@nasser-sw/fabric 7.0.1-beta2 → 7.0.1-beta3

package/src/shapes/Text/Text.ts

@@ -1,2226 +1,2226 @@
-import { cache } from '../../cache';
-import { DEFAULT_SVG_FONT_SIZE, FILL, STROKE } from '../../constants';
-import type { ObjectEvents } from '../../EventTypeDefs';
-import type {
-  CompleteTextStyleDeclaration,
-  TextStyle,
-  TextStyleDeclaration,
-} from './StyledText';
-import { StyledText } from './StyledText';
-import { SHARED_ATTRIBUTES } from '../../parser/attributes';
-import { parseAttributes } from '../../parser/parseAttributes';
-import type {
-  Abortable,
-  TCacheCanvasDimensions,
-  TClassProperties,
-  TFiller,
-  TOptions,
-} from '../../typedefs';
-import { classRegistry } from '../../ClassRegistry';
-import { graphemeSplit } from '../../util/lang_string';
-import { createCanvasElementFor } from '../../util/misc/dom';
-import { layoutText, type LayoutResult, type TextLayoutOptions } from '../../text/layout';
-import { measureGrapheme, measureGraphemeWithKerning } from '../../text/measure';
-import { applyEllipsis } from '../../text/ellipsis';
-import { segmentGraphemes } from '../../text/unicode';
-import type { TextStyleArray } from '../../util/misc/textStyles';
-import {
-  hasStyleChanged,
-  stylesFromArray,
-  stylesToArray,
-} from '../../util/misc/textStyles';
-import { getPathSegmentsInfo, getPointOnPath } from '../../util/path';
-import { cacheProperties } from '../Object/FabricObject';
-import type { Path } from '../Path';
-import { TextSVGExportMixin } from './TextSVGExportMixin';
-import { applyMixins } from '../../util/applyMixins';
-import type { FabricObjectProps, SerializedObjectProps } from '../Object/types';
-import type { StylePropertiesType } from './constants';
-import {
-  additionalProps,
-  textDefaultValues,
-  textLayoutProperties,
-  JUSTIFY,
-  JUSTIFY_CENTER,
-  JUSTIFY_LEFT,
-  JUSTIFY_RIGHT,
-  TEXT_DECORATION_THICKNESS,
-} from './constants';
-import { CENTER, LEFT, RIGHT, TOP, BOTTOM } from '../../constants';
-import { isFiller } from '../../util/typeAssertions';
-import type { Gradient } from '../../gradient/Gradient';
-import type { Pattern } from '../../Pattern';
-import type { CSSRules } from '../../parser/typedefs';
-import { getBrowserLines, clearBrowserLines } from '../../text/browserLines';
-import type { BrowserLine } from '../../text/browserLines';
-
-let measuringContext: CanvasRenderingContext2D | null;
-
-/**
- * Return a context for measurement of text string.
- * if created it gets stored for reuse
- */
-function getMeasuringContext() {
-  if (!measuringContext) {
-    const canvas = createCanvasElementFor({
-      width: 0,
-      height: 0,
-    });
-    measuringContext = canvas.getContext('2d');
-  }
-  return measuringContext;
-}
-
-export type TPathSide = 'left' | 'right';
-
-export type TPathAlign = 'baseline' | 'center' | 'ascender' | 'descender';
-
-export type TextLinesInfo = {
-  lines: string[];
-  graphemeLines: string[][];
-  graphemeText: string[];
-  _unwrappedLines: string[][];
-};
-
-/**
- * Measure and return the info of a single grapheme.
- * needs the the info of previous graphemes already filled
- * Override to customize measuring
- */
-export type GraphemeBBox = {
-  width: number;
-  height: number;
-  kernedWidth: number;
-  left: number;
-  deltaY: number;
-  renderLeft?: number;
-  renderTop?: number;
-  angle?: number;
-};
-
-// @TODO this is not complete
-interface UniqueTextProps {
-  charSpacing: number;
-  lineHeight: number;
-  fontSize: number;
-  fontWeight: string | number;
-  fontFamily: string;
-  fontStyle: string;
-  pathSide: TPathSide;
-  pathAlign: TPathAlign;
-  underline: boolean;
-  overline: boolean;
-  linethrough: boolean;
-  textAlign: string;
-  direction: CanvasDirection;
-  path?: Path;
-  textDecorationThickness: number;
-  wrap: 'word' | 'char' | 'none';
-  ellipsis: boolean | string;
-  letterSpacing: number;
-  enableAdvancedLayout: boolean;
-  verticalAlign: 'top' | 'middle' | 'bottom';
-  useOverlayEditing: boolean;
-}
-
-export interface SerializedTextProps
-  extends SerializedObjectProps,
-    UniqueTextProps {
-  styles: TextStyleArray | TextStyle;
-}
-
-export interface TextProps extends FabricObjectProps, UniqueTextProps {
-  styles: TextStyle;
-}
-
-/**
- * Text class
- * @see {@link http://fabricjs.com/fabric-intro-part-2#text}
- */
-export class FabricText<
-    Props extends TOptions<TextProps> = Partial<TextProps>,
-    SProps extends SerializedTextProps = SerializedTextProps,
-    EventSpec extends ObjectEvents = ObjectEvents,
-  >
-  extends StyledText<Props, SProps, EventSpec>
-  implements UniqueTextProps
-{
-  /**
-   * Properties that requires a text layout recalculation when changed
-   * @type string[]
-   * @protected
-   */
-  static textLayoutProperties: string[] = textLayoutProperties;
-
-  /**
-   * @private
-   */
-  declare _reNewline: RegExp;
-
-  /**
-   * Use this regular expression to filter for whitespaces that is not a new line.
-   * Mostly used when text is 'justify' aligned.
-   * @private
-   */
-  declare _reSpacesAndTabs: RegExp;
-
-  /**
-   * Use this regular expression to filter for whitespace that is not a new line.
-   * Mostly used when text is 'justify' aligned.
-   * @private
-   */
-  declare _reSpaceAndTab: RegExp;
-
-  /**
-   * Use this regular expression to filter consecutive groups of non spaces.
-   * Mostly used when text is 'justify' aligned.
-   * @private
-   */
-  declare _reWords: RegExp;
-
-  declare text: string;
-
-  /**
-   * Font size (in pixels)
-   * @type Number
-   */
-  declare fontSize: number;
-
-  /**
-   * Font weight (e.g. bold, normal, 400, 600, 800)
-   * @type {(Number|String)}
-   */
-  declare fontWeight: string | number;
-
-  /**
-   * Font family
-   * @type String
-   */
-  declare fontFamily: string;
-
-  /**
-   * Text decoration underline.
-   * @type Boolean
-   */
-  declare underline: boolean;
-
-  /**
-   * Text decoration overline.
-   * @type Boolean
-   */
-  declare overline: boolean;
-
-  /**
-   * Text decoration linethrough.
-   * @type Boolean
-   */
-  declare linethrough: boolean;
-
-  /**
-   * Text alignment. Possible values: "left", "center", "right", "justify",
-   * "justify-left", "justify-center" or "justify-right".
-   * @type String
-   */
-  declare textAlign: string;
-
-  /**
-   * Font style . Possible values: "", "normal", "italic" or "oblique".
-   * @type String
-   */
-  declare fontStyle: string;
-
-  /**
-   * Line height
-   * @type Number
-   */
-  declare lineHeight: number;
-
-  /**
-   * Superscript schema object (minimum overlap)
-   */
-  declare superscript: {
-    /**
-     * fontSize factor
-     * @default 0.6
-     */
-    size: number;
-    /**
-     * baseline-shift factor (upwards)
-     * @default -0.35
-     */
-    baseline: number;
-  };
-
-  /**
-   * Subscript schema object (minimum overlap)
-   */
-  declare subscript: {
-    /**
-     * fontSize factor
-     * @default 0.6
-     */
-    size: number;
-    /**
-     * baseline-shift factor (downwards)
-     * @default 0.11
-     */
-    baseline: number;
-  };
-
-  /**
-   * Background color of text lines
-   * @type String
-   */
-  declare textBackgroundColor: string;
-
-  declare styles: TextStyle;
-
-  /**
-   * Path that the text should follow.
-   * since 4.6.0 the path will be drawn automatically.
-   * if you want to make the path visible, give it a stroke and strokeWidth or fill value
-   * if you want it to be hidden, assign visible = false to the path.
-   * This feature is in BETA, and SVG import/export is not yet supported.
-   * @type Path
-   * @example
-   * const textPath = new Text('Text on a path', {
-   *     top: 150,
-   *     left: 150,
-   *     textAlign: 'center',
-   *     charSpacing: -50,
-   *     path: new Path('M 0 0 C 50 -100 150 -100 200 0', {
-   *         strokeWidth: 1,
-   *         visible: false
-   *     }),
-   *     pathSide: 'left',
-   *     pathStartOffset: 0
-   * });
-   */
-  declare path?: Path;
-
-  /**
-   * Text wrapping mode
-   * @type string
-   * @default 'word'
-   */
-  declare wrap: 'word' | 'char' | 'none';
-
-  /**
-   * Ellipsis truncation
-   * @type boolean | string
-   * @default false
-   */
-  declare ellipsis: boolean | string;
-
-  /**
-   * Letter spacing in pixels (Konva-style)
-   * @type number
-   * @default 0
-   */
-  declare letterSpacing: number;
-
-  /**
-   * Enable advanced text layout engine
-   * @type boolean
-   * @default false
-   */
-  declare enableAdvancedLayout: boolean;
-
-  /**
-   * Vertical text alignment
-   * @type string
-   * @default 'top'
-   */
-  declare verticalAlign: 'top' | 'middle' | 'bottom';
-
-  /**
-   * Use overlay editor for inline text editing instead of hidden textarea.
-   * @default false
-   */
-  declare useOverlayEditing: boolean;
-
-  /**
-   * The text decoration tickness for underline, overline and strikethrough
-   * The tickness is expressed in thousandths of fontSize ( em ).
-   * The original value was 1/15 that translates to 66.6667 thousandths.
-   * The choice of unit of measure is to align with charSpacing.
-   * You can slim the tickness without issues, while large underline or overline may end up
-   * outside the bounding box of the text. In order to fix that a bigger refactor of the code
-   * is needed and is out of scope for now. If you need such large overline on the first line
-   * of text or large underline on the last line of text, consider disabling caching as a
-   * workaround
-   * @default 66.667
-   */
-  declare textDecorationThickness: number;
-
-  /**
-   * Offset amount for text path starting position
-   * Only used when text has a path
-   */
-  declare pathStartOffset: number;
-
-  /**
-   * Which side of the path the text should be drawn on.
-   * Only used when text has a path
-   * @type {TPathSide} 'left|right'
-   */
-  declare pathSide: TPathSide;
-
-  /**
-   * How text is aligned to the path. This property determines
-   * the perpendicular position of each character relative to the path.
-   * (one of "baseline", "center", "ascender", "descender")
-   * This feature is in BETA, and its behavior may change
-   * @type TPathAlign
-   */
-  declare pathAlign: TPathAlign;
-
-  /**
-   * @private
-   */
-  declare _fontSizeFraction: number;
-
-  /**
-   * @private
-   */
-  declare offsets: { underline: number; linethrough: number; overline: number };
-
-  /**
-   * Text Line proportion to font Size (in pixels)
-   * @type Number
-   */
-  declare _fontSizeMult: number;
-
-  /**
-   * additional space between characters
-   * expressed in thousands of em unit
-   * @type Number
-   */
-  declare charSpacing: number;
-
-  /**
-   * Baseline shift, styles only, keep at 0 for the main text object
-   * @type {Number}
-   */
-  declare deltaY: number;
-
-  /**
-   * WARNING: EXPERIMENTAL. NOT SUPPORTED YET
-   * determine the direction of the text.
-   * This has to be set manually together with textAlign and originX for proper
-   * experience.
-   * some interesting link for the future
-   * https://www.w3.org/International/questions/qa-bidi-unicode-controls
-   * @since 4.5.0
-   * @type {CanvasDirection} 'ltr|rtl'
-   */
-  declare direction: CanvasDirection;
-
-  /**
-   * contains characters bounding boxes
-   * This variable is considered to be protected.
-   * But for how mixins are implemented right now, we can't leave it private
-   * @protected
-   */
-  __charBounds: GraphemeBBox[][] = [];
-
-  /**
-   * use this size when measuring text. To avoid IE11 rounding errors
-   * @type {Number}
-   * @readonly
-   * @private
-   */
-  declare CACHE_FONT_SIZE: number;
-
-  /**
-   * contains the min text width to avoid getting 0
-   * @type {Number}
-   */
-  declare MIN_TEXT_WIDTH: number;
-
-  /**
-   * contains the the text of the object, divided in lines as they are displayed
-   * on screen. Wrapping will divide the text independently of line breaks
-   * @type {string[]}
-   */
-  declare textLines: string[];
-
-  /**
-   * same as textlines, but each line is an array of graphemes as split by splitByGrapheme
-   * @type {string[]}
-   */
-  declare _textLines: string[][];
-
-  declare _unwrappedTextLines: string[][];
-  declare _text: string[];
-  declare cursorWidth: number;
-  declare __lineHeights: number[];
-  declare __lineWidths: number[];
-  declare initialized?: true;
-
-  static cacheProperties = [...cacheProperties, ...additionalProps];
-
-  static ownDefaults = textDefaultValues;
-
-  static type = 'Text';
-
-  static getDefaults(): Record<string, any> {
-    return { ...super.getDefaults(), ...FabricText.ownDefaults };
-  }
-
-  constructor(text: string, options?: Props) {
-    super();
-    Object.assign(this, FabricText.ownDefaults);
-    this.setOptions(options);
-    if (!this.styles) {
-      this.styles = {};
-    }
-    this.text = text;
-    this.initialized = true;
-    if (this.path) {
-      this.setPathInfo();
-    }
-    this.initDimensions();
-    this.setCoords();
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * If text has a path, it will add the extra information needed
-   * for path and text calculations
-   */
-  setPathInfo() {
-    const path = this.path;
-    if (path) {
-      path.segmentsInfo = getPathSegmentsInfo(path.path);
-    }
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * @private
-   * Divides text into lines of text and lines of graphemes.
-   * Uses browser lines when available for pixel-perfect consistency.
-   */
-  _splitText(): TextLinesInfo {
-    // Check if we have valid browser lines and should use them
-    const browserLines = getBrowserLines(this);
-    if (browserLines && this.useOverlayEditing) {
-      return this._splitTextFromBrowserLines(browserLines);
-    }
-    
-    const newLines = this._splitTextIntoLines(this.text);
-    this.textLines = newLines.lines;
-    this._textLines = newLines.graphemeLines;
-    this._unwrappedTextLines = newLines._unwrappedLines;
-    this._text = newLines.graphemeText;
-    return newLines;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Create TextLinesInfo from browser-extracted lines
-   * @private
-   */
-  _splitTextFromBrowserLines(browserLines: BrowserLine[]): TextLinesInfo {
-    const lines: string[] = [];
-    const graphemeLines: string[][] = [];
-    const unwrappedLines: string[][] = [];
-    let graphemeText: string[] = [];
-
-    for (const browserLine of browserLines) {
-      lines.push(browserLine.text);
-      const lineGraphemes = this.graphemeSplit(browserLine.text);
-      graphemeLines.push(lineGraphemes);
-      unwrappedLines.push(lineGraphemes);
-      graphemeText = graphemeText.concat(lineGraphemes);
-      
-      // Add newline separator between lines (except for the last line)
-      if (browserLine !== browserLines[browserLines.length - 1]) {
-        graphemeText.push('\n');
-      }
-    }
-
-    const result: TextLinesInfo = {
-      lines,
-      graphemeLines,
-      graphemeText,
-      _unwrappedLines: unwrappedLines,
-    };
-
-    // Update instance properties
-    this.textLines = result.lines;
-    this._textLines = result.graphemeLines;
-    this._unwrappedTextLines = result._unwrappedLines;
-    this._text = result.graphemeText;
-
-    return result;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Initialize or update text dimensions.
-   * Updates this.width and this.height with the proper values.
-   * Does not return dimensions.
-   */
-  initDimensions(): void {
-    // Use advanced layout if enabled
-    if (this.enableAdvancedLayout && !this.path) {
-      return this.initDimensionsAdvanced();
-    }
-    
-    this._splitText();
-    this._clearCache();
-    this.dirty = true;
-    if (this.path) {
-      this.width = this.path.width;
-      this.height = this.path.height;
-    } else {
-      this.width =
-        this.calcTextWidth() || this.cursorWidth || this.MIN_TEXT_WIDTH;
-      this.height = this.calcTextHeight();
-    }
-    if (this.textAlign.includes(JUSTIFY)) {
-      // once text is measured we need to make space fatter to make justified text.
-      this.enlargeSpaces();
-    }
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Enlarge space boxes and shift the others
-   */
-  enlargeSpaces() {
-    let diffSpace,
-      currentLineWidth,
-      numberOfSpaces,
-      accumulatedSpace,
-      line,
-      charBound,
-      spaces;
-    const isRtl = this.direction === 'rtl';
-    
-    for (let i = 0, len = this._textLines.length; i < len; i++) {
-      if (
-        this.textAlign !== JUSTIFY &&
-        (i === len - 1 || this.isEndOfWrapping(i))
-      ) {
-        continue;
-      }
-      accumulatedSpace = 0;
-      line = this._textLines[i];
-      currentLineWidth = this.getLineWidth(i);
-      if (
-        currentLineWidth < this.width &&
-        (spaces = this.textLines[i].match(this._reSpacesAndTabs))
-      ) {
-        numberOfSpaces = spaces.length;
-        diffSpace = (this.width - currentLineWidth) / numberOfSpaces;
-        
-        if (isRtl) {
-          // For RTL text, we need to redistribute spaces while maintaining correct visual order
-          // The key insight is that RTL text is stored in logical order but displayed in visual order
-          // We need to adjust bounds to account for the visual positioning
-          
-          // First, collect all space positions
-          const spaceIndices = [];
-          for (let j = 0; j < line.length; j++) {
-            if (this._reSpaceAndTab.test(line[j])) {
-              spaceIndices.push(j);
-            }
-          }
-          
-          // Calculate total expansion
-          const totalExpansion = diffSpace * numberOfSpaces;
-          
-          // For RTL, we need to work backwards through the visual positions
-          // but still update logical positions correctly
-          let spaceCount = 0;
-          for (let j = 0; j <= line.length; j++) {
-            charBound = this.__charBounds[i][j];
-            if (charBound) {
-              if (this._reSpaceAndTab.test(line[j])) {
-                charBound.width += diffSpace;
-                charBound.kernedWidth += diffSpace;
-                spaceCount++;
-              }
-              
-              // For RTL, shift all characters to the right by the total expansion
-              // minus the expansion that comes after this character
-              const remainingSpaces = numberOfSpaces - spaceCount;
-              const shiftAmount = remainingSpaces * diffSpace;
-              charBound.left += shiftAmount;
-            }
-          }
-        } else {
-          // LTR processing (original logic)
-          for (let j = 0; j <= line.length; j++) {
-            charBound = this.__charBounds[i][j];
-            if (charBound) {
-              if (this._reSpaceAndTab.test(line[j])) {
-                charBound.width += diffSpace;
-                charBound.kernedWidth += diffSpace;
-                charBound.left += accumulatedSpace;
-                accumulatedSpace += diffSpace;
-              } else {
-                charBound.left += accumulatedSpace;
-              }
-            }
-          }
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Advanced layout using new text engine (Konva-compatible)
-   * @private
-   */
-  _layoutTextAdvanced(): LayoutResult {
-    const options = this._getAdvancedLayoutOptions();
-    return layoutText(options);
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Get advanced layout options from current text properties
-   * @private
-   */
-  _getAdvancedLayoutOptions(): TextLayoutOptions {
-    return {
-      text: this.text,
-      width: this.width,
-      height: this.height,
-      wrap: this.wrap || 'word',
-      align: this._mapTextAlignToAlign(this.textAlign),
-      ellipsis: this.ellipsis || false,
-      fontSize: this.fontSize,
-      lineHeight: this.lineHeight,
-      letterSpacing: this.letterSpacing || 0,
-      charSpacing: this.charSpacing,
-      direction: this.direction === 'inherit' ? 'ltr' : this.direction,
-      fontFamily: this.fontFamily,
-      fontStyle: this.fontStyle,
-      fontWeight: this.fontWeight,
-      verticalAlign: this.verticalAlign || 'top',
-    };
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Map Fabric textAlign to Konva align format
-   * @private
-   */
-  _mapTextAlignToAlign(textAlign: string): 'left' | 'center' | 'right' | 'justify' {
-    switch (textAlign) {
-      case 'center':
-      case CENTER:
-        return 'center';
-      case 'right':
-      case RIGHT:
-        return 'right';
-      case 'justify':
-      case JUSTIFY:
-      case JUSTIFY_LEFT:
-      case JUSTIFY_RIGHT:
-      case JUSTIFY_CENTER:
-        return 'justify';
-      default:
-        return 'left';
-    }
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Enhanced initDimensions that uses advanced layout when enabled
-   */
-  initDimensionsAdvanced(): void {
-    if (!this.enableAdvancedLayout) {
-      return this.initDimensions();
-    }
-
-    const layout = this._layoutTextAdvanced();
-    
-    // Update dimensions from layout
-    this.width = layout.totalWidth || this.MIN_TEXT_WIDTH;
-    this.height = layout.totalHeight;
-    
-    // Convert layout to legacy format for compatibility
-    this._convertLayoutToLegacyFormat(layout);
-    
-    this.dirty = true;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Convert new layout format to legacy _textLines and __charBounds format
-   * @private
-   */
-  _convertLayoutToLegacyFormat(layout: LayoutResult): void {
-    this._textLines = layout.lines.map(line => line.graphemes);
-    (this as any).textLines = layout.lines.map(line => line.text);
-    
-    // Convert bounds to legacy format
-    this.__charBounds = layout.lines.map(line => 
-      line.bounds.map(bound => ({
-        left: bound.left,
-        top: bound.y,
-        width: bound.width,
-        height: bound.height,
-        kernedWidth: bound.kernedWidth,
-        deltaY: bound.deltaY || 0,
-      }))
-    );
-    
-    // Update grapheme info for compatibility
-    if (layout.lines.length > 0) {
-      (this as any)._unwrappedTextLines = layout.lines.map(line => line.graphemes);
-    }
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Detect if the text line is ended with an hard break
-   * text and itext do not have wrapping, return false
-   * @return {Boolean}
-   */
-  isEndOfWrapping(lineIndex: number): boolean {
-    return lineIndex === this._textLines.length - 1;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Detect if a line has a linebreak and so we need to account for it when moving
-   * and counting style.
-   * It return always 1 for text and Itext. Textbox has its own implementation
-   * @return Number
-   */
-  missingNewlineOffset(lineIndex: number, skipWrapping?: boolean): 0 | 1;
-  missingNewlineOffset(_lineIndex: number): 1 {
-    return 1;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Returns 2d representation (lineIndex and charIndex) of cursor
-   * @param {Number} selectionStart
-   * @param {Boolean} [skipWrapping] consider the location for unwrapped lines. useful to manage styles.
-   */
-  get2DCursorLocation(selectionStart: number, skipWrapping?: boolean) {
-    const lines = skipWrapping ? this._unwrappedTextLines : this._textLines;
-    let i: number;
-    for (i = 0; i < lines.length; i++) {
-      if (selectionStart <= lines[i].length) {
-        return {
-          lineIndex: i,
-          charIndex: selectionStart,
-        };
-      }
-      selectionStart -=
-        lines[i].length + this.missingNewlineOffset(i, skipWrapping);
-    }
-    return {
-      lineIndex: i - 1,
-      charIndex:
-        lines[i - 1].length < selectionStart
-          ? lines[i - 1].length
-          : selectionStart,
-    };
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Returns string representation of an instance
-   * @return {String} String representation of text object
-   */
-  toString(): string {
-    return `#<Text (${this.complexity()}): { "text": "${
-      this.text
-    }", "fontFamily": "${this.fontFamily}" }>`;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Return the dimension and the zoom level needed to create a cache canvas
-   * big enough to host the object to be cached.
-   * @private
-   * @param {Object} dim.x width of object to be cached
-   * @param {Object} dim.y height of object to be cached
-   * @return {Object}.width width of canvas
-   * @return {Object}.height height of canvas
-   * @return {Object}.zoomX zoomX zoom value to unscale the canvas before drawing cache
-   * @return {Object}.zoomY zoomY zoom value to unscale the canvas before drawing cache
-   */
-  _getCacheCanvasDimensions(): TCacheCanvasDimensions {
-    const dims = super._getCacheCanvasDimensions();
-    const fontSize = this.fontSize;
-    dims.width += fontSize * dims.zoomX;
-    dims.height += fontSize * dims.zoomY;
-    return dims;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * @private
-   * @param {CanvasRenderingContext2D} ctx Context to render on
-   */
-  _render(ctx: CanvasRenderingContext2D) {
-    const path = this.path;
-    path && !path.isNotVisible() && path._render(ctx);
-    this._setTextStyles(ctx);
-    this._renderTextLinesBackground(ctx);
-    this._renderTextDecoration(ctx, 'underline');
-    this._renderText(ctx);
-    this._renderTextDecoration(ctx, 'overline');
-    this._renderTextDecoration(ctx, 'linethrough');
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * @private
-   * @param {CanvasRenderingContext2D} ctx Context to render on
-   */
-  _renderText(ctx: CanvasRenderingContext2D) {
-    // Skip text rendering if in overlay editing mode
-    if ((this as any).__overlayEditor) {
-      return;
-    }
-    if (this.paintFirst === STROKE) {
-      this._renderTextStroke(ctx);
-      this._renderTextFill(ctx);
-    } else {
-      this._renderTextFill(ctx);
-      this._renderTextStroke(ctx);
-    }
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Set the font parameter of the context with the object properties or with charStyle
-   * @private
-   * @param {CanvasRenderingContext2D} ctx Context to render on
-   * @param {Object} [charStyle] object with font style properties
-   * @param {String} [charStyle.fontFamily] Font Family
-   * @param {Number} [charStyle.fontSize] Font size in pixels. ( without px suffix )
-   * @param {String} [charStyle.fontWeight] Font weight
-   * @param {String} [charStyle.fontStyle] Font style (italic|normal)
-   */
-  _setTextStyles(
-    ctx: CanvasRenderingContext2D,
-    charStyle?: any,
-    forMeasuring?: boolean,
-  ) {
-    ctx.textBaseline = 'alphabetic';
-    if (this.path) {
-      switch (this.pathAlign) {
-        case CENTER:
-          ctx.textBaseline = 'middle';
-          break;
-        case 'ascender':
-          ctx.textBaseline = TOP;
-          break;
-        case 'descender':
-          ctx.textBaseline = BOTTOM;
-          break;
-      }
-    }
-    ctx.font = this._getFontDeclaration(charStyle, forMeasuring);
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * calculate and return the text Width measuring each line.
-   * @private
-   * @param {CanvasRenderingContext2D} ctx Context to render on
-   * @return {Number} Maximum width of Text object
-   */
-  calcTextWidth(): number {
-    let maxWidth = this.getLineWidth(0);
-
-    for (let i = 1, len = this._textLines.length; i < len; i++) {
-      const currentLineWidth = this.getLineWidth(i);
-      if (currentLineWidth > maxWidth) {
-        maxWidth = currentLineWidth;
-      }
-    }
-    return maxWidth;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * @private
-   * @param {String} method Method name ("fillText" or "strokeText")
-   * @param {CanvasRenderingContext2D} ctx Context to render on
-   * @param {String} line Text to render
-   * @param {Number} left Left position of text
-   * @param {Number} top Top position of text
-   * @param {Number} lineIndex Index of a line in a text
-   */
-  _renderTextLine(
-    method: 'fillText' | 'strokeText',
-    ctx: CanvasRenderingContext2D,
-    line: string[],
-    left: number,
-    top: number,
-    lineIndex: number,
-  ) {
-    this._renderChars(method, ctx, line, left, top, lineIndex);
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Renders the text background for lines, taking care of style
-   * @private
-   * @param {CanvasRenderingContext2D} ctx Context to render on
-   */
-  _renderTextLinesBackground(ctx: CanvasRenderingContext2D) {
-    if (!this.textBackgroundColor && !this.styleHas('textBackgroundColor')) {
-      return;
-    }
-    const originalFill = ctx.fillStyle,
-      leftOffset = this._getLeftOffset();
-    let lineTopOffset = this._getTopOffset();
-
-    for (let i = 0, len = this._textLines.length; i < len; i++) {
-      const heightOfLine = this.getHeightOfLine(i);
-      if (
-        !this.textBackgroundColor &&
-        !this.styleHas('textBackgroundColor', i)
-      ) {
-        lineTopOffset += heightOfLine;
-        continue;
-      }
-      const jlen = this._textLines[i].length;
-      const lineLeftOffset = this._getLineLeftOffset(i);
-      let boxWidth = 0;
-      let boxStart = 0;
-      let drawStart;
-      let currentColor;
-      let lastColor = this.getValueOfPropertyAt(i, 0, 'textBackgroundColor');
-      for (let j = 0; j < jlen; j++) {
-        // at this point charbox are either standard or full with pathInfo if there is a path.
-        const charBox = this.__charBounds[i][j] as Required<GraphemeBBox>;
-        currentColor = this.getValueOfPropertyAt(i, j, 'textBackgroundColor');
-        if (this.path) {
-          ctx.save();
-          ctx.translate(charBox.renderLeft, charBox.renderTop);
-          ctx.rotate(charBox.angle);
-          ctx.fillStyle = currentColor;
-          currentColor &&
-            ctx.fillRect(
-              -charBox.width / 2,
-              (-heightOfLine / this.lineHeight) * (1 - this._fontSizeFraction),
-              charBox.width,
-              heightOfLine / this.lineHeight,
-            );
-          ctx.restore();
-        } else if (currentColor !== lastColor) {
-          drawStart = leftOffset + lineLeftOffset + boxStart;
-          if (this.direction === 'rtl') {
-            drawStart = this.width - drawStart - boxWidth;
-          }
-          ctx.fillStyle = lastColor;
-          lastColor &&
-            ctx.fillRect(
-              drawStart,
-              lineTopOffset,
-              boxWidth,
-              heightOfLine / this.lineHeight,
-            );
-          boxStart = charBox.left;
-          boxWidth = charBox.width;
-          lastColor = currentColor;
-        } else {
-          boxWidth += charBox.kernedWidth;
-        }
-      }
-      if (currentColor && !this.path) {
-        drawStart = leftOffset + lineLeftOffset + boxStart;
-        if (this.direction === 'rtl') {
-          drawStart = this.width - drawStart - boxWidth;
-        }
-        ctx.fillStyle = currentColor;
-        ctx.fillRect(
-          drawStart,
-          lineTopOffset,
-          boxWidth,
-          heightOfLine / this.lineHeight,
-        );
-      }
-      lineTopOffset += heightOfLine;
-    }
-    ctx.fillStyle = originalFill;
-    // if there is text background color no
-    // other shadows should be casted
-    this._removeShadow(ctx);
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * measure and return the width of a single character.
-   * possibly overridden to accommodate different measure logic or
-   * to hook some external lib for character measurement
-   * @private
-   * @param {String} _char, char to be measured
-   * @param {Object} charStyle style of char to be measured
-   * @param {String} [previousChar] previous char
-   * @param {Object} [prevCharStyle] style of previous char
-   */
-  _measureChar(
-    _char: string,
-    charStyle: CompleteTextStyleDeclaration,
-    previousChar: string | undefined,
-    prevCharStyle: CompleteTextStyleDeclaration | Record<string, never>,
-  ) {
-    const fontCache = cache.getFontCache(charStyle),
-      fontDeclaration = this._getFontDeclaration(charStyle),
-      couple = previousChar + _char,
-      stylesAreEqual =
-        previousChar &&
-        fontDeclaration === this._getFontDeclaration(prevCharStyle),
-      fontMultiplier = charStyle.fontSize / this.CACHE_FONT_SIZE;
-    let width: number | undefined,
-      coupleWidth: number | undefined,
-      previousWidth: number | undefined,
-      kernedWidth: number | undefined;
-
-    if (previousChar && fontCache[previousChar] !== undefined) {
-      previousWidth = fontCache[previousChar];
-    }
-    if (fontCache[_char] !== undefined) {
-      kernedWidth = width = fontCache[_char];
-    }
-    if (stylesAreEqual && fontCache[couple] !== undefined) {
-      coupleWidth = fontCache[couple];
-      kernedWidth = coupleWidth - previousWidth!;
-    }
-    if (
-      width === undefined ||
-      previousWidth === undefined ||
-      coupleWidth === undefined
-    ) {
-      const ctx = getMeasuringContext()!;
-      // send a TRUE to specify measuring font size CACHE_FONT_SIZE
-      this._setTextStyles(ctx, charStyle, true);
-      if (width === undefined) {
-        kernedWidth = width = ctx.measureText(_char).width;
-        fontCache[_char] = width;
-      }
-      if (previousWidth === undefined && stylesAreEqual && previousChar) {
-        previousWidth = ctx.measureText(previousChar).width;
-        fontCache[previousChar] = previousWidth;
-      }
-      if (stylesAreEqual && coupleWidth === undefined) {
-        // we can measure the kerning couple and subtract the width of the previous character
-        coupleWidth = ctx.measureText(couple).width;
-        fontCache[couple] = coupleWidth;
-        // safe to use the non-null since if undefined we defined it before.
-        kernedWidth = coupleWidth - previousWidth!;
-      }
-    }
-    return {
-      width: width * fontMultiplier,
-      kernedWidth: kernedWidth! * fontMultiplier,
-    };
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Computes height of character at given position
-   * @param {Number} line the line index number
-   * @param {Number} _char the character index number
-   * @return {Number} fontSize of the character
-   */
-  getHeightOfChar(line: number, _char: number): number {
-    return this.getValueOfPropertyAt(line, _char, 'fontSize');
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * measure a text line measuring all characters.
-   * @param {Number} lineIndex line number
-   */
-  measureLine(lineIndex: number) {
-    const lineInfo = this._measureLine(lineIndex);
-    if (this.charSpacing !== 0) {
-      lineInfo.width -= this._getWidthOfCharSpacing();
-    }
-    if (lineInfo.width < 0) {
-      lineInfo.width = 0;
-    }
-    return lineInfo;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * measure every grapheme of a line, populating __charBounds
-   * @param {Number} lineIndex
-   * @return {Object} object.width total width of characters
-   * @return {Object} object.numOfSpaces length of chars that match this._reSpacesAndTabs
-   */
-  _measureLine(lineIndex: number) {
-    let width = 0,
-      prevGrapheme: string | undefined,
-      graphemeInfo: GraphemeBBox | undefined;
-
-    const reverse = this.pathSide === RIGHT,
-      path = this.path,
-      line = this._textLines[lineIndex],
-      llength = line.length,
-      lineBounds = new Array<GraphemeBBox>(llength);
-
-    this.__charBounds[lineIndex] = lineBounds;
-    for (let i = 0; i < llength; i++) {
-      const grapheme = line[i];
-      graphemeInfo = this._getGraphemeBox(grapheme, lineIndex, i, prevGrapheme);
-      lineBounds[i] = graphemeInfo;
-      width += graphemeInfo.kernedWidth;
-      prevGrapheme = grapheme;
-    }
-    // this latest bound box represent the last character of the line
-    // to simplify cursor handling in interactive mode.
-    lineBounds[llength] = {
-      left: graphemeInfo ? graphemeInfo.left + graphemeInfo.width : 0,
-      width: 0,
-      kernedWidth: 0,
-      height: this.fontSize,
-      deltaY: 0,
-    } as GraphemeBBox;
-    if (path && path.segmentsInfo) {
-      let positionInPath = 0;
-      const totalPathLength =
-        path.segmentsInfo[path.segmentsInfo.length - 1].length;
-      switch (this.textAlign) {
-        case LEFT:
-          positionInPath = reverse ? totalPathLength - width : 0;
-          break;
-        case CENTER:
-          positionInPath = (totalPathLength - width) / 2;
-          break;
-        case RIGHT:
-          positionInPath = reverse ? 0 : totalPathLength - width;
-          break;
-        //todo - add support for justify
-      }
-      positionInPath += this.pathStartOffset * (reverse ? -1 : 1);
-      for (
-        let i = reverse ? llength - 1 : 0;
-        reverse ? i >= 0 : i < llength;
-        reverse ? i-- : i++
-      ) {
-        graphemeInfo = lineBounds[i];
-        if (positionInPath > totalPathLength) {
-          positionInPath %= totalPathLength;
-        } else if (positionInPath < 0) {
-          positionInPath += totalPathLength;
-        }
-        // it would probably much faster to send all the grapheme position for a line
-        // and calculate path position/angle at once.
-        this._setGraphemeOnPath(positionInPath, graphemeInfo);
-        positionInPath += graphemeInfo.kernedWidth;
-      }
-    }
-    return { width: width, numOfSpaces: 0 };
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Calculate the angle  and the left,top position of the char that follow a path.
-   * It appends it to graphemeInfo to be reused later at rendering
-   * @private
-   * @param {Number} positionInPath to be measured
-   * @param {GraphemeBBox} graphemeInfo current grapheme box information
-   * @param {Object} startingPoint position of the point
-   */
-  _setGraphemeOnPath(positionInPath: number, graphemeInfo: GraphemeBBox) {
-    const centerPosition = positionInPath + graphemeInfo.kernedWidth / 2,
-      path = this.path!;
-
-    // we are at currentPositionOnPath. we want to know what point on the path is.
-    const info = getPointOnPath(path.path, centerPosition, path.segmentsInfo)!;
-    graphemeInfo.renderLeft = info.x - path.pathOffset.x;
-    graphemeInfo.renderTop = info.y - path.pathOffset.y;
-    graphemeInfo.angle = info.angle + (this.pathSide === RIGHT ? Math.PI : 0);
-  }
-
-  /**
-   *
-   * @param {String} grapheme to be measured
-   * @param {Number} lineIndex index of the line where the char is
-   * @param {Number} charIndex position in the line
-   * @param {String} [prevGrapheme] character preceding the one to be measured
-   * @returns {GraphemeBBox} grapheme bbox
-   */
-  _getGraphemeBox(
-    grapheme: string,
-    lineIndex: number,
-    charIndex: number,
-    prevGrapheme?: string,
-    skipLeft?: boolean,
-  ): GraphemeBBox {
-    const style = this.getCompleteStyleDeclaration(lineIndex, charIndex),
-      prevStyle = prevGrapheme
-        ? this.getCompleteStyleDeclaration(lineIndex, charIndex - 1)
-        : {},
-      info = this._measureChar(grapheme, style, prevGrapheme, prevStyle);
-    let kernedWidth = info.kernedWidth,
-      width = info.width,
-      charSpacing;
-
-    if (this.charSpacing !== 0) {
-      charSpacing = this._getWidthOfCharSpacing();
-      width += charSpacing;
-      kernedWidth += charSpacing;
-    }
-
-    const box: GraphemeBBox = {
-      width,
-      left: 0,
-      height: style.fontSize,
-      kernedWidth,
-      deltaY: style.deltaY,
-    };
-    if (charIndex > 0 && !skipLeft) {
-      const previousBox = this.__charBounds[lineIndex][charIndex - 1];
-      box.left =
-        previousBox.left + previousBox.width + info.kernedWidth - info.width;
-    }
-    return box;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Calculate height of line at 'lineIndex'
-   * @param {Number} lineIndex index of line to calculate
-   * @return {Number}
-   */
-  getHeightOfLine(lineIndex: number): number {
-    if (this.__lineHeights[lineIndex]) {
-      return this.__lineHeights[lineIndex];
-    }
-
-    // char 0 is measured before the line cycle because it needs to char
-    // emptylines
-    let maxHeight = this.getHeightOfChar(lineIndex, 0);
-    for (let i = 1, len = this._textLines[lineIndex].length; i < len; i++) {
-      maxHeight = Math.max(this.getHeightOfChar(lineIndex, i), maxHeight);
-    }
-
-    return (this.__lineHeights[lineIndex] =
-      maxHeight * this.lineHeight * this._fontSizeMult);
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Calculate text box height
-   */
-  calcTextHeight() {
-    let lineHeight,
-      height = 0;
-    for (let i = 0, len = this._textLines.length; i < len; i++) {
-      lineHeight = this.getHeightOfLine(i);
-      height += i === len - 1 ? lineHeight / this.lineHeight : lineHeight;
-    }
-    return height;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * @private
-   * @return {Number} Left offset
-   */
-  _getLeftOffset(): number {
-    return this.direction === 'ltr' ? -this.width / 2 : this.width / 2;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * @private
-   * @return {Number} Top offset
-   */
-  _getTopOffset(): number {
-    return -this.height / 2;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * @private
-   * @param {CanvasRenderingContext2D} ctx Context to render on
-   * @param {String} method Method name ("fillText" or "strokeText")
-   */
-  _renderTextCommon(
-    ctx: CanvasRenderingContext2D,
-    method: 'fillText' | 'strokeText',
-  ) {
-    ctx.save();
-    let lineHeights = 0;
-    const left = this._getLeftOffset(),
-      top = this._getTopOffset();
-    for (let i = 0, len = this._textLines.length; i < len; i++) {
-      const heightOfLine = this.getHeightOfLine(i),
-        maxHeight = heightOfLine / this.lineHeight,
-        leftOffset = this._getLineLeftOffset(i);
-      this._renderTextLine(
-        method,
-        ctx,
-        this._textLines[i],
-        left + leftOffset,
-        top + lineHeights + maxHeight,
-        i,
-      );
-      lineHeights += heightOfLine;
-    }
-    ctx.restore();
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * @private
-   * @param {CanvasRenderingContext2D} ctx Context to render on
-   */
-  _renderTextFill(ctx: CanvasRenderingContext2D) {
-    if (!this.fill && !this.styleHas(FILL)) {
-      return;
-    }
-
-    this._renderTextCommon(ctx, 'fillText');
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * @private
-   * @param {CanvasRenderingContext2D} ctx Context to render on
-   */
-  _renderTextStroke(ctx: CanvasRenderingContext2D) {
-    if ((!this.stroke || this.strokeWidth === 0) && this.isEmptyStyles()) {
-      return;
-    }
-
-    if (this.shadow && !this.shadow.affectStroke) {
-      this._removeShadow(ctx);
-    }
-
-    ctx.save();
-    this._setLineDash(ctx, this.strokeDashArray);
-    ctx.beginPath();
-    this._renderTextCommon(ctx, 'strokeText');
-    ctx.closePath();
-    ctx.restore();
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * @private
-   * @param {String} method fillText or strokeText.
-   * @param {CanvasRenderingContext2D} ctx Context to render on
-   * @param {Array} line Content of the line, splitted in an array by grapheme
-   * @param {Number} left
-   * @param {Number} top
-   * @param {Number} lineIndex
-   */
-  _renderChars(
-    method: 'fillText' | 'strokeText',
-    ctx: CanvasRenderingContext2D,
-    line: Array<any>,
-    left: number,
-    top: number,
-    lineIndex: number,
-  ) {
-    const lineHeight = this.getHeightOfLine(lineIndex),
-      isJustify = this.textAlign.includes(JUSTIFY),
-      path = this.path,
-      shortCut =
-        !isJustify &&
-        this.charSpacing === 0 &&
-        this.isEmptyStyles(lineIndex) &&
-        !path,
-      isLtr = this.direction === 'ltr',
-      sign = this.direction === 'ltr' ? 1 : -1,
-      // this was changed in the PR #7674
-      // currentDirection = ctx.canvas.getAttribute('dir');
-      currentDirection = ctx.direction;
-
-    let actualStyle,
-      nextStyle,
-      charsToRender = '',
-      charBox,
-      boxWidth = 0,
-      timeToRender,
-      drawingLeft;
-
-    ctx.save();
-    if (currentDirection !== this.direction) {
-      ctx.canvas.setAttribute('dir', isLtr ? 'ltr' : 'rtl');
-      ctx.direction = isLtr ? 'ltr' : 'rtl';
-      
-      // For justify alignments, we need to set the correct canvas text alignment
-      // This is crucial for RTL text to render in the correct order
-      if (isJustify) {
-        // Justify uses LEFT alignment as a base, letting the character positioning handle justification
-        ctx.textAlign = LEFT;
-      } else {
-        ctx.textAlign = isLtr ? LEFT : RIGHT;
-      }
-    }
-    top -= (lineHeight * this._fontSizeFraction) / this.lineHeight;
-    if (shortCut) {
-      // render all the line in one pass without checking
-      // drawingLeft = isLtr ? left : left - this.getLineWidth(lineIndex);
-      this._renderChar(method, ctx, lineIndex, 0, line.join(''), left, top);
-      ctx.restore();
-      return;
-    }
-    for (let i = 0, len = line.length - 1; i <= len; i++) {
-      timeToRender = i === len || this.charSpacing || path;
-      charsToRender += line[i];
-      charBox = this.__charBounds[lineIndex][i] as Required<GraphemeBBox>;
-      if (boxWidth === 0) {
-        left += sign * (charBox.kernedWidth - charBox.width);
-        boxWidth += charBox.width;
-      } else {
-        boxWidth += charBox.kernedWidth;
-      }
-      if (isJustify && !timeToRender) {
-        if (this._reSpaceAndTab.test(line[i])) {
-          timeToRender = true;
-        }
-      }
-      if (!timeToRender) {
-        // if we have charSpacing, we render char by char
-        actualStyle =
-          actualStyle || this.getCompleteStyleDeclaration(lineIndex, i);
-        nextStyle = this.getCompleteStyleDeclaration(lineIndex, i + 1);
-        timeToRender = hasStyleChanged(actualStyle, nextStyle, false);
-      }
-      if (timeToRender) {
-        if (path) {
-          ctx.save();
-          ctx.translate(charBox.renderLeft, charBox.renderTop);
-          ctx.rotate(charBox.angle);
-          this._renderChar(
-            method,
-            ctx,
-            lineIndex,
-            i,
-            charsToRender,
-            -boxWidth / 2,
-            0,
-          );
-          ctx.restore();
-        } else {
-          drawingLeft = left;
-          this._renderChar(
-            method,
-            ctx,
-            lineIndex,
-            i,
-            charsToRender,
-            drawingLeft,
-            top,
-          );
-        }
-        charsToRender = '';
-        actualStyle = nextStyle;
-        left += sign * boxWidth;
-        boxWidth = 0;
-      }
-    }
-    ctx.restore();
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * This function try to patch the missing gradientTransform on canvas gradients.
-   * transforming a context to transform the gradient, is going to transform the stroke too.
-   * we want to transform the gradient but not the stroke operation, so we create
-   * a transformed gradient on a pattern and then we use the pattern instead of the gradient.
-   * this method has drawbacks: is slow, is in low resolution, needs a patch for when the size
-   * is limited.
-   * @private
-   * @param {TFiller} filler a fabric gradient instance
-   * @return {CanvasPattern} a pattern to use as fill/stroke style
-   */
-  _applyPatternGradientTransformText(filler: TFiller) {
-    // TODO: verify compatibility with strokeUniform
-    const width = this.width + this.strokeWidth,
-      height = this.height + this.strokeWidth,
-      pCanvas = createCanvasElementFor({
-        width,
-        height,
-      }),
-      pCtx = pCanvas.getContext('2d')!;
-    pCanvas.width = width;
-    pCanvas.height = height;
-    pCtx.beginPath();
-    pCtx.moveTo(0, 0);
-    pCtx.lineTo(width, 0);
-    pCtx.lineTo(width, height);
-    pCtx.lineTo(0, height);
-    pCtx.closePath();
-    pCtx.translate(width / 2, height / 2);
-    pCtx.fillStyle = filler.toLive(pCtx)!;
-    this._applyPatternGradientTransform(pCtx, filler);
-    pCtx.fill();
-    return pCtx.createPattern(pCanvas, 'no-repeat')!;
-  }
-
-  handleFiller<T extends 'fill' | 'stroke'>(
-    ctx: CanvasRenderingContext2D,
-    property: `${T}Style`,
-    filler: TFiller | string,
-  ): { offsetX: number; offsetY: number } {
-    let offsetX: number, offsetY: number;
-    if (isFiller(filler)) {
-      if (
-        (filler as Gradient<'linear'>).gradientUnits === 'percentage' ||
-        (filler as Gradient<'linear'>).gradientTransform ||
-        (filler as Pattern).patternTransform
-      ) {
-        // need to transform gradient in a pattern.
-        // this is a slow process. If you are hitting this codepath, and the object
-        // is not using caching, you should consider switching it on.
-        // we need a canvas as big as the current object caching canvas.
-        offsetX = -this.width / 2;
-        offsetY = -this.height / 2;
-        ctx.translate(offsetX, offsetY);
-        ctx[property] = this._applyPatternGradientTransformText(filler);
-        return { offsetX, offsetY };
-      } else {
-        // is a simple gradient or pattern
-        ctx[property] = filler.toLive(ctx)!;
-        return this._applyPatternGradientTransform(ctx, filler);
-      }
-    } else {
-      // is a color
-      ctx[property] = filler;
-    }
-    return { offsetX: 0, offsetY: 0 };
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * This function prepare the canvas for a stroke style, and stroke and strokeWidth
-   * need to be sent in as defined
-   * @param {CanvasRenderingContext2D} ctx
-   * @param {CompleteTextStyleDeclaration} style with stroke and strokeWidth defined
-   * @returns
-   */
-  _setStrokeStyles(
-    ctx: CanvasRenderingContext2D,
-    {
-      stroke,
-      strokeWidth,
-    }: Pick<CompleteTextStyleDeclaration, 'stroke' | 'strokeWidth'>,
-  ) {
-    ctx.lineWidth = strokeWidth;
-    ctx.lineCap = this.strokeLineCap;
-    ctx.lineDashOffset = this.strokeDashOffset;
-    ctx.lineJoin = this.strokeLineJoin;
-    ctx.miterLimit = this.strokeMiterLimit;
-    return this.handleFiller(ctx, 'strokeStyle', stroke!);
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * This function prepare the canvas for a ill style, and fill
-   * need to be sent in as defined
-   * @param {CanvasRenderingContext2D} ctx
-   * @param {CompleteTextStyleDeclaration} style with ill defined
-   * @returns
-   */
-  _setFillStyles(ctx: CanvasRenderingContext2D, { fill }: Pick<this, 'fill'>) {
-    return this.handleFiller(ctx, 'fillStyle', fill!);
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * @private
-   * @param {String} method
-   * @param {CanvasRenderingContext2D} ctx Context to render on
-   * @param {Number} lineIndex
-   * @param {Number} charIndex
-   * @param {String} _char
-   * @param {Number} left Left coordinate
-   * @param {Number} top Top coordinate
-   * @param {Number} lineHeight Height of the line
-   */
-  _renderChar(
-    method: 'fillText' | 'strokeText',
-    ctx: CanvasRenderingContext2D,
-    lineIndex: number,
-    charIndex: number,
-    _char: string,
-    left: number,
-    top: number,
-  ) {
-    const decl = this._getStyleDeclaration(lineIndex, charIndex),
-      fullDecl = this.getCompleteStyleDeclaration(lineIndex, charIndex),
-      shouldFill = method === 'fillText' && fullDecl.fill,
-      shouldStroke =
-        method === 'strokeText' && fullDecl.stroke && fullDecl.strokeWidth;
-
-    if (!shouldStroke && !shouldFill) {
-      return;
-    }
-    ctx.save();
-
-    ctx.font = this._getFontDeclaration(fullDecl);
-
-    if (decl.textBackgroundColor) {
-      this._removeShadow(ctx);
-    }
-    if (decl.deltaY) {
-      top += decl.deltaY;
-    }
-
-    if (shouldFill) {
-      const fillOffsets = this._setFillStyles(ctx, fullDecl);
-      ctx.fillText(
-        _char,
-        left - fillOffsets.offsetX,
-        top - fillOffsets.offsetY,
-      );
-    }
-
-    if (shouldStroke) {
-      const strokeOffsets = this._setStrokeStyles(ctx, fullDecl);
-      ctx.strokeText(
-        _char,
-        left - strokeOffsets.offsetX,
-        top - strokeOffsets.offsetY,
-      );
-    }
-
-    ctx.restore();
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Turns the character into a 'superior figure' (i.e. 'superscript')
-   * @param {Number} start selection start
-   * @param {Number} end selection end
-   */
-  setSuperscript(start: number, end: number) {
-    this._setScript(start, end, this.superscript);
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Turns the character into an 'inferior figure' (i.e. 'subscript')
-   * @param {Number} start selection start
-   * @param {Number} end selection end
-   */
-  setSubscript(start: number, end: number) {
-    this._setScript(start, end, this.subscript);
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Applies 'schema' at given position
-   * @private
-   * @param {Number} start selection start
-   * @param {Number} end selection end
-   * @param {Number} schema
-   */
-  protected _setScript(
-    start: number,
-    end: number,
-    schema: {
-      size: number;
-      baseline: number;
-    },
-  ) {
-    const loc = this.get2DCursorLocation(start, true),
-      fontSize = this.getValueOfPropertyAt(
-        loc.lineIndex,
-        loc.charIndex,
-        'fontSize',
-      ),
-      dy = this.getValueOfPropertyAt(loc.lineIndex, loc.charIndex, 'deltaY'),
-      style = {
-        fontSize: fontSize * schema.size,
-        deltaY: dy + fontSize * schema.baseline,
-      };
-    this.setSelectionStyles(style, start, end);
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * @private
-   * @param {Number} lineIndex index text line
-   * @return {Number} Line left offset
-   */
-  _getLineLeftOffset(lineIndex: number): number {
-    const lineWidth = this.getLineWidth(lineIndex),
-      lineDiff = this.width - lineWidth,
-      textAlign = this.textAlign,
-      direction = this.direction,
-      isEndOfWrapping = this.isEndOfWrapping(lineIndex);
-    let leftOffset = 0;
-    
-    // Handle justify alignments (excluding last lines and wrapped line ends)
-    const isJustifyLine = 
-      textAlign === JUSTIFY ||
-      (textAlign === JUSTIFY_CENTER && !isEndOfWrapping) ||
-      (textAlign === JUSTIFY_RIGHT && !isEndOfWrapping) ||
-      (textAlign === JUSTIFY_LEFT && !isEndOfWrapping);
-    
-    if (isJustifyLine) {
-      // Justify lines should start at the left edge for LTR and right edge for RTL
-      // The space distribution is handled by enlargeSpaces()
-      if (direction === 'rtl') {
-        // For RTL justify, we need to account for the line being right-aligned
-        return 0;
-      } else {
-        return 0;
-      }
-    }
-    
-    // Handle non-justify alignments
-    if (textAlign === CENTER) {
-      leftOffset = lineDiff / 2;
-    }
-    if (textAlign === RIGHT) {
-      leftOffset = lineDiff;
-    }
-    if (textAlign === JUSTIFY_CENTER) {
-      leftOffset = lineDiff / 2;
-    }
-    if (textAlign === JUSTIFY_RIGHT) {
-      leftOffset = lineDiff;
-    }
-    
-    // Apply RTL adjustments for non-justify alignments
-    if (direction === 'rtl') {
-      if (
-        textAlign === RIGHT ||
-        textAlign === JUSTIFY ||
-        textAlign === JUSTIFY_RIGHT
-      ) {
-        leftOffset = 0;
-      } else if (textAlign === LEFT || textAlign === JUSTIFY_LEFT) {
-        leftOffset = -lineDiff;
-      } else if (textAlign === CENTER || textAlign === JUSTIFY_CENTER) {
-        leftOffset = -lineDiff / 2;
-      }
-    }
-    return leftOffset;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * @private
-   */
-  _clearCache() {
-    this._forceClearCache = false;
-    this.__lineWidths = [];
-    this.__lineHeights = [];
-    this.__charBounds = [];
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Measure a single line given its index. Used to calculate the initial
-   * text bounding box. The values are calculated and stored in __lineWidths cache.
-   * @private
-   * @param {Number} lineIndex line number
-   * @return {Number} Line width
-   */
-  getLineWidth(lineIndex: number): number {
-    if (this.__lineWidths[lineIndex] !== undefined) {
-      return this.__lineWidths[lineIndex];
-    }
-
-    const { width } = this.measureLine(lineIndex);
-    this.__lineWidths[lineIndex] = width;
-    return width;
-  }
-
-  _getWidthOfCharSpacing() {
-    if (this.charSpacing !== 0) {
-      return (this.fontSize * this.charSpacing) / 1000;
-    }
-    return 0;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Retrieves the value of property at given character position
-   * @param {Number} lineIndex the line number
-   * @param {Number} charIndex the character number
-   * @param {String} property the property name
-   * @returns the value of 'property'
-   */
-  getValueOfPropertyAt<T extends StylePropertiesType>(
-    lineIndex: number,
-    charIndex: number,
-    property: T,
-  ): this[T] {
-    const charStyle = this._getStyleDeclaration(lineIndex, charIndex);
-    return (charStyle[property] ?? this[property]) as this[T];
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * @private
-   * @param {CanvasRenderingContext2D} ctx Context to render on
-   */
-  _renderTextDecoration(
-    ctx: CanvasRenderingContext2D,
-    type: 'underline' | 'linethrough' | 'overline',
-  ) {
-    if (!this[type] && !this.styleHas(type)) {
-      return;
-    }
-    let topOffset = this._getTopOffset();
-    const leftOffset = this._getLeftOffset(),
-      path = this.path,
-      charSpacing = this._getWidthOfCharSpacing(),
-      offsetAligner =
-        type === 'linethrough' ? 0.5 : type === 'overline' ? 1 : 0,
-      offsetY = this.offsets[type];
-    for (let i = 0, len = this._textLines.length; i < len; i++) {
-      const heightOfLine = this.getHeightOfLine(i);
-      if (!this[type] && !this.styleHas(type, i)) {
-        topOffset += heightOfLine;
-        continue;
-      }
-      const line = this._textLines[i];
-      const maxHeight = heightOfLine / this.lineHeight;
-      const lineLeftOffset = this._getLineLeftOffset(i);
-      let boxStart = 0;
-      let boxWidth = 0;
-      let lastDecoration = this.getValueOfPropertyAt(i, 0, type);
-      let lastFill = this.getValueOfPropertyAt(i, 0, FILL);
-      let lastTickness = this.getValueOfPropertyAt(
-        i,
-        0,
-        TEXT_DECORATION_THICKNESS,
-      );
-      let currentDecoration = lastDecoration;
-      let currentFill = lastFill;
-      let currentTickness = lastTickness;
-      const top = topOffset + maxHeight * (1 - this._fontSizeFraction);
-      let size = this.getHeightOfChar(i, 0);
-      let dy = this.getValueOfPropertyAt(i, 0, 'deltaY');
-      for (let j = 0, jlen = line.length; j < jlen; j++) {
-        const charBox = this.__charBounds[i][j] as Required<GraphemeBBox>;
-        currentDecoration = this.getValueOfPropertyAt(i, j, type);
-        currentFill = this.getValueOfPropertyAt(i, j, FILL);
-        currentTickness = this.getValueOfPropertyAt(
-          i,
-          j,
-          TEXT_DECORATION_THICKNESS,
-        );
-        const currentSize = this.getHeightOfChar(i, j);
-        const currentDy = this.getValueOfPropertyAt(i, j, 'deltaY');
-        if (path && currentDecoration && currentFill) {
-          const finalTickness = (this.fontSize * currentTickness) / 1000;
-          ctx.save();
-          // bug? verify lastFill is a valid fill here.
-          ctx.fillStyle = lastFill as string;
-          ctx.translate(charBox.renderLeft, charBox.renderTop);
-          ctx.rotate(charBox.angle);
-          ctx.fillRect(
-            -charBox.kernedWidth / 2,
-            offsetY * currentSize + currentDy - offsetAligner * finalTickness,
-            charBox.kernedWidth,
-            finalTickness,
-          );
-          ctx.restore();
-        } else if (
-          (currentDecoration !== lastDecoration ||
-            currentFill !== lastFill ||
-            currentSize !== size ||
-            currentTickness !== lastTickness ||
-            currentDy !== dy) &&
-          boxWidth > 0
-        ) {
-          const finalTickness = (this.fontSize * lastTickness) / 1000;
-          let drawStart = leftOffset + lineLeftOffset + boxStart;
-          if (this.direction === 'rtl') {
-            drawStart = this.width - drawStart - boxWidth;
-          }
-          if (lastDecoration && lastFill && lastTickness) {
-            // bug? verify lastFill is a valid fill here.
-            ctx.fillStyle = lastFill as string;
-            ctx.fillRect(
-              drawStart,
-              top + offsetY * size + dy - offsetAligner * finalTickness,
-              boxWidth,
-              finalTickness,
-            );
-          }
-          boxStart = charBox.left;
-          boxWidth = charBox.width;
-          lastDecoration = currentDecoration;
-          lastTickness = currentTickness;
-          lastFill = currentFill;
-          size = currentSize;
-          dy = currentDy;
-        } else {
-          boxWidth += charBox.kernedWidth;
-        }
-      }
-      let drawStart = leftOffset + lineLeftOffset + boxStart;
-      if (this.direction === 'rtl') {
-        drawStart = this.width - drawStart - boxWidth;
-      }
-      ctx.fillStyle = currentFill as string;
-      const finalTickness = (this.fontSize * currentTickness) / 1000;
-      currentDecoration &&
-        currentFill &&
-        currentTickness &&
-        ctx.fillRect(
-          drawStart,
-          top + offsetY * size + dy - offsetAligner * finalTickness,
-          boxWidth - charSpacing,
-          finalTickness,
-        );
-      topOffset += heightOfLine;
-    }
-    // if there is text background color no
-    // other shadows should be casted
-    this._removeShadow(ctx);
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * return font declaration string for canvas context
-   * @param {Object} [styleObject] object
-   * @returns {String} font declaration formatted for canvas context.
-   */
-  _getFontDeclaration(
-    {
-      fontFamily = this.fontFamily,
-      fontStyle = this.fontStyle,
-      fontWeight = this.fontWeight,
-      fontSize = this.fontSize,
-    }: Partial<
-      Pick<
-        TextStyleDeclaration,
-        'fontFamily' | 'fontStyle' | 'fontWeight' | 'fontSize'
-      >
-    > = {},
-    forMeasuring?: boolean,
-  ): string {
-    const parsedFontFamily =
-      fontFamily.includes("'") ||
-      fontFamily.includes('"') ||
-      fontFamily.includes(',') ||
-      FabricText.genericFonts.includes(fontFamily.toLowerCase())
-        ? fontFamily
-        : `"${fontFamily}"`;
-    return [
-      fontStyle,
-      fontWeight,
-      `${forMeasuring ? this.CACHE_FONT_SIZE : fontSize}px`,
-      parsedFontFamily,
-    ].join(' ');
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Renders text instance on a specified context
-   * @param {CanvasRenderingContext2D} ctx Context to render on
-   */
-  render(ctx: CanvasRenderingContext2D) {
-    if (!this.visible) {
-      return;
-    }
-    if (
-      this.canvas &&
-      this.canvas.skipOffscreen &&
-      !this.group &&
-      !this.isOnScreen()
-    ) {
-      return;
-    }
-    if (this._forceClearCache) {
-      this.initDimensions();
-    }
-    super.render(ctx);
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Override this method to customize grapheme splitting
-   * @todo the util `graphemeSplit` needs to be injectable in some way.
-   * is more comfortable to inject the correct util rather than having to override text
-   * in the middle of the prototype chain
-   * @param {string} value
-   * @returns {string[]} array of graphemes
-   */
-  graphemeSplit(value: string): string[] {
-    return graphemeSplit(value);
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Returns the text as an array of lines.
-   * @param {String} text text to split
-   * @returns  Lines in the text
-   */
-  _splitTextIntoLines(text: string): TextLinesInfo {
-    const lines = text.split(this._reNewline),
-      newLines = new Array<string[]>(lines.length),
-      newLine = ['\n'];
-    let newText: string[] = [];
-    for (let i = 0; i < lines.length; i++) {
-      newLines[i] = this.graphemeSplit(lines[i]);
-      newText = newText.concat(newLines[i], newLine);
-    }
-    newText.pop();
-    return {
-      _unwrappedLines: newLines,
-      lines: lines,
-      graphemeText: newText,
-      graphemeLines: newLines,
-    };
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Returns object representation of an instance
-   * @param {Array} [propertiesToInclude] Any properties that you might want to additionally include in the output
-   * @return {Object} Object representation of an instance
-   */
-  toObject<
-    T extends Omit<Props & TClassProperties<this>, keyof SProps>,
-    K extends keyof T = never,
-  >(propertiesToInclude: K[] = []): Pick<T, K> & SProps {
-    return {
-      ...super.toObject([...additionalProps, ...propertiesToInclude] as K[]),
-      styles: stylesToArray(this.styles, this.text),
-      ...(this.path ? { path: this.path.toObject() } : {}),
-    };
-  }
-
-  set(key: string | any, value?: any) {
-    const { textLayoutProperties } = this.constructor as typeof FabricText;
-    super.set(key, value);
-    let needsDims = false;
-    let isAddingPath = false;
-    if (typeof key === 'object') {
-      for (const _key in key) {
-        if (_key === 'path') {
-          this.setPathInfo();
-        }
-        needsDims = needsDims || textLayoutProperties.includes(_key);
-        isAddingPath = isAddingPath || _key === 'path';
-      }
-    } else {
-      needsDims = textLayoutProperties.includes(key);
-      isAddingPath = key === 'path';
-    }
-    if (isAddingPath) {
-      this.setPathInfo();
-    }
-    if (needsDims && this.initialized) {
-      // Clear browser lines when layout-affecting properties change
-      clearBrowserLines(this);
-      this.initDimensions();
-      this.setCoords();
-    }
-    return this;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Returns complexity of an instance
-   * @return {Number} complexity
-   */
-  complexity(): number {
-    return 1;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * List of generic font families
-   * @see https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/font-family#generic-name
-   */
-  static genericFonts = [
-    'serif',
-    'sans-serif',
-    'monospace',
-    'cursive',
-    'fantasy',
-    'system-ui',
-    'ui-serif',
-    'ui-sans-serif',
-    'ui-monospace',
-    'ui-rounded',
-    'math',
-    'emoji',
-    'fangsong',
-  ];
-
-  /* _FROM_SVG_START_ */
-
-  /**
-   * List of attribute names to account for when parsing SVG element (used by {@link FabricText.fromElement})
-   * @see: http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG/text.html#TextElement
-   */
-  static ATTRIBUTE_NAMES = SHARED_ATTRIBUTES.concat(
-    'x',
-    'y',
-    'dx',
-    'dy',
-    'font-family',
-    'font-style',
-    'font-weight',
-    'font-size',
-    'letter-spacing',
-    'text-decoration',
-    'text-anchor',
-  );
-
-  /**
-   * Returns FabricText instance from an SVG element (<b>not yet implemented</b>)
-   * @param {HTMLElement} element Element to parse
-   * @param {Object} [options] Options object
-   */
-  static async fromElement(
-    element: HTMLElement | SVGElement,
-    options?: Abortable,
-    cssRules?: CSSRules,
-  ) {
-    const parsedAttributes = parseAttributes(
-      element,
-      FabricText.ATTRIBUTE_NAMES,
-      cssRules,
-    );
-
-    const {
-      textAnchor = LEFT as typeof LEFT | typeof CENTER | typeof RIGHT,
-      textDecoration = '',
-      dx = 0,
-      dy = 0,
-      top = 0,
-      left = 0,
-      fontSize = DEFAULT_SVG_FONT_SIZE,
-      strokeWidth = 1,
-      ...restOfOptions
-    } = { ...options, ...parsedAttributes };
-
-    const textContent = (element.textContent || '')
-      .replace(/^\s+|\s+$|\n+/g, '')
-      .replace(/\s+/g, ' ');
-
-    // this code here is probably the usual issue for SVG center find
-    // this can later looked at again and probably removed.
-
-    const text = new this(textContent, {
-        left: left + dx,
-        top: top + dy,
-        underline: textDecoration.includes('underline'),
-        overline: textDecoration.includes('overline'),
-        linethrough: textDecoration.includes('line-through'),
-        // we initialize this as 0
-        strokeWidth: 0,
-        fontSize,
-        ...restOfOptions,
-      }),
-      textHeightScaleFactor = text.getScaledHeight() / text.height,
-      lineHeightDiff =
-        (text.height + text.strokeWidth) * text.lineHeight - text.height,
-      scaledDiff = lineHeightDiff * textHeightScaleFactor,
-      textHeight = text.getScaledHeight() + scaledDiff;
-
-    let offX = 0;
-    /*
-      Adjust positioning:
-        x/y attributes in SVG correspond to the bottom-left corner of text bounding box
-        fabric output by default at top, left.
-    */
-    if (textAnchor === CENTER) {
-      offX = text.getScaledWidth() / 2;
-    }
-    if (textAnchor === RIGHT) {
-      offX = text.getScaledWidth();
-    }
-    text.set({
-      left: text.left - offX,
-      top:
-        text.top -
-        (textHeight - text.fontSize * (0.07 + text._fontSizeFraction)) /
-          text.lineHeight,
-      strokeWidth,
-    });
-    return text;
-  }
-
-  /* _FROM_SVG_END_ */
-
-  /**
-   * Returns FabricText instance from an object representation
-   * @param {Object} object plain js Object to create an instance from
-   * @returns {Promise<FabricText>}
-   */
-  static fromObject<
-    T extends TOptions<SerializedTextProps>,
-    S extends FabricText,
-  >(object: T) {
-    return this._fromObject<S>(
-      {
-        ...object,
-        styles: stylesFromArray(object.styles || {}, object.text),
-      },
-      {
-        extraParam: 'text',
-      },
-    );
-  }
-}
-
-applyMixins(FabricText, [TextSVGExportMixin]);
-classRegistry.setClass(FabricText);
-classRegistry.setSVGClass(FabricText);
+import { cache } from '../../cache';
+import { DEFAULT_SVG_FONT_SIZE, FILL, STROKE } from '../../constants';
+import type { ObjectEvents } from '../../EventTypeDefs';
+import type {
+  CompleteTextStyleDeclaration,
+  TextStyle,
+  TextStyleDeclaration,
+} from './StyledText';
+import { StyledText } from './StyledText';
+import { SHARED_ATTRIBUTES } from '../../parser/attributes';
+import { parseAttributes } from '../../parser/parseAttributes';
+import type {
+  Abortable,
+  TCacheCanvasDimensions,
+  TClassProperties,
+  TFiller,
+  TOptions,
+} from '../../typedefs';
+import { classRegistry } from '../../ClassRegistry';
+import { graphemeSplit } from '../../util/lang_string';
+import { createCanvasElementFor } from '../../util/misc/dom';
+import { layoutText, type LayoutResult, type TextLayoutOptions } from '../../text/layout';
+import { measureGrapheme, measureGraphemeWithKerning } from '../../text/measure';
+import { applyEllipsis } from '../../text/ellipsis';
+import { segmentGraphemes } from '../../text/unicode';
+import type { TextStyleArray } from '../../util/misc/textStyles';
+import {
+  hasStyleChanged,
+  stylesFromArray,
+  stylesToArray,
+} from '../../util/misc/textStyles';
+import { getPathSegmentsInfo, getPointOnPath } from '../../util/path';
+import { cacheProperties } from '../Object/FabricObject';
+import type { Path } from '../Path';
+import { TextSVGExportMixin } from './TextSVGExportMixin';
+import { applyMixins } from '../../util/applyMixins';
+import type { FabricObjectProps, SerializedObjectProps } from '../Object/types';
+import type { StylePropertiesType } from './constants';
+import {
+  additionalProps,
+  textDefaultValues,
+  textLayoutProperties,
+  JUSTIFY,
+  JUSTIFY_CENTER,
+  JUSTIFY_LEFT,
+  JUSTIFY_RIGHT,
+  TEXT_DECORATION_THICKNESS,
+} from './constants';
+import { CENTER, LEFT, RIGHT, TOP, BOTTOM } from '../../constants';
+import { isFiller } from '../../util/typeAssertions';
+import type { Gradient } from '../../gradient/Gradient';
+import type { Pattern } from '../../Pattern';
+import type { CSSRules } from '../../parser/typedefs';
+import { getBrowserLines, clearBrowserLines } from '../../text/browserLines';
+import type { BrowserLine } from '../../text/browserLines';
+
+let measuringContext: CanvasRenderingContext2D | null;
+
+/**
+ * Return a context for measurement of text string.
+ * if created it gets stored for reuse
+ */
+function getMeasuringContext() {
+  if (!measuringContext) {
+    const canvas = createCanvasElementFor({
+      width: 0,
+      height: 0,
+    });
+    measuringContext = canvas.getContext('2d');
+  }
+  return measuringContext;
+}
+
+export type TPathSide = 'left' | 'right';
+
+export type TPathAlign = 'baseline' | 'center' | 'ascender' | 'descender';
+
+export type TextLinesInfo = {
+  lines: string[];
+  graphemeLines: string[][];
+  graphemeText: string[];
+  _unwrappedLines: string[][];
+};
+
+/**
+ * Measure and return the info of a single grapheme.
+ * needs the the info of previous graphemes already filled
+ * Override to customize measuring
+ */
+export type GraphemeBBox = {
+  width: number;
+  height: number;
+  kernedWidth: number;
+  left: number;
+  deltaY: number;
+  renderLeft?: number;
+  renderTop?: number;
+  angle?: number;
+};
+
+// @TODO this is not complete
+interface UniqueTextProps {
+  charSpacing: number;
+  lineHeight: number;
+  fontSize: number;
+  fontWeight: string | number;
+  fontFamily: string;
+  fontStyle: string;
+  pathSide: TPathSide;
+  pathAlign: TPathAlign;
+  underline: boolean;
+  overline: boolean;
+  linethrough: boolean;
+  textAlign: string;
+  direction: CanvasDirection;
+  path?: Path;
+  textDecorationThickness: number;
+  wrap: 'word' | 'char' | 'none';
+  ellipsis: boolean | string;
+  letterSpacing: number;
+  enableAdvancedLayout: boolean;
+  verticalAlign: 'top' | 'middle' | 'bottom';
+  useOverlayEditing: boolean;
+}
+
+export interface SerializedTextProps
+  extends SerializedObjectProps,
+    UniqueTextProps {
+  styles: TextStyleArray | TextStyle;
+}
+
+export interface TextProps extends FabricObjectProps, UniqueTextProps {
+  styles: TextStyle;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Text class
+ * @see {@link http://fabricjs.com/fabric-intro-part-2#text}
+ */
+export class FabricText<
+    Props extends TOptions<TextProps> = Partial<TextProps>,
+    SProps extends SerializedTextProps = SerializedTextProps,
+    EventSpec extends ObjectEvents = ObjectEvents,
+  >
+  extends StyledText<Props, SProps, EventSpec>
+  implements UniqueTextProps
+{
+  /**
+   * Properties that requires a text layout recalculation when changed
+   * @type string[]
+   * @protected
+   */
+  static textLayoutProperties: string[] = textLayoutProperties;
+
+  /**
+   * @private
+   */
+  declare _reNewline: RegExp;
+
+  /**
+   * Use this regular expression to filter for whitespaces that is not a new line.
+   * Mostly used when text is 'justify' aligned.
+   * @private
+   */
+  declare _reSpacesAndTabs: RegExp;
+
+  /**
+   * Use this regular expression to filter for whitespace that is not a new line.
+   * Mostly used when text is 'justify' aligned.
+   * @private
+   */
+  declare _reSpaceAndTab: RegExp;
+
+  /**
+   * Use this regular expression to filter consecutive groups of non spaces.
+   * Mostly used when text is 'justify' aligned.
+   * @private
+   */
+  declare _reWords: RegExp;
+
+  declare text: string;
+
+  /**
+   * Font size (in pixels)
+   * @type Number
+   */
+  declare fontSize: number;
+
+  /**
+   * Font weight (e.g. bold, normal, 400, 600, 800)
+   * @type {(Number|String)}
+   */
+  declare fontWeight: string | number;
+
+  /**
+   * Font family
+   * @type String
+   */
+  declare fontFamily: string;
+
+  /**
+   * Text decoration underline.
+   * @type Boolean
+   */
+  declare underline: boolean;
+
+  /**
+   * Text decoration overline.
+   * @type Boolean
+   */
+  declare overline: boolean;
+
+  /**
+   * Text decoration linethrough.
+   * @type Boolean
+   */
+  declare linethrough: boolean;
+
+  /**
+   * Text alignment. Possible values: "left", "center", "right", "justify",
+   * "justify-left", "justify-center" or "justify-right".
+   * @type String
+   */
+  declare textAlign: string;
+
+  /**
+   * Font style . Possible values: "", "normal", "italic" or "oblique".
+   * @type String
+   */
+  declare fontStyle: string;
+
+  /**
+   * Line height
+   * @type Number
+   */
+  declare lineHeight: number;
+
+  /**
+   * Superscript schema object (minimum overlap)
+   */
+  declare superscript: {
+    /**
+     * fontSize factor
+     * @default 0.6
+     */
+    size: number;
+    /**
+     * baseline-shift factor (upwards)
+     * @default -0.35
+     */
+    baseline: number;
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * Subscript schema object (minimum overlap)
+   */
+  declare subscript: {
+    /**
+     * fontSize factor
+     * @default 0.6
+     */
+    size: number;
+    /**
+     * baseline-shift factor (downwards)
+     * @default 0.11
+     */
+    baseline: number;
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * Background color of text lines
+   * @type String
+   */
+  declare textBackgroundColor: string;
+
+  declare styles: TextStyle;
+
+  /**
+   * Path that the text should follow.
+   * since 4.6.0 the path will be drawn automatically.
+   * if you want to make the path visible, give it a stroke and strokeWidth or fill value
+   * if you want it to be hidden, assign visible = false to the path.
+   * This feature is in BETA, and SVG import/export is not yet supported.
+   * @type Path
+   * @example
+   * const textPath = new Text('Text on a path', {
+   *     top: 150,
+   *     left: 150,
+   *     textAlign: 'center',
+   *     charSpacing: -50,
+   *     path: new Path('M 0 0 C 50 -100 150 -100 200 0', {
+   *         strokeWidth: 1,
+   *         visible: false
+   *     }),
+   *     pathSide: 'left',
+   *     pathStartOffset: 0
+   * });
+   */
+  declare path?: Path;
+
+  /**
+   * Text wrapping mode
+   * @type string
+   * @default 'word'
+   */
+  declare wrap: 'word' | 'char' | 'none';
+
+  /**
+   * Ellipsis truncation
+   * @type boolean | string
+   * @default false
+   */
+  declare ellipsis: boolean | string;
+
+  /**
+   * Letter spacing in pixels (Konva-style)
+   * @type number
+   * @default 0
+   */
+  declare letterSpacing: number;
+
+  /**
+   * Enable advanced text layout engine
+   * @type boolean
+   * @default false
+   */
+  declare enableAdvancedLayout: boolean;
+
+  /**
+   * Vertical text alignment
+   * @type string
+   * @default 'top'
+   */
+  declare verticalAlign: 'top' | 'middle' | 'bottom';
+
+  /**
+   * Use overlay editor for inline text editing instead of hidden textarea.
+   * @default false
+   */
+  declare useOverlayEditing: boolean;
+
+  /**
+   * The text decoration tickness for underline, overline and strikethrough
+   * The tickness is expressed in thousandths of fontSize ( em ).
+   * The original value was 1/15 that translates to 66.6667 thousandths.
+   * The choice of unit of measure is to align with charSpacing.
+   * You can slim the tickness without issues, while large underline or overline may end up
+   * outside the bounding box of the text. In order to fix that a bigger refactor of the code
+   * is needed and is out of scope for now. If you need such large overline on the first line
+   * of text or large underline on the last line of text, consider disabling caching as a
+   * workaround
+   * @default 66.667
+   */
+  declare textDecorationThickness: number;
+
+  /**
+   * Offset amount for text path starting position
+   * Only used when text has a path
+   */
+  declare pathStartOffset: number;
+
+  /**
+   * Which side of the path the text should be drawn on.
+   * Only used when text has a path
+   * @type {TPathSide} 'left|right'
+   */
+  declare pathSide: TPathSide;
+
+  /**
+   * How text is aligned to the path. This property determines
+   * the perpendicular position of each character relative to the path.
+   * (one of "baseline", "center", "ascender", "descender")
+   * This feature is in BETA, and its behavior may change
+   * @type TPathAlign
+   */
+  declare pathAlign: TPathAlign;
+
+  /**
+   * @private
+   */
+  declare _fontSizeFraction: number;
+
+  /**
+   * @private
+   */
+  declare offsets: { underline: number; linethrough: number; overline: number };
+
+  /**
+   * Text Line proportion to font Size (in pixels)
+   * @type Number
+   */
+  declare _fontSizeMult: number;
+
+  /**
+   * additional space between characters
+   * expressed in thousands of em unit
+   * @type Number
+   */
+  declare charSpacing: number;
+
+  /**
+   * Baseline shift, styles only, keep at 0 for the main text object
+   * @type {Number}
+   */
+  declare deltaY: number;
+
+  /**
+   * WARNING: EXPERIMENTAL. NOT SUPPORTED YET
+   * determine the direction of the text.
+   * This has to be set manually together with textAlign and originX for proper
+   * experience.
+   * some interesting link for the future
+   * https://www.w3.org/International/questions/qa-bidi-unicode-controls
+   * @since 4.5.0
+   * @type {CanvasDirection} 'ltr|rtl'
+   */
+  declare direction: CanvasDirection;
+
+  /**
+   * contains characters bounding boxes
+   * This variable is considered to be protected.
+   * But for how mixins are implemented right now, we can't leave it private
+   * @protected
+   */
+  __charBounds: GraphemeBBox[][] = [];
+
+  /**
+   * use this size when measuring text. To avoid IE11 rounding errors
+   * @type {Number}
+   * @readonly
+   * @private
+   */
+  declare CACHE_FONT_SIZE: number;
+
+  /**
+   * contains the min text width to avoid getting 0
+   * @type {Number}
+   */
+  declare MIN_TEXT_WIDTH: number;
+
+  /**
+   * contains the the text of the object, divided in lines as they are displayed
+   * on screen. Wrapping will divide the text independently of line breaks
+   * @type {string[]}
+   */
+  declare textLines: string[];
+
+  /**
+   * same as textlines, but each line is an array of graphemes as split by splitByGrapheme
+   * @type {string[]}
+   */
+  declare _textLines: string[][];
+
+  declare _unwrappedTextLines: string[][];
+  declare _text: string[];
+  declare cursorWidth: number;
+  declare __lineHeights: number[];
+  declare __lineWidths: number[];
+  declare initialized?: true;
+
+  static cacheProperties = [...cacheProperties, ...additionalProps];
+
+  static ownDefaults = textDefaultValues;
+
+  static type = 'Text';
+
+  static getDefaults(): Record<string, any> {
+    return { ...super.getDefaults(), ...FabricText.ownDefaults };
+  }
+
+  constructor(text: string, options?: Props) {
+    super();
+    Object.assign(this, FabricText.ownDefaults);
+    this.setOptions(options);
+    if (!this.styles) {
+      this.styles = {};
+    }
+    this.text = text;
+    this.initialized = true;
+    if (this.path) {
+      this.setPathInfo();
+    }
+    this.initDimensions();
+    this.setCoords();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * If text has a path, it will add the extra information needed
+   * for path and text calculations
+   */
+  setPathInfo() {
+    const path = this.path;
+    if (path) {
+      path.segmentsInfo = getPathSegmentsInfo(path.path);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @private
+   * Divides text into lines of text and lines of graphemes.
+   * Uses browser lines when available for pixel-perfect consistency.
+   */
+  _splitText(): TextLinesInfo {
+    // Check if we have valid browser lines and should use them
+    const browserLines = getBrowserLines(this);
+    if (browserLines && this.useOverlayEditing) {
+      return this._splitTextFromBrowserLines(browserLines);
+    }
+    
+    const newLines = this._splitTextIntoLines(this.text);
+    this.textLines = newLines.lines;
+    this._textLines = newLines.graphemeLines;
+    this._unwrappedTextLines = newLines._unwrappedLines;
+    this._text = newLines.graphemeText;
+    return newLines;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Create TextLinesInfo from browser-extracted lines
+   * @private
+   */
+  _splitTextFromBrowserLines(browserLines: BrowserLine[]): TextLinesInfo {
+    const lines: string[] = [];
+    const graphemeLines: string[][] = [];
+    const unwrappedLines: string[][] = [];
+    let graphemeText: string[] = [];
+
+    for (const browserLine of browserLines) {
+      lines.push(browserLine.text);
+      const lineGraphemes = this.graphemeSplit(browserLine.text);
+      graphemeLines.push(lineGraphemes);
+      unwrappedLines.push(lineGraphemes);
+      graphemeText = graphemeText.concat(lineGraphemes);
+      
+      // Add newline separator between lines (except for the last line)
+      if (browserLine !== browserLines[browserLines.length - 1]) {
+        graphemeText.push('\n');
+      }
+    }
+
+    const result: TextLinesInfo = {
+      lines,
+      graphemeLines,
+      graphemeText,
+      _unwrappedLines: unwrappedLines,
+    };
+
+    // Update instance properties
+    this.textLines = result.lines;
+    this._textLines = result.graphemeLines;
+    this._unwrappedTextLines = result._unwrappedLines;
+    this._text = result.graphemeText;
+
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Initialize or update text dimensions.
+   * Updates this.width and this.height with the proper values.
+   * Does not return dimensions.
+   */
+  initDimensions(): void {
+    // Use advanced layout if enabled
+    if (this.enableAdvancedLayout && !this.path) {
+      return this.initDimensionsAdvanced();
+    }
+    
+    this._splitText();
+    this._clearCache();
+    this.dirty = true;
+    if (this.path) {
+      this.width = this.path.width;
+      this.height = this.path.height;
+    } else {
+      this.width =
+        this.calcTextWidth() || this.cursorWidth || this.MIN_TEXT_WIDTH;
+      this.height = this.calcTextHeight();
+    }
+    if (this.textAlign.includes(JUSTIFY)) {
+      // once text is measured we need to make space fatter to make justified text.
+      this.enlargeSpaces();
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Enlarge space boxes and shift the others
+   */
+  enlargeSpaces() {
+    let diffSpace,
+      currentLineWidth,
+      numberOfSpaces,
+      accumulatedSpace,
+      line,
+      charBound,
+      spaces;
+    const isRtl = this.direction === 'rtl';
+    
+    for (let i = 0, len = this._textLines.length; i < len; i++) {
+      if (
+        this.textAlign !== JUSTIFY &&
+        (i === len - 1 || this.isEndOfWrapping(i))
+      ) {
+        continue;
+      }
+      accumulatedSpace = 0;
+      line = this._textLines[i];
+      currentLineWidth = this.getLineWidth(i);
+      if (
+        currentLineWidth < this.width &&
+        (spaces = this.textLines[i].match(this._reSpacesAndTabs))
+      ) {
+        numberOfSpaces = spaces.length;
+        diffSpace = (this.width - currentLineWidth) / numberOfSpaces;
+        
+        if (isRtl) {
+          // For RTL text, we need to redistribute spaces while maintaining correct visual order
+          // The key insight is that RTL text is stored in logical order but displayed in visual order
+          // We need to adjust bounds to account for the visual positioning
+          
+          // First, collect all space positions
+          const spaceIndices = [];
+          for (let j = 0; j < line.length; j++) {
+            if (this._reSpaceAndTab.test(line[j])) {
+              spaceIndices.push(j);
+            }
+          }
+          
+          // Calculate total expansion
+          const totalExpansion = diffSpace * numberOfSpaces;
+          
+          // For RTL, we need to work backwards through the visual positions
+          // but still update logical positions correctly
+          let spaceCount = 0;
+          for (let j = 0; j <= line.length; j++) {
+            charBound = this.__charBounds[i][j];
+            if (charBound) {
+              if (this._reSpaceAndTab.test(line[j])) {
+                charBound.width += diffSpace;
+                charBound.kernedWidth += diffSpace;
+                spaceCount++;
+              }
+              
+              // For RTL, shift all characters to the right by the total expansion
+              // minus the expansion that comes after this character
+              const remainingSpaces = numberOfSpaces - spaceCount;
+              const shiftAmount = remainingSpaces * diffSpace;
+              charBound.left += shiftAmount;
+            }
+          }
+        } else {
+          // LTR processing (original logic)
+          for (let j = 0; j <= line.length; j++) {
+            charBound = this.__charBounds[i][j];
+            if (charBound) {
+              if (this._reSpaceAndTab.test(line[j])) {
+                charBound.width += diffSpace;
+                charBound.kernedWidth += diffSpace;
+                charBound.left += accumulatedSpace;
+                accumulatedSpace += diffSpace;
+              } else {
+                charBound.left += accumulatedSpace;
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Advanced layout using new text engine (Konva-compatible)
+   * @private
+   */
+  _layoutTextAdvanced(): LayoutResult {
+    const options = this._getAdvancedLayoutOptions();
+    return layoutText(options);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get advanced layout options from current text properties
+   * @private
+   */
+  _getAdvancedLayoutOptions(): TextLayoutOptions {
+    return {
+      text: this.text,
+      width: this.width,
+      height: this.height,
+      wrap: this.wrap || 'word',
+      align: this._mapTextAlignToAlign(this.textAlign),
+      ellipsis: this.ellipsis || false,
+      fontSize: this.fontSize,
+      lineHeight: this.lineHeight,
+      letterSpacing: this.letterSpacing || 0,
+      charSpacing: this.charSpacing,
+      direction: this.direction === 'inherit' ? 'ltr' : this.direction,
+      fontFamily: this.fontFamily,
+      fontStyle: this.fontStyle,
+      fontWeight: this.fontWeight,
+      verticalAlign: this.verticalAlign || 'top',
+    };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Map Fabric textAlign to Konva align format
+   * @private
+   */
+  _mapTextAlignToAlign(textAlign: string): 'left' | 'center' | 'right' | 'justify' {
+    switch (textAlign) {
+      case 'center':
+      case CENTER:
+        return 'center';
+      case 'right':
+      case RIGHT:
+        return 'right';
+      case 'justify':
+      case JUSTIFY:
+      case JUSTIFY_LEFT:
+      case JUSTIFY_RIGHT:
+      case JUSTIFY_CENTER:
+        return 'justify';
+      default:
+        return 'left';
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Enhanced initDimensions that uses advanced layout when enabled
+   */
+  initDimensionsAdvanced(): void {
+    if (!this.enableAdvancedLayout) {
+      return this.initDimensions();
+    }
+
+    const layout = this._layoutTextAdvanced();
+    
+    // Update dimensions from layout
+    this.width = layout.totalWidth || this.MIN_TEXT_WIDTH;
+    this.height = layout.totalHeight;
+    
+    // Convert layout to legacy format for compatibility
+    this._convertLayoutToLegacyFormat(layout);
+    
+    this.dirty = true;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Convert new layout format to legacy _textLines and __charBounds format
+   * @private
+   */
+  _convertLayoutToLegacyFormat(layout: LayoutResult): void {
+    this._textLines = layout.lines.map(line => line.graphemes);
+    (this as any).textLines = layout.lines.map(line => line.text);
+    
+    // Convert bounds to legacy format
+    this.__charBounds = layout.lines.map(line => 
+      line.bounds.map(bound => ({
+        left: bound.left,
+        top: bound.y,
+        width: bound.width,
+        height: bound.height,
+        kernedWidth: bound.kernedWidth,
+        deltaY: bound.deltaY || 0,
+      }))
+    );
+    
+    // Update grapheme info for compatibility
+    if (layout.lines.length > 0) {
+      (this as any)._unwrappedTextLines = layout.lines.map(line => line.graphemes);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Detect if the text line is ended with an hard break
+   * text and itext do not have wrapping, return false
+   * @return {Boolean}
+   */
+  isEndOfWrapping(lineIndex: number): boolean {
+    return lineIndex === this._textLines.length - 1;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Detect if a line has a linebreak and so we need to account for it when moving
+   * and counting style.
+   * It return always 1 for text and Itext. Textbox has its own implementation
+   * @return Number
+   */
+  missingNewlineOffset(lineIndex: number, skipWrapping?: boolean): 0 | 1;
+  missingNewlineOffset(_lineIndex: number): 1 {
+    return 1;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Returns 2d representation (lineIndex and charIndex) of cursor
+   * @param {Number} selectionStart
+   * @param {Boolean} [skipWrapping] consider the location for unwrapped lines. useful to manage styles.
+   */
+  get2DCursorLocation(selectionStart: number, skipWrapping?: boolean) {
+    const lines = skipWrapping ? this._unwrappedTextLines : this._textLines;
+    let i: number;
+    for (i = 0; i < lines.length; i++) {
+      if (selectionStart <= lines[i].length) {
+        return {
+          lineIndex: i,
+          charIndex: selectionStart,
+        };
+      }
+      selectionStart -=
+        lines[i].length + this.missingNewlineOffset(i, skipWrapping);
+    }
+    return {
+      lineIndex: i - 1,
+      charIndex:
+        lines[i - 1].length < selectionStart
+          ? lines[i - 1].length
+          : selectionStart,
+    };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Returns string representation of an instance
+   * @return {String} String representation of text object
+   */
+  toString(): string {
+    return `#<Text (${this.complexity()}): { "text": "${
+      this.text
+    }", "fontFamily": "${this.fontFamily}" }>`;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Return the dimension and the zoom level needed to create a cache canvas
+   * big enough to host the object to be cached.
+   * @private
+   * @param {Object} dim.x width of object to be cached
+   * @param {Object} dim.y height of object to be cached
+   * @return {Object}.width width of canvas
+   * @return {Object}.height height of canvas
+   * @return {Object}.zoomX zoomX zoom value to unscale the canvas before drawing cache
+   * @return {Object}.zoomY zoomY zoom value to unscale the canvas before drawing cache
+   */
+  _getCacheCanvasDimensions(): TCacheCanvasDimensions {
+    const dims = super._getCacheCanvasDimensions();
+    const fontSize = this.fontSize;
+    dims.width += fontSize * dims.zoomX;
+    dims.height += fontSize * dims.zoomY;
+    return dims;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @private
+   * @param {CanvasRenderingContext2D} ctx Context to render on
+   */
+  _render(ctx: CanvasRenderingContext2D) {
+    const path = this.path;
+    path && !path.isNotVisible() && path._render(ctx);
+    this._setTextStyles(ctx);
+    this._renderTextLinesBackground(ctx);
+    this._renderTextDecoration(ctx, 'underline');
+    this._renderText(ctx);
+    this._renderTextDecoration(ctx, 'overline');
+    this._renderTextDecoration(ctx, 'linethrough');
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @private
+   * @param {CanvasRenderingContext2D} ctx Context to render on
+   */
+  _renderText(ctx: CanvasRenderingContext2D) {
+    // Skip text rendering if in overlay editing mode
+    if ((this as any).__overlayEditor) {
+      return;
+    }
+    if (this.paintFirst === STROKE) {
+      this._renderTextStroke(ctx);
+      this._renderTextFill(ctx);
+    } else {
+      this._renderTextFill(ctx);
+      this._renderTextStroke(ctx);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Set the font parameter of the context with the object properties or with charStyle
+   * @private
+   * @param {CanvasRenderingContext2D} ctx Context to render on
+   * @param {Object} [charStyle] object with font style properties
+   * @param {String} [charStyle.fontFamily] Font Family
+   * @param {Number} [charStyle.fontSize] Font size in pixels. ( without px suffix )
+   * @param {String} [charStyle.fontWeight] Font weight
+   * @param {String} [charStyle.fontStyle] Font style (italic|normal)
+   */
+  _setTextStyles(
+    ctx: CanvasRenderingContext2D,
+    charStyle?: any,
+    forMeasuring?: boolean,
+  ) {
+    ctx.textBaseline = 'alphabetic';
+    if (this.path) {
+      switch (this.pathAlign) {
+        case CENTER:
+          ctx.textBaseline = 'middle';
+          break;
+        case 'ascender':
+          ctx.textBaseline = TOP;
+          break;
+        case 'descender':
+          ctx.textBaseline = BOTTOM;
+          break;
+      }
+    }
+    ctx.font = this._getFontDeclaration(charStyle, forMeasuring);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * calculate and return the text Width measuring each line.
+   * @private
+   * @param {CanvasRenderingContext2D} ctx Context to render on
+   * @return {Number} Maximum width of Text object
+   */
+  calcTextWidth(): number {
+    let maxWidth = this.getLineWidth(0);
+
+    for (let i = 1, len = this._textLines.length; i < len; i++) {
+      const currentLineWidth = this.getLineWidth(i);
+      if (currentLineWidth > maxWidth) {
+        maxWidth = currentLineWidth;
+      }
+    }
+    return maxWidth;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @private
+   * @param {String} method Method name ("fillText" or "strokeText")
+   * @param {CanvasRenderingContext2D} ctx Context to render on
+   * @param {String} line Text to render
+   * @param {Number} left Left position of text
+   * @param {Number} top Top position of text
+   * @param {Number} lineIndex Index of a line in a text
+   */
+  _renderTextLine(
+    method: 'fillText' | 'strokeText',
+    ctx: CanvasRenderingContext2D,
+    line: string[],
+    left: number,
+    top: number,
+    lineIndex: number,
+  ) {
+    this._renderChars(method, ctx, line, left, top, lineIndex);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Renders the text background for lines, taking care of style
+   * @private
+   * @param {CanvasRenderingContext2D} ctx Context to render on
+   */
+  _renderTextLinesBackground(ctx: CanvasRenderingContext2D) {
+    if (!this.textBackgroundColor && !this.styleHas('textBackgroundColor')) {
+      return;
+    }
+    const originalFill = ctx.fillStyle,
+      leftOffset = this._getLeftOffset();
+    let lineTopOffset = this._getTopOffset();
+
+    for (let i = 0, len = this._textLines.length; i < len; i++) {
+      const heightOfLine = this.getHeightOfLine(i);
+      if (
+        !this.textBackgroundColor &&
+        !this.styleHas('textBackgroundColor', i)
+      ) {
+        lineTopOffset += heightOfLine;
+        continue;
+      }
+      const jlen = this._textLines[i].length;
+      const lineLeftOffset = this._getLineLeftOffset(i);
+      let boxWidth = 0;
+      let boxStart = 0;
+      let drawStart;
+      let currentColor;
+      let lastColor = this.getValueOfPropertyAt(i, 0, 'textBackgroundColor');
+      for (let j = 0; j < jlen; j++) {
+        // at this point charbox are either standard or full with pathInfo if there is a path.
+        const charBox = this.__charBounds[i][j] as Required<GraphemeBBox>;
+        currentColor = this.getValueOfPropertyAt(i, j, 'textBackgroundColor');
+        if (this.path) {
+          ctx.save();
+          ctx.translate(charBox.renderLeft, charBox.renderTop);
+          ctx.rotate(charBox.angle);
+          ctx.fillStyle = currentColor;
+          currentColor &&
+            ctx.fillRect(
+              -charBox.width / 2,
+              (-heightOfLine / this.lineHeight) * (1 - this._fontSizeFraction),
+              charBox.width,
+              heightOfLine / this.lineHeight,
+            );
+          ctx.restore();
+        } else if (currentColor !== lastColor) {
+          drawStart = leftOffset + lineLeftOffset + boxStart;
+          if (this.direction === 'rtl') {
+            drawStart = this.width - drawStart - boxWidth;
+          }
+          ctx.fillStyle = lastColor;
+          lastColor &&
+            ctx.fillRect(
+              drawStart,
+              lineTopOffset,
+              boxWidth,
+              heightOfLine / this.lineHeight,
+            );
+          boxStart = charBox.left;
+          boxWidth = charBox.width;
+          lastColor = currentColor;
+        } else {
+          boxWidth += charBox.kernedWidth;
+        }
+      }
+      if (currentColor && !this.path) {
+        drawStart = leftOffset + lineLeftOffset + boxStart;
+        if (this.direction === 'rtl') {
+          drawStart = this.width - drawStart - boxWidth;
+        }
+        ctx.fillStyle = currentColor;
+        ctx.fillRect(
+          drawStart,
+          lineTopOffset,
+          boxWidth,
+          heightOfLine / this.lineHeight,
+        );
+      }
+      lineTopOffset += heightOfLine;
+    }
+    ctx.fillStyle = originalFill;
+    // if there is text background color no
+    // other shadows should be casted
+    this._removeShadow(ctx);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * measure and return the width of a single character.
+   * possibly overridden to accommodate different measure logic or
+   * to hook some external lib for character measurement
+   * @private
+   * @param {String} _char, char to be measured
+   * @param {Object} charStyle style of char to be measured
+   * @param {String} [previousChar] previous char
+   * @param {Object} [prevCharStyle] style of previous char
+   */
+  _measureChar(
+    _char: string,
+    charStyle: CompleteTextStyleDeclaration,
+    previousChar: string | undefined,
+    prevCharStyle: CompleteTextStyleDeclaration | Record<string, never>,
+  ) {
+    const fontCache = cache.getFontCache(charStyle),
+      fontDeclaration = this._getFontDeclaration(charStyle),
+      couple = previousChar + _char,
+      stylesAreEqual =
+        previousChar &&
+        fontDeclaration === this._getFontDeclaration(prevCharStyle),
+      fontMultiplier = charStyle.fontSize / this.CACHE_FONT_SIZE;
+    let width: number | undefined,
+      coupleWidth: number | undefined,
+      previousWidth: number | undefined,
+      kernedWidth: number | undefined;
+
+    if (previousChar && fontCache[previousChar] !== undefined) {
+      previousWidth = fontCache[previousChar];
+    }
+    if (fontCache[_char] !== undefined) {
+      kernedWidth = width = fontCache[_char];
+    }
+    if (stylesAreEqual && fontCache[couple] !== undefined) {
+      coupleWidth = fontCache[couple];
+      kernedWidth = coupleWidth - previousWidth!;
+    }
+    if (
+      width === undefined ||
+      previousWidth === undefined ||
+      coupleWidth === undefined
+    ) {
+      const ctx = getMeasuringContext()!;
+      // send a TRUE to specify measuring font size CACHE_FONT_SIZE
+      this._setTextStyles(ctx, charStyle, true);
+      if (width === undefined) {
+        kernedWidth = width = ctx.measureText(_char).width;
+        fontCache[_char] = width;
+      }
+      if (previousWidth === undefined && stylesAreEqual && previousChar) {
+        previousWidth = ctx.measureText(previousChar).width;
+        fontCache[previousChar] = previousWidth;
+      }
+      if (stylesAreEqual && coupleWidth === undefined) {
+        // we can measure the kerning couple and subtract the width of the previous character
+        coupleWidth = ctx.measureText(couple).width;
+        fontCache[couple] = coupleWidth;
+        // safe to use the non-null since if undefined we defined it before.
+        kernedWidth = coupleWidth - previousWidth!;
+      }
+    }
+    return {
+      width: width * fontMultiplier,
+      kernedWidth: kernedWidth! * fontMultiplier,
+    };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Computes height of character at given position
+   * @param {Number} line the line index number
+   * @param {Number} _char the character index number
+   * @return {Number} fontSize of the character
+   */
+  getHeightOfChar(line: number, _char: number): number {
+    return this.getValueOfPropertyAt(line, _char, 'fontSize');
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * measure a text line measuring all characters.
+   * @param {Number} lineIndex line number
+   */
+  measureLine(lineIndex: number) {
+    const lineInfo = this._measureLine(lineIndex);
+    if (this.charSpacing !== 0) {
+      lineInfo.width -= this._getWidthOfCharSpacing();
+    }
+    if (lineInfo.width < 0) {
+      lineInfo.width = 0;
+    }
+    return lineInfo;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * measure every grapheme of a line, populating __charBounds
+   * @param {Number} lineIndex
+   * @return {Object} object.width total width of characters
+   * @return {Object} object.numOfSpaces length of chars that match this._reSpacesAndTabs
+   */
+  _measureLine(lineIndex: number) {
+    let width = 0,
+      prevGrapheme: string | undefined,
+      graphemeInfo: GraphemeBBox | undefined;
+
+    const reverse = this.pathSide === RIGHT,
+      path = this.path,
+      line = this._textLines[lineIndex],
+      llength = line.length,
+      lineBounds = new Array<GraphemeBBox>(llength);
+
+    this.__charBounds[lineIndex] = lineBounds;
+    for (let i = 0; i < llength; i++) {
+      const grapheme = line[i];
+      graphemeInfo = this._getGraphemeBox(grapheme, lineIndex, i, prevGrapheme);
+      lineBounds[i] = graphemeInfo;
+      width += graphemeInfo.kernedWidth;
+      prevGrapheme = grapheme;
+    }
+    // this latest bound box represent the last character of the line
+    // to simplify cursor handling in interactive mode.
+    lineBounds[llength] = {
+      left: graphemeInfo ? graphemeInfo.left + graphemeInfo.width : 0,
+      width: 0,
+      kernedWidth: 0,
+      height: this.fontSize,
+      deltaY: 0,
+    } as GraphemeBBox;
+    if (path && path.segmentsInfo) {
+      let positionInPath = 0;
+      const totalPathLength =
+        path.segmentsInfo[path.segmentsInfo.length - 1].length;
+      switch (this.textAlign) {
+        case LEFT:
+          positionInPath = reverse ? totalPathLength - width : 0;
+          break;
+        case CENTER:
+          positionInPath = (totalPathLength - width) / 2;
+          break;
+        case RIGHT:
+          positionInPath = reverse ? 0 : totalPathLength - width;
+          break;
+        //todo - add support for justify
+      }
+      positionInPath += this.pathStartOffset * (reverse ? -1 : 1);
+      for (
+        let i = reverse ? llength - 1 : 0;
+        reverse ? i >= 0 : i < llength;
+        reverse ? i-- : i++
+      ) {
+        graphemeInfo = lineBounds[i];
+        if (positionInPath > totalPathLength) {
+          positionInPath %= totalPathLength;
+        } else if (positionInPath < 0) {
+          positionInPath += totalPathLength;
+        }
+        // it would probably much faster to send all the grapheme position for a line
+        // and calculate path position/angle at once.
+        this._setGraphemeOnPath(positionInPath, graphemeInfo);
+        positionInPath += graphemeInfo.kernedWidth;
+      }
+    }
+    return { width: width, numOfSpaces: 0 };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Calculate the angle  and the left,top position of the char that follow a path.
+   * It appends it to graphemeInfo to be reused later at rendering
+   * @private
+   * @param {Number} positionInPath to be measured
+   * @param {GraphemeBBox} graphemeInfo current grapheme box information
+   * @param {Object} startingPoint position of the point
+   */
+  _setGraphemeOnPath(positionInPath: number, graphemeInfo: GraphemeBBox) {
+    const centerPosition = positionInPath + graphemeInfo.kernedWidth / 2,
+      path = this.path!;
+
+    // we are at currentPositionOnPath. we want to know what point on the path is.
+    const info = getPointOnPath(path.path, centerPosition, path.segmentsInfo)!;
+    graphemeInfo.renderLeft = info.x - path.pathOffset.x;
+    graphemeInfo.renderTop = info.y - path.pathOffset.y;
+    graphemeInfo.angle = info.angle + (this.pathSide === RIGHT ? Math.PI : 0);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   *
+   * @param {String} grapheme to be measured
+   * @param {Number} lineIndex index of the line where the char is
+   * @param {Number} charIndex position in the line
+   * @param {String} [prevGrapheme] character preceding the one to be measured
+   * @returns {GraphemeBBox} grapheme bbox
+   */
+  _getGraphemeBox(
+    grapheme: string,
+    lineIndex: number,
+    charIndex: number,
+    prevGrapheme?: string,
+    skipLeft?: boolean,
+  ): GraphemeBBox {
+    const style = this.getCompleteStyleDeclaration(lineIndex, charIndex),
+      prevStyle = prevGrapheme
+        ? this.getCompleteStyleDeclaration(lineIndex, charIndex - 1)
+        : {},
+      info = this._measureChar(grapheme, style, prevGrapheme, prevStyle);
+    let kernedWidth = info.kernedWidth,
+      width = info.width,
+      charSpacing;
+
+    if (this.charSpacing !== 0) {
+      charSpacing = this._getWidthOfCharSpacing();
+      width += charSpacing;
+      kernedWidth += charSpacing;
+    }
+
+    const box: GraphemeBBox = {
+      width,
+      left: 0,
+      height: style.fontSize,
+      kernedWidth,
+      deltaY: style.deltaY,
+    };
+    if (charIndex > 0 && !skipLeft) {
+      const previousBox = this.__charBounds[lineIndex][charIndex - 1];
+      box.left =
+        previousBox.left + previousBox.width + info.kernedWidth - info.width;
+    }
+    return box;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Calculate height of line at 'lineIndex'
+   * @param {Number} lineIndex index of line to calculate
+   * @return {Number}
+   */
+  getHeightOfLine(lineIndex: number): number {
+    if (this.__lineHeights[lineIndex]) {
+      return this.__lineHeights[lineIndex];
+    }
+
+    // char 0 is measured before the line cycle because it needs to char
+    // emptylines
+    let maxHeight = this.getHeightOfChar(lineIndex, 0);
+    for (let i = 1, len = this._textLines[lineIndex].length; i < len; i++) {
+      maxHeight = Math.max(this.getHeightOfChar(lineIndex, i), maxHeight);
+    }
+
+    return (this.__lineHeights[lineIndex] =
+      maxHeight * this.lineHeight * this._fontSizeMult);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Calculate text box height
+   */
+  calcTextHeight() {
+    let lineHeight,
+      height = 0;
+    for (let i = 0, len = this._textLines.length; i < len; i++) {
+      lineHeight = this.getHeightOfLine(i);
+      height += i === len - 1 ? lineHeight / this.lineHeight : lineHeight;
+    }
+    return height;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @private
+   * @return {Number} Left offset
+   */
+  _getLeftOffset(): number {
+    return this.direction === 'ltr' ? -this.width / 2 : this.width / 2;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @private
+   * @return {Number} Top offset
+   */
+  _getTopOffset(): number {
+    return -this.height / 2;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @private
+   * @param {CanvasRenderingContext2D} ctx Context to render on
+   * @param {String} method Method name ("fillText" or "strokeText")
+   */
+  _renderTextCommon(
+    ctx: CanvasRenderingContext2D,
+    method: 'fillText' | 'strokeText',
+  ) {
+    ctx.save();
+    let lineHeights = 0;
+    const left = this._getLeftOffset(),
+      top = this._getTopOffset();
+    for (let i = 0, len = this._textLines.length; i < len; i++) {
+      const heightOfLine = this.getHeightOfLine(i),
+        maxHeight = heightOfLine / this.lineHeight,
+        leftOffset = this._getLineLeftOffset(i);
+      this._renderTextLine(
+        method,
+        ctx,
+        this._textLines[i],
+        left + leftOffset,
+        top + lineHeights + maxHeight,
+        i,
+      );
+      lineHeights += heightOfLine;
+    }
+    ctx.restore();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @private
+   * @param {CanvasRenderingContext2D} ctx Context to render on
+   */
+  _renderTextFill(ctx: CanvasRenderingContext2D) {
+    if (!this.fill && !this.styleHas(FILL)) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    this._renderTextCommon(ctx, 'fillText');
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @private
+   * @param {CanvasRenderingContext2D} ctx Context to render on
+   */
+  _renderTextStroke(ctx: CanvasRenderingContext2D) {
+    if ((!this.stroke || this.strokeWidth === 0) && this.isEmptyStyles()) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    if (this.shadow && !this.shadow.affectStroke) {
+      this._removeShadow(ctx);
+    }
+
+    ctx.save();
+    this._setLineDash(ctx, this.strokeDashArray);
+    ctx.beginPath();
+    this._renderTextCommon(ctx, 'strokeText');
+    ctx.closePath();
+    ctx.restore();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @private
+   * @param {String} method fillText or strokeText.
+   * @param {CanvasRenderingContext2D} ctx Context to render on
+   * @param {Array} line Content of the line, splitted in an array by grapheme
+   * @param {Number} left
+   * @param {Number} top
+   * @param {Number} lineIndex
+   */
+  _renderChars(
+    method: 'fillText' | 'strokeText',
+    ctx: CanvasRenderingContext2D,
+    line: Array<any>,
+    left: number,
+    top: number,
+    lineIndex: number,
+  ) {
+    const lineHeight = this.getHeightOfLine(lineIndex),
+      isJustify = this.textAlign.includes(JUSTIFY),
+      path = this.path,
+      shortCut =
+        !isJustify &&
+        this.charSpacing === 0 &&
+        this.isEmptyStyles(lineIndex) &&
+        !path,
+      isLtr = this.direction === 'ltr',
+      sign = this.direction === 'ltr' ? 1 : -1,
+      // this was changed in the PR #7674
+      // currentDirection = ctx.canvas.getAttribute('dir');
+      currentDirection = ctx.direction;
+
+    let actualStyle,
+      nextStyle,
+      charsToRender = '',
+      charBox,
+      boxWidth = 0,
+      timeToRender,
+      drawingLeft;
+
+    ctx.save();
+    if (currentDirection !== this.direction) {
+      ctx.canvas.setAttribute('dir', isLtr ? 'ltr' : 'rtl');
+      ctx.direction = isLtr ? 'ltr' : 'rtl';
+      
+      // For justify alignments, we need to set the correct canvas text alignment
+      // This is crucial for RTL text to render in the correct order
+      if (isJustify) {
+        // Justify uses LEFT alignment as a base, letting the character positioning handle justification
+        ctx.textAlign = LEFT;
+      } else {
+        ctx.textAlign = isLtr ? LEFT : RIGHT;
+      }
+    }
+    top -= (lineHeight * this._fontSizeFraction) / this.lineHeight;
+    if (shortCut) {
+      // render all the line in one pass without checking
+      // drawingLeft = isLtr ? left : left - this.getLineWidth(lineIndex);
+      this._renderChar(method, ctx, lineIndex, 0, line.join(''), left, top);
+      ctx.restore();
+      return;
+    }
+    for (let i = 0, len = line.length - 1; i <= len; i++) {
+      timeToRender = i === len || this.charSpacing || path;
+      charsToRender += line[i];
+      charBox = this.__charBounds[lineIndex][i] as Required<GraphemeBBox>;
+      if (boxWidth === 0) {
+        left += sign * (charBox.kernedWidth - charBox.width);
+        boxWidth += charBox.width;
+      } else {
+        boxWidth += charBox.kernedWidth;
+      }
+      if (isJustify && !timeToRender) {
+        if (this._reSpaceAndTab.test(line[i])) {
+          timeToRender = true;
+        }
+      }
+      if (!timeToRender) {
+        // if we have charSpacing, we render char by char
+        actualStyle =
+          actualStyle || this.getCompleteStyleDeclaration(lineIndex, i);
+        nextStyle = this.getCompleteStyleDeclaration(lineIndex, i + 1);
+        timeToRender = hasStyleChanged(actualStyle, nextStyle, false);
+      }
+      if (timeToRender) {
+        if (path) {
+          ctx.save();
+          ctx.translate(charBox.renderLeft, charBox.renderTop);
+          ctx.rotate(charBox.angle);
+          this._renderChar(
+            method,
+            ctx,
+            lineIndex,
+            i,
+            charsToRender,
+            -boxWidth / 2,
+            0,
+          );
+          ctx.restore();
+        } else {
+          drawingLeft = left;
+          this._renderChar(
+            method,
+            ctx,
+            lineIndex,
+            i,
+            charsToRender,
+            drawingLeft,
+            top,
+          );
+        }
+        charsToRender = '';
+        actualStyle = nextStyle;
+        left += sign * boxWidth;
+        boxWidth = 0;
+      }
+    }
+    ctx.restore();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * This function try to patch the missing gradientTransform on canvas gradients.
+   * transforming a context to transform the gradient, is going to transform the stroke too.
+   * we want to transform the gradient but not the stroke operation, so we create
+   * a transformed gradient on a pattern and then we use the pattern instead of the gradient.
+   * this method has drawbacks: is slow, is in low resolution, needs a patch for when the size
+   * is limited.
+   * @private
+   * @param {TFiller} filler a fabric gradient instance
+   * @return {CanvasPattern} a pattern to use as fill/stroke style
+   */
+  _applyPatternGradientTransformText(filler: TFiller) {
+    // TODO: verify compatibility with strokeUniform
+    const width = this.width + this.strokeWidth,
+      height = this.height + this.strokeWidth,
+      pCanvas = createCanvasElementFor({
+        width,
+        height,
+      }),
+      pCtx = pCanvas.getContext('2d')!;
+    pCanvas.width = width;
+    pCanvas.height = height;
+    pCtx.beginPath();
+    pCtx.moveTo(0, 0);
+    pCtx.lineTo(width, 0);
+    pCtx.lineTo(width, height);
+    pCtx.lineTo(0, height);
+    pCtx.closePath();
+    pCtx.translate(width / 2, height / 2);
+    pCtx.fillStyle = filler.toLive(pCtx)!;
+    this._applyPatternGradientTransform(pCtx, filler);
+    pCtx.fill();
+    return pCtx.createPattern(pCanvas, 'no-repeat')!;
+  }
+
+  handleFiller<T extends 'fill' | 'stroke'>(
+    ctx: CanvasRenderingContext2D,
+    property: `${T}Style`,
+    filler: TFiller | string,
+  ): { offsetX: number; offsetY: number } {
+    let offsetX: number, offsetY: number;
+    if (isFiller(filler)) {
+      if (
+        (filler as Gradient<'linear'>).gradientUnits === 'percentage' ||
+        (filler as Gradient<'linear'>).gradientTransform ||
+        (filler as Pattern).patternTransform
+      ) {
+        // need to transform gradient in a pattern.
+        // this is a slow process. If you are hitting this codepath, and the object
+        // is not using caching, you should consider switching it on.
+        // we need a canvas as big as the current object caching canvas.
+        offsetX = -this.width / 2;
+        offsetY = -this.height / 2;
+        ctx.translate(offsetX, offsetY);
+        ctx[property] = this._applyPatternGradientTransformText(filler);
+        return { offsetX, offsetY };
+      } else {
+        // is a simple gradient or pattern
+        ctx[property] = filler.toLive(ctx)!;
+        return this._applyPatternGradientTransform(ctx, filler);
+      }
+    } else {
+      // is a color
+      ctx[property] = filler;
+    }
+    return { offsetX: 0, offsetY: 0 };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * This function prepare the canvas for a stroke style, and stroke and strokeWidth
+   * need to be sent in as defined
+   * @param {CanvasRenderingContext2D} ctx
+   * @param {CompleteTextStyleDeclaration} style with stroke and strokeWidth defined
+   * @returns
+   */
+  _setStrokeStyles(
+    ctx: CanvasRenderingContext2D,
+    {
+      stroke,
+      strokeWidth,
+    }: Pick<CompleteTextStyleDeclaration, 'stroke' | 'strokeWidth'>,
+  ) {
+    ctx.lineWidth = strokeWidth;
+    ctx.lineCap = this.strokeLineCap;
+    ctx.lineDashOffset = this.strokeDashOffset;
+    ctx.lineJoin = this.strokeLineJoin;
+    ctx.miterLimit = this.strokeMiterLimit;
+    return this.handleFiller(ctx, 'strokeStyle', stroke!);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * This function prepare the canvas for a ill style, and fill
+   * need to be sent in as defined
+   * @param {CanvasRenderingContext2D} ctx
+   * @param {CompleteTextStyleDeclaration} style with ill defined
+   * @returns
+   */
+  _setFillStyles(ctx: CanvasRenderingContext2D, { fill }: Pick<this, 'fill'>) {
+    return this.handleFiller(ctx, 'fillStyle', fill!);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @private
+   * @param {String} method
+   * @param {CanvasRenderingContext2D} ctx Context to render on
+   * @param {Number} lineIndex
+   * @param {Number} charIndex
+   * @param {String} _char
+   * @param {Number} left Left coordinate
+   * @param {Number} top Top coordinate
+   * @param {Number} lineHeight Height of the line
+   */
+  _renderChar(
+    method: 'fillText' | 'strokeText',
+    ctx: CanvasRenderingContext2D,
+    lineIndex: number,
+    charIndex: number,
+    _char: string,
+    left: number,
+    top: number,
+  ) {
+    const decl = this._getStyleDeclaration(lineIndex, charIndex),
+      fullDecl = this.getCompleteStyleDeclaration(lineIndex, charIndex),
+      shouldFill = method === 'fillText' && fullDecl.fill,
+      shouldStroke =
+        method === 'strokeText' && fullDecl.stroke && fullDecl.strokeWidth;
+
+    if (!shouldStroke && !shouldFill) {
+      return;
+    }
+    ctx.save();
+
+    ctx.font = this._getFontDeclaration(fullDecl);
+
+    if (decl.textBackgroundColor) {
+      this._removeShadow(ctx);
+    }
+    if (decl.deltaY) {
+      top += decl.deltaY;
+    }
+
+    if (shouldFill) {
+      const fillOffsets = this._setFillStyles(ctx, fullDecl);
+      ctx.fillText(
+        _char,
+        left - fillOffsets.offsetX,
+        top - fillOffsets.offsetY,
+      );
+    }
+
+    if (shouldStroke) {
+      const strokeOffsets = this._setStrokeStyles(ctx, fullDecl);
+      ctx.strokeText(
+        _char,
+        left - strokeOffsets.offsetX,
+        top - strokeOffsets.offsetY,
+      );
+    }
+
+    ctx.restore();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Turns the character into a 'superior figure' (i.e. 'superscript')
+   * @param {Number} start selection start
+   * @param {Number} end selection end
+   */
+  setSuperscript(start: number, end: number) {
+    this._setScript(start, end, this.superscript);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Turns the character into an 'inferior figure' (i.e. 'subscript')
+   * @param {Number} start selection start
+   * @param {Number} end selection end
+   */
+  setSubscript(start: number, end: number) {
+    this._setScript(start, end, this.subscript);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Applies 'schema' at given position
+   * @private
+   * @param {Number} start selection start
+   * @param {Number} end selection end
+   * @param {Number} schema
+   */
+  protected _setScript(
+    start: number,
+    end: number,
+    schema: {
+      size: number;
+      baseline: number;
+    },
+  ) {
+    const loc = this.get2DCursorLocation(start, true),
+      fontSize = this.getValueOfPropertyAt(
+        loc.lineIndex,
+        loc.charIndex,
+        'fontSize',
+      ),
+      dy = this.getValueOfPropertyAt(loc.lineIndex, loc.charIndex, 'deltaY'),
+      style = {
+        fontSize: fontSize * schema.size,
+        deltaY: dy + fontSize * schema.baseline,
+      };
+    this.setSelectionStyles(style, start, end);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @private
+   * @param {Number} lineIndex index text line
+   * @return {Number} Line left offset
+   */
+  _getLineLeftOffset(lineIndex: number): number {
+    const lineWidth = this.getLineWidth(lineIndex),
+      lineDiff = this.width - lineWidth,
+      textAlign = this.textAlign,
+      direction = this.direction,
+      isEndOfWrapping = this.isEndOfWrapping(lineIndex);
+    let leftOffset = 0;
+    
+    // Handle justify alignments (excluding last lines and wrapped line ends)
+    const isJustifyLine = 
+      textAlign === JUSTIFY ||
+      (textAlign === JUSTIFY_CENTER && !isEndOfWrapping) ||
+      (textAlign === JUSTIFY_RIGHT && !isEndOfWrapping) ||
+      (textAlign === JUSTIFY_LEFT && !isEndOfWrapping);
+    
+    if (isJustifyLine) {
+      // Justify lines should start at the left edge for LTR and right edge for RTL
+      // The space distribution is handled by enlargeSpaces()
+      if (direction === 'rtl') {
+        // For RTL justify, we need to account for the line being right-aligned
+        return 0;
+      } else {
+        return 0;
+      }
+    }
+    
+    // Handle non-justify alignments
+    if (textAlign === CENTER) {
+      leftOffset = lineDiff / 2;
+    }
+    if (textAlign === RIGHT) {
+      leftOffset = lineDiff;
+    }
+    if (textAlign === JUSTIFY_CENTER) {
+      leftOffset = lineDiff / 2;
+    }
+    if (textAlign === JUSTIFY_RIGHT) {
+      leftOffset = lineDiff;
+    }
+    
+    // Apply RTL adjustments for non-justify alignments
+    if (direction === 'rtl') {
+      if (
+        textAlign === RIGHT ||
+        textAlign === JUSTIFY ||
+        textAlign === JUSTIFY_RIGHT
+      ) {
+        leftOffset = 0;
+      } else if (textAlign === LEFT || textAlign === JUSTIFY_LEFT) {
+        leftOffset = -lineDiff;
+      } else if (textAlign === CENTER || textAlign === JUSTIFY_CENTER) {
+        leftOffset = -lineDiff / 2;
+      }
+    }
+    return leftOffset;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @private
+   */
+  _clearCache() {
+    this._forceClearCache = false;
+    this.__lineWidths = [];
+    this.__lineHeights = [];
+    this.__charBounds = [];
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Measure a single line given its index. Used to calculate the initial
+   * text bounding box. The values are calculated and stored in __lineWidths cache.
+   * @private
+   * @param {Number} lineIndex line number
+   * @return {Number} Line width
+   */
+  getLineWidth(lineIndex: number): number {
+    if (this.__lineWidths[lineIndex] !== undefined) {
+      return this.__lineWidths[lineIndex];
+    }
+
+    const { width } = this.measureLine(lineIndex);
+    this.__lineWidths[lineIndex] = width;
+    return width;
+  }
+
+  _getWidthOfCharSpacing() {
+    if (this.charSpacing !== 0) {
+      return (this.fontSize * this.charSpacing) / 1000;
+    }
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Retrieves the value of property at given character position
+   * @param {Number} lineIndex the line number
+   * @param {Number} charIndex the character number
+   * @param {String} property the property name
+   * @returns the value of 'property'
+   */
+  getValueOfPropertyAt<T extends StylePropertiesType>(
+    lineIndex: number,
+    charIndex: number,
+    property: T,
+  ): this[T] {
+    const charStyle = this._getStyleDeclaration(lineIndex, charIndex);
+    return (charStyle[property] ?? this[property]) as this[T];
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @private
+   * @param {CanvasRenderingContext2D} ctx Context to render on
+   */
+  _renderTextDecoration(
+    ctx: CanvasRenderingContext2D,
+    type: 'underline' | 'linethrough' | 'overline',
+  ) {
+    if (!this[type] && !this.styleHas(type)) {
+      return;
+    }
+    let topOffset = this._getTopOffset();
+    const leftOffset = this._getLeftOffset(),
+      path = this.path,
+      charSpacing = this._getWidthOfCharSpacing(),
+      offsetAligner =
+        type === 'linethrough' ? 0.5 : type === 'overline' ? 1 : 0,
+      offsetY = this.offsets[type];
+    for (let i = 0, len = this._textLines.length; i < len; i++) {
+      const heightOfLine = this.getHeightOfLine(i);
+      if (!this[type] && !this.styleHas(type, i)) {
+        topOffset += heightOfLine;
+        continue;
+      }
+      const line = this._textLines[i];
+      const maxHeight = heightOfLine / this.lineHeight;
+      const lineLeftOffset = this._getLineLeftOffset(i);
+      let boxStart = 0;
+      let boxWidth = 0;
+      let lastDecoration = this.getValueOfPropertyAt(i, 0, type);
+      let lastFill = this.getValueOfPropertyAt(i, 0, FILL);
+      let lastTickness = this.getValueOfPropertyAt(
+        i,
+        0,
+        TEXT_DECORATION_THICKNESS,
+      );
+      let currentDecoration = lastDecoration;
+      let currentFill = lastFill;
+      let currentTickness = lastTickness;
+      const top = topOffset + maxHeight * (1 - this._fontSizeFraction);
+      let size = this.getHeightOfChar(i, 0);
+      let dy = this.getValueOfPropertyAt(i, 0, 'deltaY');
+      for (let j = 0, jlen = line.length; j < jlen; j++) {
+        const charBox = this.__charBounds[i][j] as Required<GraphemeBBox>;
+        currentDecoration = this.getValueOfPropertyAt(i, j, type);
+        currentFill = this.getValueOfPropertyAt(i, j, FILL);
+        currentTickness = this.getValueOfPropertyAt(
+          i,
+          j,
+          TEXT_DECORATION_THICKNESS,
+        );
+        const currentSize = this.getHeightOfChar(i, j);
+        const currentDy = this.getValueOfPropertyAt(i, j, 'deltaY');
+        if (path && currentDecoration && currentFill) {
+          const finalTickness = (this.fontSize * currentTickness) / 1000;
+          ctx.save();
+          // bug? verify lastFill is a valid fill here.
+          ctx.fillStyle = lastFill as string;
+          ctx.translate(charBox.renderLeft, charBox.renderTop);
+          ctx.rotate(charBox.angle);
+          ctx.fillRect(
+            -charBox.kernedWidth / 2,
+            offsetY * currentSize + currentDy - offsetAligner * finalTickness,
+            charBox.kernedWidth,
+            finalTickness,
+          );
+          ctx.restore();
+        } else if (
+          (currentDecoration !== lastDecoration ||
+            currentFill !== lastFill ||
+            currentSize !== size ||
+            currentTickness !== lastTickness ||
+            currentDy !== dy) &&
+          boxWidth > 0
+        ) {
+          const finalTickness = (this.fontSize * lastTickness) / 1000;
+          let drawStart = leftOffset + lineLeftOffset + boxStart;
+          if (this.direction === 'rtl') {
+            drawStart = this.width - drawStart - boxWidth;
+          }
+          if (lastDecoration && lastFill && lastTickness) {
+            // bug? verify lastFill is a valid fill here.
+            ctx.fillStyle = lastFill as string;
+            ctx.fillRect(
+              drawStart,
+              top + offsetY * size + dy - offsetAligner * finalTickness,
+              boxWidth,
+              finalTickness,
+            );
+          }
+          boxStart = charBox.left;
+          boxWidth = charBox.width;
+          lastDecoration = currentDecoration;
+          lastTickness = currentTickness;
+          lastFill = currentFill;
+          size = currentSize;
+          dy = currentDy;
+        } else {
+          boxWidth += charBox.kernedWidth;
+        }
+      }
+      let drawStart = leftOffset + lineLeftOffset + boxStart;
+      if (this.direction === 'rtl') {
+        drawStart = this.width - drawStart - boxWidth;
+      }
+      ctx.fillStyle = currentFill as string;
+      const finalTickness = (this.fontSize * currentTickness) / 1000;
+      currentDecoration &&
+        currentFill &&
+        currentTickness &&
+        ctx.fillRect(
+          drawStart,
+          top + offsetY * size + dy - offsetAligner * finalTickness,
+          boxWidth - charSpacing,
+          finalTickness,
+        );
+      topOffset += heightOfLine;
+    }
+    // if there is text background color no
+    // other shadows should be casted
+    this._removeShadow(ctx);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * return font declaration string for canvas context
+   * @param {Object} [styleObject] object
+   * @returns {String} font declaration formatted for canvas context.
+   */
+  _getFontDeclaration(
+    {
+      fontFamily = this.fontFamily,
+      fontStyle = this.fontStyle,
+      fontWeight = this.fontWeight,
+      fontSize = this.fontSize,
+    }: Partial<
+      Pick<
+        TextStyleDeclaration,
+        'fontFamily' | 'fontStyle' | 'fontWeight' | 'fontSize'
+      >
+    > = {},
+    forMeasuring?: boolean,
+  ): string {
+    const parsedFontFamily =
+      fontFamily.includes("'") ||
+      fontFamily.includes('"') ||
+      fontFamily.includes(',') ||
+      FabricText.genericFonts.includes(fontFamily.toLowerCase())
+        ? fontFamily
+        : `"${fontFamily}"`;
+    return [
+      fontStyle,
+      fontWeight,
+      `${forMeasuring ? this.CACHE_FONT_SIZE : fontSize}px`,
+      parsedFontFamily,
+    ].join(' ');
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Renders text instance on a specified context
+   * @param {CanvasRenderingContext2D} ctx Context to render on
+   */
+  render(ctx: CanvasRenderingContext2D) {
+    if (!this.visible) {
+      return;
+    }
+    if (
+      this.canvas &&
+      this.canvas.skipOffscreen &&
+      !this.group &&
+      !this.isOnScreen()
+    ) {
+      return;
+    }
+    if (this._forceClearCache) {
+      this.initDimensions();
+    }
+    super.render(ctx);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Override this method to customize grapheme splitting
+   * @todo the util `graphemeSplit` needs to be injectable in some way.
+   * is more comfortable to inject the correct util rather than having to override text
+   * in the middle of the prototype chain
+   * @param {string} value
+   * @returns {string[]} array of graphemes
+   */
+  graphemeSplit(value: string): string[] {
+    return graphemeSplit(value);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Returns the text as an array of lines.
+   * @param {String} text text to split
+   * @returns  Lines in the text
+   */
+  _splitTextIntoLines(text: string): TextLinesInfo {
+    const lines = text.split(this._reNewline),
+      newLines = new Array<string[]>(lines.length),
+      newLine = ['\n'];
+    let newText: string[] = [];
+    for (let i = 0; i < lines.length; i++) {
+      newLines[i] = this.graphemeSplit(lines[i]);
+      newText = newText.concat(newLines[i], newLine);
+    }
+    newText.pop();
+    return {
+      _unwrappedLines: newLines,
+      lines: lines,
+      graphemeText: newText,
+      graphemeLines: newLines,
+    };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Returns object representation of an instance
+   * @param {Array} [propertiesToInclude] Any properties that you might want to additionally include in the output
+   * @return {Object} Object representation of an instance
+   */
+  toObject<
+    T extends Omit<Props & TClassProperties<this>, keyof SProps>,
+    K extends keyof T = never,
+  >(propertiesToInclude: K[] = []): Pick<T, K> & SProps {
+    return {
+      ...super.toObject([...additionalProps, ...propertiesToInclude] as K[]),
+      styles: stylesToArray(this.styles, this.text),
+      ...(this.path ? { path: this.path.toObject() } : {}),
+    };
+  }
+
+  set(key: string | any, value?: any) {
+    const { textLayoutProperties } = this.constructor as typeof FabricText;
+    super.set(key, value);
+    let needsDims = false;
+    let isAddingPath = false;
+    if (typeof key === 'object') {
+      for (const _key in key) {
+        if (_key === 'path') {
+          this.setPathInfo();
+        }
+        needsDims = needsDims || textLayoutProperties.includes(_key);
+        isAddingPath = isAddingPath || _key === 'path';
+      }
+    } else {
+      needsDims = textLayoutProperties.includes(key);
+      isAddingPath = key === 'path';
+    }
+    if (isAddingPath) {
+      this.setPathInfo();
+    }
+    if (needsDims && this.initialized) {
+      // Clear browser lines when layout-affecting properties change
+      clearBrowserLines(this);
+      this.initDimensions();
+      this.setCoords();
+    }
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Returns complexity of an instance
+   * @return {Number} complexity
+   */
+  complexity(): number {
+    return 1;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * List of generic font families
+   * @see https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/font-family#generic-name
+   */
+  static genericFonts = [
+    'serif',
+    'sans-serif',
+    'monospace',
+    'cursive',
+    'fantasy',
+    'system-ui',
+    'ui-serif',
+    'ui-sans-serif',
+    'ui-monospace',
+    'ui-rounded',
+    'math',
+    'emoji',
+    'fangsong',
+  ];
+
+  /* _FROM_SVG_START_ */
+
+  /**
+   * List of attribute names to account for when parsing SVG element (used by {@link FabricText.fromElement})
+   * @see: http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG/text.html#TextElement
+   */
+  static ATTRIBUTE_NAMES = SHARED_ATTRIBUTES.concat(
+    'x',
+    'y',
+    'dx',
+    'dy',
+    'font-family',
+    'font-style',
+    'font-weight',
+    'font-size',
+    'letter-spacing',
+    'text-decoration',
+    'text-anchor',
+  );
+
+  /**
+   * Returns FabricText instance from an SVG element (<b>not yet implemented</b>)
+   * @param {HTMLElement} element Element to parse
+   * @param {Object} [options] Options object
+   */
+  static async fromElement(
+    element: HTMLElement | SVGElement,
+    options?: Abortable,
+    cssRules?: CSSRules,
+  ) {
+    const parsedAttributes = parseAttributes(
+      element,
+      FabricText.ATTRIBUTE_NAMES,
+      cssRules,
+    );
+
+    const {
+      textAnchor = LEFT as typeof LEFT | typeof CENTER | typeof RIGHT,
+      textDecoration = '',
+      dx = 0,
+      dy = 0,
+      top = 0,
+      left = 0,
+      fontSize = DEFAULT_SVG_FONT_SIZE,
+      strokeWidth = 1,
+      ...restOfOptions
+    } = { ...options, ...parsedAttributes };
+
+    const textContent = (element.textContent || '')
+      .replace(/^\s+|\s+$|\n+/g, '')
+      .replace(/\s+/g, ' ');
+
+    // this code here is probably the usual issue for SVG center find
+    // this can later looked at again and probably removed.
+
+    const text = new this(textContent, {
+        left: left + dx,
+        top: top + dy,
+        underline: textDecoration.includes('underline'),
+        overline: textDecoration.includes('overline'),
+        linethrough: textDecoration.includes('line-through'),
+        // we initialize this as 0
+        strokeWidth: 0,
+        fontSize,
+        ...restOfOptions,
+      }),
+      textHeightScaleFactor = text.getScaledHeight() / text.height,
+      lineHeightDiff =
+        (text.height + text.strokeWidth) * text.lineHeight - text.height,
+      scaledDiff = lineHeightDiff * textHeightScaleFactor,
+      textHeight = text.getScaledHeight() + scaledDiff;
+
+    let offX = 0;
+    /*
+      Adjust positioning:
+        x/y attributes in SVG correspond to the bottom-left corner of text bounding box
+        fabric output by default at top, left.
+    */
+    if (textAnchor === CENTER) {
+      offX = text.getScaledWidth() / 2;
+    }
+    if (textAnchor === RIGHT) {
+      offX = text.getScaledWidth();
+    }
+    text.set({
+      left: text.left - offX,
+      top:
+        text.top -
+        (textHeight - text.fontSize * (0.07 + text._fontSizeFraction)) /
+          text.lineHeight,
+      strokeWidth,
+    });
+    return text;
+  }
+
+  /* _FROM_SVG_END_ */
+
+  /**
+   * Returns FabricText instance from an object representation
+   * @param {Object} object plain js Object to create an instance from
+   * @returns {Promise<FabricText>}
+   */
+  static fromObject<
+    T extends TOptions<SerializedTextProps>,
+    S extends FabricText,
+  >(object: T) {
+    return this._fromObject<S>(
+      {
+        ...object,
+        styles: stylesFromArray(object.styles || {}, object.text),
+      },
+      {
+        extraParam: 'text',
+      },
+    );
+  }
+}
+
+applyMixins(FabricText, [TextSVGExportMixin]);
+classRegistry.setClass(FabricText);
+classRegistry.setSVGClass(FabricText);