@museumwnf/with-brush-and-qalam-data 1.0.1

package/timelines.json

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+[{"id":"6379c284-b16e-5d1d-acb3-f804c83184df","backward_compatibility":"mwnf3_sharing_history:sh_hcr:country:ua:exhibition:2","internal_name":"ua — Exhibition 2","country_id":"are","source":"sharing_history"},{"id":"596e96e2-6c68-501c-8294-7a01dc972c77","backward_compatibility":"mwnf3_sharing_history:sh_hcr:country:at:exhibition:2","internal_name":"at — Exhibition 2","country_id":"aut","source":"sharing_history"},{"id":"9da1d01d-e1b7-552b-82e4-cbbaad6d6418","backward_compatibility":"mwnf3:hcr:country:cz","internal_name":"cz — Discover Islamic Art","country_id":"cze","source":"mwnf3"},{"id":"aadb4d5b-845d-56d1-b3ae-375b974ee9c3","backward_compatibility":"mwnf3_sharing_history:sh_hcr:country:de:exhibition:2","internal_name":"de — Exhibition 2","country_id":"deu","source":"sharing_history"},{"id":"90ba30c9-6b8b-5fff-9486-c6627d28eae5","backward_compatibility":"mwnf3:hcr:country:de","internal_name":"de — Discover Islamic 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Art","country_id":"esp","source":"mwnf3"},{"id":"2258d496-7ea2-59b7-bc41-464f6f6eac50","backward_compatibility":"mwnf3_sharing_history:sh_hcr:country:fr:exhibition:2","internal_name":"fr — Exhibition 2","country_id":"fra","source":"sharing_history"},{"id":"b97dfb88-5ff3-580b-b30a-b0703c432352","backward_compatibility":"mwnf3:hcr:country:fr","internal_name":"fr — Discover Islamic Art","country_id":"fra","source":"mwnf3"},{"id":"3c6ecbd4-bbbb-57c8-b689-a1db8cc30a33","backward_compatibility":"mwnf3_sharing_history:sh_hcr:country:uk:exhibition:2","internal_name":"uk — Exhibition 2","country_id":"gbr","source":"sharing_history"},{"id":"fcfc6030-b11f-5490-82ce-229dbeef1464","backward_compatibility":"mwnf3:hcr:country:uk","internal_name":"uk — Discover Islamic Art","country_id":"gbr","source":"mwnf3"},{"id":"d164bc66-ba0b-55bb-8c8c-3f388caf88d9","backward_compatibility":"mwnf3_sharing_history:sh_hcr:country:gr:exhibition:2","internal_name":"gr — Exhibition 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2","country_id":"sau","source":"sharing_history"},{"id":"c2589540-1739-5eec-8353-22cce63ae916","backward_compatibility":"mwnf3_sharing_history:sh_hcr:country:sb:exhibition:2","internal_name":"sb — Exhibition 2","country_id":"srb","source":"sharing_history"},{"id":"f8249562-6991-5de6-a5c1-8978ffa2aefa","backward_compatibility":"mwnf3:hcr:country:se","internal_name":"se — Discover Islamic Art","country_id":"swe","source":"mwnf3"},{"id":"3c16c8ff-359f-5726-98f8-3c4a054cf46a","backward_compatibility":"mwnf3:hcr:country:sy","internal_name":"sy — Discover Islamic Art","country_id":"syr","source":"mwnf3"},{"id":"569552ba-7d33-5594-a835-bb3226959012","backward_compatibility":"mwnf3_sharing_history:sh_hcr:country:tn:exhibition:2","internal_name":"tn — Exhibition 2","country_id":"tun","source":"sharing_history"},{"id":"5a9d2029-308c-5efb-9790-595ff0589e85","backward_compatibility":"mwnf3:hcr:country:tn","internal_name":"tn — Discover Islamic Art","country_id":"tun","source":"mwnf3"},{"id":"ea985095-1124-5141-89d2-85e161b4f0e2","backward_compatibility":"mwnf3_sharing_history:sh_hcr:country:tr:exhibition:2","internal_name":"tr — Exhibition 2","country_id":"tur","source":"sharing_history"},{"id":"863c54dc-fa55-5075-b6cb-22be16ceb903","backward_compatibility":"mwnf3:hcr:country:tr","internal_name":"tr — Discover Islamic Art","country_id":"tur","source":"mwnf3"}]

package/translations/countries.ar.json

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+{"are":{"name":"ألإمارات ألعربية"},"aut":{"name":"النمسا"},"cze":{"name":"جمهورية التشيك"},"deu":{"name":"المانيا"},"dza":{"name":"الجزائر"},"egy":{"name":"مصر"},"esp":{"name":"اسبانيا"},"fra":{"name":"فرنسا"},"gbr":{"name":"المملكة المتحدة"},"grc":{"name":"اليونان"},"hrv":{"name":"كرواتيا"},"hun":{"name":"هنغاريا"},"ita":{"name":"ايطاليا"},"jor":{"name":"الاردن"},"kwt":{"name":"ألكويت"},"lbn":{"name":"لبنان"},"mar":{"name":"المغرب"},"prt":{"name":"البرتغال"},"pse":{"name":"فلسطين"},"qat":{"name":"قطر"},"rou":{"name":"رومانيا"},"sau":{"name":"ألسعودية"},"swe":{"name":"السويد"},"syr":{"name":"سوريا"},"tun":{"name":"تونس"},"tur":{"name":"تركيا"}}

package/translations/countries.cs.json

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+{"cze":{"name":"Czech Republic"},"hrv":{"name":"Croatia"},"hun":{"name":"Hungary"},"pse":{"name":"Palestine"}}

package/translations/countries.de.json

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+{"aut":{"name":"Österreich"},"cze":{"name":"Czech Republic"},"deu":{"name":"Deutschland"},"dza":{"name":"Algerien"},"egy":{"name":"Ägypten"},"esp":{"name":"Spanien"},"fra":{"name":"Frankreich"},"gbr":{"name":"Großbritannien"},"hrv":{"name":"Croatia"},"hun":{"name":"Hungary"},"ita":{"name":"Italien"},"jor":{"name":"Jordanien"},"mar":{"name":"Marokko"},"prt":{"name":"Portugal"},"pse":{"name":"Palästina"},"swe":{"name":"Schweden"},"syr":{"name":"Syrien"},"tun":{"name":"Tunesien"},"tur":{"name":"Türkei"}}

package/translations/countries.el.json

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+{"grc":{"name":"Ελλάδα"}}

package/translations/countries.en.json

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+{"are":{"name":"United Arab Emirates (Sharjah)"},"aut":{"name":"Austria"},"cze":{"name":"Czech Republic"},"deu":{"name":"Germany"},"dza":{"name":"Algeria"},"egy":{"name":"Egypt"},"esp":{"name":"Spain"},"fra":{"name":"France"},"gbr":{"name":"United Kingdom"},"grc":{"name":"Greece"},"hrv":{"name":"Croatia"},"hun":{"name":"Hungary"},"ita":{"name":"Italy"},"jor":{"name":"Jordan"},"kwt":{"name":"Kuwait"},"lbn":{"name":"Lebanon"},"mar":{"name":"Morocco"},"prt":{"name":"Portugal"},"pse":{"name":"Palestine"},"qat":{"name":"Qatar"},"rou":{"name":"Romania"},"sau":{"name":"Saudi Arabia"},"srb":{"name":"Serbia"},"swe":{"name":"Sweden"},"syr":{"name":"Syria"},"tun":{"name":"Tunisia"},"tur":{"name":"Türkiye"}}

package/translations/countries.es.json

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+{"are":{"name":"Emiratos Árabes Unidos"},"aut":{"name":"Austria"},"cze":{"name":"República Checa"},"deu":{"name":"Alemania"},"dza":{"name":"Argelia"},"egy":{"name":"Egipto"},"esp":{"name":"España"},"fra":{"name":"Francia"},"gbr":{"name":"Reino Unido"},"grc":{"name":"Grecia"},"hrv":{"name":"Croacia"},"hun":{"name":"Hungría"},"ita":{"name":"Italia"},"jor":{"name":"Jordania"},"kwt":{"name":"Kuwait"},"mar":{"name":"Marruecos"},"prt":{"name":"Portugal"},"pse":{"name":"Palestina"},"qat":{"name":"Qatar"},"rou":{"name":"Rumania"},"sau":{"name":"Reino de Arabia Saudí"},"swe":{"name":"Suecia"},"syr":{"name":"Siria"},"tun":{"name":"Túnez"},"tur":{"name":"Turquía"}}

package/translations/countries.fr.json

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+{"are":{"name":"Emirats Arabes Unis (Sharjah)"},"aut":{"name":"Autriche"},"cze":{"name":"République Tchèque"},"deu":{"name":"Allemagne"},"dza":{"name":"Algérie"},"egy":{"name":"Egypte"},"esp":{"name":"Espagne"},"fra":{"name":"France"},"gbr":{"name":"Royaume Uni"},"grc":{"name":"Grèce"},"hrv":{"name":"Croatie"},"hun":{"name":"Hongrie"},"ita":{"name":"Italie"},"jor":{"name":"Jordanie"},"kwt":{"name":"Kuweit"},"mar":{"name":"Maroc"},"prt":{"name":"Portugal"},"pse":{"name":"Palestine"},"qat":{"name":"Qatar"},"rou":{"name":"Roumanie"},"swe":{"name":"Suède"},"syr":{"name":"Syrie"},"tun":{"name":"Tunisie"},"tur":{"name":"Turquie"}}

package/translations/countries.hr.json

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+{"pse":{"name":"Palestine"}}

package/translations/countries.hu.json

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+{"pse":{"name":"Palestine"}}

package/translations/countries.it.json

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+{"are":{"name":"Emirati Arabi Uniti"},"aut":{"name":"Austria"},"cze":{"name":"Repubblica Ceca"},"deu":{"name":"Germania"},"dza":{"name":"Algeria"},"egy":{"name":"Egitto"},"esp":{"name":"Spagna"},"fra":{"name":"Francia"},"gbr":{"name":"Regno Unito"},"grc":{"name":"Grecia"},"hrv":{"name":"Croazia"},"hun":{"name":"Ungheria"},"ita":{"name":"Italia"},"jor":{"name":"Giordania"},"kwt":{"name":"Kuwait"},"mar":{"name":"Marocco"},"prt":{"name":"Portogallo"},"pse":{"name":"Palestina"},"qat":{"name":"Qatar"},"sau":{"name":"Regno dell’Arabia Saudita"},"swe":{"name":"Svezia"},"syr":{"name":"Siria"},"tun":{"name":"Tunisia"},"tur":{"name":"Turchia"}}

package/translations/countries.pt.json

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+{"aut":{"name":"Áustria"},"cze":{"name":"Czech Republic"},"deu":{"name":"Alemanha"},"dza":{"name":"Argélia"},"egy":{"name":"Egipto"},"esp":{"name":"Espanha"},"fra":{"name":"França"},"gbr":{"name":"Reino Unido"},"grc":{"name":"Grécia"},"hrv":{"name":"Croatia"},"hun":{"name":"Hungary"},"ita":{"name":"Itália"},"jor":{"name":"Jordânia"},"kwt":{"name":"Kuwait"},"mar":{"name":"Marrocos"},"prt":{"name":"Portugal"},"pse":{"name":"Palestina"},"swe":{"name":"Suécia"},"syr":{"name":"Síria"},"tun":{"name":"Tunísia"},"tur":{"name":"Turquia"}}

package/translations/countries.se.json

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+{"deu":{"name":"Tyskland"},"dza":{"name":"Algeriet"},"egy":{"name":"Egypten"},"esp":{"name":"Spanien"},"gbr":{"name":"Storbritannien"},"ita":{"name":"Italien"},"jor":{"name":"Jordanien"},"mar":{"name":"Marocko"},"prt":{"name":"Portugal"},"pse":{"name":"Palestina"},"swe":{"name":"Sverige"},"syr":{"name":"Syrien"},"tun":{"name":"Tunisien"},"tur":{"name":"Turkiet"}}

package/translations/countries.si.json

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+{"pse":{"name":"Palestine"}}

package/translations/countries.tr.json

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+{"aut":{"name":"Avusturya"},"cze":{"name":"Çek Cumhuriyeti"},"deu":{"name":"Almanya"},"dza":{"name":"Cezayir"},"egy":{"name":"Mısır"},"esp":{"name":"İspanya"},"fra":{"name":"Fransa"},"gbr":{"name":"Birleşik Krallık"},"hrv":{"name":"Hırvatistan"},"hun":{"name":"Hungary"},"ita":{"name":"İtalya"},"jor":{"name":"Ürdün"},"mar":{"name":"Fas"},"prt":{"name":"Portekiz"},"pse":{"name":"Filistin"},"swe":{"name":"İsveç"},"syr":{"name":"Suriye"},"tun":{"name":"Tunus"},"tur":{"name":"Türkiye"}}

package/translations/dynasties.ar.json

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+{"4ff94404-b748-5d95-93e3-648f784dd9ba":{"name":"سلالة أسرة تشينغ الحاكمة","also_known_as":"","area":"الصين ، تايوان ، التيبر ومنغوليا وأيضا أجزاء من آسيا الوسطى","history":"إن سلالة أسرة تشينغ الحاكمة كانت آخر السلالات الامبراطورية في الصين. وقد كانت أيضا أطول سلالة حكما حيث امتد حكمها من عام 1644 إلى 1912 وكان حكامها يعرفون بقوتهم العسكرية. وكانت سلالة الأسرة الحاكمة هذه تعرف أيضا بسلالة أسرة المانشو Manchu حيث أسست من قبل قبيلة المانشو( بيت آيشين – جيورو Aisin-Gioro ) ونصف المسؤولين الملكيين كانوا من المانشو.  \nإن أسس سلالة تشينغ الحاكمة كانت قد وضعت من قبل شعب المانشو في شمال الصين والذين اتحدوا ضد سلالة عائلة مينغ Ming dynasty.  \nويوجد مجموعة أخرى التي وقفت ضد سلالة عائلة مينغ وهي الجورشن Jurchen أو البرابرة الشرقيين. وقد تكونت المجموعة من قبائل مختلفة سكنت الحدود الشمالية الشرقية من امبراطورية مينغ. وقد ارتقى الجورشن للسلطة في 1580s بقيادة رجل يدعى نورهاسي Nurhaci (أيضا يعرف بنورغاسي ، 1559-1626) وهو فلاح في اقطاعيات مينغ التي اتحدت مع قبائل المانشو. وبحلول عام 1583 وبعد وفاة والده وجده فإن نورشاهي في عمر 24 عاما انخرط في دائرة السلطة في المنطقة.  \nوعلى خلاف أسلافه من الجورشن والغزاة الآخرين والمحتلين فإن رجال قبيلة النورشاهي لم يكونوا رحلا. وكان اقتصادهم يعتمد على الزراعة والصيد والتجارة. وفي عام 1616 فقد اعلن نورشاهي نفسه خانا (ملكا) في سلالة عائلة أيشين Aisin dynasty. وفي وثيقة عامة فقد اعتبر حكام مينع مسؤولين عن وفاة والدته وجده ودعاهم للتنحي عن السلطة بسبب إساءة استخدامهم لها. وقد استجابت سلالة عائلة مينغ بإرسال عدد كبير من المقاتلين ضده ولكن هذه القوة الاستطلاعية هزمت من قبل اتحاد يتضمن الجورشن قاده نورهاسي.  \nوقد توفي نورهاسي عام 1626 تاركا ولده الثامن وخلفه ، هونغ تايجي Hong Taiji (الذي يعرف  \nأيضا باسم هوانغ تايجي ، 1626-43). وقد وصل هونغ تايجي للسلطة كوريث لجده من أبيه ، جيوكانغا Giocangga.  \nوفي عام 1616 بدأ هونغ تايجي بالتوسع في دائرة السيطرة العسكرية لمينغ من شبه جزيرة لياودونغ Liaodong. وفي عام 1629 فقد اجتاز السور العظيم للصين واحتل أربع مدن صينية هي : لوانجو Luanzhou ، كينان Qian’an ، زونهوا Zunhua ويونغ بينغ Yongping. وفي عام 1636 فقد أسس حكومة عاملة ومضى في الإعلان عن تشكيل سلالة عائلة تشينغ العظيمة. وقد توفي هونغ تايجي في 21 سبتمبر / أيلول من عام 1643 وترك ورائه فراغا مؤقتا في السلطة وبعد بعض المفاوضات فقد تقرر أن يكون شقيق الامبراطور دورغون Dorgon (1612-50) مع جنرال يسمى جيرجالانغ Jirgalang(1599-1655) الذي يكون وصيا مساعدا للعرش بالنسبة لابن هونغ تايجي البالغ من العمر خمس سنوات والمدعو فولين Fulin . وقد نصب فولين على العرش في عام 1643 على اعتباره امبراطورا لين العريكة Shunzhi.  \nمن 1750s وحتى 1790s فإن امبراطور كيانلونغ وسع سيطرة تشنيغ على الأراضي الداخلية في آسيا. وفي أوجه فإن الامبراطور حكم أكثر من مساحة الصين اليوم حيث تضمنت مناطق حكمه هاينان ، تايوان ، منغولية ، أجزاء من منشوريا وشمال غرب الصين. وقد حافظ حكام تشينغ على عادات المانشو واتبعوا دين البوذية التبتية وقد وصلت هذه السلالة العائلية الحاكمة لذروتها في القرن الثامن عشر ولكنها تدريجيا اضمحلت بسبب التحديات الخارجية والثورات ضن المملكة و تكاثر السكان وتدهور الاقتصاد والفساد. وقد تم أخيرا الإطاحة بسلالة عائلة تشينغ الحاكمة مع تشكيل جمهورية الصين في عام 1912.  \n  \nBibliography  \n• Smith, Richard J., The Qing Dynasty and Traditional Chinese Culture, Washington, DC: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2015.  \n  \nهذا الاستعراض كتب من قبل فيزا إيشاق وترجم للعربية من قبل أحمد باسل رضوان وقد أضيف كجزء من مشروع \" استكشف الفن الإسلامي\" .","date_description_ah":"1045-1330 هجري","date_description_ad":"1636 -1912 ميلادي"}}

package/translations/dynasties.en.json

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+{"4ff94404-b748-5d95-93e3-648f784dd9ba":{"name":"Qing","also_known_as":"","area":"China, Taiwan, Tiber and Mongolia, as well as parts of central Asia","history":"The Qing dynasty was the last of the imperial dynasties of China. It was also the longest reigning dynasty, spanning the period from 1644 to 1912, and its rulers were renowned for their military prowess. The dynasty was also known as the Manchu dynasty as it was established by a Manchu clan (House of Aisin-Gioro), and half the royal officials were Manchu.  \n  \nThe foundations of the Qing dynasty were laid when the Manchu people of northern China united against the Ming dynasty. Another group that went against the Ming dynasty was the Jurchen or the eastern barbarians. The group consisted of different tribes who inhabited the northeastern frontiers of the Ming empire. The Jurchen rose to power in the 1580s, led by a man named Nurhaci (also known as Nurgaci, 1559–1626), a Ming vassal who went on to unite all the Manchu clans. By 1583, after the death of his father and grandfather, Nurhaci emerged at 24 years old as the pre-eminent power in the region.  \n  \nUnlike the forebears of the Jurchen and other invaders and conquerors, Nurhaci’s tribesmen were not nomads. Their economy was dependent on agriculture, hunting and trade. In 1616, Nurhaci declared himself khan (“king”) of the Aisin dynasty. In a public document, he held the Ming rulers responsible for the deaths of his father and grandfather, calling them out for their abuse of power. The Ming dynasty responded by sending out a large number of militants against him, but this expeditionary force was defeated by a pan-Jurchen confederation led by Nurhaci.  \n  \nNurhaci died in 1626, leaving his eighth son and heir, Hong Taiji (also known as Huang Taiji, 1626–43). Hong Taiji came to power as the descendent of his paternal grandfather, Giocangga. In 1616, Hong Taiji began driving out the Ming military from the Liaodong Peninsula. In 1629, he breached the Great Wall and occupied four Chinese cities: Luanzhou, Qian’an, Zunhua and Yongping. By 1636, he had established a functional government and went on to declare the formation of the “Great Qing” dynasty. Hong Taiji died on 21 September 1643, leaving behind a temporary power vacuum. After some negotiation it was decided that the emperor’s brother Dorgon (1612–50), together with the general named Jirgalang (1599–1655) would act as co-regents for Hong Taiji’s five-year-old son, Fulin. Fulin acceded to the throne in 1643 as the Shunzhi (“compliant rule”) emperor.  \n  \nFrom the 1750s to 1790s, the Qianlong emperor extended Qing control into the interior territories of Asia. At its height, the empire ruled over almost all of today’s mainland China, including Hainan, Taiwan, Mongolia, parts of Manchuria and northwest China. The Qing rulers maintained their Manchu custom and followed Tibetan Buddhism. The dynasty reached its peak in the 18th century but gradually deteriorated due to challenges from abroad, revolts within the kingdom, population growth, a disordered economy and corruption. The Qing dynasty was finally overthrown with the formation of the Republic of China in 1912.  \n  \nBibliography  \n• Smith, Richard J., The Qing Dynasty and Traditional Chinese Culture, Washington, DC: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2015.  \n  \nThis profile, compiled by Fiza Ishaq and copy-edited by Adrienne Staudohar, was added as part of the ‘Explore Islamic Art Collections’ project.","date_description_ah":"AH 1045–1330","date_description_ad":"AD 1636–1912"}}

package/translations/dynasties.es.json

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"4ff94404-b748-5d95-93e3-648f784dd9ba":{"name":"Qing","also_known_as":"","area":"China, Taiwán, Tíbet y Mongolia, y partes de Asia Central","history":"La dinastía Qing fue la última de las dinastías imperiales de China. También fue la dinastía reinante más larga, abarcando el período de 1644 a 1912, y sus gobernantes eran famosos por su destreza militar. La dinastía también se conocía como dinastía Manchú, ya que fue establecida por un clan Manchú (Casa de Aisin-Gioro), y la mitad de los funcionarios reales eran Manchúes.  \n  \nLos cimientos de la dinastía Qing se establecieron cuando el pueblo Manchú del norte de China se unió contra la dinastía Ming. Otro grupo que fue en contra de la dinastía Ming fueron los Jurchen o los bárbaros orientales. El grupo estaba formado por diferentes tribus que habitaban las fronteras nororientales del imperio Ming. Los Jurchen subieron al poder en la década de 1580, liderados por un hombre llamado Nurhaci (también conocido como Nurgaci, 1559-1626), un vasallo Ming que unió a todos los clanes manchúes. En 1583, después de la muerte de su padre y su abuelo, Nurhaci emergió a los 24 años como el poder preeminente en la región.  \n  \nA diferencia de los antepasados de los Jurchen y otros invasores y conquistadores, los miembros de la tribu de Nurhaci no eran nómadas. Su economía dependía de la agricultura, la caza y el comercio. En 1616, Nurhaci se declaró khan (\"rey\") de la dinastía Aisin. En un documento público, responsabilizó a los gobernantes Ming por la muerte de su padre y su abuelo, y los llamó por su abuso de poder. La dinastía Ming respondió enviando un gran número de militantes contra él, pero esta fuerza expedicionaria fue derrotada por una confederación pan-Jurchen dirigida por Nurhaci.  \n  \nNurhaci murió en 1626, dejando a su octavo hijo y heredero, Hong Taiji (también conocido como Huang Taiji, 1626-1643). Hong Taiji llegó al poder como descendiente de su abuelo paterno, Giocangga. En 1616, Hong Taiji comenzó a expulsar al ejército Ming de la península de Liaodong. En 1629, rompió la Gran Muralla y ocupó cuatro ciudades Chinas: Luanzhou, Qian'an, Zunhua y Yongping. Para 1636, había establecido un gobierno funcional y pasó a declarar la formación de la dinastía \"Gran Qing\". Hong Taiji murió el 21 de Septiembre de 1643, dejando un vacío de poder temporal. Después de algunas negociaciones, se decidió que el hermano del emperador, Dorgon (1612-1650), junto con el general llamado Jirgalang (1599-1655) actuarían como regentes del hijo de cinco años de Hong Taiji, Fulin. Fulin accedió al trono en 1643 como emperador Shunzhi (\"regla obediente\").  \n  \nDesde la década de 1750 hasta la de 1790, el emperador Qianlong extendió el control de Qing a los territorios interiores de Asia. En su apogeo, el imperio gobernó casi toda la China continental actual, incluidos Hainan, Taiwán, Mongolia, partes de Manchuria y el noroeste de China. Los gobernantes Qing mantuvieron su costumbre Manchú y siguieron el Budismo Tibetano. La dinastía alcanzó su apogeo en el siglo XVIII, pero se deterioró gradualmente debido a los desafíos del exterior, las revueltas dentro del reino, el crecimiento de la población, una economía desordenada y la corrupción. La dinastía Qing finalmente fue derrocada con la formación de la República de China en 1912.  \n  \nBibliografía  \n• Smith, Richard J., The Qing Dynasty and Traditional Chinese Culture, Washington, DC: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2015.  \n  \nEste perfil, compilado por Fiza Ishaq y traducido al español por Jackeline Herrera Merlos Kott, se añadió en el marco del proyecto ‘Explore Islamic Art Collections’.","date_description_ah":"AH 1045–1330","date_description_ad":"AD 1636–1912"}}

package/translations/dynasties.fr.json

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"4ff94404-b748-5d95-93e3-648f784dd9ba":{"name":"Qing","also_known_as":"","area":"Chine, Taiwan, Tibet et Mongolie, ainsi que des parties d’Asie centrale","history":"La dynastie Qing fut la dernière dynastie impériale de Chine. Ce fut également la dynastie qui régna le plus longtemps, s'étendant sur une période de 1644 à 1912, et ses souverains étaient célèbres pour leurs prouesses militaires. La dynastie fut aussi connue sous le nom de dynastie Mandchoue puisqu’elle fut créée par des Mandchous (clan Aisin Gioro), et la moitié des fonctionnaires royaux étaient Mandchous.  \n  \nLes fondations de la dynastie Qing furent posées lorsque le peuple Mandchou du nord de la Chine s’unifia contre la dynastie Ming. Un autre groupe se rebella contre la dynastie Ming, les Jürchen, ou les barbares de l’Est. Le groupe était composé de différents clans qui vivaient aux frontières nord-est de l’empire Ming. Les Jürchen arrivèrent au pouvoir dans les années 1580, menés par un homme appelé Nurhaci (aussi connu sous le nom de Nurgaci, 1559-1626), un vassal Ming qui unifia tous les clans mandchous. En 1583, après la mort de son père et de son grand-père, Nurhaci devint, à 24 ans, le pouvoir prédominant dans la région.  \n  \nÀ la différence des ancêtres des Jürchen et des autres envahisseurs et conquérants, les hommes de Nurhaci n'étaient pas nomades. Leur économie dépendait de l’agriculture, de la chasse et du commerce. En 1616, Nurhaci s’auto-proclama khan (« roi ») de la dynastie Aisin. Dans un document public, il tint pour responsables les souverains Ming de la mort de son père et de son grand-père, dénonçant leurs abus de pouvoir. La dynastie Ming répondit en envoyant un grand nombre de combattants contre lui, mais ce corps expéditionnaire fut vaincu par une confédération pan-Jürchen menée par Nurhaci.  \n  \nNurhaci mourut en 1626, laissant son huitième fils et héritier, Huang-Taiji (aussi connu sous le nom de Taiji, 1626-43). Huang-Taiji prit le pouvoir en tant que descendant de son grand-père paternel Giocangga. En 1616, Huang-Taiji commença à repousser les militaires Ming de la péninsule du Liaodong. En 1629, il franchit la Muraille de Chine et occupa quatre villes chinoises : Luanzhou, Qian’an, Zunhua et Yongping. En 1636, il établit un gouvernement opérationnel et proclama la formation de la « grande dynastie Qing ». Huang-Taiji mourut le 21 septembre 1643, laissant derrière lui temporairement un pouvoir vacant. Après négociations, il fut décidé que le frère de l’empereur, Dorgon (1612-50), avec le Général Jirgalang (1599-1655), agiraient en tant que co-régents pour le fils de Huang-Taiji, Fulin, alors âgé de 5 ans. Fulin accéda au trône en 1643 en tant qu’empereur Shunzhi (règle de conformité).  \n  \nDes années 1750 à 1790, l’empereur Qianlong étendit le contrôle des Qing à l'intérieur des territoires d’Asie. À son apogée, l’empire régnait sur la quasi-totalité de la Chine continentale actuelle, comprenant Hainan, Taïwan, la Mongolie, des parties de la Mandchourie et le nord-ouest de la Chine. Les souverains Qing gardèrent leurs coutumes mandchoues et suivaient le bouddhisme tibétain. La dynastie atteignit son apogée au 18e siècle mais se détériora peu à peu à cause de difficultés venant de l’étranger, de révoltes au sein du royaume, de la population grandissante, d’une économie désordonnée et de la corruption. La dynastie Qing fut renversée avec la formation de la République de Chine en 1912.  \n  \nBibliographie  \n• Smith, Richard J., The Qing Dynasty and Traditional Chinese Culture, Washington, DC: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2015.  \n  \nCe profil, compilé par Fiza Ishaq et traduit en français par Anne-Sophie Matichard, a été ajouté dans le cadre du projet \"Explore Islamic Art Collections \".","date_description_ah":"AH 1045–1330","date_description_ad":"AD 1636–1912"}}

package/translations/glossary.ar.json

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"16131753-740a-5b87-bfb9-06606e67de19":{"definition":"علم أو راية أو لواء؛ وكانت ترفع بحضور قائد خلال حملة عسكرية ما، أو تستعمل في المواكب الدينية. كان من الممكن أن تأخذ هذه الألوية أو الأعلام أو الرايات أشكالا مختلفة، وتحمل أشكالا هندسية، وفي بعض الأحيان تزين بنقائش. كما يمكن أن يرفع \"علم\" من المعدن فوق قمة سارية.","spellings":["العالم","العالمات","العالمان","العالمة","العالمتان","عالم","عالمات","عالمان","عالمة","عالمتان"]},"ac67e975-1f75-526f-a8cd-402ccde93f6f":{"definition":"عبارة \"بسم الله الرحمان الرحيم\".","spellings":["البسملة","بسملة"]},"c2953466-916b-57e9-9f3b-409c9af9afa1":{"definition":"يشكل \"فن الكتابة الجميلة\" (اليوناني) أحد أبرز تعبيرات الثقافة الإسلامية. وبما أن اللغة العربية مرتبطة بالوحي في الإسلام، فإن الكتابة كانت لها دلالات روحية عميقة، واعتبرت كرمز للجمال والغموض. يوجد العديد من الخطوط الكتابية التي تتميز باختلافات بحسب الفترة والمكان والسياق؛ ولازال العديد من فناني العالم الإسلامي يزاولون فن الخط لحد الآن. انظر أيضا كوفي وديواني وفارسي ومغربي – أندلسي وريحاني ورقعة وتعليق وثلث.","spellings":["الكتابات","الكتابة","كتابات","كتابة"]},"44562f82-b0b6-5353-939a-47fccfb7fa3c":{"definition":"الكتاب المقدس لدى المسلمين،  نزل وحياً عبر الملاك جبريل إلى الرسول محمد، باللغة العربي","spellings":["القرآن","قرآن"]},"f3052f85-4db5-5572-a790-f3dc9a248659":{"definition":"(ج. دور) منزل. دار الإمارة: منزل الوالي. دار الإسلام: مجال الإسلام؛ بلدان تحت السيطرة الإسلامية؛ بينما كانت البلدان التي لاتخضع للسيطرة الإسلامية تعتبر كمجالات حرب. دار الحديث: مدرسة تمكن من دراسة الحديث. دار الهجرة: منزل للنزوح. دار الحفاظ: مدرسة متخصصة في حفظ القرءان. دار القرءان: مدرسة لتعليم قراءة القرءان. دار الشفاء: مستشفى. دار الطب: مدرسة كان تدرس بها العلوم الطبية. انظر أيضا بيت، قصر.","spellings":["الدار","الداران","الدارين","الديار","دار","داران","دارين","ديار"]},"cccf5396-0f64-5785-9f34-bb8b7a5ffd5b":{"definition":"الحج هو إحدى الركائز الخمس للإسلام التي يجب على كل المؤمنين القيام بها إلى مكة والأماكن المقدسة ولو مرة واحدة في عمرهم إذا ما توفرت لهم السبل إلى ذلك. تؤدى هذه الأخيرة شهرين بعد رمضان، وتنتهي بعيد الأضحى. أما العمرة فتشمل تقريبا على نفس الشعائر الدينية إلا أنها لاتقام في نفس الفترة؛ وهي تعرف أهمية متصاعدة بسبب الصعوبات المرتبطة باستقبال العدد المتكاثر من الحجاج (أزيد من ثلاث ملايين) الذين يريدون أداء فريضة الحج.","spellings":["الحاج","الحاجان","الحج","الحجاج","الحجيج","حاج","حاجان","حج","حجاج","حجيج"]},"d71360cd-eac1-5408-b6b3-59ad3d8464b9":{"definition":"حرفيا في اللغة العربية \"مقدس\"، \"محرم\". مكان مقدس. عمل محرم من وجهة نظر الشريعة. الحرم الشريف: المكان المقدس بمدينة القدس الذي يضم كلا من المسجد الأقصى وقبة الصخرة.","spellings":["الحرامان","الحرم","الحرمين","الحريم","حرامان","حرم","حرمين","حريم"]},"0f3fb66d-a491-591b-a0c2-56e11ec481aa":{"definition":"حرفيا \"اغتراب\"؛ نفي، مغادرة محمد لمكة في اتجاه المدينة عام 622 ميلادي. بداية التقويم الإسلامي الهجري الذي يرتكز على الدورة القمرية.","spellings":["الهجرات","الهجرة","هجرات","هجرة"]},"dcd58376-8ba5-5488-bec0-53d4cf2fa497":{"definition":"وصف نثري للنبي محمد. \"حلية الشريف\": مدح وصفي\" للرسول، عمل فني يبرز \"هذا الوصف الشريف\".","spellings":["الحلل","الحلية","حلل","حلية"]},"2003ec95-a720-51cb-9dcd-774d9dc9f389":{"definition":"يمكن تقسيم القرءان إلى 30 جزءا متساويا، وبالتالي فإن 1/30 يسمى جزءا (م. أجزاء)؛ وعندما كانت المصاحف تكتب في 30 مجلدا مثل ماوقع في مصر تحت المماليك، كان المجلد يسمى جزءاً.","spellings":["أجزاء","الأجزاء","الجزء","الجزءان","الجزأين","جزء","جزءان","جزأين"]},"455c1318-16a9-50f2-9c44-6643a9de238c":{"definition":"مدرسة إسلامية متخصصة في العلوم الدينية (أصول الدين والقانون والقرءان إلخ.) ونزل للطلبة. يدل المصطلح اليوم على مدرسة. تركية: مِدرِيسي.","spellings":["المدارس","المدرسة","المدرستان","المدرستين","مدارس","مدرسة","مدرستان","مدرستين"]},"e99f9b90-c624-5aa1-815f-a47f478f7da3":{"definition":"مدينة، حي قديم، وسط مدينة مستقل. أيضا اسم إحدى مدن العربية السعودية حيث هاجر المسلمون في سنة 622 ميلادية، والتي دفن بها الرسول محمد.","spellings":["المدن","المدينة","المدينتان","المدينتين","مدن","مدينة","مدينتان","مدينتين"]},"323fc8b6-ea1a-5717-982f-38123c87161c":{"definition":"كتابة نسخية عريضة شبيهة بالنسخي استعملت في العصر الوسيط؛ وهي تشكل أحد الأساليب الستة الأساسية في الخط العربي.","spellings":["المحقق","المحققة","محقق","محققة"]},"c39cd815-3b51-5b89-a4e4-5e9f2c0ca622":{"definition":"قبة، تجاوزا ، صرح أو غرفة مبنية فوق قبر ولي صالح أو شخصية هامة، متميزة في أغلب الأحيان بقبة. تركية: كبة (قبة فقط).","spellings":["القبب","القبة","القبتان","القبتين","قبب","قبة","قبتان","قبتين"]},"2f088e48-669e-5b0f-b7ef-a94fb24641eb":{"definition":"تبقى الأحرف،بالرغم من أن هذه الكتابة تقدم تشابها قويا مع المحقق، أصغر. كان هذا الخط يستخدم في كتابة المصاحف الكبرى المنجزة خلال القرنين 7 و 8 الهجريين (13 و 14 الميلاديين). انظر أيضا فن الكتابة.","spellings":["الريحاني","الريحانية","ريحاني","ريحانية"]},"a0a0b21a-5425-5de1-8d04-b7fd7daeca8b":{"definition":"مسن محترم لتجربته وعمره، عارف، علامة في مجال العلوم الدينية، عضو في طريقة دينية، مولى صوفي. شيخ الإسلام: على رأس تراتبية علماء الفقه والحديث وأصول الدين الإسلامية.","spellings":["الشيخ","الشيخان","الشيخين","الشيوخ","شيخ","شيخان","شيخين","شيوخ"]},"a054eff3-ab33-572b-8c6c-47a7d300c111":{"definition":"استعمل هذا المصطلح في الأول للدلالة على الكتابات المطرزة على النسيج، ثم دل على الألبسة النسيجية التي تحمل كتابات تعطي اسم الحاكم والورشة التي صنع فيها النسيج. كانت هذه العباءات تقدم من طرف الخليفة إلى الشعب الذي يريد تكريمه. دار الطراز: ورشات ملكية للنسيج تسير من طرف القصر.","spellings":["الطراز","الطرازات","طراز","طرازات"]}}

package/translations/glossary.de.json

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"0f3fb66d-a491-591b-a0c2-56e11ec481aa":{"definition":"(wörtlich „Auswanderung“) der Exodus des Propheten Muhammad von Mekka nach Medina im Jahr 622; bezeichnet auch den Beginn der islamischen Zeitrechnung","spellings":["Hedschra"]},"d741661c-846f-560d-a11c-19720819ac9a":{"definition":"wörtlich „Sohn des“, oft Teil eines Namens. Bei der Bezeichnung eines Familienclans ist der Plural Banu/Beni gebräuchlich.","spellings":["Ibn"]},"455c1318-16a9-50f2-9c44-6643a9de238c":{"definition":"islamische Schule für die religiöse Lehre (z. B. Theologie, Recht, Koran) und Unterkunft für Gelehrte","spellings":["Medrese"]},"c39cd815-3b51-5b89-a4e4-5e9f2c0ca622":{"definition":"(wörtlich „Kuppel“) Grabmal über der Ruhestätte eines Heiligen, zu der üblicherweise eine Kuppel gehört","spellings":["Kubba"]}}

package/translations/glossary.en.json

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"16131753-740a-5b87-bfb9-06606e67de19":{"definition":"A flag, banner or standard. They were carried next to a commander in a military campaign or were used in religious processions. They could be very different in shape and had geometric designs, sometimes with inscriptions. A metal *alem* could be mounted to the head of a pole.","spellings":["Alem"]},"b4b7cd95-2eef-5482-9f26-076ce3f742d8":{"definition":"First letter of the Arabic alphabet.","spellings":["Aleph","Alif"]},"8383edc1-0cb4-52fa-9e3a-219b3a940129":{"definition":"(Pl. *ayat*) Verse in the Qur’an. Tr. ayet.","spellings":["Aya","Ayah","Ayat"]},"ac67e975-1f75-526f-a8cd-402ccde93f6f":{"definition":"A formula, *bi-‘ism Allah al-Rahman al-Rahim*, which is commonly translated as “In the name of God, the Clement, the Merciful”. Fr. *besmala*; Tr. *besmele*.","spellings":["Basmala","Basmalah","Besmala","Besmele","Bi-smi llāh"]},"c2953466-916b-57e9-9f3b-409c9af9afa1":{"definition":"The “art of beautiful writing” (Greek) is one of the highest artforms of Islamic culture. As the Arabic language is connected with the revelation of Islam, calligraphy has deep spiritual undertones and is valued as a symbol of beauty and mystery. There are many types of calligraphy with variations according to period, place and context. Many artists of the Arab and Muslim world continue to practise calligraphy today. See also *diwani*, *farsi*, *kufic*, Maghribi-Andalusi, *muhaqqaq*, *naskhi*, *nas*ta’liq**, *rayhani*, *ruq’a*, *ta’liq*, *thuluth*.","spellings":["Calligraphy"]},"44562f82-b0b6-5353-939a-47fccfb7fa3c":{"definition":"Sacred text of the Islamic Revelation transmitted by the Archangel Gabriel to the Prophet Muhammad. From the root *qr*’, “to recite, to read”.","spellings":["Coran","Koran","Kuran","Qur’an","Quran"]},"f3052f85-4db5-5572-a790-f3dc9a248659":{"definition":"(Pl. *dur*) House. *Dar al-imara*: Governor’s house. Dar al-Islam: Domain of Islam: countries under Islamic rule; where Islam did not rule was considered war territory. *Dar al-Hadith*: A school for studying the Hadith; Tr. *Darülhadis*. *Dar al-Hijra*: Abode for migration. *Dar al-khuffaz*: A school for training of memorising the Qur’an; Tr. *Darülhuffaz*. Dar al-Qurra’: school for teaching Qur’an recitation as a science ; Tr. *Darülkurra*. *Dar al-shifa’*: hospital; Tr. **darüşşifa**. *Dar al-tibb*: A school where the medical sciences were taught; Tr. *Darüttıb*. See also *bayt*, *qasr*.","spellings":["Dar","Dar al-Hadith","Dar al-Hijra","Dar al-imara","Dar al-Islam","Dar al-khuffaz","Dar al-shifa’","Dar al-tibb","Darülhadis","Darülhuffaz","Darülkurra","Darüşşifa","Darüttıb"]},"f2b2bdf4-e6b8-5c67-94e3-3fdbc00d8e88":{"definition":"A thin layer of glass is applied to the surface of a ceramic before firing. In the kiln firing the glaze fuses, protecting the ceramic and making it waterproof and suitable for different purposes. Lead glaze is transparent and soft but vulnerable to cracking and chemical deformation. Tin glaze: an opaque white glaze containing tin, developed in Baghdad in the AH 3rd / AD 9th century to rival Chinese porcelain and transmitted from there to Moorish Spain and then the rest of Europe. Faience, maiolica and Delft wares have tin glazing.","spellings":["Glaze"]},"cccf5396-0f64-5785-9f34-bb8b7a5ffd5b":{"definition":"One of the five pillars of Islam: pilgrimage to Mecca and holy places, which all believers must accomplish at least once during their lifetime if they have the means to do so. By extension it also refers to someone who undertakes the pilgrimage. Hajj takes place two months after Ramadan and finishes with the Feast of Sacrifice (Eid al-Adha). ‘Umra has almost the same rituals as the Hajj but takes place outside the Hajj season. ‘Umra’s significance is growing because there is no means to house the increasingly large numbers (over three million) who want to go on Hajj.","spellings":["Hadj","Hadji","Haj","Hajj"]},"d71360cd-eac1-5408-b6b3-59ad3d8464b9":{"definition":"Ar. literally “sacred”, “forbidden”. Sanctuary. An illicit act from the religious point of view. Haram al-Sharif: the Noble Sanctuary in Jerusalem including al-Aqsa Mosque and Dome of the Rock.","spellings":["Haram","Haramsarā","Harem","Harīm"]},"0f3fb66d-a491-591b-a0c2-56e11ec481aa":{"definition":"Muhammad’s flight from Mecca to Madina in AD 622. The beginning of the Muslim Hijri (Hegira) calendar, which follows a lunar year.","spellings":["Hegira","Hijra","Hijrah"]},"dcd58376-8ba5-5488-bec0-53d4cf2fa497":{"definition":"A prose description of the Prophet Muhammad. Hilya-i Sharif: noble description of the prophet, a work of art bearing the noble description.","spellings":["Hilya","Hilye"]},"d741661c-846f-560d-a11c-19720819ac9a":{"definition":"Son of, used in names. To indicate a clan the plural form *Bani / Banu*. is used. Tr. –*oğlu*.","spellings":["Ben","bin","ibn"]},"87122e5b-a77c-5347-b610-ee9b8c2fd3ca":{"definition":"A form of educational certificate. The ijaza could take different forms: it could be a formal attestation of a scholar that some individual had, in some fashion, studied a particular text with him, or it could be his statement that the student had mastered an entire field of learning. In any case, it was a personal document, which confirmed the relationship of the student to his teacher, and through him to his teacher’s own instructors. Through it, the student took his place in a genealogy of authorities that constituted the only recognized hierarchy of the educational system at the time.","spellings":["Ijaza","Ijazah"]},"2003ec95-a720-51cb-9dcd-774d9dc9f389":{"definition":"The text of the Qur’an can be divided into 30 equal sections. One-thirtieth is therefore called a *juz’* (pl. ajza). When Qur’ans were written in 30 volumes, as in Mamluk Egypt, one volume was a *juz’*.","spellings":["Ajza","Juz’"]},"455c1318-16a9-50f2-9c44-6643a9de238c":{"definition":"Theological institution that provided instruction on Islamic law (*shari’a*), jurisprudence (*fiqh*), Quran, Hadith, and Arabic, as well as accomodations for students.  \n  \nToday, a school. Fr. *medersa*, Tr. *medrese*.","spellings":["Madrasa","Madrasah","Madrasas","Madrasat","Madrassa","Madraza","Medrese","Medresse"]},"f176a992-6546-55ba-a3e5-6877adc61b76":{"definition":"Literally, “place of prostration”. A mosque where daily prayers are held, usually with the exception of the Friday prayers, which cannot take place in a *meşrebiye* owing to the absence of a *minbar*. Tr. *mescit*. See also *jami’*.","spellings":["Masjid","Mescit"]},"e99f9b90-c624-5aa1-815f-a47f478f7da3":{"definition":"Town, the old quarter, self-sufficient city centre. Also the name of a city in Saudi Arabia where the Muslims migrated in AD 622 and where the Prophet Muhammad is buried.","spellings":["Madina","Madinat","Medina","Medinat"]},"a95bf8cd-02b1-5d88-b68d-c21999469de6":{"definition":"See *jami’* and *meşrebiye*.","spellings":["Mosque"]},"323fc8b6-ea1a-5717-982f-38123c87161c":{"definition":"Muhaqqaq is an Islamic calligraphic style that emerged in the 10th century and was employed widely in the Islamic world for creating elaborate, large Qur'ans and architectural inscriptions. Its defining characteristics include a precise, angular script with upright letters, meticulously balanced ascenders and horizontal elements, a distinct horizontal emphasis (wider than it is tall), descending strokes terminating in straight, sharp points rather than curving upwards, and the frequent use of descending round strokes that encircle the following letter. Muhaqqaq is typically employed in combination with \"Rayhani,\" a smaller rendition of the same script.  \n  \nA large cursive script related to the *naskhi* script used in the Middle Ages. It is one of the six basic styles of writing. Tr. *muhaqqaq*. See also calligraphy.","spellings":["Muhaqqaq"]},"ea137b2c-4b18-5db2-bba2-703e333c897d":{"definition":"Whilst prevailing belief is that Naskh calligraphy emerged in 310 AH (922-23 AD), recent research suggests it evolved from the Kufic script that dates back to the early days of Islam. Over time, Naskh supplanted Kufic as the preferred script for the Qur'an. Today, Naskh is the dominant script used in Qur'an transcription, surpassing all other scripts combined due to its enhanced legibility.","spellings":["Naskh"]},"644520d0-0549-5413-aad0-2115f7fb372a":{"definition":"Writing instrument in the form of a brush, usually made out of bamboo or reed, predominantly used for calligraphy.","spellings":["Qalam"]},"c39cd815-3b51-5b89-a4e4-5e9f2c0ca622":{"definition":"Dome; by extension a monument or chamber built over the grave of a saint or important person, which is usually marked with a dome. Fr. *koubba*. Tr. *kubbe* (dome only).","spellings":["Koubba","Kubbat","Kubbe","Qubba","Qubbat"]},"2f088e48-669e-5b0f-b7ef-a94fb24641eb":{"definition":"Rayhani is a calligraphic style that was used for copying Qur’ans. It is characterised by its smaller rendition of muhaqqaq, featuring letter forms with sharper, more pointed shapes compared to naskh, and often distinguished by a prominent spike on the initial alif-lam letter shape.  \n  \nAlthough this script shows close resemblance to *muhaqqaq*, it is written on a smaller scale. It was used in large Qur’ans produced in AH 7th–8th / AD 13th–14th centuries. See also calligraphy.","spellings":["Rayhan","Rayhani","Reyhan","Rihani"]},"10021f2a-1ddf-5af4-bb0f-d78adb4a1f5d":{"definition":"Profession of Muslim faith. Tr. *Şahadet*.","spellings":["Sahadet","Shahada","Shahadah"]},"a0a0b21a-5425-5de1-8d04-b7fd7daeca8b":{"definition":"An elder, respected for his knowledge and age, learned man instructed in the religious sciences, member of a religious brotherhood, sufi master. Tr. *Şeyh*. Shaykh al-Islam: The head of the hierarchy of the doctors of Muslim canon law, tradition and theology. Tr. Şeyhülislam.","spellings":["Şeyh","Shaykh","Sheikh"]},"ea7ba680-cfdb-5f45-9030-dd43782bebb2":{"definition":"A style of Islamic calligraphy originating from China for using the Arabic script. It gained importance and fame through its hybrid style, and its historic value is related to the hybrid nature of the Chinese Muslim ethnic group, known as the Hui. It can also refer to Chinese ceramics.","spellings":["Sini"]},"5c212d06-15e4-5918-a02d-bb0ef2c59fe1":{"definition":"Chapter of the Qur’an. There are 114 surahs in the Qur’an. Tr. Sure.","spellings":["Sura","Surah"]},"a054eff3-ab33-572b-8c6c-47a7d300c111":{"definition":"First used for embroidered inscriptions on textiles, this term became synonymous with textile robes with inscriptions giving the ruler’s name and the workshop where the textiles were made. Such robes were presented by the caliph to people who were to be honoured. Dar al-tiraz: royal textile factories supervised by the court.","spellings":["Taraz","Teraz","Tiraz"]}}

package/translations/glossary.es.json

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"16131753-740a-5b87-bfb9-06606e67de19":{"definition":"Bandera, pendón o estandarte.","spellings":["Alem"]},"8383edc1-0cb4-52fa-9e3a-219b3a940129":{"definition":"Versículo del Corán.","spellings":["Aleya"]},"ac67e975-1f75-526f-a8cd-402ccde93f6f":{"definition":"Fórmula, *bi-’ism Allah al-Rahman al-Rahim*, frecuentemente traducida como “En nombre de Dios, el Clemente, el Misericordioso”.","spellings":["Basmala"]},"c2953466-916b-57e9-9f3b-409c9af9afa1":{"definition":"El “arte de la bella escritura” (griego) es una de las más eminentes expresiones de la cultura islámica. Dado que la lengua árabe está ligada à la revelación del Islam y ésta fue plasmada en textos, la caligrafía tiene profundas connotaciones espirituales y es considerada como un símbolo de belleza y misterio. Existen numerosos tipos de caligrafía dependiendo del periodo, el lugar y el contexto. Numerosos artistas del mundo arabo-musulmán continúan practicando el arte de la caligrafía actualmente. Palabras relacionadas: *cúfico*, *diwani*, *farsi*, *magrebí-andalusí*, *muhaqqaq*, *nasji*, *nastaliq*, *rayhani*, *ruqa*, *taliq*, *zuluz*.","spellings":["Caligrafía"]},"44562f82-b0b6-5353-939a-47fccfb7fa3c":{"definition":"Texto sagrado de la revelación islámica transmitido por el arcángel Gabriel al profeta Muhammad. Ár. *Qur‘an*, de la raíz *qr‘*, ‘leer, recitar’.","spellings":["Corán","Kuran"]},"f3052f85-4db5-5572-a790-f3dc9a248659":{"definition":"(Pl. *dur*) Casa. *Dar al-Imara*: casa del gobernador. *Dar al-Islam*: dominio del Islam: país bajo dominación islámica; los países que no estaban bajo el dominio del Islam eran considerados como territorios de guerra. *Dar al-hadiz*: escuela donde se estudian los hadices. *Dar al-hiyra*: residencia para emigrantes. *Dar al-juffaz*: escuela especializada en la memorización del Corán. *Dar al-qurra*: escuela dedicada a enseñar la recitación del Corán. *Dar al-shifa*: hospital. *Dar al-tibb*: escuela de medicina. Palabras relacionadas: *bayt*, *qasr*.","spellings":["Dar"]},"f2b2bdf4-e6b8-5c67-94e3-3fdbc00d8e88":{"definition":"Técnica consistente en aplicar a la superficie cerámica una fina capa de vedrío antes de la cocción. En el horno, el vedrío se funde, protege la cerámica, la vuelve impermeable y la prepara para diferentes usos. El vidriado plumbífero es transparente y suave, pero vulnerable a las roturas y la deformación química. El vidriado estannífero es un vidriado blanco opaco que contiene estaño; se perfeccionó en Bagdad en el siglo III/IX para competir con las porcelanas chinas, y se extendió hasta la España musulmana y luego al resto de Europa.","spellings":["Vidriado"]},"cccf5396-0f64-5785-9f34-bb8b7a5ffd5b":{"definition":"Uno de los cinco pilares del Islam; peregrinación a La Meca y a los Santos Lugares que todos los creyentes deben llevar a cabo al menos una vez en su vida, si tienen los medios. Por extensión, el término también se refiere a una persona que hace esta peregrinación. El *hayy* se realiza dos meses después de ramadán y termina con la Fiesta del Sacrificio (Aid al-Ada). La *Umra* presenta casi los mismos rituales que el *hayy*, pero no tiene lugar durante la misma temporada; su importancia es cada vez mayor debido a las dificultades para acoger al creciente número de peregrinos que cada año quieren cumplir con el *hayy* (más de tres millones).","spellings":["Hayy"]},"d71360cd-eac1-5408-b6b3-59ad3d8464b9":{"definition":"Literalmente, “sagrado”, “prohibido”. Santuario. Acto ilícito, en términos religiosos. Haram al-Sharif: el Noble Santuario, en Jerusalén, que comprende la mezquita al-Aqsa y la Cúpula de la Roca.","spellings":["Haram","Harén"]},"0f3fb66d-a491-591b-a0c2-56e11ec481aa":{"definition":"(del ár. *hiyra*, «migración») Éxodo del Profeta de La Meca a Medina en 622, año de referencia para el comienzo de la era islámica. El calendario musulmán se rige por años lunares de 354 días.","spellings":["Hégira"]},"dcd58376-8ba5-5488-bec0-53d4cf2fa497":{"definition":"Descripción en prosa sobre el profeta Muhammad. *Hilya i-sharif*: “noble descripción” sobre el Profeta; obra de arte que ostenta esta “noble descripción”.","spellings":["Hilya"]},"d741661c-846f-560d-a11c-19720819ac9a":{"definition":"«Hijo de», a menudo forma parte de los nombres. El plural, *banu*, se utiliza para denominar un clan.","spellings":["Ben","Bin","Ibn"]},"2003ec95-a720-51cb-9dcd-774d9dc9f389":{"definition":"El texto del Corán se puede dividir en 30 secciones iguales, a las que se denomina *yuz* (pl. *ayza*). Cuando los coranes estaban escritos en 30 volúmenes, como en el Egipto mameluco, cada volumen era un *yuz*.","spellings":["Ayza","Yuz"]},"455c1318-16a9-50f2-9c44-6643a9de238c":{"definition":"Escuela islámica de ciencias religiosas (teología, derecho, Corán, etc.) y residencia de los estudiantes. Actualmente, el término designa un colegio.","spellings":["Madrasa"]},"f176a992-6546-55ba-a3e5-6877adc61b76":{"definition":"Literalmente, “lugar de prosternación”. Mezquita donde se rezan las plegarias diarias, excepto, en general, las del viernes, que no pueden pronunciarse debido a la ausencia de *minbar*. Palabras relacionadas: *yamaa*.","spellings":["Masyid"]},"e99f9b90-c624-5aa1-815f-a47f478f7da3":{"definition":"Ciudad; casco antiguo de una ciudad, centro independiente. También es el nombre de una ciudad de Arabia Saudí adonde emigraron los musulmanes en el año 622 y en la que está enterrado el profeta Muhammad.","spellings":["Medina"]},"323fc8b6-ea1a-5717-982f-38123c87161c":{"definition":"Gran escritura cursiva asociada al *nasji* utilizado en la Edad Media. Es uno de los seis estilos básicos de escritura. Tr.: *muhaqqaq*. Palabras relacionadas: *caligrafía*.","spellings":["Muhaqqaq"]},"c39cd815-3b51-5b89-a4e4-5e9f2c0ca622":{"definition":"Cúpula; por extensión, monumento o cámara construida sobre la tumba de un santo o de un personaje importante, generalmente señalada por una cúpula.","spellings":["Qubba"]},"2f088e48-669e-5b0f-b7ef-a94fb24641eb":{"definition":"Aunque esta escritura presenta gran parecido con la *muhaqqaq*, sus caracteres son más pequeños. Se utilizó en los grandes coranes realizados en los siglos VII-VIII/XIII-XIV. Palabras relacionadas: *caligrafía*.","spellings":["Rayhani","Rihani"]},"10021f2a-1ddf-5af4-bb0f-d78adb4a1f5d":{"definition":"Profesión de fe musulmana.","spellings":["Shahada"]},"a0a0b21a-5425-5de1-8d04-b7fd7daeca8b":{"definition":"Anciano respetado por su experiencia y edad, cultivado, erudito en el campo de las ciencias religiosas; miembro de una hermandad religiosa; maestro sufí. *Shayj al-Islam*: Cabeza de la jerarquía de doctores en derecho canónico, tradición y teología musulmanes.","spellings":["Shayj"]},"5c212d06-15e4-5918-a02d-bb0ef2c59fe1":{"definition":"Capítulo del Corán. El Corán tiene 114 suras.","spellings":["Sura"]},"a054eff3-ab33-572b-8c6c-47a7d300c111":{"definition":"Originalmente usado para designar las inscripciones bordadas en telas, este término pronto pasó a denominar las prendas que llevaban inscripciones con el nombre del soberano y el taller donde estos textiles se fabricaban. Estos vestidos eran regalados por el califa a personas que quería honrar. *Dar al-Tiraz*: talleres textiles reales supervisados por la corte.","spellings":["Tiraz"]}}

package/translations/glossary.fr.json

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"16131753-740a-5b87-bfb9-06606e67de19":{"definition":"Drapeau, bannière ou étendard. Ils étaient portés en présence d’un commandant lors d’une campagne militaire ou étaient utilisés dans les processions religieuses. Ils pouvaient prendre des formes très différentes et arboraient des motifs géométriques, parfois nantis d’inscriptions. Un *alem* en métal pouvait être monté au sommet d’une hampe.","spellings":["Alem"]},"8383edc1-0cb4-52fa-9e3a-219b3a940129":{"definition":"(Pl. *ayat*) Verset du Coran.","spellings":["Aya"]},"ac67e975-1f75-526f-a8cd-402ccde93f6f":{"definition":"Formule, bi-‘ism Allah al-Rahman al-Rahim, souvent traduite par “Au nom de Dieu, le Clément, le Miséricordieux”.","spellings":["Besmala"]},"c2953466-916b-57e9-9f3b-409c9af9afa1":{"definition":"L’ “art de la belle écriture” (grec) est l’une des plus éminentes expressions de la culture islamique. Étant donné que la langue arabe est liée à la révélation de l’islam, la calligraphie a de profondes connotations spirituelles et est considérée comme un symbole de beauté et de mystère. Il existe de nombreux types de calligraphie, avec des variations selon la période, le lieu et le contexte. De nombreux artistes du monde arabo-musulman continuent de pratiquer l’art de la calligraphie aujourd’hui. Voir également **coufique*, d*iwan*i, farsi, Maghribi andalou, *muhaqqaq*, *naskhi*, *nasta’liq*, rayhani, ruq’a, ta’liq, *thoulouth**.","spellings":["Calligraphie"]},"44562f82-b0b6-5353-939a-47fccfb7fa3c":{"definition":"De la racine *qr*’ (lire) désigne le texte sacré de la Révélation islamique transmise par l’archange Gabriel au prophète Muhammad en arabe.","spellings":["Coran","Kuran"]},"f3052f85-4db5-5572-a790-f3dc9a248659":{"definition":"(Pl. dur) Maison. *daral-*imara** : maison du gouverneur. Dar al-Islam : domaine de l’Islam : pays sous domination islamique ; les pays qui n’étaient pas sous la domination de l’Islam étaient considérés comme des territoires de guerre. *dar al-Hadith* : école permettant d’étudier les Hadiths ; Tr. : Darülhadis. *dar al-Hijra*: demeure pour la migration. *dar al-khuffaz* : école spécialisée dans la mémorisation du Coran Tr. : Darülhuffaz. *dar* al-Qurra’ : école enseignant la science de la récitation du Coran ; Tr. : Darülkurra. *dar al-shifa’* : hôpital; Tr. : Darüşşifa. *dar al-tibb* : école où étaient enseignées les sciences médicales ; Tr. : Darüttıb. Voir également *bayt*, *qasr*.","spellings":["Dar"]},"f2b2bdf4-e6b8-5c67-94e3-3fdbc00d8e88":{"definition":"Une fine couche de verre est appliquée à la surface de la céramique avant la cuisson. Dans le four, la glaçure fond, protège la céramique, la rend imperméable et la prépare à différents usages. La glaçure plombifère est transparente et douce mais vulnérable aux craquelures et à la déformation chimique. La glaçure stannifère est une glaçure blanche opaque contenant de l’étain, mise au point à Bagdad au IIIe siècle H (IXe siècle J.-C.) pour rivaliser avec les porcelaines chinoises, qui s’est étendue à l’Espagne musulmane, puis dans le reste de l’Europe. La faïence, la majolique et la faïence de Delft sont à glaçure stannifère.","spellings":["Glaçure"]},"cccf5396-0f64-5785-9f34-bb8b7a5ffd5b":{"definition":"Pèlerinage.","spellings":["Hadjdj","Hajj"]},"d71360cd-eac1-5408-b6b3-59ad3d8464b9":{"definition":"En arabe, littéralement “sacré”, “interdit”. Sanctuaire. Acte illicite du point de vue de la religion. Haram al-Charif : le Noble Sanctuaire à Jérusalem, comprenant la mosquée al-Aqsa et le Dôme du Rocher.","spellings":["Haram","Harem"]},"0f3fb66d-a491-591b-a0c2-56e11ec481aa":{"definition":"(de *Hijra*, litt. “émigration”) Exode du Prophète de La Mecque à Médine en 622 J.-C., qui sert de point de départ au calendrier musulman, établi selon une année lunaire de 354 jours.","spellings":["Hégire"]},"dcd58376-8ba5-5488-bec0-53d4cf2fa497":{"definition":"Description prosaïque du prophète Muhammad. Hilya-i Charif : “Noble Description” du Prophète, œuvre d’art arborant cette “Noble Description”.","spellings":["Hilya"]},"d741661c-846f-560d-a11c-19720819ac9a":{"definition":"Fils de, souvent utilisé dans la formation des noms. Pour désigner un clan, on emploie la forme plurielle : Bani/Banu/Beni.","spellings":["Ben","Bin","Ibn"]},"2003ec95-a720-51cb-9dcd-774d9dc9f389":{"definition":"Le texte du Coran peut être divisé en 30 sections égales. Un trentième du Coran est donc appelé un *juz’* (pl. *ajza*). Lorsque les corans étaient écrits en 30 volumes, comme en Egypte sous les Mamelouks, un volume était appelé un *juz’*.","spellings":["Juz’"]},"455c1318-16a9-50f2-9c44-6643a9de238c":{"definition":"École de sciences islamiques (théologie, droit, Coran, etc.) et lieu d’hébergement pour les étudiants.","spellings":["Madrasa","Médersa"]},"f176a992-6546-55ba-a3e5-6877adc61b76":{"definition":"Littéralement, “lieu de prosternement”. Mosquée où l’on dit les prières quotidiennes, à l’exception, généralement, des prières du vendredi, qui ne peuvent s’y prononcer à cause de l’absence d’un *minbar*. Tr. : *mescit*. Voir également *jami’*.","spellings":["Masjid"]},"e99f9b90-c624-5aa1-815f-a47f478f7da3":{"definition":"Ville, vieux quartier, centre-ville autonome. Egalement le nom d’une ville d’Arabie saoudite où les musulmans ont émigré en 622 ap J.-C. et où est enterré le prophète Muhammad.","spellings":["Médina","Médine"]},"a95bf8cd-02b1-5d88-b68d-c21999469de6":{"definition":"Voir *jami’* et *masjid*.","spellings":["Mosquée"]},"323fc8b6-ea1a-5717-982f-38123c87161c":{"definition":"Grande écriture cursive associée au *naskhi* utilisé au Moyen Age. Il s’agit d’un des six styles d’écriture de base. Tr. : *muhaqqaq*. Voir également calligraphie.","spellings":["Muhaqqaq"]},"c39cd815-3b51-5b89-a4e4-5e9f2c0ca622":{"definition":"(litt. “coupole”)  Par extension, monument élevé sur la tombe d’un saint ou d’un personnage de haut rang et qui est généralement marqué par un dôme ; mausolée.","spellings":["Koubba"]},"2f088e48-669e-5b0f-b7ef-a94fb24641eb":{"definition":"Bien que cette écriture présente une forte ressemblance avec le *muhaqqaq*, les caractères sont plus petits. Elle était utilisée pour les grands corans réalisés aux VIIe et VIIIe siècles H (XIIIe-XIVe siècles J.-C.). Voir également calligraphie.","spellings":["Rayhani","Rihani"]},"10021f2a-1ddf-5af4-bb0f-d78adb4a1f5d":{"definition":"Profession de foi musulmane. Tr. : *Şahadet*.","spellings":["Chahada"]},"a0a0b21a-5425-5de1-8d04-b7fd7daeca8b":{"definition":"Un ancien respecté pour son expérience et pour son âge, cultivé, érudit dans le domaine des sciences religieuses, membre d’une fratrie religieuse, maître soufi. Tr. : *Şeyh*. Cheikh al-Islam : A la tête de la hiérarchie des docteurs du droit canon, de la tradition et de la théologie musulmans. Tr. : Şeyhülislam.","spellings":["Cheikh"]},"5c212d06-15e4-5918-a02d-bb0ef2c59fe1":{"definition":"Chapitre du Coran. Le Coran compte 114 sourates. Tr. : *Sure*.","spellings":["Sourate"]},"a054eff3-ab33-572b-8c6c-47a7d300c111":{"definition":"Initialement utilisé pour désigner les inscriptions brodées sur les textiles, ce terme a ensuite désigné les vêtements de textile portant des inscriptions donnant le nom du souverain et l’atelier dans lequel ces textiles étaient fabriqués. Ces robes étaient présentées par le calife au peuple qu’il voulait honorer. Dar al-Tiraz : ateliers royaux de textile supervisés par la cour.","spellings":["Tiraz"]}}

package/translations/glossary.it.json

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"44562f82-b0b6-5353-939a-47fccfb7fa3c":{"definition":"(Qur’an) Dalla radice ‘qr’, ‘leggere’, è riferito al testo sacro della Rivelazione islamica avvenuta ad opera dell’Arcangelo Gabriele al profeta Maometto in arabo.","spellings":["Corano"]},"0f3fb66d-a491-591b-a0c2-56e11ec481aa":{"definition":"(alla lettera ‘emigrazione’) Si riferisce al trasferimento del profeta Maometto dalla Mecca a Medina nel 622.","spellings":["Egira","Hijra"]},"d741661c-846f-560d-a11c-19720819ac9a":{"definition":"‘Figlio di’, usato spesso nei nomi propri. Per indicare un clan, una tribù di appartenenza si usa la forma plurale *Banu* / *Bani*.","spellings":["Bin","Ibn"]},"455c1318-16a9-50f2-9c44-6643a9de238c":{"definition":"Scuola islamica di scienze religiose (come teologia, legge coranica, ecc.) e alloggio per studenti e insegnanti.","spellings":["Madrasa"]},"c39cd815-3b51-5b89-a4e4-5e9f2c0ca622":{"definition":"(letteralmente ‘cupola’) Per estensione monumento o spazio costruito con cupola sulla tomba di un santo, quindi un mausoleo.","spellings":["Qubba"]}}

package/translations/glossary.pt.json

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"44562f82-b0b6-5353-939a-47fccfb7fa3c":{"definition":"(do ár. Quran, cuya raíz é *qr’* «ler») Texto sagrado da revelação islâmica, transmitido pelo arcanjo Gabriel ao profeta Muhammad em árabe.","spellings":["Alcorão"]},"cccf5396-0f64-5785-9f34-bb8b7a5ffd5b":{"definition":"Peregrinação a Meca e quinto pilar do Islão. É obrigação de todos os muçulmanos realizarem o *hajj* pelo menos uma vez na vida, se dispõem de meios económicos e se a sua saúde o permitir.","spellings":["Hajj"]},"0f3fb66d-a491-591b-a0c2-56e11ec481aa":{"definition":"(do ár. hijra, «migração») Êxodo do Profeta de Meca a Medina em 622, ano de referência para o começo da era islâmica. O calendário muçulmano rege-se por anos lunares de 354 dias.","spellings":["Hégira"]},"d741661c-846f-560d-a11c-19720819ac9a":{"definition":"«Filho de», partícula que, com frequência, faz parte dos nomes. O plural, *banu*, utiliza-se para denominar um clã.","spellings":["Ibn"]},"455c1318-16a9-50f2-9c44-6643a9de238c":{"definition":"Escola islâmica de ciências religiosas (teologia, direito, Alcorão, etc.) e lugar de alojamento para estudantes.","spellings":["Madrasa"]},"c39cd815-3b51-5b89-a4e4-5e9f2c0ca622":{"definition":"(«cúpula») Por extensão, câmara ou monumento construído sobre o túmulo de um santo e que costuma estar coberto por uma cúpula.","spellings":["Qubba"]}}

package/translations/glossary.se.json

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"c2953466-916b-57e9-9f3b-409c9af9afa1":{"definition":"Skönskriften, från grekiskans ord för \"vacker\" och \"skriva\", hör till den islamiska kulturens högsta konstformer. Eftersom det arabiska språket är kopplat till islams uppenbarelser har kalligrafin en andlig innebörd av skönhet och mysterium. De kalligrafiska stilarna har varierat beroende på tid, rum och sammanhang. Många arabiska och muslimska artister fortsätter än idag att utöva kalligrafikonsten.","spellings":["Kalligrafi"]},"44562f82-b0b6-5353-939a-47fccfb7fa3c":{"definition":"Koran eller Qur'an (av qr' som betyder \"att läsa upp\"), den heliga texten i den islamiska uppenbarelse som ärkeängeln Gabriel gav profeten Muhammed.","spellings":["Koran"]},"f2b2bdf4-e6b8-5c67-94e3-3fdbc00d8e88":{"definition":"Ett tunt lager som läggs utanpå keramiken och som under bränningen i ugnen  förglasas, så att ytan blir ogenomtränglig för vätska och gör keramiken mer användbar. Blyglasyr är genomskinlig, men ömtålig. Tennglasyr är en vit glasyr som utvecklades i Bagdad  på 200-talet / 800-talet för att konkurrera med porslinet från Kina. Den tennglaserade keramiken spreds sedan till det moriska Spanien och övriga Europa. Fajanser som Delftfajanser och så kallad majolika har tennglasyr.","spellings":["Glasyr"]},"cccf5396-0f64-5785-9f34-bb8b7a5ffd5b":{"definition":"Pilgrimsfärden till Mekka och andra heliga platser som alla muslimer måste göra åtminstone en gång i livet om de kan, en av islams fem pelare. Hajj äger rum två månader efter Ramadan och avslutas med Offerfesten (Eid al-Adha).","spellings":["Hajj"]},"d71360cd-eac1-5408-b6b3-59ad3d8464b9":{"definition":"Betyder helig, helgedom. Jfr det snarlika ordet *haraam* som står för religiöst oacceptabel.","spellings":["Haram","Harem"]},"0f3fb66d-a491-591b-a0c2-56e11ec481aa":{"definition":"(av Hijra som betyder \"utvandring\") Profetens utvandring från Mekka till Medina år 622 som är startåret för den muslimska tideräkningen, som grundar sig på ett månår med 354 dagar. I utställningstexterna förkortas dateringarna enligt följande: (år) e.H. / (år) e.Kr.","spellings":["Hegira"]},"d741661c-846f-560d-a11c-19720819ac9a":{"definition":"Son till, används i namn, jfr Andersson, Svensson. För att beteckna en hel klan används pluralformen *bani* eller *banu*.","spellings":["ibn"]},"e99f9b90-c624-5aa1-815f-a47f478f7da3":{"definition":"Gamla staden, den äldsta delen av en stad. Medina är också namnet på den stad i Saudiarabien dit muslimerna flyttade år 622 och där Muhammed är begravd.","spellings":["Medina"]},"323fc8b6-ea1a-5717-982f-38123c87161c":{"definition":"En kursiv stil med stora bokstäver som hör till de klassiska arabiska kalligrafiska stilarna.","spellings":["Muhaqqaq"]},"c39cd815-3b51-5b89-a4e4-5e9f2c0ca622":{"definition":"Gravmonument, se även *mausoleum*.","spellings":["Qubba"]},"a054eff3-ab33-572b-8c6c-47a7d300c111":{"definition":"Ett ord som från början stod för broderade inskrifter på tyg, och som kom att beteckna de dräkttyger som hade kalifens namn inbroderat, som tillverkades vid hans ateljéer och som var presenter från honom till personer som han ville gynna. Dar-al-Tiraz: kungliga textilateljéer.","spellings":["Tiraz"]}}

package/translations/glossary.si.json

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"e99f9b90-c624-5aa1-815f-a47f478f7da3":{"spellings":["Medine"]}}

package/translations/glossary.tr.json

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"c2953466-916b-57e9-9f3b-409c9af9afa1":{"definition":"Tr. Kaligrafi. \"Güzel yazı sanatı\" (Yunanca) İslam kültürünün en yüksek sanat formlarından biridir. Arap dili İslam'ın vahyiyle bağlantılı olduğundan, hat sanatı derin manevi anlamlar taşır ve güzellik ile gizemin sembolü olarak değer görür. Döneme, yere ve bağlama göre çeşitlilik gösteren birçok hat sanatı türü vardır. Arap ve Müslüman dünyasından pek çok sanatçı bugün hat sanatını icra etmeye devam etmektedir.","spellings":["Kaligrafi"]},"44562f82-b0b6-5353-939a-47fccfb7fa3c":{"definition":"Arapça “ikra” (okumak) kökünden gelir.  Baş melek Cebrail Aleyhisselam tarafından Hz. Muhammed’e (sav) Arapça vahyedilen İslam dininin kutsal kitabı.","spellings":["Kur’an","Kuran"]},"f3052f85-4db5-5572-a790-f3dc9a248659":{"definition":"Hadis öğrenimi için bir okul.","spellings":["Darülhadis"]},"f2b2bdf4-e6b8-5c67-94e3-3fdbc00d8e88":{"definition":"Tr. Sır. Pişirmeden önce seramiğin yüzeyine ince bir cam tabakası uygulanır. Fırınlama sırasında sır kaynaşarak seramiği korur ve onu su geçirmez ve farklı amaçlar için uygun hale getirir. Kurşun sır şeffaf ve yumuşaktır ancak çatlama ve kimyasal deformasyona karşı savunmasızdır. Kalay sır: Kalay içeren opak beyaz bir sırdır, MS. 9. yüzyılda Bağdat'ta Çin porselenine rakip olmak için geliştirilmiş ve oradan Mağribi İspanya'ya ve ardından Avrupa'nın geri kalanına geçmiştir. Fayans, maiolica ve Delft çanak çömlekleri kalay sırlıdır.","spellings":["Sır"]},"d71360cd-eac1-5408-b6b3-59ad3d8464b9":{"definition":"Tr. Harem. Arapça'da \"kutsal\", \"yasak\". Sığınak. Dini açıdan yasadışı bir eylem. Harem-i Şerif: Mescid-i Aksa ve Kubbetü's-Sahra'yı da içeren Kudüs'teki Kutsal Mabet.","spellings":["Harem"]},"0f3fb66d-a491-591b-a0c2-56e11ec481aa":{"definition":"Tr. Hicri. Peygarmber Muhammed'in MS. 622 yılında Mekke'den Medine'ye kaçışı. Bir ay yılını takip eden Müslüman Hicri takviminin başlangıcı.","spellings":["Hicri"]},"dcd58376-8ba5-5488-bec0-53d4cf2fa497":{"definition":"Tr. Hilye. Peygamber Muhammed'in düzyazı bir tasviri. Hilye-i Şerif: Peygamberin asil tasviri, asil tasviri taşıyan bir sanat eseri.","spellings":["Hilye"]},"d741661c-846f-560d-a11c-19720819ac9a":{"definition":"Genellikle isimlerde kullanılan ‘oğul’ anlamında sözcük. Kişinin ait olduğu klanı ifade eder. Çoğul formu ise Benu/Beni’dir.","spellings":["Bin","İbn"]},"455c1318-16a9-50f2-9c44-6643a9de238c":{"definition":"Tr. Medrese. İlahiyat, İslam hukuku ve Kur’an gibi dini bilimler eğitiminin verildiği İslamî okul ve bu okulun öğrencilerinin kaldıkları bina.","spellings":["Madrasa","Medrese"]},"f176a992-6546-55ba-a3e5-6877adc61b76":{"definition":"Tr. Mescit. Kelime anlamıyla, \"secde yeri\". Genellikle Cuma namazları haricinde günlük namazların kılındığı alan.","spellings":["Mescit"]},"e99f9b90-c624-5aa1-815f-a47f478f7da3":{"definition":"Tr. Medine. Kasaba, eski mahalle, kendi kendine yeten şehir merkezi. Ayrıca Suudi Arabistan'da Müslümanların MS 622 yılında göç ettiği ve Muhammed Peygamber'in gömülü olduğu bir şehrin adıdır."},"323fc8b6-ea1a-5717-982f-38123c87161c":{"definition":"Tr. Muhakkak. Orta Çağ'da kullanılan nesih yazısıyla bağlantılı büyük bir el yazısı. Altı temel yazı stilinden biridir.","spellings":["Muhakkak"]},"c39cd815-3b51-5b89-a4e4-5e9f2c0ca622":{"definition":"Sözlük anlamında yarım-küre biçimli üst örtüdür. Arapçada türbe anlamında kullanılır.","spellings":["Kubbe"]},"a0a0b21a-5425-5de1-8d04-b7fd7daeca8b":{"definition":"Yaşlı, bilgisine ve yaşına saygı duyulan, dini ilimlerde eğitilmiş bilgili bir adam, dini bir kardeşliğin üyesi, sufi ustası. Şeyhü'l-İslam: Müslüman kanon hukuku, gelenek ve teoloji doktorlarının hiyerarşisinin başı.","spellings":["Şeyh"]}}

package/translations/items.ar.json

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"377425e8-db47-571b-85e2-27702d394d1d":{"name":"لفة بمناظر لمكة والمدينة","short_description":"يتألف النص من آيات قرآنية وصلوات قصيرة وابتهالات والعديد من تكرارات البسملة والشهادة والأخيرة مرتبة في أشكال تزيينية مثل الزهريات والأزهار ومعبد وذو الفقار وهو سيف ذو شعبين معطى من قبل النبي لعلي. بالإضافة لذلك هناك صور للمسجد الحرام في مكة والمسجد النبوي في المدينة ( حيث يصور القبر ذو القبة في اتجاه خاطئ) واللوحة الأخيرة تحيط بالحلية للنبي محمد.","type":"لفة ، تخطيط ، رسوم ، منظر لمكة ، منظر للمدينة ، حلية","holder":"عهدة عائلة الخليلي – مجموعة ناصر د. الخليلي للفن الإسلامي","dates":"أرخت في 1261 هجري / 1745 ميلادي","location":"لندن","dimensions":"402 × 27 سم","method_for_datation":"مكان صنع القطعة وتاريخها يستندان لأسس تحليل الطراز","provenance":"الصين ، موقعة من قبل أيوب","author":"Nahla Nassar","translator":"أحمد باسل رضوان","keywords":["الحج","الحجاز","الشهادة","الصين","الكعبة","المدينة","النبي محمد","الهند","بسملة","دين","ذو الفقار","صلاة","لوحة","مسجد","مكان مقدس","مكة","ورق"],"materials":["ألوان مائية وذهب على ورق","حبر"]},"45b19a0c-0267-54d0-a134-624669d15108":{"name":"اقسام القران","short_description":"يضم هذا الكتاب جزأين من أجزاء القرآن الثلاثين. كان يُعرف باسم الجزء ، وغالبًا ما كان يُباع بشكل منفصل خلال الإسلام في العصور الوسطى ، مع أنماط زهرية وهندسية دقيقة تزين الغلاف البني للكتاب.  \n  \nتظهر الآية (الآيات) بخط النسخ مقسمة برسوم توضيحية ذهبية لأشكال نباتية بما في ذلك اللوتس والزهور الأخرى المدمجة من التقاليد الصينية والبوذية القديمة.  \n  \nعلى الرغم من أن معظم المسلمين في الصين لا يتحدثون اللغة العربية ، إلا أن القليل من المصاحف الصينية كانت موجودة خلال عهد أسرة مينغ وتشينغ. منذ انتشار الإسلام وإنشاء المدارس الإسلامية في عهد أسرة يوان ، تم أداء تلاوة الصلوات والخط باللغة العربية. كان للعديد من المسلمين من العالم العربي خلفية تجارية حيث يمثل خط النسخ الكتابة الرسمية. وهكذا أصبحت الأشكال المعدلة من النسخ بما في ذلك المحقق والريحاني هي الأنماط السائدة للمصاحف الصينية المزخرفة بالحبر الذهبي النموذجي","type":"مخطوطات","holder":"متحف الشيخ فيصل بن قاسم ال ثاني","owner":"متحف الشيخ فيصل بن قاسم ال ثاني","dates":"القرن ال 18- 17","location":"الشهنية","dimensions":"طول: 22 سم عرض: 28.5 سم ارتفاع: 3.5 سم","provenance":"الصين","obtention":"الصين","bibliography":"Anvaary, S., \"A Study of the Art of Chinese Quranography from the Sixteenth to the End of the Eighteenth Century\", *Journal of Art and Civilization of the Orient*, 9: 33 (2021): 55–64.  \nGhoname, H., *Sini Calligraphy: The Preservation of Chinese Muslims' Cultural Heritage*, Doctoral dissertation, Manoa: University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2012.  \nHuaizhong, M. U. Y., \"The four upsurgences of Islamic culture in Chinese history\", *Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs,* 16: 1 (1996): 9–20.","author":"Sarah Schroeder","translator":"Faisal Haddad","materials":["حبر:كتابة يدوية","ورق عجينة الرز"]},"470d797e-486d-5fa3-a961-b3a1527eec07":{"name":"طبق","short_description":"طبق كبير من البورسلين الأبيض عليه تزجيج بلون أزرق كوبالتي، في وسطه إطار دائري داخله كتابات، تحيط به أربع دوائر وضعت على مسافات متساوية وتضم نفس النص. توجد علامة من ستة أحرف داخل قاعدة الطبق بالخط الهونجزهاي محصورة داخل دائرة، يحدها خط مزدوج. في الميدالية الوسطى كتبت العبارة التالية: \"سلم تسليما كثيرا كبيرا بفضلك ورحمتك يا أرحم الراحمين\". أما في الميداليات المحيطة بها، فكتبت العبارة التالية: \"لا فتى إلا علي لا سيف إلا ذو الفقرة [الفقار] وعلي هو الحق لا موت أصيب إلا بالأجل\". وأما الكتابات حول حافة الطبق فهي كالتالي: \"ناد عليا مظهر العجائب/ تجده عونا لك في النوائب/المعولي إلى الله حاجت/كل هم وغم سينجلي بنبوتك يا محمد وبولايتك يا علي يا علي يا علي/بحق ذي الملك والملكوت/ اعتصمت بذي العزة والقدرة والجبروت/ وتوكلنا على الذي لا ينام ولا يموت/دخلت في حرم الله وفي حفظ الله من شر البريت [البرية] أجمعين بحق حم بحق كهيعص وعسق لا حول ولا قوت [قوة] إلا بالله العلي العظيم صلى الله على المسطفى [المصطفى] محمد وآله أجمعين.","holder":"دار الآثار الإسلامية","dates":"912-894 هـ \\ 1488-1505 م","location":"مدينة الكويت","provenance":"الصين"},"d56fbc83-d137-562e-8b49-e4ffd202595c":{"name":"مبخرة","short_description":"ترتكز المبخرة الصينية على ثلاثة أرجل وتتزيّن بالخط العربي، حيث تُقرأ عليها الشهادة. خلال عهد أسرة تشينغ كانت هذه القطعة تُستخدم لتعطيرالهواء في مسجد بالصين .  \n  \nعلى الرغم من أن العديد من المسلمين في المنطقة لم يكن باستطاعتهم كتابة الخط العربي، إلا أن الخط العربي صمد كعنصر للزخرفة، ونظرا لعدم وجود أحرف صينية للتعبيرعن مفهوم الإله الواحد، تُقدّم الكلمات العربية وسيلة فعّالة لإيصال الرسائل الدينية.كما يظهر على الختم الظاهر في قاع المبخرة ابتكر الحرفيّون الخط العربي الصيني للإشارة إلى الملكيّة أوالإنتاج.  \n  \nاليوم، تسعى الأقلية المسلمة الصينية إلى الحفاظ على تراثها بما في ذلك القطع النادرة مثل المشغولات المعدنية العائدة لفترة حكم أسرة تشينغ، التي إما أنها فُقدت أو دُمّرت بمرور الوقت.","type":"الاثار الدينية","holder":"متحف الشيخ فيصل بن قاسم ال ثاني","owner":"متحف الشيخ فيصل بن قاسم ال ثاني","dates":"القرن ال 17","location":"الشهنية","dimensions":"طول: 18.5 سم عرض: 13 سم","provenance":"الصين","obtention":"شراء","bibliography":"Al-Mannai, M. M., \"Islamic Chinese Art: Islamic anthology of Chinese calligraphy\", *QScience Connect*, 1: 3 (2021).  \nCurtis, E. B., *Chinese-Islamic Works of Art, 1644–1912: A Study of Some Qing Dynasty Examples*, Abingdon / New York: Routledge, 2019.  \nMiller, P. N., and Louis, F., *Antiquarianism and Intellectual Life in Europe and China, 1500-1800*, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2012.  \nStöcker-Parnian, B., \"Calligraphy in Chinese Mosques: At the Intersection of Arabic and Chinese Calligraphy\", *Calligraphy and Architecture in the Muslim World*, (2019): 139.","author":"Sarah Schroeder","translator":"Faisal Haddad","materials":["برنز : منقوش"]}}

package/translations/items.en.json

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"112d56d2-756e-5b32-915c-31387a510643":{"name":"Oh Most Gracious!","description":"In his practice, Haji Noor Deen employs, develops and further interprets Sini calligraphy. The Sini style, which emerged in the 14th century AD, fuses Chinese and Arabic calligraphic traditions. Born in 1963 in Shangdong province, China, Haji Noor Deen graduated from Egypt Sadat Calligraphy School and obtained his calligraphy *ijaza* in Istanbul. This scroll painting is made of dark red patterned silk with mounted calligraphy on paper. The title *Oh Most Gracious!* is a translation of the Arabic phrase *ya Rahman*, which is depicted in broad brushstrokes. The work’s title in black ink as well as three red seals are placed on the lower left.","type":"Calligraphy","holder":"Museum for Islamic Art Berlin","dates":"2022","location":"Berlin","dimensions":"209.5cm x 75.5cm","materials":["Ink and red seal colour on rice paper","mounted on silk"]},"12f2de8e-9c90-5eb6-a757-3a97d8bb8e5c":{"name":"God Is Sublime","description":"In his practice, Haji Noor Deen employs, develops and further interprets Sini calligraphy. The Sini style, which emerged in the 14th century AD, fuses Chinese and Arabic calligraphic traditions. Born in 1963 in Shangdong province, China, Haji Noor Deen graduated from Egypt Sadat Calligraphy School and obtained his calligraphy *ijaza* in Istanbul. This scroll is made of patterned dark red silk with mounted calligraphy on paper. The almost opaque Arabic calligraphy in black ink has been executed in broad brushs trokes. The title of the work appears in black ink on the left, above two red seals. A third red seal appears on the top right.","type":"Calligraphy","holder":"Museum for Islamic Art Berlin","dates":"2022","location":"Berlin","dimensions":"59cm x 100.3cm","materials":["Ink and red seal colour on rice paper","mounted on silk"]},"1326e39f-55ad-5c14-b5cc-14c0c3ba914a":{"name":"Variation of the Basmala","description":"This scroll painting is made of patterned dark red silk with mounted calligraphy on paper. The Arabic calligraphy in black ink forms an abstract vegetal design. A single shape in its centre has been filled in with gold. The title of the work appears in black ink on the left, above two red seals. A third red seal appears on the top right.","type":"Calligraphy","holder":"Museum for Islamic Art Berlin","dates":"2021","location":"Berlin","dimensions":"47cm x 70cm","materials":["Ink and red seal colour on rice paper","mounted on silk"]},"153324a8-e519-57d8-9ec7-0ef9e9514731":{"name":"Graphic showing the courses of letters","description":"This graphic demonstrates the courses of the Arabic letters which have been rotated counter-clockwise.","type":"Graphic","holder":"Museum for Islamic Art Berlin","dates":"2023","location":"Berlin"},"16f64c35-4b93-51aa-8db9-030e2f96635f":{"name":"Peace Be Upon You","description":"In his practice, Haji Noor Deen employs, develops and further interprets Sini calligraphy. The Sini style, which emerged in the 14th century AD, fuses Chinese and Arabic calligraphic traditions. Born in 1963 in Shangdong province, China, Haji Noor Deen graduated from Egypt Sadat Calligraphy School and obtained his calligraphy *ijaza* in Istanbul. This painting is made of patterned dark red silk with mounted calligraphy on paper. The Arabic calligraphy reading “Peace be upon you” in black ink forms an abstract pattern. The title of the work appears in black ink on the left, above two red seals. A third red seal appears on the top right.","type":"Calligraphy","holder":"Museum for Islamic Art Berlin","dates":"2014","location":"Berlin","dimensions":"55cm x  37.5cm","materials":["Ink and red seal colour on rice paper","mounted on silk"]},"240a9072-6ba4-5c4c-a51c-8739e4ee03f9":{"name":"I Take Refuge with God","description":"Scroll painting made of light green silk with mounted calligraphy on paper. The calligraphy reads: ‘I take refuge with God’ and a quote from Qur'an 2:255 in black ink in Chinese-style Arabic letters. The title of the work in black ink is at the bottom with two red seals.","type":"Calligraphy","holder":"Museum for Islamic Art Berlin","dates":"2022","location":"Berlin","dimensions":"209,5cm x 75,5cm","materials":["Ink and red seal colour on rice paper","mounted on silk"]},"2d0ab34f-6c97-5be0-adec-c434b7c0d438":{"name":"Variation of the Basmala","description":"This work is made of patterned light blue-gold silk with mounted calligraphy on paper. The Arabic calligraphy in black ink has been arranged to form the root system of a bouquet of seven spikes, which sprout from the letters themselves. The title of the work appears in black ink on the left, above two red seals. A third red seal appears on the top right.","type":"Calligraphy","holder":"Museum for Islamic Art Berlin","dates":"2022","location":"Berlin","dimensions":"47cm x 49cm","materials":["Ink and red seal colour on rice paper","mounted on silk"]},"377425e8-db47-571b-85e2-27702d394d1d":{"name":"Scroll with views of Mecca and Medina","short_description":"The text consists of Qur’anic verses, short prayers, invocations and numerous repetitions of the *basmala* and the *shahada*, the latter arranged into decorative shapes such as vases, flowers, a pagoda and *Dhu’l-faqar*, the bifurcated sword given by the Prophet to ‘Ali. In addition, there are depictions of the Masjid al-Haram at Mecca and the Prophet’s mosque at Medina (where the domed tomb is depicted on the wrong side). The last panel encloses the *hilya* of the Prophet Muhammad.","type":"Scroll; calligraphy; drawings; view of Mecca; view of Medina; *hilya*","holder":"Khalili Family Trust – Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage Collection","dates":"Dated Hejira 1261 / AD 1845","location":"London","dimensions":"402 x 27cm","method_for_datation":"Provenance and date are based on stylistic grounds.","provenance":"China; signed by Ayyub","author":"Nahla Nassar","keywords":["Basmala","China","Dhu'l-Faqar","Hijaz","Holy place","India","Ka'ba","Mecca","Medina","Mosque","painting","Paper","pilgrimage","prayer","Prophet Muhammad","Religion","Shahadah"],"materials":["Ink","watercolours and gold on paper"]},"45b19a0c-0267-54d0-a134-624669d15108":{"name":"Qur’an Sections","short_description":"'This book binds two of the thirty parts (*ajza*) of the Qur’an. Known as *juz*, it was often sold separately during medieval Islam, with delicate floral and geometric patterns decorating the brown cover of the book.  \n  \nThe *ayah* (verses) appear in *naskh* calligraphy sectioned with golden illustrations of vegetal motifs including the lotus and other flowers incorporated from ancient Chinese and Buddhist tradition.  \n  \nAlthough most Muslims in China did not speak Arabic, a few Chinese Qur’ans existed during the Ming and Qing dynasties. Since the spread of Islam and establishment of Islamic schools during the Yuan dynasty, prayers recitation and calligraphy were performed in Arabic. Many Muslims originating from the Arab world had a merchant background where *naskh* script represented the official writing. Adapted forms of *naskh* including *Muhaqqaq* and *Rihani* thus became the predominant styles for Chinese Qur’ans decorated with the typical gold ink.","type":"Manuscripts","holder":"FBQ Museum","owner":"Sheikh Faisal Bin Qassim Al Thani","dates":"17th–18th century","location":"Shahaniya","dimensions":"Length: 22cm, Width: 28.5cm, Height: 3.5cm","method_for_datation":"The date and origin were established in research-based comparison from an examination of material, engraving and pattern.","method_for_provenance":"The date and origin were established in research-based comparison from an examination of material, engraving and pattern.","provenance":"China","obtention":"Purchase","bibliography":"Anvaary, S., \"A Study of the Art of Chinese Quranography from the Sixteenth to the End of the Eighteenth Century\", *Journal of Art and Civilization of the Orient*, 9: 33 (2021): 55–64.  \nGhoname, H., *Sini Calligraphy: The Preservation of Chinese Muslims' Cultural Heritage*, Doctoral dissertation, Manoa: University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2012.  \nHuaizhong, M. U. Y., \"The four upsurgences of Islamic culture in Chinese history\", *Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs,* 16: 1 (1996): 9–20.","author":"Sarah Schroeder","copy_editor":"Janice Medina","keywords":["calligraphy","China","Qing Dynasty","Quran"],"materials":["handwriting","Ink","Rice paper"]},"470d797e-486d-5fa3-a961-b3a1527eec07":{"name":"Dish","short_description":"Large white porcelain dish with cobalt blue glaze decorated with a central inscribed roundel surrounded by four evenly spaced roundels each filled with an identical inscription. The interior of the foot is a Hongzhi six-character mark withing a a double line roundel.  \nIn the central roundel: \"Bestow numerous blessings and great honour upon him for You are the Most Merciful of those who show mercy.\" In the surrounding roundels, a repetition of: \"There is no youth other than \\`Ali There is no sword other than Zulficar And \\`Ali is the Rightful Death will only strike at the appointed time.\"  \nAround the rim: \"In the name of God the Compassionate, the Merciful Call unto \\`Ali the paragon of wonders, you shall find him of help in your misfortune. He who is relied upon \\[to intercede\\] before God for all needs All anguish and all sorrow shall disappear, through your Prophethood Oh Muhammad and through your Divine trusteeship, Oh \\`Ali, Oh \\`Ali, Oh \\`Ali By the Divine Truth of The Absolute Sovereign of all things I take refuge in He Who has the glory, the might and the power And we put our trust in He Who slumbers and perishes not I take refuge in God's sanctuary, and in His protection from the evil of all beings By the truth of \"ham\", by the truth of \"kahi\\`us\" and \"\\`asaq\" There is neither power nor strength but in God, The Most High, The Supreme May the blessing of God be upon Muhammad Mustafa (the Chosen) and his family collectively.\"","type":"Vessels & receptacles, porcelain","holder":"Dar al-Athar al-Islamiyyah","dates":"Hegira 894–912 / AD 1488–1505","location":"Kuwait City","provenance":"China","keywords":["China","Dish","Glaze"]},"4731d4cb-b399-5499-95e0-8992f8ed0c48":{"name":"Square seals","description":"These three seals with the name of the artist are used as signatures. While the first is written in Chinese letters containing the Chinese name of the artist, Mi Guangjiang, the second one reads “Haji Noor Deen” in Arabic letters. The third one reads “Noor Deen”, this time in Chinese letters.","type":"Print","holder":"Museum for Islamic Art Berlin","dates":"2023","location":"Berlin"},"4f520570-5e30-5e56-b170-0e080f496fd2":{"name":"Variation of the Basmala","description":"This work is made of patterned dark red silk with mounted calligraphy on paper. The Arabic calligraphy in black ink has been arranged to form the root system of seven flowers. Five are in full bloom, while two appear with closed blossoms. They are coloured with a light grey wash. The title of the work is written in black ink on the left, above two red seals. A third red seal appears on the top right.","type":"Calligraphy","holder":"Museum for Islamic Art Berlin","dates":"2022","location":"Berlin","dimensions":"47cm x 39.8cm","materials":["Ink and red seal colour on rice paper","mounted on silk"]},"60a920a8-d327-5399-8518-671641d2e4a8":{"name":"Proclamation of Faith","description":"This work is made of patterned dark red silk with mounted calligraphy on paper. The Arabic calligraphy in black ink has been executed to form the shape of an eight-petaled flower blossom. The title of the work appears in black ink on the left, above two red seals. A third red seal appears on the top right.","type":"Calligraphy","holder":"Museum for Islamic Art Berlin","dates":"2021","location":"Berlin","dimensions":"47cm x 49cm","materials":["Ink and red seal colour on rice paper","mounted on silk"]},"65d727fa-f4a0-5ab9-9f61-747c086b56f5":{"name":"God","description":"In his practice, Haji Noor Deen employs, develops and further interprets Sini calligraphy. The Sini style, which emerged in the 14th century AD, fuses Chinese and Arabic calligraphic traditions. Born in 1963 in Shangdong province, China, Haji Noor Deen graduated from Egypt Sadat Calligraphy School and obtained his calligraphy *ijaza* in Istanbul. This work is made of patterned light blue-gold silk with mounted calligraphy on paper. The central calligraphy in black ink depicts the word \"God\" in both Chinese and Arabic letters in thick, opaque brush strokes. The title of the work appears in black ink on the left, above two red seals. A third red seal appears on the top right.","type":"Calligraphy","holder":"Museum for Islamic Art Berlin","dates":"2016","location":"Berlin","dimensions":"47cm x 37.3cm","materials":["Ink and red seal colour on rice paper","mounted on silk"]},"7bb81c6e-f156-5c85-97c7-6d4ff9c72d2f":{"name":"The Messenger of God","description":"In his practice, Haji Noor Deen employs, develops and further interprets Sini calligraphy. The Sini style, which emerged in the 14th century AD, fuses Chinese and Arabic calligraphic traditions. Born in 1963 in Shangdong province, China, Haji Noor Deen graduated from Egypt Sadat Calligraphy School and obtained his calligraphy *ijaza* in Istanbul. This painting is made of patterned, light blue-gold silk with mounted calligraphy on paper. The central calligraphy in black ink depicts the word \"Messenger\" in both Chinese and Arabic letters in thick, opaque brush strokes. The title of the work appears in black ink on the left, above two red seals. A third red seal appears on the top right.","type":"Calligraphy","holder":"Museum for Islamic Art Berlin","dates":"2016","location":"Berlin","dimensions":"47cm x 37.3cm","materials":["Ink and red seal colour on rice paper","mounted on silk"]},"8217b5c6-5b57-59fe-a372-ac8131ed56b8":{"name":"And We Did Not Send You But as a Mercy of All Beings","description":"In his practice, Haji Noor Deen employs, develops and further interprets Sini calligraphy. The Sini style, which emerged in the 14th century AD, fuses Chinese and Arabic calligraphic traditions. Born in 1963 in Shangdong province, China, Haji Noor Deen graduated from Egypt Sadat Calligraphy School and obtained his calligraphy *ijaza* in Istanbul. This work is made of patterned teal silk with mounted calligraphy on paper. The Arabic calligraphy with the 21st sura of the Qur'an is contained by a thin, circular golden line. The words are arranged in such a way that they seem to spin outwards from a 10-armed spiral. The title of the work appears in black ink on the left, next to two red seals. A third red seal appears on the top right.","type":"Calligraphy","holder":"Museum for Islamic Art Berlin","dates":"2022","location":"Berlin","dimensions":"55cm x 53cm","materials":["Ink and red seal colour on rice paper","mounted on silk"]},"8219a976-856d-576b-8a8e-9a1913eb82a6":{"name":"Variation of the Basmala","description":"This calligraphic work is made of patterned silver-white silk with mounted calligraphy on paper. The Arabic calligraphy in black, brown, purple-blue and teal ink forms the shape of water in a vase, and expands into flower stems. Flowers and leaves are painted in green, red, black and teal ink; the centre of the largest flower is marked with a small, elongated shape filled with gold. The title of the work is written in black ink on the left, above two red seals. A third red seal appears on the top right.","type":"Calligraphy","holder":"Museum for Islamic Art Berlin","dates":"2021","location":"Berlin","dimensions":"47cm x 44.1cm","materials":["Ink and red seal colour on rice paper","mounted on silk"]},"8265fb5f-a38e-5161-b5d4-12564e7a63a3":{"name":"The 99 Names of God and the 99 Names of Muhammad","description":"This scroll painting is made of patterned teal silk with mounted calligraphy on paper. It depicts the 99 names of God in Arabic letters, each of which symbolise a specific attribute to which believers can relate. The title of the work has been written in black ink on the top, next to two red seals. A third red seal has been placed on the bottom (or right).","type":"Calligraphy","holder":"Museum for Islamic Art Berlin","dates":"2016","location":"Berlin","dimensions":"47cm x 109.5cm","materials":["Ink and red seal colour on rice paper","mounted on silk"]},"85cc20cd-a461-5167-878a-c3c21396146d":{"name":"Peace","description":"This painting is made of patterned teal silk with mounted calligraphy on paper. With all the stylistic hallmarks of a Chinese character, the artist has cleverly combined this with Arabic calligraphy, using only black ink to form the word *al-Salam* (peace). The title of the work is written in black ink on the left, above two red seals. A third red seal appears on the top right.","type":"Calligraphy","holder":"Museum for Islamic Art Berlin","dates":"2018","location":"Berlin","dimensions":"47cm x 25.5cm","materials":["Ink and red seal colour on rice paper","mounted on silk"]},"877c71fc-8b32-59f3-839c-5592790f5cab":{"name":"My Trust in God","description":"In his practice, Haji Noor Deen employs, develops and further interprets Sini calligraphy. The Sini style, which emerged in the 14th century AD, fuses Chinese and Arabic calligraphic traditions. Born in 1963 in Shangdong province, China, Haji Noor Deen graduated from Egypt Sadat Calligraphy School and obtained his calligraphy *ijaza* in Istanbul. This work is made of patterned dark red silk with mounted calligraphy on paper. The Arabic calligraphy in black ink forms a central abstract pattern. It shows three quotations from the Qur’an. The title of the work appears in black ink on the left, above two red seals. A third red seal appears on the top right.","type":"Calligraphy","holder":"Museum for Islamic Art Berlin","dates":"2016","location":"Berlin","dimensions":"47cm x 43cm","materials":["Ink and red seal colour on rice paper","mounted on silk"]},"9c63fa72-bce6-5d58-8940-da1b2314128d":{"name":"Graphic showing the courses of letters","description":"This graphic demonstrates the courses of the Arabic letters which have been rotated counter-clockwise.","type":"Graphic","holder":"Museum for Islamic Art Berlin","dates":"2023","location":"Berlin"},"9f32f495-7efd-5361-b956-96c4eb2d3e09":{"name":"Variation of the Basmala","description":"This work is made of patterned dark red silk with mounted calligraphy on paper. The Arabic calligraphy in black ink forms a central abstract pattern in the shape of a leaf. The title of the work appears in black ink on the left, above two red seals. A third red seal appears on the top right.","type":"Calligraphy","holder":"Museum for Islamic Art Berlin","dates":"2021","location":"Berlin","dimensions":"47cm x 36.5cm","materials":["Ink and red seal colour on rice paper","mounted on silk"]},"af6ac5cc-3edf-56af-8d68-ceff2105c2e3":{"name":"Graphic showing the courses of letters","description":"This graphic demonstrates the courses of the Arabic letters which have been rotated counter-clockwise.","type":"Graphic","holder":"Museum for Islamic Art Berlin","dates":"2023","location":"Berlin"},"b1d831f0-2247-53ad-9ab8-efefb50f5e70":{"name":"There Is No God But God and Muhammad Is the Messenger of God","description":"In his practice, Haji Noor Deen employs, develops and further interprets Sini calligraphy. The Sini style, which emerged in the 14th century AD, fuses Chinese and Arabic calligraphic traditions. Born in 1963 in Shangdong province, China, Haji Noor Deen graduated from Egypt Sadat Calligraphy School and obtained his calligraphy *ijaza* in Istanbul. This work is made of patterned dark red silk with mounted calligraphy on paper. The Arabic calligraphy in black ink forms an oval pattern. Two medaillons drawn in gold ink have been superimposed onto the calligraphy. This central composition is framed by additional drawings in gold ink. The title of the work appears in black ink on the left, above two red seals. A third red seal appears on the top right.","type":"Calligraphy","holder":"Museum for Islamic Art Berlin","dates":"2021","location":"Berlin","dimensions":"47cm x 52cm","materials":["Ink and red seal colour on rice paper","mounted on silk"]},"c3f71147-7b35-5602-a9cf-2b10eae4e8bc":{"name":"Variation of the Basmala","description":"This work is made of patterned teal silk with mounted calligraphy on paper. The Arabic calligraphy in black ink forms a central abstract pattern, its shape reminiscent of a tulip. The title of the work appears in black ink on the left, above two red seals. A third red seal appears on the top right.","type":"Calligraphy","holder":"Museum for Islamic Art Berlin","dates":"2021","location":"Berlin","dimensions":"47cm x 34cm","materials":["Ink and red seal colour on rice paper","mounted on silk"]},"c9adaa19-4c93-5160-9d47-37f844b58907":{"name":"Proclamation of Faith","description":"In his practice, Haji Noor Deen employs develops and further interprets Sini calligraphy. The Sini style, which emerged in the 14th century AD, fuses Chinese and Arabic calligraphic traditions. Born in 1963 in Shangdong province, China, Haji Noor Deen graduated from Egypt Sadat Calligraphy School and obtained his calligraphy *ijaza* in Istanbul. This work is made of patterned light blue-gold silk with mounted calligraphy on paper. The calligraphy in black ink has been executed in thick, opaque brush strokes and is readable in both Chinese and Arabic. The title of the work appears in black ink on the left, above two red seals. A third red seal appears on the top right.","type":"Calligraphy","holder":"Museum for Islamic Art Berlin","dates":"2016","location":"Berlin","dimensions":"47cm x 34.5cm","materials":["Ink and red seal colour on rice paper","mounted on silk"]},"cb87e713-9725-5036-a0d3-fcc95696ca30":{"name":"Oh Lord!","description":"In his practice, Haji Noor Deen employs, develops and further interprets Sini calligraphy. The Sini style, which emerged in the 14th century AD, fuses Chinese and Arabic calligraphic traditions. Born in 1963 in Shangdong province, China, Haji Noor Deen graduated from Egypt Sadat Calligraphy School and obtained his calligraphy *ijaza* in Istanbul. This scroll painting is made of dark red patterned silk with mounted calligraphy on paper. The title *Oh Lord!* is a translation of the Arabic phrase *ya Rab* depicted in black ink with broad brushstrokes. The work’s title in black ink as well as three red seals are placed on the lower left.","type":"Calligraphy","holder":"Museum for Islamic Art Berlin","dates":"2022","location":"Berlin","dimensions":"209.5cm x 75.5cm","materials":["Ink and red seal colour on rice paper","mounted on silk"]},"d56fbc83-d137-562e-8b49-e4ffd202595c":{"name":"Censer","short_description":"The Chinese burner rests on three legs with Arabic calligraphy, reading the Muslim declaration of faith called *shahada*. During the Qing dynasty, this bowl would cradle incense to scent the air of a Chinese mosque.  \n  \nAlthough many regional Muslims could not read Arabic, the calligraphy endured as a decorative element. Because there are no Chinese characters to express the concept of a single God, Arabic words offer an effective medium to convey religious messages. As seen on the seal on the bowl’s bottom, artists utilized Chinese calligraphy to remark the ownership or production. The seal at the bottom of this censer reads \"Ming Dynasty, Manufactured by Wu Bang Zuo, of Public Works in the 5th year of the Xuande Emperor.\" While the inscription alludes to the production in 1430, numerous incense burners have been produced with the apocryphal mark.  \n  \nToday, the Muslim-Chinese minority seeks to preserve their heritage including rare objects such as the Qing-metalwork, which have been lost or destroyed over time.","type":"Religious relics","holder":"FBQ Museum","owner":"Sheikh Faisal Bin Qassim Al Thani","dates":"17th century","location":"Shahaniya","dimensions":"Length: 18.5cm, Width: 13cm","method_for_datation":"The date and origin were established from a research-based comparison of Islamic metalwork of China.","method_for_provenance":"The date and origin were established from a research-based comparison of Islamic metalwork of China.","provenance":"China","obtention":"Purchase","bibliography":"Al-Mannai, M. M., \"Islamic Chinese Art: Islamic anthology of Chinese calligraphy\", *QScience Connect*, 1: 3 (2021).  \nCurtis, E. B., *Chinese-Islamic Works of Art, 1644–1912: A Study of Some Qing Dynasty Examples*, Abingdon / New York: Routledge, 2019.  \nMiller, P. N., and Louis, F., *Antiquarianism and Intellectual Life in Europe and China, 1500-1800*, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2012.  \nStöcker-Parnian, B., \"Calligraphy in Chinese Mosques: At the Intersection of Arabic and Chinese Calligraphy\", *Calligraphy and Architecture in the Muslim World*, (2019): 139.","author":"Sarah Schroeder","copy_editor":"Janice Medina","keywords":["China","Incense burner","metalwork","Qing"],"materials":["Bronze","Engraving"]},"e2295cee-4515-5f3e-9a13-826967d81f74":{"name":"Variation of the Basmala","description":"This work is made of patterned teal silk with mounted calligraphy on paper. The work’s central plane is dominated by a large letter *alif*, which has been executed in a single broad brushstroke. Further calligraphy, almost opaque and executed on a smaller scale, has been superimposed on the *alif* and continues below it. The title of the work is written in black ink on the left, above two red seals. A third red seal appears on the top right.","type":"Calligraphy","holder":"Museum for Islamic Art Berlin","dates":"2022","location":"Berlin","dimensions":"47cm x 31.5cm","materials":["Ink and red seal colour on rice paper","mounted on silk"]},"ef5a49c6-6507-582d-a7dd-488fe165b36a":{"name":"Variation of the Basmala","description":"This scroll painting is made of patterned dark blue-gold silk with mounted calligraphy on paper. The paper has been treated with a light wash of semitransparent black ink drippings. The Arabic calligraphy in opaque black ink forms an abstract vegetal design. The title of the work appears in black ink on the left, above two red seals. A third red seal appears on the top right.","type":"Calligraphy","holder":"Museum for Islamic Art Berlin","dates":"2021","location":"Berlin","dimensions":"47cm x 43cm","materials":["Ink and red seal colour on rice paper","mounted on silk"]},"f51131bf-c7b8-5f90-82d9-e4a221fbddca":{"name":"Oval seals","description":"These three seals are samples of Haji Noor Deen’s use of oval seals containing sayings in Arabic and Chinese.","type":"Stamps; Seals","holder":"Museum for Islamic Art Berlin","dates":"2023","location":"Berlin"},"f5500008-7897-52cc-bf99-362d3081b035":{"name":"The artists' tools","description":"Calligraphy tools. Chinese calligraphy employs the brush, while Arabic calligraphy employs the *qalam* (reed pen). Haji Noor Deen uses both in addition to spatulas of different widths and materials. For writing, he prefers traditional Chinese ink, obtained by rubbing an inkstick on a surface with a little water so that it liquifies. The red seals are another element typical to Chinese calligraphy. The metal weights seen in the green box secure the paper and prevent it from slipping during the writing process.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Museum for Islamic Art Berlin","dates":"2023","location":"Berlin"},"f6235379-448e-5847-8d66-127ab7a5d450":{"name":"Portrait of the artist","type":"Photograph","holder":"Museum for Islamic Art Berlin","dates":"2023","location":"Berlin"},"febafe4c-21f1-50da-9cf8-a2a694a8df97":{"name":"Proclamation of Faith","description":"This work is made of patterned dark red silk with mounted calligraphy on paper. The Arabic calligraphy in black ink forms an abstract design reminiscent of an eight-petaled flower blossom. The title of the work appears in black ink on the left, next to two red seals. A third red seal appears on the top right.","type":"Calligraphy","holder":"Museum for Islamic Art Berlin","dates":"2021","location":"Berlin","dimensions":"47cm x 49cm","materials":["Ink and red seal colour on rice paper","mounted on silk"]}}

package/translations/partners.ar.json

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"6440f57d-bc25-5c0f-9b16-443be2f69b2a":{"name":"عهدة عائلة الخليلي - مجموعة الحج وفنون الحج","description":"في سعيه لتقديم رؤية شاملة لفنون العالم الإسلامي بأسره ، ومنذ سبعينيات القرن الماضي ، جمع البروفيسور ناصر د. خليلي Professor Nasser D. Khalili مجموعته من الفن الإسلامي تحت رعاية صندوق عائلة خليلي. مع ما يزيد عن 28000 قطعة توثق نطاق الإنتاج الفني للأراضي الإسلامية على مدى حوالي 1400 عام ، تعد المجموعة الآن من بين الأفضل في العالم وتمثل جيلًا جديدًا من مجموعات الفن الإسلامي.  \nتتضمن المجموعة مجموعة رائعة من مخطوطات القرآن الكريم والمخطوطات المصورة ، وتغطية الفنون الزخرفية - الخزف والمنسوجات والزجاج والمعدن والورنيش وكذلك الأختام والعملات المعدنية - تغطية شاملة.  \nإن مقتنيات مخطوطات وأوراق القرآن الكريم هي أول ما تم تجميعه بشكل منهجي لتوضيح التاريخ الكامل لإنتاج القرآن ، من حيث المدى الزمني والنطاق الجغرافي - من القرن الثامن إلى القرن العشرين. ومن المغرب الى الصين. حيث تم تجميع تسلسلات مماثلة للرسم والفنون الزخرفية. فعلى سبيل المثال ، يتم تمثيل الزجاج والخزف والأعمال المعدنية في مجموعة كاملة من التقنيات من فترة ما قبل الإسلام وحتى القرن التاسع عشر.  \nنال الفن الإسلامي اللاحق نفس المستوى من الاهتمام. حيث تُظهر جملة القطع والمخطوطات المهمة من فترات لاحقة في المجموعة أن الكثير من الأعمال الفنية التي تستحق اهتمامنا على أسس جمالية وتاريخية وفكرية تم إنتاجها في القرنين السابع عشر والثامن عشر والتاسع عشر. والشكل فني مهم آخر لهذه الفترة هو اللكر الإسلامي Islamic lacquer ، ويمثله في المجموعة أكثر من 500 مثال.  \nكتالوك المجموعة عبارة عن سلسلة غير مسبوقة من 27 مجلدًا ، تم نشر العديد منها الآن ، وعند اكتمالها ستشكل مسحًا فريدًا للمجال حتى الآن. إن الدراسات في مجموعة الخليلي هي سلسلة ثانية من المنشورات المتعلقة بمجموعة الفن الإسلامي ، وتقدم تحليلاً أكثر تفصيلاً لبعض الأشياء.  \nمجموعة الحج وفنون الحج  \nمنذ حوالي 40 عامًا ، وتحت رعاية صندوق عائلة الخليلي ، شارك البروفيسور ناصر د. خليلي بنشاط في تجميع مجموعة بارزة من الأشياء المتعلقة بالحج ، وهو الركن الخامس للإسلام والذي يفسح المجال للفن والتعبير. بأكثر من 3000 قطعة ، تعد مجموعة الحج وفنون الحج الآن واحدة من أكبر وأهم مجموعة من نوعها وتتضمن أشياء رئيسية ، والعديد منها فريد من نوعه.  \nتتراوح القطع الأثرية من القرن الثامن إلى القرن العشرين وجغرافيًا من الصين والهند في الشرق إلى المغرب والمملكة المتحدة في الغرب. وهي تشمل حوالي 250 قطعة من المنسوجات المنسوجة والمطرزة المصنوعة للحرمين الشريفين في مكة المكرمة والمدينة المنورة ، وسبعة أغلفة للمحامل mahmals المصرية والسورية ، ومصاحف ، ومخطوطات مصورة ، وأدوات علمية ، وعملات معدنية ، ولوحات ، وكتب نادرة ، ومطبوعات ، وصور فوتوغرافية ، وبطاقات بريدية. ، بالإضافة إلى مواد أرشيفية مهمة وبعض الوثائق التاريخية الفريدة.  \nنظرًا لحجمها وتنوعها ، تقدم المجموعة نظرة عامة شاملة عن الحج ، توضح الجوانب الدينية والروحية والثقافية والفنية للحج إلى مدن الإسلام المقدسة والطبيعة العالمية للحج.  \nمنذ عدة سنوات ، خضعت المادة لبرنامج شامل للحفظ سيكتمل قريبًا ، كما أن البحث في التحضير لنشرها في عدد من المجلدات متقدم بشكل جيد. ستشمل المجلدات مساهمات من عدد من العلماء الدوليين الذين هم خبراء بارزون في العديد من التخصصات التي يثيرها هذا الموضوع.","city":"لندن","website":"http://www.khalilicollections.org","email":"info@nourhouse.com"},"95483cda-d367-5af3-ad0e-2779b97409cb":{"name":"دار الآثار الإسلامية","description":"دار الآثار الإسلامية (DAI) هي منظمة ثقافية قائمة على مجموعة فنية كويتية خاصة يملكها الشيخ ناصر صباح الأحمد الصباح ، مؤسس مجموعة الصباح وزوجته ، مدير عام DAI وشريكته المؤسسة الشيخة حصة صباح السالم الصباح.  \nتم إنشاء DAI في عام 1983 لإدارة مجموعة الصباح ، وهي مجموعة مرموقة من الفن الإسلامي على سبيل الإعارة الدائمة لدولة الكويت تحت رعاية المجلس الوطني للثقافة والفنون والآداب. وترعى المجموعة جميع جوانب الفن الإسلامي وتعرضها ، وتضم أكثر من 20000 قطعة تمتد من إسبانيا إلى الصين ، من القرن الأول إلى القرن الثالث عشر الهجري / السابع حتى التاسع عشر الميلادي.  \nومنذ إنشائها ، نمت DAI من منظمة ذات اعتماد فردي إلى منظمة ثقافية معترف بها دوليًا. وتشمل الأنشطة الرئيسية DAI ما يلي:  \n• موسم ثقافي سنوي (محاضرات ، حفلات موسيقية ، منتدى ، ورش عمل ، برنامج للأطفال ، مجلة / نشرة ربع سنوية ، رسالة إخبارية ربع سنوية ، حملات ثقافية)  \n• معارض متنقلة وقروض  \n• برامج التدريب على التعامل مع الآثار  \n• مشاريع البحث والتنقيب  \nومع وجود مكتبة عالية التخصص ، تشارك DAI أيضًا في نشر الكتب العلمية حول الفن والثقافة الإسلامية.  \nبينما يجري تنفيذ مشروع إعادة تأهيل مباني DAI في متحف الكويت الوطني ، فإن المركز الثقافي الأمريكي هو المقر المؤقت لـ DAI. ويعد المركز الثقافي الأمريكي (Amricani Cultural Centre) هو الموقع المؤقت لمعظم أنشطة وفعاليات المنظمة ، بما في ذلك المعارض المحلية المؤقتة وأحداث الموسم الثقافي لـ DAI.","city":"الكويت","address":"Dar al-Athar al-Islamiyyah  \nAmricani Cultural Centre  \nP.O. BOX: 23996 Safat 13100 Kuwait","website":"https://daralatharalislamiyyah.com/en/home-page-en/","phone":"+965 2240 0992","email":"info@darmuseumkw.org"},"d2b9c791-32d7-590a-9a1b-3f6766d360d6":{"name":"متحف الشيخ فيصل بن قاسم ال ثاني","description":"تأسس متحف الشيخ فيصل بن قاسم آل ثاني عام 1998. على يد صاحبه الشيخ فيصل فهو من بنات أفكار سعادته ونتاج شغفه الدائم بجمع القطع الفنية من كل أنحاء العالم سواء كانت قطعاً غريبة أو ذات أهمية تاريخية.  \n  \nيتميز المتحف الذي يتمتع بتنوع عالمي بضم أكثر من 30,000 قطعة من مختلف الأزمنة والثقافات، ويمثل بالمعنى الحقيقي نسخة حديثة من \"صندوق الفضول\"، خزانة العجائب التاريخية التي تعود إلى عصر النهضة.  \nالمجموعة المعروضة في أكثر من 30 قاعة بالمتحف تتميز بالتنوع من العصور البدائية حتى الوقت الحاضر، وتشمل الفن الإسلامي والتراث القطري والسجاد والأسلحة والمركبات والمجوهرات والعملات المعدنية وغيرهما. كما تتضمن أبرز القاعات في المتحف بيتًا سوريًا مُعاد تشييده وغرفة القرآن. تجسد القطع المعروضة ثقافة الفن الإسلامي وتقاليده الواسعة من جنوب أوروبا وشمال أفريقيا والشرق الأوسط حتى جنوب آسيا. تقديم الأعمال بطريقة موضوعية يسلط الضوء على التشابه بين الأشكال الفنية والتعبيرات الثقافية والتفاعل المتبادل بين المجتمعات.  \n  \nلا يُعتبر المتحف مجرد مجموعة قطع فنية. فمنذ بناء المتحف الرئيسي في الشحانية عام 1998 باستخدام الحجر المحلي على هيئة حصن بأبراج تقليدية، يسعى متحف الشيخ فيصل بن قاسم إلى إبراز التراث القطري ومشاركته عالمياً، مع إنشاء متحف السجاد في قلب الدوحة عام 2014 وافتتاح متحف السيارات، يهدف مجمع متاحف الشيخ فيصل بن قاسم آل ثاني إلى إلهام الناس على التفاعل مع التراث الثقافي من خلال مشاركة القصص من قريب وبعيد. أيضا يسعى إلى تعزيز الحوار بين الثقافات من خلال المعارض والبرامج التعليمية والبرامج العامة، سواء محلياً أو دولياً.  \n  \nفي عام 2010، تم اختيار المتحف من قبل وزارة الثقافة والفنون والتراث في قطر كواحد من المعالم الثقافية الهامة ضمن عام \"الدوحة عاصمة الأنشطة الثقافية 2010\".","city":"الدوحة","address":"Zone 80, Street 9999 Building No. 365, Al Samariya  \nAl Shahaniya, Doha Qatar  \nP.O. Box number 006","website":"www.fbqmuseum.org","phone":"+974 4486 1444","email":"info@fbqmuseum.org"}}

package/translations/partners.en.json

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"6440f57d-bc25-5c0f-9b16-443be2f69b2a":{"name":"Khalili Family Trust – Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage Collection","description":"In striving to provide a synoptic vision of the arts of the entire Islamic world, and since the 1970s, Professor Nasser D. Khalili has assembled his collection of Islamic art under the auspices of The Khalili Family Trust. With holdings of more than 28,000 objects documenting the range of artistic production of the Islamic lands over a period of some 1400 years, the Collection now ranks among the best in the world and represents a new generation of Islamic art collections.  \n  \nThe Collection includes an outstanding array of manuscripts of the Holy Qur’an and of illustrated manuscripts, and the coverage of the decorative arts – ceramics, textiles, glass, metalwork and lacquer as well as seals and coins – is comprehensive.  \n  \nThe holdings of manuscripts and folios of the Holy Qur’an are the first to have been assembled systematically in order to illustrate the whole history of Qur’an production, both in terms of time span and geographical range – from the 8th to the 20th centuries, and from Morocco to China. Similar sequences have been assembled for painting and the decorative arts. Glass, ceramics and metalwork, for example, are represented in the full range of techniques from the pre-Islamic period through to the 19th century.  \n  \nLater Islamic art has been given the same level of attention. The wealth of important objects and manuscripts from later periods in the Collection shows that much art worthy of our attention on aesthetic as well as historical and intellectual grounds was produced in the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries. Another important art form of this period is Islamic lacquer, represented in the Collection by more than 500 examples.  \n  \nThe catalogue of the Collection is an unprecedented 27-volume series, of which several are now published, and when completed will form a unique survey of the field to date. *Studies in the Khalili Collection* is a second series of publications related to the Islamic art collection, presenting more detailed analysis of certain objects.  \n  \n**Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage Collection**  \n  \nFor some 40 years, and under the auspices of The Khalili Family Trust, Professor Nasser D. Khalili has been actively involved in assembling a notable collection of objects relating to Hajj, the fifth pillar of Islam and the one that lends itself most readily to artistic expression. With over 3000 objects, the Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage Collection is now one of the largest and most important of its kind and includes major objects, many of which are unique.  \n  \nThe objects range in date from the 8th to the 20th centuries and geographically from China and India in the east to Morocco and the United Kingdom in the west. They include some 250 woven and embroidered textiles made for the two holy sanctuaries at Mecca and Medina, seven covers for the Egyptian and Syrian *mahmal*s, Qur’ans, illustrated manuscripts, scientific instruments, coins, paintings, rare books, prints, photographs and postcards, as well as important archival material and some unique historical documents.  \n  \nGiven its size and diversity, the Collection provides a comprehensive overview of Hajj, illustrating the religious, spiritual, cultural and artistic aspects of pilgrimage to the holy cities of Islam and the cosmopolitan nature of Hajj.  \n  \nFor several years now, the material has been undergoing a thorough programme of conservation which is soon to be completed, and research in preparation for its publication in a number of volumes is well advanced. The volumes will include contributions by a number of international scholars who are leading experts in the numerous disciplines that this subject evokes.","city":"London","website":"http://www.khalilicollections.org","email":"info@nourhouse.com"},"95483cda-d367-5af3-ad0e-2779b97409cb":{"name":"Dar al-Athar al-Islamiyyah","description":"Dar al-Athar al-Islamiyyah (DAI) is a cultural organisation based on a Kuwaiti private art collection owned by Sheikh Nasser Sabah al-Ahmed al-Sabah, founder of The al-Sabah Collection and his wife, DAI director general and co-founder Sheikha Hussah Sabah al-Salem al-Sabah.  \n  \nEstablished in 1983, DAI was created to manage The al-Sabah Collection, an esteemed collection of Islamic art on permanent loan to the State of Kuwait under the auspices of the National Council for Culture, Arts and Letters. The collection preserves and presents all aspects of Islamic art and includes more than 20,000 pieces extending from Spain to China, from the 1st – 13th centuries AH/7th – 19th centuries AD.  \n  \nSince its inception, DAI has grown from a single focus organisation to an internationally recognised cultural organisation. DAI’s main activities include:  \n  \n• An annual Cultural Season (lectures, music concerts, forum, workshops, children’s programme, quarterly magazine/journal, quarterly newsletter, cultural expeditions)  \n• Travelling exhibitions and loans  \n• Conservation training programmes  \n• Research and excavation projects  \n  \nWith a highly specialised library, DAI is also involved in the publication of scholarly books on Islamic art and culture.  \n  \nWhile the rehabilitation project of DAI’s buildings at the Kuwait National Museum is underway, the Amricani Cultural Centre is the temporary home of DAI. The Amricani Cultural Centre is the ground for most of the organization’s activities and events, including local temporary exhibitions and DAI’s cultural season events.","city":"Kuwait City","address":"Dar al-Athar al-Islamiyyah  \nAmricani Cultural Centre  \nP.O. BOX: 23996 Safat 13100 Kuwait","website":"https://daralatharalislamiyyah.com/en/home-page-en/","phone":"+965 2240 0992","email":"info@darmuseumkw.org"},"bbb5289a-6ccf-5a6e-ac96-c48061c88be9":{"name":"Museum of Islamic Art at the Pergamon Museum, State Museums","description":"**The Museum of Islamic Art is closed from October 2023 to March 2027 due to renovation and expansion works.**  \n  \nThe Museum of Islamic Art at the Pergamon Museum Berlin is the only institution of its kind in Germany, the oldest in the West and with its c. 93,000 pieces it houses one of the world’s finest collections of Islamic art from nearly all regions of Islamic rule.  \n  \nIts collections are especially rich in objects from an architectural context including the monumental façade of the caliphal palace of Mshatta (Jordan), dating from the mid-8th century. It is the largest artefact of Islamic Art in any museum worldwide. The unique dome from the Alhambra Palace in Granada (Spain) and 13th-century prayer niches from Kashan (Iran) and Konya (Turkey) are among the highlights. Most loved by our visitors is the finely painted wooden panelling of an upper-class house from Aleppo (Syria) from the early 17th century – it is the oldest surviving exemplar from the Ottoman World. Among the several archaeological groups from major excavations in the Islamic world the finds from the 9th-century caliphal capital of Samarra (Iraq) stand out. The collection also has a large number of important Ottoman and Persian carpets and bibliographical works of art, including numerous miniatures from the Mughal Empire.  \n  \nThe collection is displayed chronologically, allowing the visitor to follow the different stylistic phases of Islamic art and to develop a notion of the complex Islamic history and its artistic merits. Because of the large number of visitors (up to 900,000 yearly), only a small number of the most important works of art are on display. The museum will move inside Pergamon-Museum and will triple its exhibition space (3,000sq.m) by 2020. The layout and concept will discover new and innovative ways to present the cultural legacy.  \n  \nWith its rich art and archaeological collection, the Museum of Islamic Art is one of the leading research institutions dedicated to the material culture of the Middle East and neighbouring regions. Our many research, conservation and exhibition projects amount to a probing investigation of the urban legacies of the Near and Middle East. The institution houses important collections of archival photographs on Islamic art and architecture as well as an internationally outstanding library focused on art, architecture and archaeology in the world of Islam.","city":"Berlin","address":"Geschwister-Scholl-Straße, 6  \n10117 Berlin  \nGermany","website":"http://www.smb.museum/museen-und-einrichtungen/museum-fuer-islamische-kunst/home.html","phone":"+49 30 266 42 5201","email":"isl@smb.spk-berlin.de"},"d2b9c791-32d7-590a-9a1b-3f6766d360d6":{"name":"Sheikh Faisal Bin Qassim Al Thani Museum (FBQ Museums)","description":"Founded in 1998 by H.E. Sheikh Faisal Bin Qassim Al Thani, the Sheikh Faisal Bin Qassim Al Thani Museum (FBQ) is the Sheikh’s brainchild and a monument to his enduring passion for collecting international items of peculiar and historical relevance.  \n  \nA museum with a global perspective, FBQ brings together over 30,000 objects from across the ages and a multitude of cultures. It represents, in effect, a modern version of a ‘Cabinet of Curiosities’, the historic and eclectic room of marvels from the Renaissance.  \n  \nThe journey through more than 30 galleries ranges from the prehistoric to the present day, encompassing several themes: Islamic art, Qatari heritage, carpets, weapons, vehicles, jewellery and currency. Gallery highlights also include a rebuilt Syrian house and the Quran room. The artefacts showcased in FBQ’s galleries embody Islam’s visual culture and its far-reaching traditions from southern Europe, North Africa, the Middle East and South Asia. The thematic presentation of the works draws attention to the similarities of artistic forms and cultural expressions and their interdependence among societies.  \n  \nFBQ is much more than a museum. Since the construction of the main museum in Al Shahaniya in 1998 using local stone and traditional turrets, FBQ has been fulfilling the museum founder’s aim to create and share a new cultural heritage for Qatar and beyond. With the establishment of the Carpet Museum in the heart of Doha in 2014 and the addition of the Car Museum, the FBQ complex of museums aims to inspire people to engage with cultural heritage by sharing stories from near and far. FBQ strives to foster cross-cultural dialogue through exhibitions, education and public programs, both locally and internationally.  \n  \nIn 2010, the museum was selected by Qatar’s Ministry of Arts, Culture, and Heritage as one of the cultural landmarks of the ‘Doha 2010 Capital of Culture’ activities.","city":"Doha","address":"Zone 80, Street 9999 Building No. 365, Al Samariya  \nAl Shahaniya, Doha Qatar  \nP.O. Box number 006","website":"www.fbqmuseum.org","phone":"+974 4486 1444","email":"info@fbqmuseum.org"}}

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@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"017d3ecc-7621-534c-a446-8ff49e50e583":{"title":"Calligraphing the Sacred","presentation":"","quote":"These are eight calligraphic variations of the invocation formula Basmala “In the name of God, most Gracious, most Merciful”. The Quran begins the al-Fatiha Surah with this formula. The Basmala is one of the most frequently calligraphed sayings in the Arabic calligraphic tradition."},"2a2c0daa-4c6a-509a-bda8-8d14fc7fd851":{"title":"Symbiosis III","presentation":"","quote":"Only a few of Haji Noor Deen’s works are constructed with a synopsis of the two writing systems. In an interview, he describes how difficult it is to find words that are appropriate for this type of calligraphy. For the artist, this requires several months and thought to design the piece to seamlessly combine both letterings systems together."},"305c1d8e-112c-5d15-83c6-e4bfbf3d348e":{"title":"Influences of Chinese Calligraphy","presentation":"","quote":"Chinese calligraphy, esteemed throughout East Asia, evolved from utility to abstract expression. It's seen as a window to the soul, merging with poetry and painting in the “three perfections”. This synergy captures reality through the artist's emotional resonance, achieved through rhythm, flow, and balance."},"307e2c0b-7541-540b-8098-779634923cdc":{"title":"The Two Traditions","presentation":"In his work, Haji Noor Deen experiments with aspects of Arabic and Chinese calligraphy and explores their boundaries. Some of his works are more closely related to the Arabic writing tradition and others to the Chinese.  \n  \nThe artist produces scrolls of colored silk onto which the calligraphy is mounted. The writing usually runs from top to bottom, however, on occasion he also uses a horizontal approach.  \n  \nWhat all of his works have in common is their religious content, which reflects the artist's deep faith.","quote":""},"326ddb0c-d7a1-53f5-bcaa-8516c0c93859":{"title":"Haji Noor Deen and His Calligraphies","presentation":"Born in Shandong Province, China, Haji Noor Deen perfected his craft over multiple decades. After studying Chinese calligraphy, he became inspired by the Arabic tradition and moved to Egypt where he embarked on a rigorous training programme, becoming the first Chinese artist in Egypt to receive the Master Arabic Calligraphy Certificate in 1997. As a demonstration of his aptitude, he earned the arduous Ijazah Certificate in 2017, unique in that it continues to uphold a traditional Ottoman approach to calligraphy practice in Turkey today. Haji Noor Deen harnesses his practice of both the Chinese and Arabic writing traditions and bridges their aesthetic principles with expressive brushstrokes.  \n  \nThe artist’s unique calligraphy tools further reflect his synthesis of the two practices. He both employs the traditional pen (*qalam*) and the Chinese brush and even fashions new tools, such as wooden spatulas covered with fabric, to better negotiate the demands of disparate traditions.","quote":""},"39d3011d-76b8-59a2-9889-3c98a526967c":{"title":"About","presentation":"Sini calligraphy is the artistic script that has been used by the Muslim minority in China for centuries, with its history stretching back to the 14th century. The distinctive feature of Sini calligraphy is the melding of techniques and styles from the Arabic and Chinese lettering traditions.  \n  \nHaji Noor Deen is a master of Sini calligraphy. Inspired by calligraphic traditions spanning from China to Istanbul, the artist creates works with expressive lines that at first glance appear Chinese, but upon closer inspection go far beyond that.","quote":"Sini Calligraphy"},"3cca71b6-8430-5074-87d7-d7fc23a6441e":{"title":"Influences of Arabic Calligraphy","presentation":"","quote":"Classical Arabic calligraphy entails rigorous rules, honed since the 10th century, demanding years of practice. Haji Noor Deen, a trained calligrapher, adeptly blends tradition with innovation, prioritizing harmony over strict adherence, transcending classical norms for a holistic artistic expression."},"48cdda94-75f8-517d-875e-082064d5ec30":{"title":"Variations of the Basmala","presentation":"The Quran begins the al-Fatiha surah with the invocation phrase *Basmala,* “In the name of God, most Gracious, most Merciful”. The Basmala is one of the most frequently calligraphed sayings in the Arabic calligraphic tradition.  \n  \nFor Haji Noor Deen, the Basmala is to be understood as the essence of the Quran, and explains why he has been continually developing new variations of writing it for over 40 years. So far, he has succeeded in realising over 300 different compositions and ways of writing it.  \n  \nThe variations compiled here deal with plants and nature. Some of the flower paintings are executed in the tradition of Chinese painting. The artists perceives the preoccupation with nature as a symbol of hope and inexhaustible life. At the same time, he wishes to impart advice to us all, that life and nature are valued and that we should not treat this wealth wastefully and destructively: “Our planet Earth is a common home on which humanity depends. All people should shape the earth in harmony with nature”.","quote":""},"63f893e2-4d29-5a06-9725-39a71cf2389c":{"title":"Islam in China","presentation":"More than 25 million Muslims live in China today. The largest communities include the Turkic Uyghurs in the region of Xinjiang and the Chinese-speaking Hui Muslims, scattered throughout the country’s provinces.  \n  \nPolitical and economic connections between China and West Asia stretch back to antiquity. After the spread of Islam, Arab traders travelled to Tang Dynasty China (AD 618–907) and became the first Muslims to live in China. Following the Mongol conquests, the Yuan Dynasty (AD 1271–1368) retained strong ties to Central and West Asia, and exchange across the entire Asian continent increased exponentially.  \n  \nThe rise of the Ming dynasty (AD 1368–1644), ruled by Han Chinese, brought great changes for the Muslims in China. From then on, they were a religious minority called Hui Muslims. Over the centuries, this led to the gradual integration of Islam into Chinese traditions and culture. Evidence of their art manifests itself in Sini calligraphy, with inscriptions on wood, stone, and metal, as well as being present in book art and characteristic mosque architecture.","quote":""},"7854ada7-a8f9-53bf-a243-8dd5b2277f24":{"title":"Hui Muslims","presentation":"","quote":"The rise of the Ming Dynasty (AD 1368–1644), ruled by the Han Chinese, brought great changes for the Muslims in China. From then on, they were a religious minority called Hui Muslims. Over the centuries, this led to the gradual integration of Islam into Chinese traditions and culture. Evidence of their art is found in Sini calligraphy (with inscriptions on wood, stone and metal), book art, and characteristic mosque architecture."},"7aa652f9-3d7a-5950-ae09-62acd79f2cba":{"title":"Calligraphy Tools","presentation":"","quote":"The artist's tools span various cultures: Chinese calligraphy uses brushes, Arabic calligraphy employs qalams. Haji Noor Deen combines both, using spatulas of varied materials. Traditional Chinese ink, seals, red seal paste, and metal weights are also integral to his process."},"ab0ea891-6907-5c56-bf8c-bda2a6378a90":{"title":"Chinese Characters","presentation":"","quote":"Chinese writing, among the world's oldest, utilises characters representing morphemes, the smallest units of meaning. Each character often denotes a syllable or word, intertwining sound and meaning. Haji Noor Deen ingeniously merges Arabic with Chinese components in calligraphy, as seen in “Peace”."},"aecff04f-7897-545e-919c-e5f7a5f6651e":{"title":"Symbiosis II","presentation":"","quote":"This calligraphy also manages to achive a complete symbiosis between Arabic and Chinese. According to Haji Noor Deen, it is very complicated to construct calligraphies with both writing systems."},"c4623145-c923-5a92-840e-59a70f5c5044":{"title":"Seals","presentation":"","quote":"Seals, integral to Chinese calligraphy, serve as artistic signatures, ensuring authenticity. Haji Noor Deen creatively combines Arabic and Chinese in his seals, emphasizing balanced composition. Traditionally, square seals go on the left, while oval seals, often containing sayings, are placed on the top right."},"d0d91b52-4de7-5a36-8160-5f3eaaf261b4":{"title":"Haji Noor Deen and His Scripts","presentation":"","quote":"Haji Noor Deen expertly mimics various Chinese scripts in his calligraphy, such as cursive or seal script, ingeniously blending them with Arabic. In works like “The Beautiful Names of God” and “I Take Refuge with God”, he seamlessly integrates Arabic into Chinese-style scripts. By merging two distinct calligraphic traditions and languages to repeatedly craft innovative styles, he showcases his mastery and creativity in Sini script."},"d730136a-6126-5248-9219-65c05233157b":{"title":"Symbiosis I","presentation":"","quote":"Three works display a fusion of Arabic and Chinese calligraphy. All three can be read in both Chinese and Arabic."},"e35e5041-aa99-5b57-93cb-323e3b124b7c":{"title":"Chinese-Arabic Calligraphy","presentation":"Calligraphy is the most revered art form in Islamic cultures due to its relationship to the Qur’an. Its practitioners are able to achieve exquisite accuracy using the Qalam, the classical writing tool made of reeds. Over the centuries, various types of writing have developed which precisely specify proportions and lengths within the script.  \n  \nChinese-Arabic calligraphy originated in China in the 13th to 14th centuries and is a synthesis of Arabic and Chinese writing traditions. Known as \"Sini calligraphy\" from the Arabic word for China (*al-Sin*), it is still today practiced by Chinese Hui Muslims.  \n  \nCharacteristic of Sini calligraphy are curved, broad letters written with a brush rather than a pen. Compared to classical Arabic calligraphy, Sini calligraphy is completely free of guidelines. Instead, the highest commandment is the perceived beauty and the balance of the composition. The direction of writing can be freely chosen, either from top to bottom, as in Chinese, or from right to left, as in Arabic. The texts can also be either Chinese or Arabic and usually have religious content.","quote":""},"7aa652f9-3d7a-5950-ae09-62acd79f2cba/ec24795e-4c52-5403-99fc-ff3935edc7bf":{"contextual_description":"Here we can see the tools used by Haji Noor Deen for his works on rice paper."},"c4623145-c923-5a92-840e-59a70f5c5044/63a9c944-232a-5c6e-8804-eee8c8c65263":{"contextual_description":"Oval seals used by Haji Noor Deen"},"c4623145-c923-5a92-840e-59a70f5c5044/bc38590e-fba0-5e97-843a-60dd599d56a7":{"contextual_description":"Square seals used by Haji Noor Deen"},"d730136a-6126-5248-9219-65c05233157b/377a9301-5bea-53c9-9cfc-36380c835fd2":{"contextual_description":"With strong, broad brushstrokes, Haji Noor Deen forms this calligraphy, which gives rise to the word “God” in both Chinese and Arabic. The letters seem to form a stylised figure that humbly bows its head. Thus, the physical symbiosis of the Arabic and Chinese writing systems is complemented by a figurative one."},"d730136a-6126-5248-9219-65c05233157b/951f7050-799c-5e4e-b12b-bf8287e38253":{"contextual_description":"The graphic shows the course of the Arabic letters, which can be read turned to the left."},"aecff04f-7897-545e-919c-e5f7a5f6651e/32e57aa4-4312-5cb8-a9d4-69e443cb91cf":{"contextual_description":"This calligraphy shows the Chinese word *Sheng* (Prophet), which at the same time can be read as *Rasul Allah* (Messenger of God) in Arabic."},"aecff04f-7897-545e-919c-e5f7a5f6651e/5691fa59-da4c-5276-94b8-cf70aa140d96":{"contextual_description":"The graphic shows the course of the Arabic letters, which can be read turned to the left."},"2a2c0daa-4c6a-509a-bda8-8d14fc7fd851/75d390f1-8da7-5c99-8f47-58bb1cf11663":{"contextual_description":"The Muslim profession of faith (Shahada) reads: “There is no God but God and Muhammad is his messenger”. Haji Noor Deen chooses a complex calligraphy that, amazingly, works in both Chinese and Arabic scripts. A demonstration of the artist’s unique ability to create a true symbiosis of the writing systems."},"2a2c0daa-4c6a-509a-bda8-8d14fc7fd851/8a26240d-8b81-56dd-8fdd-b0c41ca83c1e":{"contextual_description":"The graphic shows the course of the Arabic letters, which can be read turned to the left."},"3cca71b6-8430-5074-87d7-d7fc23a6441e/3893a3e4-948a-5952-ab0d-aa60f448ad7f":{"contextual_description":"Densely arranged, the multiline calligraphy forms the shape of a leaf. Three quotations from the Qur’an come together here: “God is the light of heavens and earth” (sura 24, verse 35), “I trust in God” (sura 11, verse 56), and “In the remembrance of God, do hearts find rest” (sura 13, verse 28)."},"3cca71b6-8430-5074-87d7-d7fc23a6441e/63daa69b-3042-59be-93ed-fd7228543cde":{"contextual_description":"Here, too, the *Shahada*, the Muslim profession of faith, is calligraphed, but the composition is quite different from those seen before. Haji Noor Deen works intensively with script formats and variations of writing. The work here is entirely in the tradition of Arabic calligraphy, in which images are sometimes formed from letters."},"3cca71b6-8430-5074-87d7-d7fc23a6441e/041f2f0f-0ce5-5561-b76e-3e1d149aa270":{"contextual_description":"The eulogy *Subhan Allah* (God is sublime) is used in daily speech in the context of a positive event. Haji Noor Deen creates an expressive and well-balanced composition."},"305c1d8e-112c-5d15-83c6-e4bfbf3d348e/a3382610-7331-549f-904d-a64de28eda74":{"contextual_description":"Calligraphic variation of the invocation formula Basmala, “In the name of God, most Gracious, most Merciful”. Despite having Islamic connotations, the piece deals with plants and nature, and uses Chinese stylisation and techniques to depict some of the flowers in order to create this hybrid piece. The artist sees in the occupation with nature a symbol of hope and inexhaustible life."},"305c1d8e-112c-5d15-83c6-e4bfbf3d348e/f3938016-f6d6-5f46-aefe-67d41bef8db7":{"contextual_description":"In this display, there are two variations of the proclamation of faith. Here, the letters of the *Shahada* (“There is no God but God and Muhammad is his prophet”) form a flower in a symmetrical composition. It alludes to God as the creator of nature."},"305c1d8e-112c-5d15-83c6-e4bfbf3d348e/49a45cb6-1796-569c-a24a-b86d09510fcf":{"contextual_description":"Calligraphic variation of the invocation formula Basmala “In the name of God, most Gracious, most Merciful”. The artist wants to advise that life and nature be valued and that we do not treat this wealth wastefully and destructively: “Our planet Earth is a common home on which humanity depends. All people should shape the earth in harmony with nature.”"},"305c1d8e-112c-5d15-83c6-e4bfbf3d348e/f5086ecb-71b3-5d55-8c2f-9357d415260e":{"contextual_description":"In this calligraphy, the proclamation of faith forms a flower. Individual letters are difficult to recognise; they are strongly abstracted."},"ab0ea891-6907-5c56-bf8c-bda2a6378a90/92d70f6d-c3c1-5abb-a818-808c772f6c0d":{"contextual_description":"The artist impressively composes the word *al-Salam* (peace) by repeatedly writing the Muslim profession of faith (*Shahada*), with the first part (“There is no God but God”) as an outline and the second part (“and Muhammad is his prophet”) filling in the letters."},"d0d91b52-4de7-5a36-8160-5f3eaaf261b4/4c1624cf-8d13-5c7c-9b99-22983b52a5f4":{"contextual_description":"This calligraphy is dedicated to the most beautiful names of God as they appear in the Qur’an. In the two central medallions are God (right) and Muhammad (left). The script is Arabic, even though the form and composition are Chinese. The text is written in columns from top to bottom and from right to left and has a well-balanced composition."},"d0d91b52-4de7-5a36-8160-5f3eaaf261b4/a460f527-a8f8-57d1-95f8-eebfafbe25a3":{"contextual_description":"On this scroll, Haji Noor Deen creates a calligraphy that looks Chinese at first glance. On closer inspection, however, it turns out that the text is written in Arabic characters. Starting with the *Isti’adhah*, the seeking for refuge and shelter he continues with a quote from the second verse of the Qur’an (2:255)."},"7854ada7-a8f9-53bf-a243-8dd5b2277f24/a8212443-de03-58b7-9021-21f134722984":{"contextual_description":"This plate from the late 15th century is a good example of Sini calligraphy applied on Chinese porcelain. The decoration combines Arabic calligraphy with Chinese ornaments and designs."},"7854ada7-a8f9-53bf-a243-8dd5b2277f24/0f85afa3-997f-528c-a150-a5a36dc82530":{"contextual_description":"This censer from the 17th century might have been used in a mosque. The Arabic calligraphy once again shows the Muslim declaration of faith."},"7854ada7-a8f9-53bf-a243-8dd5b2277f24/a47379d9-5553-5a81-878b-718e7127dd35":{"contextual_description":"This Qur’an from the 17th to 18th century is written in classic Arabic naskh calligraphy, but the decorations follow the Chinese ornament tradition. The manuscript is written on rice paper, which is also typical of Sini calligraphy."},"017d3ecc-7621-534c-a446-8ff49e50e583/e12203fa-44e6-591e-ac1b-e9442f09f6e4":{"contextual_description":"Variation of the invocation formula Basmala “In the name of God, most Gracious, most Merciful”. The artist sees the focus on nature as being a symbol of hope and inexhaustible life."},"017d3ecc-7621-534c-a446-8ff49e50e583/a5be0e44-2375-518d-a113-818198dfe849":{"contextual_description":"Variation of the invocation formula Basmala “In the name of God, most Gracious, most Merciful”."},"017d3ecc-7621-534c-a446-8ff49e50e583/1bacf588-4e1c-55b8-8b36-2e97b50b37db":{"contextual_description":"Variation of the invocation formula Basmala “In the name of God, most Gracious, most Merciful”."},"017d3ecc-7621-534c-a446-8ff49e50e583/3f15d2df-8285-58f4-be92-fd45369f1afe":{"contextual_description":"Variation of the invocation formula Basmala “In the name of God, most Gracious, most Merciful”. The artist wants to advise that life and nature be valued and that we do not treat this wealth wastefully and destructively: “Our planet Earth is a common home on which humanity depends. All people should shape the earth in harmony with nature.”"},"017d3ecc-7621-534c-a446-8ff49e50e583/d3c82aa2-3c83-5dcd-8c88-44242cd7735f":{"contextual_description":"Variation of the invocation formula Basmala “In the name of God, most Gracious, most Merciful”."},"017d3ecc-7621-534c-a446-8ff49e50e583/a3382610-7331-549f-904d-a64de28eda74":{"contextual_description":"Calligraphic variation of the invocation formula Basmala “In the name of God, most Gracious, most Merciful”. It deals with plants and nature. Some of the flower paintings are executed in the tradition of Chinese painting. The artist sees in the occupation with nature a symbol of hope and inexhaustible life."},"017d3ecc-7621-534c-a446-8ff49e50e583/49a45cb6-1796-569c-a24a-b86d09510fcf":{"contextual_description":"Calligraphic variation of the invocation formula Basmala “In the name of God, most Gracious, most Merciful”. The artist admonishes that life and nature are valued and that we do not treat this wealth wastefully and destructively: “Our planet Earth is a common home on which humanity depends. All people should shape the earth in harmony with nature."},"017d3ecc-7621-534c-a446-8ff49e50e583/87c5eac3-4ecb-57fa-a830-3236ae822458":{"contextual_description":"Variation of the invocation formula Basmala “In the name of God, most Gracious, most Merciful”. The Qur’an begins the al-Fatiha Surah with this formula. The Basmala is one of the most frequently calligraphed sayings in the Arabic calligraphic tradition."}}