@nanobpm/urban 0.44.0 → 0.45.0

package/README.md

@@ -64,8 +64,8 @@ urban run        # start workers and serve surfaces
 ## Library API
 
 Everything the CLI does is available programmatically. Import the whole surface
-from `@nanobpm/urban`, or the focused subpaths `@nanobpm/urban/runtime` and
-`@nanobpm/urban/toolkit`.
+from `@nanobpm/urban`, or the focused subpaths `@nanobpm/urban/runtime`,
+`@nanobpm/urban/toolkit`, and `@nanobpm/urban/effect`.
 
 ### Runtime — run an app
 
@@ -244,6 +244,57 @@ survives restarts, model a timer **start**/**intermediate** event instead with
 `w.startOn(...)` / `w.timer(...)` from [`@nanobpm/workflow`](../workflow) — the
 engine owns those.
 
+### Effect — typed errors & scoped resources (`@nanobpm/urban/effect`)
+
+A tiny, **zero-dependency**, Effect-like core for the imperative seams (workers,
+provisioning, resource lifecycles) — without pulling in the `effect` package or
+its viral paradigm. It gives you the three ergonomics you actually reach for:
+
+- **Typed-error `Result<A, E>` with generator do-notation.** `gen(function* … )`
+  + `yield*` threads success values and short-circuits on the first failure,
+  automatically inferring the union of every failure type into `E` — like
+  `Effect.gen` + `yield*`.
+- **Tagged errors + exhaustive matching.** `tag("NotFound")` builds a discriminated
+  error; `matchTags` forces you to handle **every** variant (omitting one is a
+  compile error), like `Data.TaggedError` + `catchTags`.
+- **Scoped resources.** `scoped` + `acquireRelease` run every release on every exit
+  — success, failure, or thrown — LIFO, like `Effect.scoped`.
+
+```ts
+import { gen, ok, fail, tag, matchTags, scoped, acquireRelease } from "@nanobpm/urban/effect";
+import { mkdtempSync, rmSync } from "node:fs";
+import { tmpdir } from "node:os";
+import { join } from "node:path";
+
+const parse = (s: string) => (s ? ok(s.length) : fail(tag("Empty")));
+const check = (n: number) => (n > 3 ? fail(tag("TooLong", { n })) : ok(n));
+
+const run = (s: string) =>
+  gen(function* () {
+    const n = yield* parse(s);        // E gains "Empty"
+    return yield* check(n);           // E gains "TooLong"
+  });                                 // Result<number, {_tag:"Empty"} | {_tag:"TooLong", n:number}>
+
+const r = run("hello");
+if (r._tag === "Fail") {
+  matchTags(r.error, {                // must handle both — omit one and it won't compile
+    Empty: () => "was empty",
+    TooLong: (e) => `too long: ${e.n}`,
+  });
+}
+
+// `acquireRelease`'s `acquire` is synchronous, so use sync fs APIs (or `await`
+// the acquisition yourself and register the disposer with `scope.add`).
+await scoped(async (scope) => {
+  const dir = acquireRelease(
+    scope,
+    () => mkdtempSync(join(tmpdir(), "urban-")),
+    (d) => rmSync(d, { recursive: true, force: true }),
+  ); // released on any exit
+  // …use dir…
+});
+```
+
 ## Related packages
 
 - [`@nanobpm/workflow`](../workflow) — the code-first process surface (`defineFlow`).

package/dist/effect/index.d.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+export type Result<A, E> = Ok<A> | Fail<E>;
+export declare class Ok<A> {
+    readonly _tag: "Ok";
+    readonly value: A;
+    constructor(value: A);
+    [Symbol.iterator](): Generator<never, A, unknown>;
+}
+export declare class Fail<E> {
+    readonly _tag: "Fail";
+    readonly error: E;
+    constructor(error: E);
+    [Symbol.iterator](): Generator<Fail<E>, never, unknown>;
+}
+export declare const ok: <A>(value: A) => Ok<A>;
+export declare const fail: <E>(error: E) => Fail<E>;
+export declare const isOk: <A, E>(r: Result<A, E>) => r is Ok<A>;
+export declare const isFail: <A, E>(r: Result<A, E>) => r is Fail<E>;
+export declare function gen<Y extends Fail<unknown>, A>(body: () => Generator<Y, A, unknown>): Result<A, Y["error"]>;
+export type OkOf<R> = R extends Ok<infer A> ? A : never;
+export type ErrOf<R> = R extends Fail<infer E> ? E : never;
+export declare const map: <R extends Result<unknown, unknown>, B>(r: R, f: (a: OkOf<R>) => B) => Result<B, ErrOf<R>>;
+export declare const mapError: <R extends Result<unknown, unknown>, E2>(r: R, f: (e: ErrOf<R>) => E2) => Result<OkOf<R>, E2>;
+export declare const match: <R extends Result<unknown, unknown>, T>(r: R, onOk: (a: OkOf<R>) => T, onFail: (e: ErrOf<R>) => T) => T;
+export type Tagged<Tag extends string> = {
+    readonly _tag: Tag;
+};
+export type TagUnion<Tag extends string, P> = Tag extends string ? Tagged<Tag> & P : never;
+export declare function tag<Tag extends string>(t: Tag): TagUnion<Tag, {}>;
+export declare function tag<Tag extends string, P extends object>(t: Tag, props: P & {
+    _tag?: never;
+}): TagUnion<Tag, P>;
+export declare const matchTags: <E extends Tagged<string>, R>(e: E, handlers: { [K in E["_tag"]]: (e: Extract<E, Tagged<K>>) => R; }) => R;
+export declare class Scope {
+    #private;
+    add(dispose: () => void | Promise<void>): void;
+    close(): Promise<void>;
+}
+export declare function acquireRelease<A>(scope: Scope, acquire: () => A, release: (a: A) => void | Promise<void>): A;
+export declare function scoped<A>(body: (scope: Scope) => A | Promise<A>): Promise<A>;

package/dist/effect/index.js

@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+// effectlite — a tiny, ZERO-DEPENDENCY, Effect-like core for Urban glue code.
+//
+// Urban's published surface is declarative JSON + a client renderer, so we do
+// NOT want the `effect` package (bundle weight + viral paradigm) in the runtime.
+// But the imperative seams — workers, provisioning, resource lifecycles — still
+// benefit from the three Effect ergonomics we actually reach for. effectlite
+// gives us those, in ~100 LOC of implementation with no runtime dependencies:
+//
+//   1. A typed-error `Result<A, E>` whose `E` composes automatically through
+//      generator do-notation (`gen(function*(){ const x = yield* step })`),
+//      short-circuiting on the first failure exactly like `Effect.gen` + `yield*`.
+//   2. `tag()` tagged errors (cf. `Data.TaggedError`) + exhaustive `matchTags`
+//      (cf. `catchTags`) — the compiler forces every failure mode to be handled.
+//   3. `scoped` + `acquireRelease` (cf. `Effect.scoped`) — releases run on every
+//      exit: success, failure, and thrown.
+//
+// It is synchronous over `Result`; the scope is async only so disposers may
+// await. Consume via `import { gen, ok, fail } from "@nanobpm/urban/effect"`.
+export class Ok {
+    _tag = "Ok";
+    value;
+    constructor(value) {
+        this.value = value;
+    }
+    // Delegated by `yield*`: returns the value, yields nothing to the driver.
+    *[Symbol.iterator]() {
+        return this.value;
+    }
+}
+export class Fail {
+    _tag = "Fail";
+    error;
+    constructor(error) {
+        this.error = error;
+    }
+    // Delegated by `yield*`: yields itself so the driver can short-circuit; never
+    // resumes (the driver abandons the generator on the first failure).
+    *[Symbol.iterator]() {
+        yield this;
+        throw new Error("effectlite: generator resumed after a failure");
+    }
+}
+export const ok = (value) => new Ok(value);
+export const fail = (error) => new Fail(error);
+export const isOk = (r) => r._tag === "Ok";
+export const isFail = (r) => r._tag === "Fail";
+// Run a generator that `yield*`s Results. Because only `Fail` yields to us, a
+// single `next()` either lands on the first failure or on the final return.
+// `Y` captures the UNION of every yielded `Fail<…>`; `Y["error"]` distributes
+// that index access into the Result's error channel (a union in ⇒ a union out).
+export function gen(body) {
+    // Typed as `Iterator` (not `Generator`) so `return` is the optional-arg
+    // variant — lets us close a short-circuited body without inventing a return value.
+    const it = body();
+    const step = it.next();
+    if (step.done)
+        return ok(step.value);
+    // Not done ⇒ a `Fail` yielded to short-circuit. Close the generator first so
+    // any `try/finally` in the body runs and captured resources aren't retained,
+    // then surface its error on the failure channel.
+    it.return?.();
+    return fail(step.value.error);
+}
+// Narrowing guards that carry the *extracted* channel type, so `r.value` /
+// `r.error` land as `OkOf<R>` / `ErrOf<R>` (not `unknown`) with no assertion —
+// keeping the combinators within the repo's no-type-assertion convention.
+const isOkOf = (r) => r._tag === "Ok";
+const isFailOf = (r) => r._tag === "Fail";
+export const map = (r, f) => {
+    if (isOkOf(r))
+        return ok(f(r.value));
+    if (isFailOf(r))
+        return r;
+    throw new Error("effectlite: Result was neither Ok nor Fail");
+};
+export const mapError = (r, f) => {
+    if (isFailOf(r))
+        return fail(f(r.error));
+    if (isOkOf(r))
+        return r;
+    throw new Error("effectlite: Result was neither Ok nor Fail");
+};
+export const match = (r, onOk, onFail) => {
+    if (isOkOf(r))
+        return onOk(r.value);
+    if (isFailOf(r))
+        return onFail(r.error);
+    throw new Error("effectlite: Result was neither Ok nor Fail");
+};
+export function tag(t, props) {
+    return { ...props, _tag: t };
+}
+// Handle every tag in the union — the handlers object is keyed by `E["_tag"]`,
+// so omitting a variant is a COMPILE error (no accidental dropped failure mode).
+export const matchTags = (e, handlers) => 
+// biome-ignore lint/plugin: the mapped handler type is precise for callers; internally we index it with the runtime tag, which needs this erasure to a plain record.
+handlers[e._tag](e);
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Scoped resources
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+export class Scope {
+    #disposers = [];
+    add(dispose) {
+        this.#disposers.push(dispose);
+    }
+    async close() {
+        // LIFO, best-effort — a failing disposer never blocks the others.
+        for (const d of this.#disposers.reverse()) {
+            try {
+                await d();
+            }
+            catch { /* best effort */ }
+        }
+        this.#disposers = [];
+    }
+}
+// Acquire a resource and register its release with the scope in one step.
+export function acquireRelease(scope, acquire, release) {
+    const a = acquire();
+    scope.add(() => release(a));
+    return a;
+}
+// Run `body` with a fresh scope; close it (releasing all resources) on every
+// exit path — return, Result failure, or thrown.
+export async function scoped(body) {
+    const scope = new Scope();
+    try {
+        return await body(scope);
+    }
+    finally {
+        await scope.close();
+    }
+}

package/package.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
 	"name": "@nanobpm/urban",
-	"version": "0.44.0",
+	"version": "0.45.0",
 	"description": "Urban: build and run code-first apps on Nano — runtime, derivation toolkit, and CLI in one. Author durable processes with @nanobpm/workflow (defineFlow), a typed datasource, forms, triggers and surfaces from a nano.app.json manifest, on Node or Deno.",
 	"license": "Apache-2.0",
 	"type": "module",
@@ -47,6 +47,10 @@
 			"types": "./dist/worker.d.ts",
 			"default": "./dist/worker.js"
 		},
+		"./effect": {
+			"types": "./dist/effect/index.d.ts",
+			"default": "./dist/effect/index.js"
+		},
 		"./source": "./src/index.ts"
 	},
 	"files": [

package/src/effect/index.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+import { test } from "node:test";
+import assert from "node:assert/strict";
+import {
+  ok,
+  fail,
+  isOk,
+  isFail,
+  gen,
+  map,
+  mapError,
+  match,
+  tag,
+  matchTags,
+  scoped,
+  acquireRelease,
+  type Result,
+  type Tagged,
+} from "./index.ts";
+
+test("ok/fail construct and narrow", () => {
+  const a = ok(42);
+  const b = fail("boom");
+  assert.equal(isOk(a), true);
+  assert.equal(isFail(a), false);
+  assert.equal(isOk(b), false);
+  assert.equal(isFail(b), true);
+  if (isOk(a)) assert.equal(a.value, 42);
+  if (isFail(b)) assert.equal(b.error, "boom");
+});
+
+test("gen threads values through yield* on the happy path", () => {
+  const r = gen(function* () {
+    const x = yield* ok(2);
+    const y = yield* ok(3);
+    return x + y;
+  });
+  assert.equal(isOk(r), true);
+  if (isOk(r)) assert.equal(r.value, 5);
+});
+
+test("gen short-circuits on the first failure", () => {
+  const steps: string[] = [];
+  const r = gen(function* () {
+    steps.push("a");
+    const x = yield* ok(1);
+    steps.push("b");
+    yield* fail("nope");
+    steps.push("c"); // must not run
+    return x;
+  });
+  assert.equal(isFail(r), true);
+  if (isFail(r)) assert.equal(r.error, "nope");
+  assert.deepEqual(steps, ["a", "b"]);
+});
+
+test("gen unions error types from multiple failure sources", () => {
+  const parse = (s: string) => (s === "" ? fail(tag("Empty")) : ok(s.length));
+  const check = (n: number) => (n > 3 ? fail(tag("TooLong")) : ok(n));
+  const run = (s: string) =>
+    gen(function* () {
+      const n = yield* parse(s);
+      const ok2 = yield* check(n);
+      return ok2;
+    });
+
+  const good = run("ab");
+  assert.equal(isOk(good), true);
+  if (isOk(good)) assert.equal(good.value, 2);
+
+  const empty = run("");
+  assert.equal(isFail(empty), true);
+  if (isFail(empty)) assert.equal(empty.error._tag, "Empty");
+
+  const long = run("abcd");
+  assert.equal(isFail(long), true);
+  if (isFail(long)) assert.equal(long.error._tag, "TooLong");
+});
+
+test("gen closes the generator so try/finally runs on short-circuit", () => {
+  const events: string[] = [];
+  const r = gen(function* () {
+    try {
+      events.push("enter");
+      yield* fail("boom");
+      events.push("after-fail"); // must not run
+      return 1;
+    } finally {
+      events.push("cleanup"); // must run even though we short-circuited
+    }
+  });
+  assert.equal(isFail(r), true);
+  if (isFail(r)) assert.equal(r.error, "boom");
+  // The failure short-circuits before "after-fail", but the generator is closed
+  // so its `finally` still releases (LIFO: enter → cleanup, no after-fail).
+  assert.deepEqual(events, ["enter", "cleanup"]);
+});
+
+test("map/mapError/match", () => {
+  assert.equal(match(map(ok(2), (n) => n * 10), (a) => a, () => -1), 20);
+  const failed: Result<number, string> = fail("e");
+  assert.equal(match(map(failed, (n) => n * 10), (n) => String(n), (e) => e), "e");
+  assert.equal(match(mapError(fail("e"), (e) => e + "!"), () => "", (e) => e), "e!");
+  assert.equal(match(mapError(ok(7), (e: string) => e), (a) => a, () => -1), 7);
+});
+
+test("tag builds tagged errors with props", () => {
+  const e = tag("Http", { status: 404 });
+  assert.equal(e._tag, "Http");
+  assert.equal(e.status, 404);
+});
+
+test("tag without props carries only the tag (no phantom prop keys)", () => {
+  const e = tag("Empty");
+  assert.equal(e._tag, "Empty");
+  assert.deepEqual(Object.keys(e), ["_tag"]);
+});
+
+test("tag() sets _tag last so untyped props cannot clobber the discriminant", () => {
+  // Props arriving through an untyped boundary must never override the tag —
+  // otherwise a stray `_tag` would break the discriminant `matchTags` relies on.
+  const untyped: object = JSON.parse('{"_tag":"EVIL","detail":1}');
+  const e = tag("Real", untyped);
+  assert.equal(e._tag, "Real");
+});
+
+test("matchTags dispatches on the tag", () => {
+  type E = Tagged<"NotFound"> | (Tagged<"Denied"> & { who: string });
+  const describe = (e: E) =>
+    matchTags(e, {
+      NotFound: () => "missing",
+      Denied: (d) => `denied:${d.who}`,
+    });
+  assert.equal(describe(tag("NotFound")), "missing");
+  assert.equal(describe(tag("Denied", { who: "bob" })), "denied:bob");
+});
+
+test("tag distributes a union tag into a discriminated union for matchTags", () => {
+  // `outcome` is a plain string union, as returned by e.g. a land/merge step.
+  const dispatch = (outcome: "merged" | "queued" | "blocked", detail: string) =>
+    matchTags(tag(outcome, { detail }), {
+      merged: () => "done",
+      queued: () => "waiting",
+      // The shared `detail` prop is present on every variant.
+      blocked: (b) => `blocked:${b.detail}`,
+    });
+  assert.equal(dispatch("merged", "x"), "done");
+  assert.equal(dispatch("queued", "x"), "waiting");
+  assert.equal(dispatch("blocked", "perms"), "blocked:perms");
+});
+
+test("scoped releases resources LIFO on success", async () => {
+  const released: string[] = [];
+  const out = await scoped(async (scope) => {
+    acquireRelease(scope, () => "a", () => { released.push("a"); });
+    acquireRelease(scope, () => "b", () => { released.push("b"); });
+    return "done";
+  });
+  assert.equal(out, "done");
+  assert.deepEqual(released, ["b", "a"]);
+});
+
+test("scoped releases resources even when the body throws", async () => {
+  const released: string[] = [];
+  await assert.rejects(
+    scoped(async (scope) => {
+      acquireRelease(scope, () => "a", () => { released.push("a"); });
+      acquireRelease(scope, () => "b", () => { released.push("b"); });
+      throw new Error("kaboom");
+    }),
+    /kaboom/,
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(released, ["b", "a"]);
+});
+
+test("scoped best-effort: a failing disposer does not block the others", async () => {
+  const released: string[] = [];
+  await scoped(async (scope) => {
+    acquireRelease(scope, () => "a", () => { released.push("a"); });
+    acquireRelease(scope, () => "b", () => { throw new Error("dispose fail"); });
+    acquireRelease(scope, () => "c", () => { released.push("c"); });
+    return null;
+  });
+  // b's disposer threw but a and c still ran (LIFO: c, [b throws], a).
+  assert.deepEqual(released, ["c", "a"]);
+});

package/src/effect/index.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+// effectlite — a tiny, ZERO-DEPENDENCY, Effect-like core for Urban glue code.
+//
+// Urban's published surface is declarative JSON + a client renderer, so we do
+// NOT want the `effect` package (bundle weight + viral paradigm) in the runtime.
+// But the imperative seams — workers, provisioning, resource lifecycles — still
+// benefit from the three Effect ergonomics we actually reach for. effectlite
+// gives us those, in ~100 LOC of implementation with no runtime dependencies:
+//
+//   1. A typed-error `Result<A, E>` whose `E` composes automatically through
+//      generator do-notation (`gen(function*(){ const x = yield* step })`),
+//      short-circuiting on the first failure exactly like `Effect.gen` + `yield*`.
+//   2. `tag()` tagged errors (cf. `Data.TaggedError`) + exhaustive `matchTags`
+//      (cf. `catchTags`) — the compiler forces every failure mode to be handled.
+//   3. `scoped` + `acquireRelease` (cf. `Effect.scoped`) — releases run on every
+//      exit: success, failure, and thrown.
+//
+// It is synchronous over `Result`; the scope is async only so disposers may
+// await. Consume via `import { gen, ok, fail } from "@nanobpm/urban/effect"`.
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Result + generator do-notation
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+export type Result<A, E> = Ok<A> | Fail<E>;
+
+export class Ok<A> {
+  readonly _tag = "Ok" as const;
+  readonly value: A;
+  constructor(value: A) {
+    this.value = value;
+  }
+  // Delegated by `yield*`: returns the value, yields nothing to the driver.
+  *[Symbol.iterator](): Generator<never, A, unknown> {
+    return this.value;
+  }
+}
+
+export class Fail<E> {
+  readonly _tag = "Fail" as const;
+  readonly error: E;
+  constructor(error: E) {
+    this.error = error;
+  }
+  // Delegated by `yield*`: yields itself so the driver can short-circuit; never
+  // resumes (the driver abandons the generator on the first failure).
+  *[Symbol.iterator](): Generator<Fail<E>, never, unknown> {
+    yield this;
+    throw new Error("effectlite: generator resumed after a failure");
+  }
+}
+
+export const ok = <A>(value: A): Ok<A> => new Ok(value);
+export const fail = <E>(error: E): Fail<E> => new Fail(error);
+
+export const isOk = <A, E>(r: Result<A, E>): r is Ok<A> => r._tag === "Ok";
+export const isFail = <A, E>(r: Result<A, E>): r is Fail<E> => r._tag === "Fail";
+
+// Run a generator that `yield*`s Results. Because only `Fail` yields to us, a
+// single `next()` either lands on the first failure or on the final return.
+// `Y` captures the UNION of every yielded `Fail<…>`; `Y["error"]` distributes
+// that index access into the Result's error channel (a union in ⇒ a union out).
+export function gen<Y extends Fail<unknown>, A>(
+  body: () => Generator<Y, A, unknown>,
+): Result<A, Y["error"]> {
+  // Typed as `Iterator` (not `Generator`) so `return` is the optional-arg
+  // variant — lets us close a short-circuited body without inventing a return value.
+  const it: Iterator<Y, A> = body();
+  const step = it.next();
+  if (step.done) return ok(step.value);
+  // Not done ⇒ a `Fail` yielded to short-circuit. Close the generator first so
+  // any `try/finally` in the body runs and captured resources aren't retained,
+  // then surface its error on the failure channel.
+  it.return?.();
+  return fail(step.value.error);
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Combinators
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+// Extract the success/error channels from a `Result` (including a value typed as
+// the union `Result<A, E>`), so the combinators below infer `A`/`E` cleanly
+// instead of collapsing them to `unknown` on union inputs.
+export type OkOf<R> = R extends Ok<infer A> ? A : never;
+export type ErrOf<R> = R extends Fail<infer E> ? E : never;
+
+// Narrowing guards that carry the *extracted* channel type, so `r.value` /
+// `r.error` land as `OkOf<R>` / `ErrOf<R>` (not `unknown`) with no assertion —
+// keeping the combinators within the repo's no-type-assertion convention.
+const isOkOf = <R extends Result<unknown, unknown>>(r: R): r is R & Ok<OkOf<R>> => r._tag === "Ok";
+const isFailOf = <R extends Result<unknown, unknown>>(r: R): r is R & Fail<ErrOf<R>> => r._tag === "Fail";
+
+export const map = <R extends Result<unknown, unknown>, B>(
+  r: R,
+  f: (a: OkOf<R>) => B,
+): Result<B, ErrOf<R>> => {
+  if (isOkOf(r)) return ok(f(r.value));
+  if (isFailOf(r)) return r;
+  throw new Error("effectlite: Result was neither Ok nor Fail");
+};
+
+export const mapError = <R extends Result<unknown, unknown>, E2>(
+  r: R,
+  f: (e: ErrOf<R>) => E2,
+): Result<OkOf<R>, E2> => {
+  if (isFailOf(r)) return fail(f(r.error));
+  if (isOkOf(r)) return r;
+  throw new Error("effectlite: Result was neither Ok nor Fail");
+};
+
+export const match = <R extends Result<unknown, unknown>, T>(
+  r: R,
+  onOk: (a: OkOf<R>) => T,
+  onFail: (e: ErrOf<R>) => T,
+): T => {
+  if (isOkOf(r)) return onOk(r.value);
+  if (isFailOf(r)) return onFail(r.error);
+  throw new Error("effectlite: Result was neither Ok nor Fail");
+};
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Tagged errors + exhaustive matching
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+export type Tagged<Tag extends string> = { readonly _tag: Tag };
+
+// A distributive `Tagged<Tag> & P`: when `Tag` is a union (e.g. a
+// `"merged" | "queued" | "blocked"` outcome), this expands to a discriminated
+// UNION of tagged objects — `({_tag:"merged"} & P) | ({_tag:"queued"} & P) | …`
+// — not a single object with a union-typed `_tag`. That is what lets `matchTags`
+// `Extract` each variant and force an exhaustive handler per case.
+export type TagUnion<Tag extends string, P> = Tag extends string ? Tagged<Tag> & P : never;
+
+// Overloaded so the extra props type only appears when props are actually
+// passed: `tag("X")` is exactly `Tagged<"X">` (no phantom `& P` that could read
+// as `undefined` at runtime), while `tag("X", props)` carries them. Both return
+// the distributive `TagUnion`, so a union `Tag` expands to a discriminated union.
+// `props` is forbidden from carrying its own `_tag` (`{ _tag?: never }`) so it
+// cannot shadow the discriminant, and the runtime spreads `props` *first* so the
+// tag always wins even for props arriving through an untyped boundary.
+export function tag<Tag extends string>(t: Tag): TagUnion<Tag, {}>;
+export function tag<Tag extends string, P extends object>(
+  t: Tag,
+  props: P & { _tag?: never },
+): TagUnion<Tag, P>;
+export function tag(t: string, props?: object): Tagged<string> {
+  return { ...props, _tag: t };
+}
+
+// Handle every tag in the union — the handlers object is keyed by `E["_tag"]`,
+// so omitting a variant is a COMPILE error (no accidental dropped failure mode).
+export const matchTags = <E extends Tagged<string>, R>(
+  e: E,
+  handlers: { [K in E["_tag"]]: (e: Extract<E, Tagged<K>>) => R },
+): R =>
+  // biome-ignore lint/plugin: the mapped handler type is precise for callers; internally we index it with the runtime tag, which needs this erasure to a plain record.
+  (handlers as unknown as Record<string, (e: E) => R>)[e._tag](e);
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Scoped resources
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+export class Scope {
+  #disposers: Array<() => void | Promise<void>> = [];
+  add(dispose: () => void | Promise<void>): void {
+    this.#disposers.push(dispose);
+  }
+  async close(): Promise<void> {
+    // LIFO, best-effort — a failing disposer never blocks the others.
+    for (const d of this.#disposers.reverse()) {
+      try { await d(); } catch { /* best effort */ }
+    }
+    this.#disposers = [];
+  }
+}
+
+// Acquire a resource and register its release with the scope in one step.
+export function acquireRelease<A>(scope: Scope, acquire: () => A, release: (a: A) => void | Promise<void>): A {
+  const a = acquire();
+  scope.add(() => release(a));
+  return a;
+}
+
+// Run `body` with a fresh scope; close it (releasing all resources) on every
+// exit path — return, Result failure, or thrown.
+export async function scoped<A>(body: (scope: Scope) => A | Promise<A>): Promise<A> {
+  const scope = new Scope();
+  try {
+    return await body(scope);
+  } finally {
+    await scope.close();
+  }
+}