@necessarysdk/react-native 0.0.0-stage → 0.1.6

package/android/src/main/java/com/necessarysdk/reactnative/StepUpKeyManager.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,767 @@
+package com.necessarysdk.reactnative
+
+import android.app.Activity
+import android.app.KeyguardManager
+import android.content.Context
+import android.content.pm.PackageManager
+import android.hardware.biometrics.BiometricManager
+import android.hardware.biometrics.BiometricPrompt
+import android.os.Build
+import android.os.CancellationSignal
+import android.security.keystore.KeyGenParameterSpec
+import android.security.keystore.KeyInfo
+import android.security.keystore.KeyPermanentlyInvalidatedException
+import android.security.keystore.KeyProperties
+import android.security.keystore.UserNotAuthenticatedException
+import android.util.Base64
+import java.math.BigInteger
+import java.security.GeneralSecurityException
+import java.security.KeyFactory
+import java.security.KeyPairGenerator
+import java.security.KeyStore
+import java.security.Signature
+import java.security.UnrecoverableKeyException
+import java.security.interfaces.ECPublicKey
+import java.security.spec.ECGenParameterSpec
+
+/**
+ * Owns the OPTIONAL step-up key: a second non-exportable P-256 key in
+ * AndroidKeyStore that cannot sign without a device authentication
+ * key approval.
+ *
+ * The installation key stays unattended for routine proof of possession. This
+ * key approves only sensitive operations, so a compromised app process cannot
+ * drive it as a silent signing oracle for them.
+ *
+ * How tightly the hardware binds the authentication depends on the API level
+ * level:
+ *
+ *   * Android 11+ (API 30): per-use. Each signature is authorised by its own
+ *     BiometricPrompt, device credential (passcode) by default.
+ *   * Android 9/10 with the passcode factor: before API 30 Keystore cannot bind
+ *     a device credential to one operation, so the key gets a short
+ *     hardware-enforced validity window. The SDK still asks for the passcode
+ *     before every signature; the window is the backstop, and it is reported to
+ *     the server as mode "windowed" so the downgrade is visible, not silent.
+ *
+ * The factor, mode and window reported to JavaScript are read back from KeyInfo --
+ * what the keystore actually enforces -- rather than echoed from the request.
+ */
+class StepUpKeyManager(private val context: Context) {
+    companion object {
+        private const val ANDROID_KEY_STORE = "AndroidKeyStore"
+        private const val CURVE_NAME = "secp256r1"
+        private const val MAX_PAYLOAD_BYTES = 65536
+        private const val MAX_WINDOW_SECONDS = 3600
+        private const val CONFIRM_CREDENTIAL_REQUEST = 0x5354 // "ST"
+
+        const val FACTOR_PASSCODE = "passcode"
+        const val FACTOR_BIOMETRIC = "biometric"
+        const val MODE_PER_USE = "per_use"
+        const val MODE_WINDOWED = "windowed"
+
+        // The hardware window used where per-use passcode is not available
+        // (API < 30).
+        const val LEGACY_WINDOW_SECONDS = 30
+
+        // Making and deleting the key run one at a time in the process,
+        // whichever runtime asks (as for the installation key).
+        private val keyLock = Any()
+    }
+
+    private class KeyAuth(val factor: String, val mode: String, val windowSeconds: Int)
+
+    private class PendingConfirm(
+        val entry: KeyStore.PrivateKeyEntry,
+        val payload: ByteArray,
+        val done: (Result<String>) -> Unit,
+    )
+
+    private val keyAlias: String =
+        "${context.packageName}.device_recognition.stepup_key.v1"
+
+    // Never holds a key: deleting it says whether the keystore answers
+    // (KeyPresence).
+    private val probeAlias: String = "$keyAlias.probe"
+
+    private var pendingConfirm: PendingConfirm? = null
+
+    // MARK: module operations
+
+    fun getOrCreateKey(factor: String, mode: String, windowSeconds: Int): Map<String, Any> =
+        synchronized(keyLock) { loadOrMakeKey(factor, mode, windowSeconds) }
+
+    private fun loadOrMakeKey(factor: String, mode: String, windowSeconds: Int): Map<String, Any> {
+        requireSupportedAndroid()
+        if (factor != FACTOR_PASSCODE && factor != FACTOR_BIOMETRIC) {
+            throw InstallationKeyFailure("INVALID_ARGUMENT", "factor must be passcode or biometric.")
+        }
+        if (mode != MODE_PER_USE && mode != MODE_WINDOWED) {
+            throw InstallationKeyFailure("INVALID_ARGUMENT", "mode must be per_use or windowed.")
+        }
+        if (mode == MODE_WINDOWED && windowSeconds !in 1..MAX_WINDOW_SECONDS) {
+            throw InstallationKeyFailure(
+                "INVALID_ARGUMENT",
+                "A windowed step-up key needs window_seconds between 1 and $MAX_WINDOW_SECONDS.",
+            )
+        }
+        // An existing key is checked before the screen lock: removing the lock
+        // is what kills it, so this is where the app can say so precisely. A
+        // key is made only where the keystore, answering, holds none: a lookup
+        // that failed reads as "no key", and generating would replace the key
+        // the backend holds.
+        val keyStore = loadKeyStore()
+        val found = presence(keyStore)
+        val existing = when (found.answer) {
+            KeyPresence.Answer.PRESENT -> liveEntry(keyStore)
+            KeyPresence.Answer.ABSENT -> null
+            KeyPresence.Answer.UNAVAILABLE -> throw keyUnavailable(found.cause)
+        }
+        requireDeviceCredential()
+        if (factor == FACTOR_BIOMETRIC && Build.VERSION.SDK_INT < Build.VERSION_CODES.P) {
+            throw InstallationKeyFailure(
+                "STEPUP_UNSUPPORTED",
+                "Biometric step-up needs Android 9 (API 28) or newer.",
+            )
+        }
+
+        val created = existing == null
+        if (created) {
+            generateKeyPair(keyStore, factor, mode, windowSeconds)
+        }
+        val entry = existing ?: liveEntry(keyStore)
+        val publicKey = entry.certificate.publicKey as? ECPublicKey
+            ?: throw InstallationKeyFailure(
+                "INVALID_PUBLIC_KEY",
+                "AndroidKeyStore did not return an EC public key for the step-up key.",
+            )
+        val info = keyInfo(entry)
+        val auth = describeAuth(info)
+        val security = describeSecurity(info)
+
+        return mapOf(
+            "key_alias" to keyAlias,
+            "algorithm" to "ES256",
+            "signature_format" to "asn1_der",
+            "provider" to ANDROID_KEY_STORE,
+            "security_level" to security.first,
+            "hardware_backed" to security.second,
+            "private_key_exportable" to false,
+            "created" to created,
+            "public_key" to mapOf(
+                "kty" to "EC",
+                "crv" to "P-256",
+                "alg" to "ES256",
+                "x" to base64Url(unsignedFixed(publicKey.w.affineX, 32)),
+                "y" to base64Url(unsignedFixed(publicKey.w.affineY, 32)),
+            ),
+            "auth" to mapOf(
+                "factor" to auth.factor,
+                "mode" to auth.mode,
+                "window_seconds" to auth.windowSeconds,
+            ),
+        )
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Prompts for the device authentication, then signs. Must be called on the
+     * main thread; [done] is invoked on the main thread exactly once.
+     *
+     * [configuredMode] is the app's setting. A windowed key the app asked to be
+     * per-use (the API < 30 fallback) prompts every time; a key the app asked
+     * to be windowed signs without a prompt while its hardware window is open.
+     */
+    fun sign(
+        activity: Activity,
+        payloadBase64Url: String,
+        reason: String,
+        configuredMode: String,
+        done: (Result<String>) -> Unit,
+    ) {
+        try {
+            requireSupportedAndroid()
+            if (pendingConfirm != null) {
+                throw InstallationKeyFailure(
+                    "STEPUP_BUSY",
+                    "A step-up authentication is already in progress.",
+                )
+            }
+            val payload = decodeBase64Url(payloadBase64Url)
+            if (payload.size > MAX_PAYLOAD_BYTES) {
+                throw InstallationKeyFailure(
+                    "PAYLOAD_TOO_LARGE",
+                    "The step-up payload is larger than $MAX_PAYLOAD_BYTES bytes.",
+                )
+            }
+            val keyStore = loadKeyStore()
+            val found = presence(keyStore)
+            when (found.answer) {
+                KeyPresence.Answer.PRESENT -> {}
+                KeyPresence.Answer.ABSENT -> throw InstallationKeyFailure(
+                    "STEPUP_KEY_NOT_FOUND",
+                    "No step-up key exists on this installation.",
+                )
+                KeyPresence.Answer.UNAVAILABLE -> throw keyUnavailable(found.cause)
+            }
+            val entry = liveEntry(keyStore)
+            val auth = describeAuth(keyInfo(entry))
+
+            if (auth.mode == MODE_PER_USE) {
+                val signer = Signature.getInstance("SHA256withECDSA")
+                signer.initSign(entry.privateKey)
+                authenticateOperation(activity, signer, auth.factor, reason, payload, done)
+                return
+            }
+
+            if (configuredMode == MODE_WINDOWED) {
+                try {
+                    done(Result.success(signNow(entry, payload)))
+                    return
+                } catch (_: UserNotAuthenticatedException) {
+                    // The window is closed; authenticate below and sign.
+                }
+            }
+            authenticateThenSign(activity, entry, auth.factor, reason, payload, done)
+        } catch (error: KeyPermanentlyInvalidatedException) {
+            done(Result.failure(discardDeadKey(error)))
+        } catch (error: InstallationKeyFailure) {
+            done(Result.failure(error))
+        } catch (error: GeneralSecurityException) {
+            done(
+                Result.failure(
+                    InstallationKeyFailure(
+                        "STEPUP_SIGNING_FAILED",
+                        "AndroidKeyStore could not prepare the step-up signature.",
+                        error,
+                    ),
+                ),
+            )
+        }
+    }
+
+    /** Delivers the legacy confirm-credential result. True if it was ours. */
+    fun onActivityResult(requestCode: Int, resultCode: Int): Boolean {
+        if (requestCode != CONFIRM_CREDENTIAL_REQUEST) {
+            return false
+        }
+        val pending = pendingConfirm ?: return true
+        pendingConfirm = null
+        if (resultCode == Activity.RESULT_OK) {
+            signAndReport(pending.entry, pending.payload, pending.done)
+        } else {
+            pending.done(
+                Result.failure(
+                    InstallationKeyFailure("STEPUP_CANCELLED", "The passcode prompt was cancelled."),
+                ),
+            )
+        }
+        return true
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Deletes the key, whatever a lookup says: a lookup that failed reads as
+     * "no key", and skipping the deletion then would leave the key in place
+     * after a reset. Whether one was there is for the answer only.
+     */
+    fun deleteKey(): Boolean = synchronized(keyLock) {
+        requireSupportedAndroid()
+        val keyStore = loadKeyStore()
+        try {
+            val existed = keyStore.containsAlias(keyAlias)
+            keyStore.deleteEntry(keyAlias)
+            if (keyStore.containsAlias(keyAlias)) {
+                throw InstallationKeyFailure(
+                    "KEY_DELETE_FAILED",
+                    "AndroidKeyStore did not delete the step-up key: it is still present.",
+                )
+            }
+            existed
+        } catch (error: GeneralSecurityException) {
+            throw InstallationKeyFailure(
+                "KEY_DELETE_FAILED",
+                "AndroidKeyStore could not delete the step-up key.",
+                error,
+            )
+        }
+    }
+
+    // MARK: authentication
+
+    /** Per-use: the prompt authorises this one Signature object. */
+    private fun authenticateOperation(
+        activity: Activity,
+        signer: Signature,
+        factor: String,
+        reason: String,
+        payload: ByteArray,
+        done: (Result<String>) -> Unit,
+    ) {
+        val prompt = buildPrompt(activity, factor, reason, done)
+        prompt.authenticate(
+            BiometricPrompt.CryptoObject(signer),
+            CancellationSignal(),
+            activity.mainExecutor,
+            object : BiometricPrompt.AuthenticationCallback() {
+                override fun onAuthenticationSucceeded(result: BiometricPrompt.AuthenticationResult) {
+                    val authorised = result.cryptoObject?.signature ?: signer
+                    // Any failure here is told, a keystore's ProviderException
+                    // among them: unanswered, this runs on the main thread, and
+                    // an exception would end the app with the approval waiting.
+                    val outcome: Result<String> = try {
+                        authorised.update(payload)
+                        Result.success(base64Url(authorised.sign()))
+                    } catch (error: Exception) {
+                        Result.failure(signingFailed(error))
+                    }
+                    done(outcome)
+                }
+
+                override fun onAuthenticationError(errorCode: Int, errString: CharSequence) {
+                    done(Result.failure(promptError(errorCode, errString)))
+                }
+            },
+        )
+    }
+
+    /** Windowed: authenticate first, then sign inside the hardware window. */
+    private fun authenticateThenSign(
+        activity: Activity,
+        entry: KeyStore.PrivateKeyEntry,
+        factor: String,
+        reason: String,
+        payload: ByteArray,
+        done: (Result<String>) -> Unit,
+    ) {
+        if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.R) {
+            val prompt = buildPrompt(activity, factor, reason, done)
+            prompt.authenticate(
+                CancellationSignal(),
+                activity.mainExecutor,
+                object : BiometricPrompt.AuthenticationCallback() {
+                    override fun onAuthenticationSucceeded(result: BiometricPrompt.AuthenticationResult) {
+                        signAndReport(entry, payload, done)
+                    }
+
+                    override fun onAuthenticationError(errorCode: Int, errString: CharSequence) {
+                        done(Result.failure(promptError(errorCode, errString)))
+                    }
+                },
+            )
+            return
+        }
+
+        // API < 30: the system confirm-credential screen (PIN / pattern /
+        // password). A successful confirmation opens the key's window.
+        val keyguard = context.getSystemService(KeyguardManager::class.java)
+        @Suppress("DEPRECATION")
+        val intent = keyguard?.createConfirmDeviceCredentialIntent(
+            "Approve sensitive operation",
+            reason,
+        ) ?: throw InstallationKeyFailure(
+            "STEPUP_NO_DEVICE_CREDENTIAL",
+            "Set a screen lock (PIN, pattern or password) to use step-up.",
+        )
+        pendingConfirm = PendingConfirm(entry, payload, done)
+        try {
+            activity.startActivityForResult(intent, CONFIRM_CREDENTIAL_REQUEST)
+        } catch (error: RuntimeException) {
+            // The confirmation never opened: nothing may wait for it, or every
+            // later approval would answer STEPUP_BUSY. The caller says why.
+            pendingConfirm = null
+            throw error
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The activity that showed the confirm-credential screen is gone for good
+     * (not recreated for a configuration change): its answer will never come,
+     * so the approval ends as a cancelled one, and the next can be asked.
+     */
+    fun cancelPendingConfirmation() {
+        val pending = pendingConfirm ?: return
+        pendingConfirm = null
+        pending.done(
+            Result.failure(
+                InstallationKeyFailure(
+                    "STEPUP_CANCELLED",
+                    "The passcode prompt was cancelled: the screen that asked for it is gone.",
+                ),
+            ),
+        )
+    }
+
+    private fun buildPrompt(
+        activity: Activity,
+        factor: String,
+        reason: String,
+        done: (Result<String>) -> Unit,
+    ): BiometricPrompt {
+        val builder = BiometricPrompt.Builder(activity)
+            .setTitle("Approve sensitive operation")
+            .setDescription(reason)
+        val allowsCredential = factor == FACTOR_PASSCODE &&
+            Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.R
+        if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.R) {
+            builder.setAllowedAuthenticators(
+                if (allowsCredential) {
+                    BiometricManager.Authenticators.DEVICE_CREDENTIAL
+                } else {
+                    BiometricManager.Authenticators.BIOMETRIC_STRONG
+                },
+            )
+        }
+        if (!allowsCredential) {
+            // A biometric-only prompt must offer its own way out; a
+            // device-credential prompt must not (the system provides one).
+            builder.setNegativeButton("Cancel", activity.mainExecutor) { _, _ ->
+                done(
+                    Result.failure(
+                        InstallationKeyFailure("STEPUP_CANCELLED", "The biometric prompt was cancelled."),
+                    ),
+                )
+            }
+        }
+        return builder.build()
+    }
+
+    private fun promptError(errorCode: Int, errString: CharSequence): InstallationKeyFailure {
+        val cancelled = errorCode == BiometricPrompt.BIOMETRIC_ERROR_USER_CANCELED ||
+            errorCode == BiometricPrompt.BIOMETRIC_ERROR_CANCELED
+        return InstallationKeyFailure(
+            if (cancelled) "STEPUP_CANCELLED" else "STEPUP_AUTH_FAILED",
+            "Step-up authentication did not complete: $errString (code $errorCode)",
+        )
+    }
+
+    // MARK: signing
+
+    private fun signNow(entry: KeyStore.PrivateKeyEntry, payload: ByteArray): String {
+        val signer = Signature.getInstance("SHA256withECDSA")
+        signer.initSign(entry.privateKey)
+        signer.update(payload)
+        return base64Url(signer.sign())
+    }
+
+    private fun signAndReport(
+        entry: KeyStore.PrivateKeyEntry,
+        payload: ByteArray,
+        done: (Result<String>) -> Unit,
+    ) {
+        // Runs on the main thread after the person answered: every failure is
+        // told, as in authenticateOperation.
+        val outcome: Result<String> = try {
+            Result.success(signNow(entry, payload))
+        } catch (error: KeyPermanentlyInvalidatedException) {
+            Result.failure(discardDeadKey(error))
+        } catch (error: UserNotAuthenticatedException) {
+            Result.failure(
+                InstallationKeyFailure(
+                    "STEPUP_AUTH_FAILED",
+                    "The keystore did not accept the authentication for the step-up key.",
+                    error,
+                ),
+            )
+        } catch (error: Exception) {
+            Result.failure(signingFailed(error))
+        }
+        done(outcome)
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Deletes a step-up key that can never sign again and reports it. The
+     * installation must then re-enrol: the server never accepts a replacement
+     * step-up key for an existing installation.
+     */
+    private fun discardDeadKey(cause: Throwable): InstallationKeyFailure = synchronized(keyLock) {
+        // Say whether the removal actually happened: on an Android 9 phone a
+        // dead key's alias survived deleteEntry while the screen lock was off.
+        val removal = try {
+            val keyStore = loadKeyStore()
+            keyStore.deleteEntry(keyAlias)
+            if (keyStore.containsAlias(keyAlias)) "could not be removed (alias still present)" else "has been removed"
+        } catch (error: Exception) {
+            // Not the key's cause: the removal's own failure, said in full here.
+            "could not be removed (${Causes.chain(error)})"
+        }
+        InstallationKeyFailure(
+            "STEPUP_KEY_INVALIDATED",
+            "The step-up key was invalidated (the screen lock or enrolled biometrics changed) " +
+                "and $removal. Re-enrol the installation to get a new one.",
+            cause,
+        )
+    }
+
+    private fun signingFailed(error: Throwable) = InstallationKeyFailure(
+        "STEPUP_SIGNING_FAILED",
+        "AndroidKeyStore could not sign with the step-up key.",
+        error,
+    )
+
+    // MARK: key material
+
+    private fun generateKeyPair(
+        keyStore: KeyStore,
+        factor: String,
+        mode: String,
+        windowSeconds: Int,
+    ) {
+        val canTryStrongBox = Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.P &&
+            context.packageManager.hasSystemFeature(PackageManager.FEATURE_STRONGBOX_KEYSTORE)
+        if (canTryStrongBox) {
+            try {
+                generateKeyPair(factor, mode, windowSeconds, preferStrongBox = true)
+                return
+            } catch (_: Exception) {
+                // Same fallback as the installation key: remove any partial
+                // alias and retry with the regular AndroidKeyStore provider.
+                try {
+                    if (keyStore.containsAlias(keyAlias)) {
+                        keyStore.deleteEntry(keyAlias)
+                    }
+                } catch (_: Exception) {
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        generateKeyPair(factor, mode, windowSeconds, preferStrongBox = false)
+    }
+
+    private fun generateKeyPair(
+        factor: String,
+        mode: String,
+        windowSeconds: Int,
+        preferStrongBox: Boolean,
+    ) {
+        try {
+            val builder = KeyGenParameterSpec.Builder(keyAlias, KeyProperties.PURPOSE_SIGN)
+                .setAlgorithmParameterSpec(ECGenParameterSpec(CURVE_NAME))
+                .setDigests(KeyProperties.DIGEST_SHA256)
+                .setUserAuthenticationRequired(true)
+
+            if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.R) {
+                builder.setUserAuthenticationParameters(
+                    if (mode == MODE_WINDOWED) windowSeconds else 0,
+                    if (factor == FACTOR_BIOMETRIC) {
+                        KeyProperties.AUTH_BIOMETRIC_STRONG
+                    } else {
+                        KeyProperties.AUTH_DEVICE_CREDENTIAL
+                    },
+                )
+            } else if (factor == FACTOR_PASSCODE) {
+                // No per-operation device credential before API 30, so a short
+                // hardware window is the strongest binding.
+                @Suppress("DEPRECATION")
+                builder.setUserAuthenticationValidityDurationSeconds(
+                    if (mode == MODE_WINDOWED) windowSeconds else LEGACY_WINDOW_SECONDS,
+                )
+            } else if (mode == MODE_WINDOWED) {
+                @Suppress("DEPRECATION")
+                builder.setUserAuthenticationValidityDurationSeconds(windowSeconds)
+            }
+            // else: biometric per-use before API 30 keeps the default (-1),
+            // which demands a biometric for every operation.
+
+            if (factor == FACTOR_BIOMETRIC && Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.N) {
+                builder.setInvalidatedByBiometricEnrollment(true)
+            }
+            if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.P && preferStrongBox) {
+                builder.setIsStrongBoxBacked(true)
+            }
+
+            val generator = KeyPairGenerator.getInstance(
+                KeyProperties.KEY_ALGORITHM_EC,
+                ANDROID_KEY_STORE,
+            )
+            generator.initialize(builder.build())
+            generator.generateKeyPair()
+        } catch (error: Exception) {
+            throw InstallationKeyFailure(
+                "STEPUP_KEY_GENERATION_FAILED",
+                "AndroidKeyStore could not create the step-up key.",
+                error,
+            )
+        }
+    }
+
+    private fun requireSupportedAndroid() {
+        if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT < Build.VERSION_CODES.M) {
+            throw InstallationKeyFailure(
+                "UNSUPPORTED_ANDROID_VERSION",
+                "Step-up requires Android 6.0 (API 23) or newer.",
+            )
+        }
+    }
+
+    private fun requireDeviceCredential() {
+        val keyguard = context.getSystemService(KeyguardManager::class.java)
+        if (keyguard == null || !keyguard.isDeviceSecure) {
+            throw InstallationKeyFailure(
+                "STEPUP_NO_DEVICE_CREDENTIAL",
+                "Set a screen lock (PIN, pattern or password) to enable step-up.",
+            )
+        }
+    }
+
+    private fun loadKeyStore(): KeyStore {
+        try {
+            return KeyStore.getInstance(ANDROID_KEY_STORE).apply { load(null) }
+        } catch (error: GeneralSecurityException) {
+            throw InstallationKeyFailure("KEYSTORE_UNAVAILABLE", "AndroidKeyStore is unavailable.", error)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Loads the stored step-up key. Removing the screen lock (or, for a
+     * biometric key, changing the enrolled biometrics) invalidates an
+     * auth-bound key: Android says so when a signature starts
+     * (KeyPermanentlyInvalidatedException), and only then is the key deleted
+     * and STEPUP_KEY_INVALIDATED reported. A lookup that cannot establish
+     * whether the key is usable keeps it: STEPUP_KEY_UNAVAILABLE, retryable;
+     * any other keystore failure: KEY_LOOKUP_FAILED, the key kept
+     * (StepUpKeyEntry decides).
+     */
+    private fun liveEntry(keyStore: KeyStore): KeyStore.PrivateKeyEntry {
+        // What the lookups find is decided by StepUpKeyEntry: only Android's
+        // own word that the key is dead deletes it. An alias that outlived its
+        // private key on an Android 9 phone (isKeyEntry false, getEntry
+        // throwing UnsupportedOperationException) used to be deleted here, as
+        // did every lookup that could not say -- on Android 9 a binder error
+        // also reads as isKeyEntry false. Those keys are now kept.
+        var entry: KeyStore.PrivateKeyEntry? = null
+        var cause: Throwable? = null
+        val lookup = if (!keyStore.isKeyEntry(keyAlias)) {
+            StepUpKeyEntry.Lookup.NOT_KEY_ENTRY
+        } else {
+            try {
+                entry = keyStore.getEntry(keyAlias, null) as? KeyStore.PrivateKeyEntry
+                if (entry == null) StepUpKeyEntry.Lookup.NOT_PRIVATE_KEY else StepUpKeyEntry.Lookup.PRIVATE_KEY
+            } catch (error: UnrecoverableKeyException) {
+                cause = error
+                StepUpKeyEntry.Lookup.UNRECOVERABLE
+            } catch (error: UnsupportedOperationException) {
+                cause = error
+                StepUpKeyEntry.Lookup.UNSUPPORTED
+            } catch (error: GeneralSecurityException) {
+                cause = error
+                StepUpKeyEntry.Lookup.OTHER_FAILURE
+            }
+        }
+        var start = StepUpKeyEntry.SignStart.NOT_TRIED
+        val loaded = entry
+        if (loaded != null) {
+            start = try {
+                Signature.getInstance("SHA256withECDSA").initSign(loaded.privateKey)
+                StepUpKeyEntry.SignStart.STARTED
+            } catch (error: KeyPermanentlyInvalidatedException) {
+                cause = error
+                StepUpKeyEntry.SignStart.PERMANENTLY_INVALIDATED
+            } catch (_: UserNotAuthenticatedException) {
+                StepUpKeyEntry.SignStart.NEEDS_AUTHENTICATION
+            }
+        }
+        return when (StepUpKeyEntry.verdict(lookup, start)) {
+            StepUpKeyEntry.Verdict.USABLE -> loaded!!
+            StepUpKeyEntry.Verdict.INVALIDATED -> throw discardDeadKey(cause!!)
+            StepUpKeyEntry.Verdict.UNAVAILABLE -> throw InstallationKeyFailure(
+                "STEPUP_KEY_UNAVAILABLE",
+                "AndroidKeyStore could not establish whether the step-up key is usable " +
+                    "(lookup: ${lookup.name.lowercase()}); the key was kept. Try again; if this " +
+                    "persists, re-enrol to replace it.",
+                cause,
+            )
+            StepUpKeyEntry.Verdict.LOOKUP_FAILED -> throw InstallationKeyFailure(
+                "KEY_LOOKUP_FAILED",
+                "AndroidKeyStore could not load the step-up key.",
+                cause,
+            )
+        }
+    }
+
+    private fun presence(keyStore: KeyStore): KeyPresence.Found =
+        KeyPresence.of(object : KeyPresence.Keystore {
+            override fun containsKey() = keyStore.containsAlias(keyAlias)
+            override fun deleteProbe() = keyStore.deleteEntry(probeAlias)
+        })
+
+    private fun keyUnavailable(cause: Throwable?) = InstallationKeyFailure(
+        "STEPUP_KEY_UNAVAILABLE",
+        "AndroidKeyStore could not be reached for the step-up key; the key was kept, never " +
+            "replaced. Try again; if this persists, re-enrol to replace it.",
+        cause,
+    )
+
+    private fun keyInfo(entry: KeyStore.PrivateKeyEntry): KeyInfo {
+        try {
+            val keyFactory = KeyFactory.getInstance(entry.privateKey.algorithm, ANDROID_KEY_STORE)
+            return keyFactory.getKeySpec(entry.privateKey, KeyInfo::class.java)
+        } catch (error: GeneralSecurityException) {
+            throw InstallationKeyFailure(
+                "KEY_LOOKUP_FAILED",
+                "AndroidKeyStore could not describe the step-up key.",
+                error,
+            )
+        }
+    }
+
+    /** What the keystore enforces for this key, read back from KeyInfo. */
+    private fun describeAuth(info: KeyInfo): KeyAuth {
+        val duration = info.userAuthenticationValidityDurationSeconds
+        val mode = if (duration > 0) MODE_WINDOWED else MODE_PER_USE
+        val factor = if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.R) {
+            if (info.userAuthenticationType and KeyProperties.AUTH_DEVICE_CREDENTIAL != 0) {
+                FACTOR_PASSCODE
+            } else {
+                FACTOR_BIOMETRIC
+            }
+        } else {
+            // KeyInfo has no auth type before API 30. A per-use key can then
+            // only be unlocked by a biometric; a windowed key by any lock-screen
+            // authentication, and the SDK prompts for the passcode.
+            if (mode == MODE_PER_USE) FACTOR_BIOMETRIC else FACTOR_PASSCODE
+        }
+        return KeyAuth(factor, mode, if (duration > 0) duration else 0)
+    }
+
+    private fun describeSecurity(info: KeyInfo): Pair<String, Boolean> {
+        return if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.S) {
+            when (info.securityLevel) {
+                KeyProperties.SECURITY_LEVEL_STRONGBOX -> "strongbox" to true
+                KeyProperties.SECURITY_LEVEL_TRUSTED_ENVIRONMENT -> "trusted_execution_environment" to true
+                KeyProperties.SECURITY_LEVEL_SOFTWARE -> "software" to false
+                else -> "unknown" to false
+            }
+        } else {
+            @Suppress("DEPRECATION")
+            if (info.isInsideSecureHardware) "secure_hardware" to true else "software" to false
+        }
+    }
+
+    // MARK: encoding (mirrors InstallationKeyManager)
+
+    private fun unsignedFixed(value: BigInteger, size: Int): ByteArray {
+        var raw = value.toByteArray()
+        if (raw.size == size + 1 && raw[0] == 0.toByte()) {
+            raw = raw.copyOfRange(1, raw.size)
+        }
+        if (raw.size > size) {
+            throw InstallationKeyFailure("INVALID_PUBLIC_KEY", "The EC coordinate is larger than P-256 permits.")
+        }
+        return ByteArray(size).also { output ->
+            System.arraycopy(raw, 0, output, size - raw.size, raw.size)
+        }
+    }
+
+    private fun base64Url(value: ByteArray): String {
+        return Base64.encodeToString(value, Base64.URL_SAFE or Base64.NO_WRAP or Base64.NO_PADDING)
+    }
+
+    private fun decodeBase64Url(value: String): ByteArray {
+        if (value.isBlank()) {
+            throw InstallationKeyFailure("INVALID_PAYLOAD", "The step-up payload is empty.")
+        }
+        return try {
+            Base64.decode(value, Base64.URL_SAFE or Base64.NO_WRAP or Base64.NO_PADDING)
+        } catch (error: IllegalArgumentException) {
+            throw InstallationKeyFailure("INVALID_PAYLOAD", "The step-up payload is not valid base64url.", error)
+        }
+    }
+}