporter`).
  */
-import { causalityHeaders, continueCausality, definePlugin, readCausalityHeaders, startCausality, } from "@nifrajs/core";
+import { causalityHeaders, continueCausality, readCausalityHeaders, startCausality, } from "@nifrajs/core/causality";
+import { definePlugin } from "@nifrajs/core/server";
 import { createObservationLifecycle, } from "./lifecycle.js";
 import { consoleSpanExporter } from "./span.js";
 /** Spread into an outgoing `fetch`/`ctx.api` call's headers to continue the trace downstream:

package/dist/tracing.js.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
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package/package.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "@nifrajs/otel",
-  "version": "1.13.0",
+  "version": "2.1.0",
   "description": "Distributed tracing for nifra — W3C traceparent/tracestate propagation + OpenTelemetry-semantic-convention spans via a pluggable exporter. Bridge to the OpenTelemetry SDK or log spans directly; no SDK bundled. Edge-safe.",
   "keywords": [
     "bun",
@@ -24,6 +24,16 @@
       "bun": "./src/index.ts",
       "types": "./dist/index.d.ts",
       "default": "./dist/index.js"
+    },
+    "./metrics": {
+      "bun": "./src/metrics.ts",
+      "types": "./dist/metrics.d.ts",
+      "default": "./dist/metrics.js"
+    },
+    "./effects": {
+      "bun": "./src/effects.ts",
+      "types": "./dist/effects.d.ts",
+      "default": "./dist/effects.js"
     }
   },
   "files": [
@@ -39,7 +49,7 @@
     "access": "public"
   },
   "peerDependencies": {
-    "@nifrajs/core": "^1.13.0"
+    "@nifrajs/core": "^2.1.0"
   },
   "devDependencies": {
     "@nifrajs/core": "workspace:*"

package/src/effects.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+/** Token-only OpenTelemetry spans for capability admission, execution, compensation, and reconciliation. */
+
+import type { EffectLifecycleEvent, EffectLifecycleObserver } from "@nifrajs/core/effect-lifecycle"
+import type { AnyServer, IdentityPlugin } from "@nifrajs/core/server"
+import { type ActiveObservation, createObservationLifecycle } from "./lifecycle.ts"
+import type { AttributeValue, ObservationAdapter } from "./span.ts"
+
+export interface EffectTracingOptions {
+  readonly exporter?: ObservationAdapter
+  readonly adapters?: readonly ObservationAdapter[]
+  /** Maximum unmatched started events retained at once. Default 10,000. */
+  readonly maxActive?: number
+  /** Opportunistically expire unmatched events older than this many milliseconds. Default 5 min. */
+  readonly maxActiveAgeMs?: number
+  /** Injectable wall clock for deterministic retention tests. */
+  readonly now?: () => number
+}
+
+export interface EffectTracingPlugin extends IdentityPlugin {
+  /** Pass the same observer to `createSagaEngine({ observer })` and reconciliation helpers. */
+  readonly observer: EffectLifecycleObserver
+}
+
+function attributesOf(event: EffectLifecycleEvent): Record<string, AttributeValue> {
+  const attributes: Record<string, AttributeValue> = {
+    "nifra.effect.id": event.effectId,
+    "nifra.effect.capability": event.capability,
+    "nifra.effect.stage": event.stage,
+    "nifra.effect.phase": event.phase,
+  }
+  if (event.target !== undefined) attributes["nifra.effect.target"] = event.target
+  if (event.digest !== undefined) attributes["nifra.effect.digest"] = event.digest
+  if (event.attempt !== undefined) attributes["nifra.effect.attempt"] = event.attempt
+  if (event.errorCode !== undefined) attributes["nifra.effect.error_code"] = event.errorCode
+  if (event.durationMs !== undefined) attributes["nifra.effect.duration_ms"] = event.durationMs
+  for (const [axis, value] of Object.entries(event.cost ?? {})) {
+    attributes[`nifra.effect.cost.${axis}`] = value
+  }
+  return attributes
+}
+
+/**
+ * Installs child effect spans on subsequent routes. The observer consumes only the constrained
+ * `EffectLifecycleEvent` contract; request/business payloads and error text cannot enter an export.
+ */
+export function effectTracing(options: EffectTracingOptions = {}): EffectTracingPlugin {
+  const adapters = [
+    ...(options.exporter === undefined ? [] : [options.exporter]),
+    ...(options.adapters ?? []),
+  ]
+  const maxActive = options.maxActive ?? 10_000
+  const maxActiveAgeMs = options.maxActiveAgeMs ?? 5 * 60_000
+  if (!Number.isSafeInteger(maxActive) || maxActive < 1) {
+    throw new RangeError("effect tracing maxActive must be a positive safe integer")
+  }
+  if (!Number.isSafeInteger(maxActiveAgeMs) || maxActiveAgeMs < 1) {
+    throw new RangeError("effect tracing maxActiveAgeMs must be a positive safe integer")
+  }
+  const now = options.now ?? Date.now
+  const lifecycle = createObservationLifecycle({ adapters })
+  const active = new Map<string, { readonly observation: ActiveObservation; readonly at: number }>()
+  let nextSweepAt = Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY
+  const keyOf = (event: EffectLifecycleEvent): string => `${event.effectId}\n${event.stage}`
+
+  const evict = (key: string, errorCode: "observation_evicted" | "observation_expired"): void => {
+    const entry = active.get(key)
+    if (entry === undefined) return
+    active.delete(key)
+    entry.observation.setAttributes({
+      "nifra.effect.phase": "ambiguous",
+      "nifra.effect.error_code": errorCode,
+    })
+    entry.observation.end({ status: "error" })
+  }
+
+  const sweep = (): number => {
+    const at = now()
+    if (!Number.isFinite(at) || at < nextSweepAt) return at
+    // `active` iterates in insertion order and entries carry a monotonic `at`, so the front is the
+    // oldest / earliest-expiring. Evict the expired prefix and stop at the first live entry: its expiry
+    // is the earliest remaining, i.e. the next sweep deadline. A sweep is therefore O(evicted), not
+    // O(active.size). (A backwards clock only defers an eviction to the size cap - the hard bound; age
+    // eviction is opportunistic.)
+    nextSweepAt = Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY
+    for (const [key, entry] of active) {
+      const expiresAt = entry.at + maxActiveAgeMs
+      if (at >= expiresAt) {
+        evict(key, "observation_expired")
+      } else {
+        nextSweepAt = expiresAt
+        break
+      }
+    }
+    return at
+  }
+
+  const observer: EffectLifecycleObserver = (event) => {
+    const at = sweep()
+    const key = keyOf(event)
+    if (event.phase === "started") {
+      if (active.has(key)) return
+      while (active.size >= maxActive) {
+        const oldest = active.keys().next().value as string | undefined
+        if (oldest === undefined) break
+        evict(oldest, "observation_evicted")
+      }
+      const startedAt = Number.isFinite(at) ? at : event.at
+      active.set(
+        key,
+        Object.freeze({
+          observation: lifecycle.start({
+            name: `nifra.effect.${event.stage}`,
+            parent: event.trace ?? null,
+            attributes: attributesOf(event),
+          }),
+          at: startedAt,
+        }),
+      )
+      nextSweepAt = Math.min(nextSweepAt, startedAt + maxActiveAgeMs)
+      return
+    }
+    const entry = active.get(key)
+    let observation: ActiveObservation
+    if (entry === undefined) {
+      observation = lifecycle.start({
+        name: `nifra.effect.${event.stage}`,
+        parent: event.trace ?? null,
+        attributes: attributesOf(event),
+      })
+    } else {
+      active.delete(key)
+      observation = entry.observation
+      observation.setAttributes(attributesOf(event))
+    }
+    observation.end({ status: event.phase === "succeeded" ? "ok" : "error" })
+  }
+
+  const apply = <S extends AnyServer>(app: S): S => {
+    app.observeCapability(observer)
+    return app
+  }
+  return Object.assign(apply, {
+    pluginName: "nifra:effect-tracing",
+    observer,
+  }) as EffectTracingPlugin
+}

package/src/index.ts

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
  * @nifrajs/otel — distributed tracing for nifra. The `tracing()` plugin continues (or starts) a W3C
  * trace per request, opens an OpenTelemetry-semantic-convention span, and exposes `c.trace` so you
  * can forward the trace to downstream services with `traceHeaders(c.trace)`. Spans go to a pluggable
- * `SpanExporter` — bridge to the OpenTelemetry SDK, or log with `consoleSpanExporter`. No SDK
+ * `ObservationAdapter` — bridge to the OpenTelemetry SDK, or log with `consoleSpanExporter`. No SDK
  * bundled; edge-safe.
  *
  *   import { tracing, traceHeaders, consoleSpanExporter } from "@nifrajs/otel"
@@ -10,6 +10,11 @@
  */
 
 export { causalitySpanLink } from "./causality.ts"
+export {
+  type EffectTracingOptions,
+  type EffectTracingPlugin,
+  effectTracing,
+} from "./effects.ts"
 export {
   type ActiveObservation,
   createObservationLifecycle,
@@ -21,6 +26,7 @@ export {
   type ObservationParent,
   type StartObservation,
 } from "./lifecycle.ts"
+export { type OtlpExporter, type OtlpExporterOptions, otlpExporter } from "./otlp.ts"
 export {
   type AttributeValue,
   combineObservationAdapters,
@@ -28,7 +34,6 @@ export {
   type NifraSpan,
   type ObservationAdapter,
   type ObservationLink,
-  type SpanExporter,
   type SpanStatus,
 } from "./span.ts"
 export {

package/src/otlp.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+/**
+ * A dependency-free OTLP/HTTP (JSON) span exporter. Ships completed spans to any OpenTelemetry
+ * collector (`.../v1/traces`) with in-process batching, matching the package's no-SDK stance: it
+ * speaks the wire protocol directly over `fetch`, so it runs on Bun, Node, Deno, and workerd alike.
+ *
+ * Wire mapping follows the OTLP/JSON encoding: ids stay hex, times become Unix-nanosecond strings,
+ * attributes become typed `KeyValue`s. Export is fail-open (a collector outage never throws into a
+ * request); delivery failures reach `onError`.
+ */
+
+import type { AttributeValue, NifraSpan, ObservationAdapter, SpanStatus } from "./span.ts"
+
+export interface OtlpExporterOptions {
+  /** The collector's traces endpoint, e.g. `http://localhost:4318/v1/traces`. */
+  readonly url: string
+  /** Extra headers on every export (auth tokens, tenant ids). */
+  readonly headers?: Record<string, string>
+  /** `service.name` resource attribute. Default `"nifra"`. */
+  readonly serviceName?: string
+  /** Batching knobs. */
+  readonly batch?: {
+    /** Flush once this many spans are queued. Must be a positive safe integer. Default 512. */
+    readonly maxBatch?: number
+    /** Hard cap on the queue; oldest spans are dropped past it. Positive safe integer; default 2048. */
+    readonly maxQueue?: number
+    /** Periodic flush interval (ms). Must be a positive safe integer. Default 5000. */
+    readonly flushIntervalMs?: number
+  }
+  /** Called when an export POST fails or spans are dropped. Fail-open: never throws into a request. */
+  readonly onError?: (error: unknown) => void
+  /** Override `fetch` (tests, a proxy agent). Defaults to the global. */
+  readonly fetch?: (input: string, init: RequestInit) => Promise<{ ok: boolean; status: number }>
+}
+
+export interface OtlpExporter extends ObservationAdapter {
+  /** Send everything queued now. Await it in a graceful shutdown so no span is lost. */
+  flush(): Promise<void>
+  /** Stop the periodic timer and flush a final time. Call on server stop. */
+  shutdown(): Promise<void>
+}
+
+const STATUS_CODE: Readonly<Record<SpanStatus, number>> = { unset: 0, ok: 1, error: 2 }
+
+function assertPositiveSafeInteger(value: number, option: string): void {
+  if (!Number.isSafeInteger(value) || value <= 0) {
+    throw new RangeError(
+      `otlpExporter: ${option} must be a positive safe integer; received ${String(value)}`,
+    )
+  }
+}
+
+function anyValue(value: AttributeValue): Record<string, unknown> {
+  if (typeof value === "boolean") return { boolValue: value }
+  if (typeof value === "string") return { stringValue: value }
+  // OTLP/JSON carries 64-bit ints as strings; non-integers use doubleValue.
+  return Number.isInteger(value) ? { intValue: String(value) } : { doubleValue: value }
+}
+
+function keyValues(attributes: Readonly<Record<string, AttributeValue>>): unknown[] {
+  return Object.entries(attributes).map(([key, value]) => ({ key, value: anyValue(value) }))
+}
+
+const MS_TO_NANOS = 1_000_000
+
+function toOtlpSpan(span: NifraSpan): Record<string, unknown> {
+  const end = span.endTime ?? span.startTime
+  return {
+    traceId: span.traceId,
+    spanId: span.spanId,
+    ...(span.parentSpanId !== undefined ? { parentSpanId: span.parentSpanId } : {}),
+    name: span.name,
+    kind: 2, // SPAN_KIND_SERVER
+    startTimeUnixNano: String(span.startTime * MS_TO_NANOS),
+    endTimeUnixNano: String(end * MS_TO_NANOS),
+    attributes: keyValues(span.attributes),
+    status: { code: STATUS_CODE[span.status] },
+    ...(span.links !== undefined && span.links.length > 0
+      ? {
+          links: span.links.map((link) => ({
+            traceId: link.traceId,
+            spanId: link.spanId,
+            ...(link.attributes !== undefined ? { attributes: keyValues(link.attributes) } : {}),
+          })),
+        }
+      : {}),
+  }
+}
+
+export function otlpExporter(options: OtlpExporterOptions): OtlpExporter {
+  const maxBatch = options.batch?.maxBatch ?? 512
+  const maxQueue = options.batch?.maxQueue ?? 2048
+  const flushIntervalMs = options.batch?.flushIntervalMs ?? 5000
+  assertPositiveSafeInteger(maxBatch, "batch.maxBatch")
+  assertPositiveSafeInteger(maxQueue, "batch.maxQueue")
+  assertPositiveSafeInteger(flushIntervalMs, "batch.flushIntervalMs")
+  const doFetch = options.fetch ?? (globalThis.fetch as OtlpExporterOptions["fetch"])
+  const resourceAttributes = keyValues({ "service.name": options.serviceName ?? "nifra" })
+
+  const queue: NifraSpan[] = []
+  let timer: ReturnType<typeof setInterval> | undefined
+
+  const report = (error: unknown): void => {
+    try {
+      options.onError?.(error)
+    } catch {
+      // an onError that itself throws must not break export
+    }
+  }
+
+  const send = async (spans: NifraSpan[]): Promise<void> => {
+    if (spans.length === 0 || doFetch === undefined) return
+    const body = JSON.stringify({
+      resourceSpans: [
+        {
+          resource: { attributes: resourceAttributes },
+          scopeSpans: [{ scope: { name: "nifra" }, spans: spans.map(toOtlpSpan) }],
+        },
+      ],
+    })
+    try {
+      const res = await doFetch(options.url, {
+        method: "POST",
+        headers: { "content-type": "application/json", ...options.headers },
+        body,
+      })
+      if (!res.ok) report(new Error(`otlp_export_failed_${res.status}`))
+    } catch (error) {
+      report(error)
+    }
+  }
+
+  const flush = (): Promise<void> => {
+    if (queue.length === 0) return Promise.resolve()
+    return send(queue.splice(0, queue.length))
+  }
+
+  const ensureTimer = (): void => {
+    if (timer !== undefined) return
+    timer = setInterval(() => {
+      void flush()
+    }, flushIntervalMs)
+    ;(timer as { unref?: () => void }).unref?.() // never keep the process alive for the exporter
+  }
+
+  return {
+    onEnd(span) {
+      queue.push(span)
+      if (queue.length > maxQueue) {
+        queue.shift() // drop the oldest under sustained backpressure rather than grow unbounded
+        report(new Error("otlp_queue_overflow_span_dropped"))
+      }
+      if (queue.length >= maxBatch) void flush()
+      else ensureTimer()
+    },
+    flush,
+    async shutdown() {
+      if (timer !== undefined) {
+        clearInterval(timer)
+        timer = undefined
+      }
+      await flush()
+    },
+  }
+}

package/src/span.ts

@@ -51,9 +51,6 @@ export interface ObservationAdapter {
   onEnd(span: NifraSpan): void
 }
 
-/** Backwards-compatible name for an observation sink. */
-export type SpanExporter = ObservationAdapter
-
 /**
  * Fan out lifecycle notifications to several adapters. Each adapter is isolated: an exception in
  * one sink cannot prevent the remaining sinks from observing the span.
@@ -89,7 +86,7 @@ export function consoleSpanExporter(
   log: (line: string) => void = (l) => {
     console.log(l)
   },
-): SpanExporter {
+): ObservationAdapter {
   return {
     onEnd(span) {
       log(

package/src/tracing.ts

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
  * The `tracing()` plugin — establishes a span per request, propagates W3C trace context, and exposes
  * `c.trace` for forwarding the trace to downstream services. OpenTelemetry-compatible by wire format
  * (traceparent) and attribute names (HTTP semantic conventions); the span itself is exported through
- * your {@link SpanExporter} (bridge to the OTel SDK, or log via `consoleSpanExporter`).
+ * your {@link ObservationAdapter} (bridge to the OTel SDK, or log via `consoleSpanExporter`).
  */
 
 import {
@@ -10,23 +10,23 @@ import {
   type CausalityRecorder,
   causalityHeaders,
   continueCausality,
-  definePlugin,
   readCausalityHeaders,
   startCausality,
-} from "@nifrajs/core"
+} from "@nifrajs/core/causality"
+import { definePlugin } from "@nifrajs/core/server"
 import {
   type ActiveObservation,
   createObservationLifecycle,
   type ObservationContext,
 } from "./lifecycle.ts"
-import { consoleSpanExporter, type ObservationAdapter, type SpanExporter } from "./span.ts"
+import { consoleSpanExporter, type ObservationAdapter } from "./span.ts"
 
 /** The trace context exposed on the handler `c.trace` (typed, threaded via `derive`). */
 export type TraceContext = ObservationContext
 
 export interface TracingOptions {
   /** Where spans are sent. Default: {@link consoleSpanExporter}. */
-  readonly exporter?: SpanExporter
+  readonly exporter?: ObservationAdapter
   /** Additional observation adapters (DevTools, a private redacting backend, metrics, …). */
   readonly adapters?: readonly ObservationAdapter[]
   /** Sets the `service.name` attribute on every span. */