@mux/ai 0.8.2 → 0.10.0

package/dist/index.js

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ var __export = (target, all) => {
 };
 
 // package.json
-var version = "0.8.2";
+var version = "0.10.0";
 
 // src/env.ts
 import { z } from "zod";
@@ -783,9 +783,14 @@ var primitives_exports = {};
 __export(primitives_exports, {
   DEFAULT_STORYBOARD_WIDTH: () => DEFAULT_STORYBOARD_WIDTH,
   buildTranscriptUrl: () => buildTranscriptUrl,
+  buildVttFromCueBlocks: () => buildVttFromCueBlocks,
+  buildVttFromTranslatedCueBlocks: () => buildVttFromTranslatedCueBlocks,
   chunkByTokens: () => chunkByTokens,
   chunkText: () => chunkText,
   chunkVTTCues: () => chunkVTTCues,
+  chunkVTTCuesByBudget: () => chunkVTTCuesByBudget,
+  chunkVTTCuesByDuration: () => chunkVTTCuesByDuration,
+  concatenateVttSegments: () => concatenateVttSegments,
   estimateTokenCount: () => estimateTokenCount,
   extractTextFromVTT: () => extractTextFromVTT,
   extractTimestampedTranscript: () => extractTimestampedTranscript,
@@ -801,7 +806,9 @@ __export(primitives_exports, {
   getStoryboardUrl: () => getStoryboardUrl,
   getThumbnailUrls: () => getThumbnailUrls,
   parseVTTCues: () => parseVTTCues,
+  replaceCueText: () => replaceCueText,
   secondsToTimestamp: () => secondsToTimestamp,
+  splitVttPreambleAndCueBlocks: () => splitVttPreambleAndCueBlocks,
   vttTimestampToSeconds: () => vttTimestampToSeconds
 });
 
@@ -1162,6 +1169,14 @@ async function getStoryboardUrl(playbackId, width = DEFAULT_STORYBOARD_WIDTH, sh
 }
 
 // src/primitives/text-chunking.ts
+var DEFAULT_MIN_CHUNK_DURATION_RATIO = 2 / 3;
+var DEFAULT_BOUNDARY_LOOKAHEAD_CUES = 12;
+var DEFAULT_BOUNDARY_PAUSE_SECONDS = 1.25;
+var STRONG_BOUNDARY_SCORE = 4;
+var PREFERRED_BOUNDARY_WINDOW_SECONDS = 5 * 60;
+var SENTENCE_BOUNDARY_REGEX = /[.!?]["')\]]*$/;
+var CLAUSE_BOUNDARY_REGEX = /[,;:]["')\]]*$/;
+var NEXT_SENTENCE_START_REGEX = /^[A-Z0-9"'([{]/;
 function estimateTokenCount(text) {
   const words = text.trim().split(/\s+/).length;
   return Math.ceil(words / 0.75);
@@ -1234,6 +1249,151 @@ function chunkVTTCues(cues, maxTokens, overlapCues = 2) {
   }
   return chunks;
 }
+function scoreCueBoundary(cues, index, boundaryPauseSeconds) {
+  const cue = cues[index];
+  const nextCue = cues[index + 1];
+  if (!nextCue) {
+    return Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY;
+  }
+  const trimmedText = cue.text.trim();
+  let score = 0;
+  if (SENTENCE_BOUNDARY_REGEX.test(trimmedText)) {
+    score += 4;
+  } else if (CLAUSE_BOUNDARY_REGEX.test(trimmedText)) {
+    score += 2;
+  }
+  if (nextCue.startTime - cue.endTime >= boundaryPauseSeconds) {
+    score += 2;
+  }
+  if (NEXT_SENTENCE_START_REGEX.test(nextCue.text.trim())) {
+    score += 1;
+  }
+  return score;
+}
+function chunkVTTCuesByBudget(cues, options) {
+  if (cues.length === 0) {
+    return [];
+  }
+  const maxCuesPerChunk = Math.max(1, options.maxCuesPerChunk);
+  let maxTextTokensPerChunk = Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY;
+  if (options.maxTextTokensPerChunk) {
+    maxTextTokensPerChunk = Math.max(1, options.maxTextTokensPerChunk);
+  }
+  const chunks = [];
+  let chunkIndex = 0;
+  let cueStartIndex = 0;
+  let currentTokenCount = 0;
+  for (let cueIndex = 0; cueIndex < cues.length; cueIndex++) {
+    const cue = cues[cueIndex];
+    const cueTokenCount = estimateTokenCount(cue.text);
+    const currentCueCount = cueIndex - cueStartIndex;
+    const wouldExceedCueCount = currentCueCount >= maxCuesPerChunk;
+    const wouldExceedTokenCount = currentCueCount > 0 && currentTokenCount + cueTokenCount > maxTextTokensPerChunk;
+    if (wouldExceedCueCount || wouldExceedTokenCount) {
+      chunks.push({
+        id: `chunk-${chunkIndex}`,
+        cueStartIndex,
+        cueEndIndex: cueIndex - 1,
+        cueCount: cueIndex - cueStartIndex,
+        startTime: cues[cueStartIndex].startTime,
+        endTime: cues[cueIndex - 1].endTime
+      });
+      cueStartIndex = cueIndex;
+      currentTokenCount = 0;
+      chunkIndex++;
+    }
+    currentTokenCount += cueTokenCount;
+  }
+  chunks.push({
+    id: `chunk-${chunkIndex}`,
+    cueStartIndex,
+    cueEndIndex: cues.length - 1,
+    cueCount: cues.length - cueStartIndex,
+    startTime: cues[cueStartIndex].startTime,
+    endTime: cues[cues.length - 1].endTime
+  });
+  return chunks;
+}
+function chunkVTTCuesByDuration(cues, options) {
+  if (cues.length === 0) {
+    return [];
+  }
+  const targetChunkDurationSeconds = Math.max(1, options.targetChunkDurationSeconds);
+  const maxChunkDurationSeconds = Math.max(targetChunkDurationSeconds, options.maxChunkDurationSeconds);
+  const minChunkDurationSeconds = Math.min(
+    targetChunkDurationSeconds,
+    Math.max(
+      1,
+      options.minChunkDurationSeconds ?? Math.floor(targetChunkDurationSeconds * DEFAULT_MIN_CHUNK_DURATION_RATIO)
+    )
+  );
+  const boundaryLookaheadCues = Math.max(1, options.boundaryLookaheadCues ?? DEFAULT_BOUNDARY_LOOKAHEAD_CUES);
+  const boundaryPauseSeconds = options.boundaryPauseSeconds ?? DEFAULT_BOUNDARY_PAUSE_SECONDS;
+  const preferredBoundaryStartSeconds = Math.max(
+    minChunkDurationSeconds,
+    targetChunkDurationSeconds - Math.min(PREFERRED_BOUNDARY_WINDOW_SECONDS, targetChunkDurationSeconds / 6)
+  );
+  const chunks = [];
+  let chunkIndex = 0;
+  let cueStartIndex = 0;
+  while (cueStartIndex < cues.length) {
+    const chunkStartTime = cues[cueStartIndex].startTime;
+    let cueEndIndex = cueStartIndex;
+    let bestBoundaryIndex = -1;
+    let bestBoundaryScore = -1;
+    let bestPreferredBoundaryIndex = -1;
+    let bestPreferredBoundaryScore = -1;
+    while (cueEndIndex < cues.length) {
+      const cue = cues[cueEndIndex];
+      const currentDuration = cue.endTime - chunkStartTime;
+      if (currentDuration >= minChunkDurationSeconds) {
+        const boundaryScore = scoreCueBoundary(cues, cueEndIndex, boundaryPauseSeconds);
+        if (boundaryScore >= bestBoundaryScore) {
+          bestBoundaryIndex = cueEndIndex;
+          bestBoundaryScore = boundaryScore;
+        }
+        if (currentDuration >= preferredBoundaryStartSeconds && boundaryScore >= bestPreferredBoundaryScore) {
+          bestPreferredBoundaryIndex = cueEndIndex;
+          bestPreferredBoundaryScore = boundaryScore;
+        }
+      }
+      const nextCue = cues[cueEndIndex + 1];
+      if (!nextCue) {
+        break;
+      }
+      const nextDuration = nextCue.endTime - chunkStartTime;
+      const lookaheadExceeded = cueEndIndex - cueStartIndex >= boundaryLookaheadCues;
+      const preferredBoundaryIndex = bestPreferredBoundaryIndex >= cueStartIndex ? bestPreferredBoundaryIndex : bestBoundaryIndex;
+      const preferredBoundaryScore = bestPreferredBoundaryIndex >= cueStartIndex ? bestPreferredBoundaryScore : bestBoundaryScore;
+      if (currentDuration >= targetChunkDurationSeconds) {
+        if (preferredBoundaryIndex >= cueStartIndex && preferredBoundaryScore >= STRONG_BOUNDARY_SCORE) {
+          cueEndIndex = preferredBoundaryIndex;
+          break;
+        }
+        if (nextDuration > maxChunkDurationSeconds || lookaheadExceeded) {
+          cueEndIndex = preferredBoundaryIndex >= cueStartIndex ? preferredBoundaryIndex : cueEndIndex;
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+      if (nextDuration > maxChunkDurationSeconds) {
+        cueEndIndex = preferredBoundaryIndex >= cueStartIndex ? preferredBoundaryIndex : cueEndIndex;
+        break;
+      }
+      cueEndIndex++;
+    }
+    chunks.push({
+      id: `chunk-${chunkIndex}`,
+      cueStartIndex,
+      cueEndIndex,
+      cueCount: cueEndIndex - cueStartIndex + 1,
+      startTime: cues[cueStartIndex].startTime,
+      endTime: cues[cueEndIndex].endTime
+    });
+    cueStartIndex = cueEndIndex + 1;
+    chunkIndex++;
+  }
+  return chunks;
+}
 function chunkText(text, strategy) {
   switch (strategy.type) {
     case "token": {
@@ -1275,10 +1435,8 @@ async function getThumbnailUrls(playbackId, duration, options = {}) {
   }
   const baseUrl = getMuxThumbnailBaseUrl(playbackId);
   const urlPromises = timestamps.map(async (time) => {
-    if (shouldSign) {
-      return signUrl(baseUrl, playbackId, "thumbnail", { time, width }, credentials);
-    }
-    return `${baseUrl}?time=${time}&width=${width}`;
+    const url = shouldSign ? await signUrl(baseUrl, playbackId, "thumbnail", { time, width }, credentials) : `${baseUrl}?time=${time}&width=${width}`;
+    return { url, time };
   });
   return Promise.all(urlPromises);
 }
@@ -1300,24 +1458,82 @@ function findCaptionTrack(asset, languageCode) {
     (track) => track.text_type === "subtitles" && track.language_code === languageCode
   );
 }
+function normalizeLineEndings(value) {
+  return value.replace(/\r\n/g, "\n");
+}
+function isTimingLine(line) {
+  return line.includes("-->");
+}
+function parseNumericCueIdentifier(line) {
+  if (!/^\d+$/.test(line)) {
+    return null;
+  }
+  return Number.parseInt(line, 10);
+}
+function isLikelyTitledCueIdentifier(line) {
+  return /^\d+\s+-\s+\S.*$/.test(line);
+}
+function isLikelyCueIdentifier({
+  line,
+  nextLine,
+  previousCueIdentifier
+}) {
+  if (!line || !nextLine || !isTimingLine(nextLine)) {
+    return false;
+  }
+  const numericIdentifier = parseNumericCueIdentifier(line);
+  if (numericIdentifier !== null) {
+    if (previousCueIdentifier === null || previousCueIdentifier === void 0) {
+      return numericIdentifier === 1;
+    }
+    return numericIdentifier === previousCueIdentifier + 1;
+  }
+  return isLikelyTitledCueIdentifier(line);
+}
+function getCueIdentifierLineIndex(lines, timingLineIndex, previousCueIdentifier) {
+  const identifierIndex = timingLineIndex - 1;
+  if (identifierIndex < 0) {
+    return -1;
+  }
+  const candidate = lines[identifierIndex].trim();
+  if (!candidate || isTimingLine(candidate)) {
+    return -1;
+  }
+  return isLikelyCueIdentifier({
+    line: candidate,
+    nextLine: lines[timingLineIndex]?.trim(),
+    previousCueIdentifier
+  }) ? identifierIndex : -1;
+}
 function extractTextFromVTT(vttContent) {
   if (!vttContent.trim()) {
     return "";
   }
   const lines = vttContent.split("\n");
   const textLines = [];
+  let previousCueIdentifier = null;
+  let isInsideNoteBlock = false;
   for (let i = 0; i < lines.length; i++) {
     const line = lines[i].trim();
-    if (!line)
+    const nextLine = lines[i + 1]?.trim();
+    if (!line) {
+      isInsideNoteBlock = false;
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (isInsideNoteBlock)
       continue;
     if (line === "WEBVTT")
       continue;
-    if (line.startsWith("NOTE "))
+    if (line === "NOTE" || line.startsWith("NOTE ")) {
+      isInsideNoteBlock = true;
       continue;
-    if (line.includes("-->"))
+    }
+    if (isTimingLine(line))
       continue;
-    if (/^[\w-]+$/.test(line) && !line.includes(" "))
+    if (isLikelyCueIdentifier({ line, nextLine, previousCueIdentifier })) {
+      previousCueIdentifier = parseNumericCueIdentifier(line);
       continue;
+    }
     if (line.startsWith("STYLE") || line.startsWith("REGION"))
       continue;
     const cleanLine = line.replace(/<[^>]*>/g, "").trim();
@@ -1376,20 +1592,34 @@ function parseVTTCues(vttContent) {
     return [];
   const lines = vttContent.split("\n");
   const cues = [];
+  let previousCueIdentifier = null;
   for (let i = 0; i < lines.length; i++) {
     const line = lines[i].trim();
-    if (line.includes("-->")) {
+    if (isTimingLine(line)) {
       const [startStr, endStr] = line.split(" --> ").map((s) => s.trim());
       const startTime = vttTimestampToSeconds(startStr);
       const endTime = vttTimestampToSeconds(endStr.split(" ")[0]);
-      const textLines = [];
+      const currentCueIdentifierLine = lines[i - 1]?.trim() ?? "";
+      const currentCueIdentifier = isLikelyCueIdentifier({
+        line: currentCueIdentifierLine,
+        nextLine: line,
+        previousCueIdentifier
+      }) ? parseNumericCueIdentifier(currentCueIdentifierLine) : null;
+      const rawTextLines = [];
       let j = i + 1;
-      while (j < lines.length && lines[j].trim() && !lines[j].includes("-->")) {
-        const cleanLine = lines[j].trim().replace(/<[^>]*>/g, "");
-        if (cleanLine)
-          textLines.push(cleanLine);
+      while (j < lines.length && lines[j].trim() && !isTimingLine(lines[j].trim())) {
+        rawTextLines.push(lines[j].trim());
         j++;
       }
+      const trailingNumericLine = parseNumericCueIdentifier(rawTextLines.at(-1) ?? "");
+      if (trailingNumericLine !== null && isLikelyCueIdentifier({
+        line: rawTextLines.at(-1) ?? "",
+        nextLine: lines[j]?.trim(),
+        previousCueIdentifier: currentCueIdentifier
+      }) && rawTextLines.length > 1) {
+        rawTextLines.pop();
+      }
+      const textLines = rawTextLines.map((textLine) => textLine.replace(/<[^>]*>/g, "")).filter(Boolean);
       if (textLines.length > 0) {
         cues.push({
           startTime,
@@ -1397,10 +1627,102 @@ function parseVTTCues(vttContent) {
           text: textLines.join(" ")
         });
       }
+      previousCueIdentifier = currentCueIdentifier;
     }
   }
   return cues;
 }
+function splitVttPreambleAndCueBlocks(vttContent) {
+  const normalizedContent = normalizeLineEndings(vttContent).trim();
+  if (!normalizedContent) {
+    return {
+      preamble: "WEBVTT",
+      cueBlocks: []
+    };
+  }
+  const rawBlocks = normalizedContent.split(/\n{2,}/).map((block) => block.trim()).filter(Boolean);
+  const cueBlockStartIndex = rawBlocks.findIndex((block) => block.includes("-->"));
+  if (cueBlockStartIndex === -1) {
+    return {
+      preamble: normalizedContent.startsWith("WEBVTT") ? normalizedContent : `WEBVTT
+
+${normalizedContent}`,
+      cueBlocks: []
+    };
+  }
+  const hasMergedCueBlocks = rawBlocks.slice(cueBlockStartIndex).some((block) => (block.match(/-->/g) ?? []).length > 1);
+  if (hasMergedCueBlocks) {
+    const lines = normalizedContent.split("\n");
+    const timingLineIndices = lines.map((line, index) => isTimingLine(line.trim()) ? index : -1).filter((index) => index >= 0);
+    let previousCueIdentifier = null;
+    const firstCueStartIndex = getCueIdentifierLineIndex(lines, timingLineIndices[0], previousCueIdentifier);
+    const preambleEndIndex = firstCueStartIndex >= 0 ? firstCueStartIndex : timingLineIndices[0];
+    const preamble2 = lines.slice(0, preambleEndIndex).join("\n").trim() || "WEBVTT";
+    const cueBlocks2 = timingLineIndices.map((timingLineIndex, index) => {
+      const cueIdentifierLineIndex = getCueIdentifierLineIndex(lines, timingLineIndex, previousCueIdentifier);
+      const cueStartIndex = cueIdentifierLineIndex >= 0 ? cueIdentifierLineIndex : timingLineIndex;
+      const currentCueIdentifier = cueIdentifierLineIndex >= 0 ? parseNumericCueIdentifier(lines[cueIdentifierLineIndex].trim()) : null;
+      const nextTimingLineIndex = timingLineIndices[index + 1] ?? lines.length;
+      let cueEndIndex = nextTimingLineIndex - 1;
+      while (cueEndIndex > timingLineIndex && !lines[cueEndIndex].trim()) {
+        cueEndIndex--;
+      }
+      const nextCueIdentifierLineIndex = index < timingLineIndices.length - 1 ? getCueIdentifierLineIndex(lines, nextTimingLineIndex, currentCueIdentifier) : -1;
+      if (nextCueIdentifierLineIndex === cueEndIndex) {
+        cueEndIndex--;
+      }
+      while (cueEndIndex > timingLineIndex && !lines[cueEndIndex].trim()) {
+        cueEndIndex--;
+      }
+      previousCueIdentifier = currentCueIdentifier;
+      return lines.slice(cueStartIndex, cueEndIndex + 1).join("\n").trim();
+    });
+    return {
+      preamble: preamble2,
+      cueBlocks: cueBlocks2
+    };
+  }
+  const preambleBlocks = rawBlocks.slice(0, cueBlockStartIndex);
+  const cueBlocks = rawBlocks.slice(cueBlockStartIndex);
+  const preamble = preambleBlocks.length > 0 ? preambleBlocks.join("\n\n") : "WEBVTT";
+  return {
+    preamble,
+    cueBlocks
+  };
+}
+function buildVttFromCueBlocks(cueBlocks, preamble = "WEBVTT") {
+  if (cueBlocks.length === 0) {
+    return `${preamble.trim()}
+`;
+  }
+  return `${preamble.trim()}
+
+${cueBlocks.map((block) => block.trim()).join("\n\n")}
+`;
+}
+function replaceCueText(cueBlock, translatedText) {
+  const lines = normalizeLineEndings(cueBlock).split("\n").map((line) => line.trim()).filter(Boolean);
+  const timingLineIndex = lines.findIndex((line) => line.includes("-->"));
+  if (timingLineIndex === -1) {
+    throw new Error("Cue block is missing a timestamp line");
+  }
+  const headerLines = lines.slice(0, timingLineIndex + 1);
+  const translatedLines = normalizeLineEndings(translatedText).split("\n").map((line) => line.trim()).filter(Boolean);
+  return [...headerLines, ...translatedLines].join("\n");
+}
+function buildVttFromTranslatedCueBlocks(cueBlocks, translatedTexts, preamble = "WEBVTT") {
+  if (cueBlocks.length !== translatedTexts.length) {
+    throw new Error(`Expected ${cueBlocks.length} translated cues, received ${translatedTexts.length}`);
+  }
+  return buildVttFromCueBlocks(
+    cueBlocks.map((cueBlock, index) => replaceCueText(cueBlock, translatedTexts[index])),
+    preamble
+  );
+}
+function concatenateVttSegments(segments, preamble = "WEBVTT") {
+  const cueBlocks = segments.flatMap((segment) => splitVttPreambleAndCueBlocks(segment).cueBlocks);
+  return buildVttFromCueBlocks(cueBlocks, preamble);
+}
 async function buildTranscriptUrl(playbackId, trackId, shouldSign = false, credentials) {
   "use step";
   const baseUrl = `https://stream.mux.com/${playbackId}/text/${trackId}.vtt`;
@@ -1466,6 +1788,7 @@ __export(workflows_exports, {
   HIVE_SEXUAL_CATEGORIES: () => HIVE_SEXUAL_CATEGORIES,
   HIVE_VIOLENCE_CATEGORIES: () => HIVE_VIOLENCE_CATEGORIES,
   SUMMARY_KEYWORD_LIMIT: () => SUMMARY_KEYWORD_LIMIT,
+  aggregateTokenUsage: () => aggregateTokenUsage,
   askQuestions: () => askQuestions,
   burnedInCaptionsSchema: () => burnedInCaptionsSchema,
   chapterSchema: () => chapterSchema,
@@ -1477,6 +1800,7 @@ __export(workflows_exports, {
   getSummaryAndTags: () => getSummaryAndTags,
   hasBurnedInCaptions: () => hasBurnedInCaptions,
   questionAnswerSchema: () => questionAnswerSchema,
+  shouldSplitChunkTranslationError: () => shouldSplitChunkTranslationError,
   summarySchema: () => summarySchema,
   translateAudio: () => translateAudio,
   translateCaptions: () => translateCaptions,
@@ -1718,6 +2042,12 @@ function createToneSection(instruction) {
     content: instruction
   };
 }
+function createLanguageSection(languageName) {
+  return {
+    tag: "language",
+    content: `All output (title, description, keywords, chapter titles) MUST be written in ${languageName}.`
+  };
+}
 
 // src/lib/retry.ts
 var DEFAULT_RETRY_OPTIONS = {
@@ -1828,6 +2158,7 @@ var SYSTEM_PROMPT = dedent`
     - Only describe observable evidence from frames or transcript
     - Do not fabricate details or make unsupported assumptions
     - Return structured data matching the requested schema exactly
+    - Provide reasoning in the same language as the question
   </constraints>
 
   <language_guidelines>
@@ -2228,6 +2559,166 @@ async function hasBurnedInCaptions(assetId, options = {}) {
 import { generateText as generateText3, Output as Output3 } from "ai";
 import dedent3 from "dedent";
 import { z as z4 } from "zod";
+
+// src/lib/language-codes.ts
+var ISO639_1_TO_3 = {
+  // Major world languages
+  en: "eng",
+  // English
+  es: "spa",
+  // Spanish
+  fr: "fra",
+  // French
+  de: "deu",
+  // German
+  it: "ita",
+  // Italian
+  pt: "por",
+  // Portuguese
+  ru: "rus",
+  // Russian
+  zh: "zho",
+  // Chinese
+  ja: "jpn",
+  // Japanese
+  ko: "kor",
+  // Korean
+  ar: "ara",
+  // Arabic
+  hi: "hin",
+  // Hindi
+  // European languages
+  nl: "nld",
+  // Dutch
+  pl: "pol",
+  // Polish
+  sv: "swe",
+  // Swedish
+  da: "dan",
+  // Danish
+  no: "nor",
+  // Norwegian
+  fi: "fin",
+  // Finnish
+  el: "ell",
+  // Greek
+  cs: "ces",
+  // Czech
+  hu: "hun",
+  // Hungarian
+  ro: "ron",
+  // Romanian
+  bg: "bul",
+  // Bulgarian
+  hr: "hrv",
+  // Croatian
+  sk: "slk",
+  // Slovak
+  sl: "slv",
+  // Slovenian
+  uk: "ukr",
+  // Ukrainian
+  tr: "tur",
+  // Turkish
+  // Asian languages
+  th: "tha",
+  // Thai
+  vi: "vie",
+  // Vietnamese
+  id: "ind",
+  // Indonesian
+  ms: "msa",
+  // Malay
+  tl: "tgl",
+  // Tagalog/Filipino
+  // Other languages
+  he: "heb",
+  // Hebrew
+  fa: "fas",
+  // Persian/Farsi
+  bn: "ben",
+  // Bengali
+  ta: "tam",
+  // Tamil
+  te: "tel",
+  // Telugu
+  mr: "mar",
+  // Marathi
+  gu: "guj",
+  // Gujarati
+  kn: "kan",
+  // Kannada
+  ml: "mal",
+  // Malayalam
+  pa: "pan",
+  // Punjabi
+  ur: "urd",
+  // Urdu
+  sw: "swa",
+  // Swahili
+  af: "afr",
+  // Afrikaans
+  ca: "cat",
+  // Catalan
+  eu: "eus",
+  // Basque
+  gl: "glg",
+  // Galician
+  is: "isl",
+  // Icelandic
+  et: "est",
+  // Estonian
+  lv: "lav",
+  // Latvian
+  lt: "lit"
+  // Lithuanian
+};
+var ISO639_3_TO_1 = Object.fromEntries(
+  Object.entries(ISO639_1_TO_3).map(([iso1, iso3]) => [iso3, iso1])
+);
+function toISO639_3(code) {
+  const normalized = code.toLowerCase().trim();
+  if (normalized.length === 3) {
+    return normalized;
+  }
+  return ISO639_1_TO_3[normalized] ?? normalized;
+}
+function toISO639_1(code) {
+  const normalized = code.toLowerCase().trim();
+  if (normalized.length === 2) {
+    return normalized;
+  }
+  return ISO639_3_TO_1[normalized] ?? normalized;
+}
+function getLanguageCodePair(code) {
+  const normalized = code.toLowerCase().trim();
+  if (normalized.length === 2) {
+    return {
+      iso639_1: normalized,
+      iso639_3: toISO639_3(normalized)
+    };
+  } else if (normalized.length === 3) {
+    return {
+      iso639_1: toISO639_1(normalized),
+      iso639_3: normalized
+    };
+  }
+  return {
+    iso639_1: normalized,
+    iso639_3: normalized
+  };
+}
+function getLanguageName(code) {
+  const iso639_1 = toISO639_1(code);
+  try {
+    const displayNames = new Intl.DisplayNames(["en"], { type: "language" });
+    return displayNames.of(iso639_1) ?? code.toUpperCase();
+  } catch {
+    return code.toUpperCase();
+  }
+}
+
+// src/workflows/chapters.ts
 var chapterSchema = z4.object({
   startTime: z4.number(),
   title: z4.string()
@@ -2288,7 +2779,8 @@ var chapterSystemPromptBuilder = createPromptBuilder({
       content: dedent3`
         - Only use information present in the transcript
         - Return structured data that matches the requested JSON schema
-        - Do not add commentary or extra text outside the JSON`
+        - Do not add commentary or extra text outside the JSON
+        - When a <language> section is provided, all chapter titles MUST be written in that language`
     },
     qualityGuidelines: {
       tag: "quality_guidelines",
@@ -2336,7 +2828,7 @@ var chaptersPromptBuilder = createPromptBuilder({
       content: dedent3`
         - Keep titles concise and descriptive
         - Avoid filler or generic labels like "Chapter 1"
-        - Use the transcript's language and terminology`
+        - Use the transcript's terminology`
     }
   },
   sectionOrder: ["task", "outputFormat", "chapterGuidelines", "titleGuidelines"]
@@ -2345,7 +2837,8 @@ function buildUserPrompt3({
   timestampedTranscript,
   promptOverrides,
   minChaptersPerHour = 3,
-  maxChaptersPerHour = 8
+  maxChaptersPerHour = 8,
+  languageName
 }) {
   const contextSections = [
     {
@@ -2354,6 +2847,9 @@ function buildUserPrompt3({
       attributes: { format: "seconds" }
     }
   ];
+  if (languageName) {
+    contextSections.push(createLanguageSection(languageName));
+  }
   const dynamicChapterGuidelines = dedent3`
     - Create at least ${minChaptersPerHour} and at most ${maxChaptersPerHour} chapters per hour of content
     - Use start times in seconds (not HH:MM:SS)
@@ -2373,7 +2869,8 @@ async function generateChapters(assetId, languageCode, options = {}) {
     promptOverrides,
     minChaptersPerHour,
     maxChaptersPerHour,
-    credentials
+    credentials,
+    outputLanguageCode
   } = options;
   const modelConfig = resolveLanguageModelConfig({
     ...options,
@@ -2417,11 +2914,14 @@ async function generateChapters(assetId, languageCode, options = {}) {
     const contentLabel = isAudioOnly ? "transcript" : "caption track";
     throw new Error(`No usable content found in ${contentLabel}`);
   }
+  const resolvedLanguageCode = outputLanguageCode && outputLanguageCode !== "auto" ? outputLanguageCode : transcriptResult.track?.language_code ?? languageCode;
+  const languageName = resolvedLanguageCode ? getLanguageName(resolvedLanguageCode) : void 0;
   const userPrompt = buildUserPrompt3({
     timestampedTranscript,
     promptOverrides,
     minChaptersPerHour,
-    maxChaptersPerHour
+    maxChaptersPerHour,
+    languageName
   });
   let chaptersData = null;
   try {
@@ -2748,6 +3248,7 @@ async function moderateImageWithOpenAI(entry) {
     const categoryScores = json.results?.[0]?.category_scores || {};
     return {
       url: entry.url,
+      time: entry.time,
       sexual: categoryScores.sexual || 0,
       violence: categoryScores.violence || 0,
       error: false
@@ -2756,6 +3257,7 @@ async function moderateImageWithOpenAI(entry) {
     console.error("OpenAI moderation failed:", error);
     return {
       url: entry.url,
+      time: entry.time,
       sexual: 0,
       violence: 0,
       error: true,
@@ -2763,11 +3265,13 @@ async function moderateImageWithOpenAI(entry) {
     };
   }
 }
-async function requestOpenAIModeration(imageUrls, model, maxConcurrent = 5, submissionMode = "url", downloadOptions, credentials) {
+async function requestOpenAIModeration(images, model, maxConcurrent = 5, submissionMode = "url", downloadOptions, credentials) {
   "use step";
+  const imageUrls = images.map((img) => img.url);
+  const timeByUrl = new Map(images.map((img) => [img.url, img.time]));
   const targetUrls = submissionMode === "base64" ? (await downloadImagesAsBase64(imageUrls, downloadOptions, maxConcurrent)).map(
-    (img) => ({ url: img.url, image: img.base64Data, model, credentials })
-  ) : imageUrls.map((url) => ({ url, image: url, model, credentials }));
+    (img) => ({ url: img.url, time: timeByUrl.get(img.url), image: img.base64Data, model, credentials })
+  ) : images.map((img) => ({ url: img.url, time: img.time, image: img.url, model, credentials }));
   return processConcurrently(targetUrls, moderateImageWithOpenAI, maxConcurrent);
 }
 async function requestOpenAITextModeration(text, model, url, credentials) {
@@ -2912,6 +3416,7 @@ async function moderateImageWithHive(entry) {
     const violence = getHiveCategoryScores(classes, HIVE_VIOLENCE_CATEGORIES);
     return {
       url: entry.url,
+      time: entry.time,
       sexual,
       violence,
       error: false
@@ -2919,6 +3424,7 @@ async function moderateImageWithHive(entry) {
   } catch (error) {
     return {
       url: entry.url,
+      time: entry.time,
       sexual: 0,
       violence: 0,
       error: true,
@@ -2926,19 +3432,23 @@ async function moderateImageWithHive(entry) {
     };
   }
 }
-async function requestHiveModeration(imageUrls, maxConcurrent = 5, submissionMode = "url", downloadOptions, credentials) {
+async function requestHiveModeration(images, maxConcurrent = 5, submissionMode = "url", downloadOptions, credentials) {
   "use step";
+  const imageUrls = images.map((img) => img.url);
+  const timeByUrl = new Map(images.map((img) => [img.url, img.time]));
   const targets = submissionMode === "base64" ? (await downloadImagesAsBase64(imageUrls, downloadOptions, maxConcurrent)).map((img) => ({
     url: img.url,
+    time: timeByUrl.get(img.url),
     source: {
       kind: "file",
       buffer: img.buffer,
       contentType: img.contentType
     },
     credentials
-  })) : imageUrls.map((url) => ({
-    url,
-    source: { kind: "url", value: url },
+  })) : images.map((img) => ({
+    url: img.url,
+    time: img.time,
+    source: { kind: "url", value: img.url },
     credentials
   }));
   return await processConcurrently(targets, moderateImageWithHive, maxConcurrent);
@@ -2949,10 +3459,8 @@ async function getThumbnailUrlsFromTimestamps(playbackId, timestampsMs, options)
   const baseUrl = getMuxThumbnailBaseUrl(playbackId);
   const urlPromises = timestampsMs.map(async (tsMs) => {
     const time = Number((tsMs / 1e3).toFixed(2));
-    if (shouldSign) {
-      return signUrl(baseUrl, playbackId, "thumbnail", { time, width }, credentials);
-    }
-    return `${baseUrl}?time=${time}&width=${width}`;
+    const url = shouldSign ? await signUrl(baseUrl, playbackId, "thumbnail", { time, width }, credentials) : `${baseUrl}?time=${time}&width=${width}`;
+    return { url, time };
   });
   return Promise.all(urlPromises);
 }
@@ -3256,6 +3764,7 @@ var SYSTEM_PROMPT3 = dedent4`
     - Do not fabricate details or make unsupported assumptions
     - Return structured data matching the requested schema
     - Output only the JSON object; no markdown or extra text
+    - When a <language> section is provided, all output text MUST be written in that language
   </constraints>
 
   <tone_guidance>
@@ -3310,6 +3819,7 @@ var AUDIO_ONLY_SYSTEM_PROMPT = dedent4`
     - Return structured data matching the requested schema
     - Focus entirely on audio/spoken content - there are no visual elements
     - Output only the JSON object; no markdown or extra text
+    - When a <language> section is provided, all output text MUST be written in that language
   </constraints>
 
   <tone_guidance>
@@ -3340,9 +3850,13 @@ function buildUserPrompt4({
   isAudioOnly = false,
   titleLength,
   descriptionLength,
-  tagCount
+  tagCount,
+  languageName
 }) {
   const contextSections = [createToneSection(TONE_INSTRUCTIONS[tone])];
+  if (languageName) {
+    contextSections.push(createLanguageSection(languageName));
+  }
   if (transcriptText) {
     const format = isCleanTranscript ? "plain text" : "WebVTT";
     contextSections.push(createTranscriptSection(transcriptText, format));
@@ -3455,7 +3969,8 @@ async function getSummaryAndTags(assetId, options) {
     credentials,
     titleLength,
     descriptionLength,
-    tagCount
+    tagCount,
+    outputLanguageCode
   } = options ?? {};
   if (!VALID_TONES.includes(tone)) {
     throw new Error(
@@ -3482,12 +3997,15 @@ async function getSummaryAndTags(assetId, options) {
       "Signed playback ID requires signing credentials. Set MUX_SIGNING_KEY and MUX_PRIVATE_KEY environment variables."
     );
   }
-  const transcriptText = includeTranscript ? (await fetchTranscriptForAsset(assetData, playbackId, {
+  const transcriptResult = includeTranscript ? await fetchTranscriptForAsset(assetData, playbackId, {
     cleanTranscript,
     shouldSign: policy === "signed",
     credentials: workflowCredentials,
     required: isAudioOnly
-  })).transcriptText : "";
+  }) : void 0;
+  const transcriptText = transcriptResult?.transcriptText ?? "";
+  const resolvedLanguageCode = outputLanguageCode && outputLanguageCode !== "auto" ? outputLanguageCode : transcriptResult?.track?.language_code ?? getReadyTextTracks(assetData)[0]?.language_code;
+  const languageName = resolvedLanguageCode ? getLanguageName(resolvedLanguageCode) : void 0;
   const userPrompt = buildUserPrompt4({
     tone,
     transcriptText,
@@ -3496,7 +4014,8 @@ async function getSummaryAndTags(assetId, options) {
     isAudioOnly,
     titleLength,
     descriptionLength,
-    tagCount
+    tagCount,
+    languageName
   });
   let analysisResponse;
   let imageUrl;
@@ -3566,164 +4085,6 @@ async function getSummaryAndTags(assetId, options) {
   };
 }
 
-// src/lib/language-codes.ts
-var ISO639_1_TO_3 = {
-  // Major world languages
-  en: "eng",
-  // English
-  es: "spa",
-  // Spanish
-  fr: "fra",
-  // French
-  de: "deu",
-  // German
-  it: "ita",
-  // Italian
-  pt: "por",
-  // Portuguese
-  ru: "rus",
-  // Russian
-  zh: "zho",
-  // Chinese
-  ja: "jpn",
-  // Japanese
-  ko: "kor",
-  // Korean
-  ar: "ara",
-  // Arabic
-  hi: "hin",
-  // Hindi
-  // European languages
-  nl: "nld",
-  // Dutch
-  pl: "pol",
-  // Polish
-  sv: "swe",
-  // Swedish
-  da: "dan",
-  // Danish
-  no: "nor",
-  // Norwegian
-  fi: "fin",
-  // Finnish
-  el: "ell",
-  // Greek
-  cs: "ces",
-  // Czech
-  hu: "hun",
-  // Hungarian
-  ro: "ron",
-  // Romanian
-  bg: "bul",
-  // Bulgarian
-  hr: "hrv",
-  // Croatian
-  sk: "slk",
-  // Slovak
-  sl: "slv",
-  // Slovenian
-  uk: "ukr",
-  // Ukrainian
-  tr: "tur",
-  // Turkish
-  // Asian languages
-  th: "tha",
-  // Thai
-  vi: "vie",
-  // Vietnamese
-  id: "ind",
-  // Indonesian
-  ms: "msa",
-  // Malay
-  tl: "tgl",
-  // Tagalog/Filipino
-  // Other languages
-  he: "heb",
-  // Hebrew
-  fa: "fas",
-  // Persian/Farsi
-  bn: "ben",
-  // Bengali
-  ta: "tam",
-  // Tamil
-  te: "tel",
-  // Telugu
-  mr: "mar",
-  // Marathi
-  gu: "guj",
-  // Gujarati
-  kn: "kan",
-  // Kannada
-  ml: "mal",
-  // Malayalam
-  pa: "pan",
-  // Punjabi
-  ur: "urd",
-  // Urdu
-  sw: "swa",
-  // Swahili
-  af: "afr",
-  // Afrikaans
-  ca: "cat",
-  // Catalan
-  eu: "eus",
-  // Basque
-  gl: "glg",
-  // Galician
-  is: "isl",
-  // Icelandic
-  et: "est",
-  // Estonian
-  lv: "lav",
-  // Latvian
-  lt: "lit"
-  // Lithuanian
-};
-var ISO639_3_TO_1 = Object.fromEntries(
-  Object.entries(ISO639_1_TO_3).map(([iso1, iso3]) => [iso3, iso1])
-);
-function toISO639_3(code) {
-  const normalized = code.toLowerCase().trim();
-  if (normalized.length === 3) {
-    return normalized;
-  }
-  return ISO639_1_TO_3[normalized] ?? normalized;
-}
-function toISO639_1(code) {
-  const normalized = code.toLowerCase().trim();
-  if (normalized.length === 2) {
-    return normalized;
-  }
-  return ISO639_3_TO_1[normalized] ?? normalized;
-}
-function getLanguageCodePair(code) {
-  const normalized = code.toLowerCase().trim();
-  if (normalized.length === 2) {
-    return {
-      iso639_1: normalized,
-      iso639_3: toISO639_3(normalized)
-    };
-  } else if (normalized.length === 3) {
-    return {
-      iso639_1: toISO639_1(normalized),
-      iso639_3: normalized
-    };
-  }
-  return {
-    iso639_1: normalized,
-    iso639_3: normalized
-  };
-}
-function getLanguageName(code) {
-  const iso639_1 = toISO639_1(code);
-  try {
-    const displayNames = new Intl.DisplayNames(["en"], { type: "language" });
-    return displayNames.of(iso639_1) ?? code.toUpperCase();
-  } catch {
-    return code.toUpperCase();
-  }
-}
-
 // src/lib/storage-adapter.ts
 function requireCredentials(accessKeyId, secretAccessKey) {
   if (!accessKeyId || !secretAccessKey) {
@@ -4168,12 +4529,187 @@ async function translateAudio(assetId, toLanguageCode, options = {}) {
 }
 
 // src/workflows/translate-captions.ts
-import { generateText as generateText5, Output as Output5 } from "ai";
+import {
+  APICallError,
+  generateText as generateText5,
+  NoObjectGeneratedError,
+  Output as Output5,
+  RetryError,
+  TypeValidationError
+} from "ai";
+import dedent5 from "dedent";
 import { z as z6 } from "zod";
 var translationSchema = z6.object({
   translation: z6.string()
 });
-var SYSTEM_PROMPT4 = 'You are a subtitle translation expert. Translate VTT subtitle files to the target language specified by the user. Preserve all timestamps and VTT formatting exactly as they appear. Return JSON with a single key "translation" containing the translated VTT content.';
+var SYSTEM_PROMPT4 = dedent5`
+  You are a subtitle translation expert. Translate VTT subtitle files to the target language specified by the user.
+  You may receive either a full VTT file or a chunk from a larger VTT.
+  Preserve all timestamps, cue ordering, and VTT formatting exactly as they appear.
+  Return JSON with a single key "translation" containing the translated VTT content.
+`;
+var CUE_TRANSLATION_SYSTEM_PROMPT = dedent5`
+  You are a subtitle translation expert.
+  You will receive a sequence of subtitle cues extracted from a VTT file.
+  Translate the cues to the requested target language while preserving their original order.
+  Treat the cue list as continuous context so the translation reads naturally across adjacent lines.
+  Return JSON with a single key "translations" containing exactly one translated string for each input cue.
+  Do not merge, split, omit, reorder, or add cues.
+`;
+var DEFAULT_TRANSLATION_CHUNKING = {
+  enabled: true,
+  minimumAssetDurationSeconds: 30 * 60,
+  targetChunkDurationSeconds: 30 * 60,
+  maxConcurrentTranslations: 4,
+  maxCuesPerChunk: 80,
+  maxCueTextTokensPerChunk: 2e3
+};
+var TOKEN_USAGE_FIELDS = [
+  "inputTokens",
+  "outputTokens",
+  "totalTokens",
+  "reasoningTokens",
+  "cachedInputTokens"
+];
+var TranslationChunkValidationError = class extends Error {
+  constructor(message) {
+    super(message);
+    this.name = "TranslationChunkValidationError";
+  }
+};
+function isTranslationChunkValidationError(error) {
+  return error instanceof TranslationChunkValidationError;
+}
+function isProviderServiceError(error) {
+  if (!error) {
+    return false;
+  }
+  if (RetryError.isInstance(error)) {
+    return isProviderServiceError(error.lastError);
+  }
+  if (APICallError.isInstance(error)) {
+    return true;
+  }
+  if (error instanceof Error && "cause" in error) {
+    return isProviderServiceError(error.cause);
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+function shouldSplitChunkTranslationError(error) {
+  if (isProviderServiceError(error)) {
+    return false;
+  }
+  return NoObjectGeneratedError.isInstance(error) || TypeValidationError.isInstance(error) || isTranslationChunkValidationError(error);
+}
+function isDefinedTokenUsageValue(value) {
+  return typeof value === "number";
+}
+function resolveTranslationChunkingOptions(options) {
+  const targetChunkDurationSeconds = Math.max(
+    1,
+    options?.targetChunkDurationSeconds ?? DEFAULT_TRANSLATION_CHUNKING.targetChunkDurationSeconds
+  );
+  return {
+    enabled: options?.enabled ?? DEFAULT_TRANSLATION_CHUNKING.enabled,
+    minimumAssetDurationSeconds: Math.max(
+      1,
+      options?.minimumAssetDurationSeconds ?? DEFAULT_TRANSLATION_CHUNKING.minimumAssetDurationSeconds
+    ),
+    targetChunkDurationSeconds,
+    maxConcurrentTranslations: Math.max(
+      1,
+      options?.maxConcurrentTranslations ?? DEFAULT_TRANSLATION_CHUNKING.maxConcurrentTranslations
+    ),
+    maxCuesPerChunk: Math.max(
+      1,
+      options?.maxCuesPerChunk ?? DEFAULT_TRANSLATION_CHUNKING.maxCuesPerChunk
+    ),
+    maxCueTextTokensPerChunk: Math.max(
+      1,
+      options?.maxCueTextTokensPerChunk ?? DEFAULT_TRANSLATION_CHUNKING.maxCueTextTokensPerChunk
+    )
+  };
+}
+function aggregateTokenUsage(usages) {
+  return TOKEN_USAGE_FIELDS.reduce((aggregate, field) => {
+    const values = usages.map((usage) => usage[field]).filter(isDefinedTokenUsageValue);
+    if (values.length > 0) {
+      aggregate[field] = values.reduce((total, value) => total + value, 0);
+    }
+    return aggregate;
+  }, {});
+}
+function createTranslationChunkRequest(id, cues, cueBlocks) {
+  return {
+    id,
+    cueCount: cues.length,
+    startTime: cues[0].startTime,
+    endTime: cues[cues.length - 1].endTime,
+    cues,
+    cueBlocks
+  };
+}
+function splitTranslationChunkRequestByBudget(id, cues, cueBlocks, maxCuesPerChunk, maxCueTextTokensPerChunk) {
+  const chunks = chunkVTTCuesByBudget(cues, {
+    maxCuesPerChunk,
+    maxTextTokensPerChunk: maxCueTextTokensPerChunk
+  });
+  return chunks.map(
+    (chunk, index) => createTranslationChunkRequest(
+      chunks.length === 1 ? id : `${id}-part-${index}`,
+      cues.slice(chunk.cueStartIndex, chunk.cueEndIndex + 1),
+      cueBlocks.slice(chunk.cueStartIndex, chunk.cueEndIndex + 1)
+    )
+  );
+}
+function buildTranslationChunkRequests(vttContent, assetDurationSeconds, chunkingOptions) {
+  const resolvedChunking = resolveTranslationChunkingOptions(chunkingOptions);
+  const cues = parseVTTCues(vttContent);
+  if (cues.length === 0) {
+    return null;
+  }
+  const { preamble, cueBlocks } = splitVttPreambleAndCueBlocks(vttContent);
+  if (cueBlocks.length !== cues.length) {
+    console.warn(
+      `Falling back to full-VTT caption translation because cue block count (${cueBlocks.length}) does not match parsed cue count (${cues.length}).`
+    );
+    return null;
+  }
+  if (!resolvedChunking.enabled) {
+    return {
+      preamble,
+      chunks: [
+        createTranslationChunkRequest("chunk-0", cues, cueBlocks)
+      ]
+    };
+  }
+  if (typeof assetDurationSeconds !== "number" || assetDurationSeconds < resolvedChunking.minimumAssetDurationSeconds) {
+    return {
+      preamble,
+      chunks: [
+        createTranslationChunkRequest("chunk-0", cues, cueBlocks)
+      ]
+    };
+  }
+  const targetChunkDurationSeconds = resolvedChunking.targetChunkDurationSeconds;
+  const durationChunks = chunkVTTCuesByDuration(cues, {
+    targetChunkDurationSeconds,
+    maxChunkDurationSeconds: Math.max(targetChunkDurationSeconds, Math.round(targetChunkDurationSeconds * (7 / 6))),
+    minChunkDurationSeconds: Math.max(1, Math.round(targetChunkDurationSeconds * (2 / 3)))
+  });
+  return {
+    preamble,
+    chunks: durationChunks.flatMap(
+      (chunk) => splitTranslationChunkRequestByBudget(
+        chunk.id,
+        cues.slice(chunk.cueStartIndex, chunk.cueEndIndex + 1),
+        cueBlocks.slice(chunk.cueStartIndex, chunk.cueEndIndex + 1),
+        resolvedChunking.maxCuesPerChunk,
+        resolvedChunking.maxCueTextTokensPerChunk
+      )
+    )
+  };
+}
 async function fetchVttFromMux(vttUrl) {
   "use step";
   const vttResponse = await fetch(vttUrl);
@@ -4219,6 +4755,176 @@ ${vttContent}`
     }
   };
 }
+async function translateCueChunkWithAI({
+  cues,
+  fromLanguageCode,
+  toLanguageCode,
+  provider,
+  modelId,
+  credentials
+}) {
+  "use step";
+  const model = await createLanguageModelFromConfig(provider, modelId, credentials);
+  const schema = z6.object({
+    translations: z6.array(z6.string().min(1)).length(cues.length)
+  });
+  const cuePayload = cues.map((cue, index) => ({
+    index,
+    startTime: cue.startTime,
+    endTime: cue.endTime,
+    text: cue.text
+  }));
+  const response = await generateText5({
+    model,
+    output: Output5.object({ schema }),
+    messages: [
+      {
+        role: "system",
+        content: CUE_TRANSLATION_SYSTEM_PROMPT
+      },
+      {
+        role: "user",
+        content: `Translate from ${fromLanguageCode} to ${toLanguageCode}.
+Return exactly ${cues.length} translated cues in the same order as the input.
+
+${JSON.stringify(cuePayload, null, 2)}`
+      }
+    ]
+  });
+  return {
+    translations: response.output.translations,
+    usage: {
+      inputTokens: response.usage.inputTokens,
+      outputTokens: response.usage.outputTokens,
+      totalTokens: response.usage.totalTokens,
+      reasoningTokens: response.usage.reasoningTokens,
+      cachedInputTokens: response.usage.cachedInputTokens
+    }
+  };
+}
+function splitTranslationChunkAtMidpoint(chunk) {
+  const midpoint = Math.floor(chunk.cueCount / 2);
+  if (midpoint <= 0 || midpoint >= chunk.cueCount) {
+    throw new Error(`Cannot split chunk ${chunk.id} with cueCount=${chunk.cueCount}`);
+  }
+  return [
+    createTranslationChunkRequest(
+      `${chunk.id}-a`,
+      chunk.cues.slice(0, midpoint),
+      chunk.cueBlocks.slice(0, midpoint)
+    ),
+    createTranslationChunkRequest(
+      `${chunk.id}-b`,
+      chunk.cues.slice(midpoint),
+      chunk.cueBlocks.slice(midpoint)
+    )
+  ];
+}
+async function translateChunkWithFallback({
+  chunk,
+  fromLanguageCode,
+  toLanguageCode,
+  provider,
+  modelId,
+  credentials
+}) {
+  "use step";
+  try {
+    const result = await translateCueChunkWithAI({
+      cues: chunk.cues,
+      fromLanguageCode,
+      toLanguageCode,
+      provider,
+      modelId,
+      credentials
+    });
+    if (result.translations.length !== chunk.cueCount) {
+      throw new TranslationChunkValidationError(
+        `Chunk ${chunk.id} returned ${result.translations.length} cues, expected ${chunk.cueCount} for ${Math.round(chunk.startTime)}s-${Math.round(chunk.endTime)}s`
+      );
+    }
+    return {
+      translatedVtt: buildVttFromTranslatedCueBlocks(chunk.cueBlocks, result.translations),
+      usage: result.usage
+    };
+  } catch (error) {
+    if (!shouldSplitChunkTranslationError(error) || chunk.cueCount <= 1) {
+      throw new Error(
+        `Chunk ${chunk.id} failed for ${Math.round(chunk.startTime)}s-${Math.round(chunk.endTime)}s: ${error instanceof Error ? error.message : "Unknown error"}`
+      );
+    }
+    const [leftChunk, rightChunk] = splitTranslationChunkAtMidpoint(chunk);
+    const [leftResult, rightResult] = await Promise.all([
+      translateChunkWithFallback({
+        chunk: leftChunk,
+        fromLanguageCode,
+        toLanguageCode,
+        provider,
+        modelId,
+        credentials
+      }),
+      translateChunkWithFallback({
+        chunk: rightChunk,
+        fromLanguageCode,
+        toLanguageCode,
+        provider,
+        modelId,
+        credentials
+      })
+    ]);
+    return {
+      translatedVtt: concatenateVttSegments([leftResult.translatedVtt, rightResult.translatedVtt]),
+      usage: aggregateTokenUsage([leftResult.usage, rightResult.usage])
+    };
+  }
+}
+async function translateCaptionTrack({
+  vttContent,
+  assetDurationSeconds,
+  fromLanguageCode,
+  toLanguageCode,
+  provider,
+  modelId,
+  credentials,
+  chunking
+}) {
+  "use step";
+  const chunkPlan = buildTranslationChunkRequests(vttContent, assetDurationSeconds, chunking);
+  if (!chunkPlan) {
+    return translateVttWithAI({
+      vttContent,
+      fromLanguageCode,
+      toLanguageCode,
+      provider,
+      modelId,
+      credentials
+    });
+  }
+  const resolvedChunking = resolveTranslationChunkingOptions(chunking);
+  const translatedSegments = [];
+  const usageByChunk = [];
+  for (let index = 0; index < chunkPlan.chunks.length; index += resolvedChunking.maxConcurrentTranslations) {
+    const batch = chunkPlan.chunks.slice(index, index + resolvedChunking.maxConcurrentTranslations);
+    const batchResults = await Promise.all(
+      batch.map(
+        (chunk) => translateChunkWithFallback({
+          chunk,
+          fromLanguageCode,
+          toLanguageCode,
+          provider,
+          modelId,
+          credentials
+        })
+      )
+    );
+    translatedSegments.push(...batchResults.map((result) => result.translatedVtt));
+    usageByChunk.push(...batchResults.map((result) => result.usage));
+  }
+  return {
+    translatedVtt: concatenateVttSegments(translatedSegments, chunkPlan.preamble),
+    usage: aggregateTokenUsage(usageByChunk)
+  };
+}
 async function uploadVttToS3({
   translatedVtt,
   assetId,
@@ -4279,7 +4985,8 @@ async function translateCaptions(assetId, fromLanguageCode, toLanguageCode, opti
     s3Bucket: providedS3Bucket,
     uploadToMux: uploadToMuxOption,
     storageAdapter,
-    credentials: providedCredentials
+    credentials: providedCredentials,
+    chunking
   } = options;
   const credentials = providedCredentials;
   const effectiveStorageAdapter = storageAdapter;
@@ -4340,13 +5047,15 @@ async function translateCaptions(assetId, fromLanguageCode, toLanguageCode, opti
   let translatedVtt;
   let usage;
   try {
-    const result = await translateVttWithAI({
+    const result = await translateCaptionTrack({
       vttContent,
+      assetDurationSeconds,
       fromLanguageCode,
       toLanguageCode,
       provider: modelConfig.provider,
       modelId: modelConfig.modelId,
-      credentials
+      credentials,
+      chunking
     });
     translatedVtt = result.translatedVtt;
     usage = result.usage;