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-{"00c8cda2-d033-5a89-89e5-4f6a4483e3da":{"name":"The Hijaz Railway construction workers","description":"The Hijaz Railway was a narrow-gauge railway (1,050mm/3ft, 5 11⁄32 in track gauge) that ran from Damascus to Medina, through the Hijaz region of Saudi Arabia, with a branch line to Haifa on the Mediterranean Sea. It was a part of the Ottoman railway network and was built to extend the line from the Haydarpaşa Terminal in Istanbul beyond Damascus to the holy city of Mecca. It got no further than Medina, 400 kilometres (250mi) short of Mecca, due to the interruption of the construction works caused by the outbreak of World War I.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Istanbul University, Nadir Eserler Kütüphanesi (Rare Books Library)","dates":"Late 19th century – begining of the 20th century","location":"Istanbul","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"02125310-0cbe-5f6f-833f-c178410397b3":{"name":"Official document regarding the connection of Beirut–Damascus railway line to Beirut Port","description":"This document concerns the connection of the Beirut- Damascus railway line to Beirut port. It was signed during a large ceremony inaugurating the connection of railway lines across the country.","type":"Historical document","holder":"Khalil Itani's Archive","dates":"1919","location":"Beirut","provenance":"Lebanon","author":"Jeff El-Msanne","copy_editor":"Flaminia Baldwin"},"03762b34-622e-5cca-85b2-11ca849dd5d2":{"name":"The Hijaz Railway delegations","description":"The Hijaz Railway ran from Damascus to Medina, through the Hijaz region of Saudi Arabia, with a branch line to Haifa on the Mediterranean Sea. It was a part of the Ottoman railway network and was built to extend the line from the Haydarpaşa Terminal in Istanbul beyond Damascus to the holy city of Mecca. The main purpose of the railway was to establish a connection between the capital of the Ottoman Empire and the seat of the Islamic Caliphate, and Hijaz in Arabia, the site of the holiest shrines of Islam and the holy city of Mecca, the destination of the Hajj annual pilgrimage. Another important reason was to improve the economic and political integration of the distant Arabian provinces into the Ottoman state, and to facilitate the transportation of military forces.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Istanbul University, Nadir Eserler Kütüphanesi (Rare Books Library)","dates":"Late 19th century – beginning of the 20th century","location":"Istanbul","provenance":"Istanbul","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"0377755d-a4a5-57ef-8cca-716b1fdb2ad1":{"name":"Document recording the purchase of steamships","description":"A record from the archive of correspondence between the Sultan of Morocco Mulay al-Hasan I and his Minister of Foreign Affairs and representative in Tangier, Muhammad ibn al-‘Arabi al-Torres. It details Morocco’s order, from Italy, for the construction of a warship, the payment terms, constraints and currency exchange rates. In 1891, Morocco purchased four warships and a number of steamships.","type":"Document","holder":"General Library and Archives","dates":"1891","location":"Tetouan"},"06a3bee7-1756-596e-90e4-49becb64c66e":{"name":"Royal Brigantine","description":"Responsible for the construction and design, Torquato José Clavina was the foreman ship's carpenter at the Naval Arsenal, much admired for his skill and competence. The brigantine is a magnificent work in gilded wood, crafted by the artist Manuel Vieira, while on the broadside is a panel of zoomorphic elements over darkened gold. In the Queen Maria I style, the barge is painstakingly decorated with pinnacles, friezes, caryatides, flower-like ornaments and tile panels depicting vases of flowers in frames. On the posterior panel of the quarterdeck cabin, there is a painting of Pedro Alexandrino de Carvalho, who was responsible for painting the sovereign's private cabin. The quarterdeck cabin stands out from all the others for its richness and beauty, notably for the framed Venetian mirrors. The lower poop panel has complex and beautiful ornamentation: Amphitrite and Neptune are represented in two bas-reliefs surrounded by gilded-wood floral borders.  \nOn board were 78 paddlers with 40 oars, which made the barge glide through the water with the help of the boss and the bow oarsman. Throughout its history, the barge transported several monarchs and heads of state.  \nWith the first French invasion of November of 1807, the barge was assigned to take Queen Maria I and the rest of the royal family to the *Príncipe Real*, the ship on which they would escape to Brazil. Likewise, it was from this galley that King João VI disembarked in Lisbon following this turbulent period.  \nLater, on his first State visit in 1903, King Edward VII of England chose his oldest ally: Portugal. The Royal Brigantine headed for the British ship HMS *Victoria and Albert* to receive the monarch. This visit was followed by series of other State visits, amongst which were the visits of Kaiser William II of Germany, Émille Loubet, President of the Republic of France, and King Albert I of Belgium. The brigantine was always present.  \nDuring the Republic, the brigantine was neglected and did not glide over the river for 40 years. In 1957, on the occasion of the official visit of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, the barge crossed the waters of the Tagus for the last time.  \nIn 1963 it became part of the collection of the Museu de Marinha (Naval Museum) where it underwent restoration. The quality of the restoration saw the museum receive several honourable distinctions including that given by the World Ship Trust.","short_description":"In 1780 Queen Maria I ordered the construction of a grand royal barge: the Royal Brigantine of Queen Maria I. Its construction was destined to celebrate the betrothal of Prince João (future King João VI) to the Spanish Princess Carlota Joaquina, in 1784.  \nSymbol of power and a jewel of naval archeology, the brigantine represents more than 200 years of historical pageantry.","type":"Royal Barge (for ceremonial display)","holder":"Maritime Museum","owner":"Museu de Marinha","initial_owner":"Portuguese Royal Household","dates":"1780","location":"Lisbon, Lisbon","dimensions":"L: 29,32 m / beam w: 3,98 m","place_of_production":"Lisbon, Portugal","method_for_datation":"Technical and historical royal documentation in the Portuguese Naval Archives.","provenance":"Portuguese Navy","obtention":"In 1963 the Royal Brigantine and other royal barges were taken to the Naval Museum by order of the Naval Ministry of the time.","bibliography":"Cutileiro, A., *As Galeotas Reais*, Lisbon, 1998.  \nSilva, G. C., “A última missão do Bergantim Real”, *Revista da Armada*, Nos. 405 and 406 de Fevereiro e Março, 2007.","workshop":"Navy Arsenal","author":"Bruno Gonçalves Neves","translator":"Lili Cavalheiro","translation_copy_editor":"Mandi Gomez","keywords":["D. Maria I","galley","Royal ship"],"materials":["gilded and painted wood","Naval construction in wood"]},"088cf3bb-ffc3-56ca-8a23-9d69924c19fa":{"name":"Port of Alexandria","description":"The Port of Alexandria during the departure of King Fu`ad on a trip to Europe. The Eastern Port of Alexandria is one of the oldest ports in the world. It was established in 2000 BCE, at the ancient village of Rakotis, to serve the coastal areas of the Pharos island (now the area of Ra's al-Tin in Alexandria). To its west lies the Bay of Anfushi.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Bibliotheca Alexandrina","dates":"25 June 1928","location":"Alexandria","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"08b771ac-afdd-58cc-bc71-eaaef0f074bc":{"name":"Photograph of a steam locomotive (Krauss 74, No. 1769)","description":"The first railway in Morocco was in the north of the country. Built in 1859, it connected Tétouan to the River Martil or Rio Martin as the Spanish – who built the railway – named it. In 1887, the Belgian government ordered a small locomotive factory, based in Munich, to build some rolling stock: Krauss 74, No. 1769.","type":"Train","holder":"National Railways Office (ONCF)","dates":"Early 20th century","location":"Rabat","provenance":"France"},"09d60ee1-54a5-5bae-a827-03a474648425":{"name":"Photograph of the installation of the telephone exchange in Tangier","description":"This photograph was taken during installation of the telephone exchange at Tangier in 1883.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Itisalat al-Maghrib Museum","dates":"1883","location":"Rabat","provenance":"Tangier"},"0b61c9ae-ef04-5d1e-af0b-b7e4ab248173":{"name":"Type-writing machine","alternate_name":"Personal belonging of Dimitrija Chupovski; Mashina za pishuvanje","description":"Dimitrija Chupovski (1878-1940) was born in Papradishte near Veles, R. Macedonia in 1878. He lived in Krushevo and acquired his education in Belgrade and St. Petersburg. He was a renowned Macedonian lexicographer, textbook writer and philologist who prepared the modern grammar of Macedonian language. Chupovski also worked out the first Macedonian-Russian dictionary.","type":"Machine","holder":"Museum of Macedonia","dates":"Early 20th century","location":"Skopje","provenance":"Saint Petersburg","author":"Nada Andonovska (author)","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"0df04b1e-0995-5f3a-a767-e848e62c8fbf":{"name":"*The Bridge Carol I*","description":"The railroad bridge over the Danube that was built between 1890–1895 in South-Eastern Romania shortened the route of the Orient Express, a passenger train meant to connect Paris to Istanbul. The bridge made it possible for the Orient Express to reach Constanţa, a Black Sea port, from where ships went to Istanbul, whereas in the past the journey implied people being ferried on the Danube from Romania to Bulgaria, travelling by train to Varna (a Bulgarian Black Sea port) and then taking a ship to Istanbul. The “Carol I” bridge, which was designed by engineer Anghel Saligny and was at that time the longest in Europe, was inaugurated on 29 September 1895. In his inaugural speech, the king declared that “Romania is now owner of the shortest route between the northern seas and the countries of the Orient”.","type":"Postcard","holder":"National Museum of Romanian History","dates":"Beginning of the 20th century","location":"Bucharest"},"0e85d24e-665e-5157-bf0e-e0f313fbe465":{"name":"Air Orient Company. Planisphere. Weekly Air Service France-Syria-Indochina","description":"This 1930s Air Orient poster highlights the French airline’s east–west routes across the Middle East. From Beirut and Damascus to Baghdad and Basra, the service carried passengers and mail between Paris and the Levant. Produced in a republican France that was also a vast colonial empire, the poster embodies both the allure of modern aviation and the projection of French influence through new networks of mobility.","type":"Poster","holder":"Bibliothèque nationale de France (BNF)","dates":"1932","location":"Paris","dimensions":"28,5 x 55,5 cm"},"0e8bab0f-566b-5c60-b111-2262460c62b8":{"name":"Control Tower Airport Basrah","description":"Postcard; printed; monochrome real photograph showing the airport control tower, Basra, flying the national flag","type":"Photograph","holder":"The British Museum","owner":"The British Museum","dates":"22 July 1951 (posted)","location":"London, United Kingdom","dimensions":"Height: 14 cm; width: 8cm","place_of_production":"Baghdad","obtention":"Bought on ebay; presented by St John Simpson","catalogue_holding_link":"https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_EPH-ME-9474?selectedImageId=1613966392","keywords":["Airport","architecture","photograph"],"materials":["Paper"]},"1027a1b3-31c5-5bc1-9a9d-4a4a487bcc6d":{"name":"Char-de-côté diligence","description":"The British publisher John Murray travelled through the canton of Jura by stagecoach in 1838. He later described the trip in his *Hand-Book for Travellers* as “very rough” – hardly surprising, since the travelogue author was riding in a char-de-côté. On this type of coach, which was used primarily in France and western Switzerland, the carriage body was set at right angles to the undercarriage, so that the passengers sat sideways (*de côté*) in relation to the direction of travel. This was more uncomfortable, but it allowed these carriages to be built with a narrower wheelbase, and as a result the char-de-côté could be used even on those roads in the canton of Jura that were narrower than the standard track width of 1.4 metres. Today, no travel writer would have cause to complain about the quality of Swiss public transport, which is one of the best in Europe.","type":"Diligence","holder":"Swiss National Museum","owner":"Swiss Confederation","dates":"1870-1875","location":"Zurich","dimensions":"H: 200cm, L: 358cm, W: 148cm","method_for_datation":"Documents, exact place of production in Switzerland unknown","provenance":"Switzerland","obtention":"Donated in 1919","keywords":["Char-de-côté","Diligence","Jura","Vehicle"],"materials":["Iron","leather","painted","Wood"]},"11e4d236-bdc2-5339-827e-8d983887fbd6":{"name":"The private carriage of Queen Maria Pia","description":"Private carriage of Queen Maria Pia, offered by her father, King Victor Emmanuel, when she married the Portuguese king D. Louis in 1862. The chariot is pulled by steam locomotive D. Luiz.","type":"Photograph","holder":"National Railway Museum of Portugal","dates":"c. 1853","location":"Entroncamento"},"148b5238-d0f6-5a73-ade6-65b1ffbc8ca4":{"name":"Palanquin","short_description":"The palanquin from India, a symbol of royal power, is comprised of a wooden compartment with a woven floor and roof resembling an arch or two oyster halves seated on large poles. Engraved decorations, various shapes and motifs enhance the carriage. Thin drapes protect from prying eyes and cover the fortune carried inside the carriage. Only men of certain castes or elephants were allowed to bear the palanquin transporting royals on long journeys and brides to their wedding ceremony.  \n  \nAcross the Arabian Peninsula, palanquins receive the name *howdah* (*hawdaj*,) and carried Bedouin women on a camel’s back, frequently appearing in the poetry of the Murrah tribe. Since 1266, another variation called *mahmal* ceremonially transferred the cover of the Kaaba with the Egyptian pilgrimage to Mecca. Today, palanquins might be represented as the predecessors of bullet-proof cars with tinted windows, escorting royals and their entourage.","type":"Means of Transport","holder":"FBQ Museum","owner":"Sheikh Faisal Bin Qassim Al Thani","dates":"19th century","location":"Shahaniya","dimensions":"Length: 398cm, Width: 85cm, Height: 110cm","method_for_datation":"The date and origin were derived from an examination of material and technique in a research comparison with similar objects.","method_for_provenance":"The date and origin were derived from an examination of material and technique in a research comparison with similar objects.","provenance":"India","obtention":"Purchase","bibliography":"Behrens-Abouseif, D., \"The Mahmal Legend and the Pilgrimage of the Ladies of the Mamluk Court\", *Mamluk Studies Review*, 1 (1997): 87-96.  \nIngham, B., \"Camel Terminology Among the ĀL Murrah Bedouins\", *Zeitschrift Für Arabische Linguistik*, 22 (1990): 67–78.  \nOpler, M. E., and Shukla, S., \"Palanquin Symbolism: The Special Vocabulary of the Palanquin-Bearing Castes of North Central India\", *The Journal of American Folklore*, 81 : 321 (1968): 216–234.  \nPaolini, S., \"Palanquins on Camels and Elephants in the Islamic World\",*Vicino Oriente* (2018): 227-240.","author":"Sarah Schroeder","copy_editor":"Valerie Pulsifer","keywords":["Arabian Peninsula","Carriage","Hawdah","Mahmal","Palanquin","Palki","royal","Transportation"],"materials":["carving","Wood"]},"161d25a6-f2f3-5bd7-9bce-84afb082e31e":{"name":"The Hijaz Railway Delegations","description":"The Hijaz Railway ran from Damascus to Medina, through the Hijaz region of Saudi Arabia, with a branch line to Haifa on the Mediterranean Sea. It was a part of the Ottoman railway network and was built to extend the line from the Haydarpaşa Terminal in Istanbul beyond Damascus to the holy city of Mecca. The main purpose of the railway was to establish a connection between the capital of the Ottoman Empire and the seat of the Islamic Caliphate, and Hijaz in Arabia, the site of the holiest shrines of Islam and the holy city of Mecca, the destination of the Hajj annual pilgrimage. Another important reason was to improve the economic and political integration of the distant Arabian provinces into the Ottoman state, and to facilitate the transportation of military forces.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Istanbul University, Nadir Eserler Kütüphanesi (Rare Books Library)","dates":"Late 19th century – beginning of the 20th century","location":"Istanbul","provenance":"Istanbul","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"17b041f8-8464-54a0-bfab-c18e51639102":{"name":"A rare photo showing important guests at the inauguration of Luxor–Aswan Railway Line","description":"A group of guests at the inauguration of the Luxor–Aswan Railway Line upon disembarking at the Station of Aswan. One of the rare photos for the inauguration of the Luxor–Aswan railway line, with `Adli Yakan Pasha; Muhammad Najib al-Gharabli Pasha; Husayn Rushdi Pasha; Tharwat Pasha; Fathallah Barakat Pasha; Morkos Hanna Pasha; al-Dagwi Bek, director of Aswan; and Mahmud Shakir Bek, deputy undersecretary of the Ministry of Transportation in attendance, in 1926.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Bibliotheca Alexandrina","dates":"1927","location":"Alexandria","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"1c45a682-1820-5eee-b604-862620e6fcea":{"name":"*The Tunisian post service*","description":"This oil on canvas painting shows a scene from daily life at the Tunis post and telegraph office, built on the Rue d'Italie (now Rue Charles-de-Gaulle). One of the busiest rooms, the revenue office's great hall is, with its tremendously high ceilings, an impressive example of neo-classical architecture. Featuring elements of carved plaster and a map of Tunisia on a central marble panel, this painting faithfully reproduces the opulence of this historic building.","type":"Painting","holder":"Musée des Postes, Télégraphes et Télécommunications","dates":"1891","location":"Tunis","author":"Saloua Zangar","translator":"Flaminia Baldwin"},"1d05a82c-6016-572a-b4ab-6100639104d3":{"name":"Project for a steamship for the Sultan of Morocco, by the Fratelli Orlando shipyards (Livorno, Italy)","description":"Project drawn to a scale 1:100.  \nIn 1899, the Fratelli Orlando shipyards (Livorno, Italy) made a project of a screw steamer for the Sultan of Morocco. The steamer was to have two decks, two steam engines of 900 HP and harbour twelve passengers. The project, however, was never realised.  \nThe Fratelli Orlando shipyards built the cruiser Bascir for the Moroccan Navy and a yacht for the Khédivé of Egypt.","type":"Archival document","holder":"State Archives of Livorno","dates":"Livorno, 7 March 1899","location":"Livorno","author":"Daniela Tazzi","copy_editor":"Anne Dowell"},"1e164505-7b44-5ab0-8ab5-124407905064":{"name":"Model of the brig *Mariţa*","description":"In 1834 Wallachia and Moldavia, which were under Ottoman suzerainty, were granted by the Ottoman Empire the right to sail on the Danube using their national banners. The first Romanian ship to sail under Romanian banner was the brig “Marița”, built in the naval dockyard of the Giurgiu port. Its owner was Wallachian politician Alexandru Vilara, who gave it the name of the wife of Alexandru II Ghica, Wallachia’s ruler between 1834-1842. “Marița” began its first trip in December 1834. Its destination was Istanbul, where it transported 300 kg of wheat. It returned in June 1835 after having been seriously damaged by two storms, one of which on its way back, when the crew had to throw overboard the wine purchased from Istanbul.","type":"Mockup","holder":"National Museum of Romanian History","dates":"20th century","location":"Bucharest","provenance":"Romania"},"2186b4e6-4e67-5ef6-a1b9-1f095be746ab":{"name":"Reconstruction of a late AH 13th – early 14th century / AD 19th – early 20th-century trading vessel","alternate_name":"Al-Qasimiyya; Baghla","description":"This reconstruction of a *baghla* was commissioned by His Highness Dr Shaikh Sultan bin Mohammed Al Qasimi in 2004 to represent the most important and largest type of trading craft that plied the waters between the Gulf and India in the late 13th/ 19th century and the early 14th/ 20th century. Built by Emirati and Omani specialists, the vessel incorporates all the traditional elements of a baghla: a length of around 30 meters, two masts for lateen sails, its typically parrot-shaped stem head, its high square stern and its lavishly carved design. All these features were originally influenced by the design of Portuguese ships.","type":"Ship","holder":"Sharjah Maritime Museum / Sharjah Museums Department","dates":"2004","location":"Sharjah","provenance":"Sharjah","author":"Ulrike Al-Khamis"},"2735c542-1b56-59a7-9fac-72518fe82535":{"name":"Blueprint map of the Hijaz railway line between Damascus and Medina","short_description":"In 1900 the Ottoman Sultan Abdülhamid II (r.1876–1909) began the construction of a railway line connecting Damascus to the holy cities of Medina and Mecca. Built by public subscription and with an appeal to Muslims of the world for financial support, the railway line began from Damascus and reached Medina in 1908, never reaching Mecca.  \nThis map, which is dated 28 Huzayran 1334 (28 June 1916), shows the Hijaz railway line from Damascus to Medina and Dar‘a to Haifa, with a dotted line marking the line between Medina and Mecca (a line which was never completed). Names of stops and tribal territories are marked. The map is signed by the German Heinrich August Meissner – the chief engineer of the Hijaz railway. In 1904 he was given an official title and was known as Meissner Pasha. The original sketches for Hijaz railway maps were made by Mukhtar Bey, an accomplished engineer from Istanbul who was responsible for the original surveys of the route. They were then drawn by other officers and the blue prints signed off by Meissner, perhaps with changes. Mukhtar Bey was known as ‘Meissner’s right hand man’. The date here is notable as the Arab Revolt, which saw sections of the railway destroyed, began in June 1916.","type":"Map; chart; blue print","holder":"Khalili Family Trust – Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage Collection","dates":"1916","location":"London","dimensions":"86.5x56cm","method_for_datation":"Map is signed and dated.","provenance":"Turkey","bibliography":"Nicholson, J., *The Hejaz railway*, London: Stacey International, 2005.","author":"Qaisra Khan","keywords":["engineering","hajj","Hijaz","Hijaz Railway","Holy place","Ka'ba","Mecca","Medina","Mosque","Paper","pilgrimage","Pilgrimage route","prayer","Prophet Muhammad","Religion","travel"],"materials":["Light-sensitive paper"]},"275443d0-1d7d-5e19-a7ef-50820f9add5d":{"name":"*Convoy of pilgrims*","description":"The Hijaz Railway was a narrow-gauge railway (1,050mm/​3ft, 5 11⁄32 in track gauge) that ran from Damascus to Medina, through the Hijaz region of Saudi Arabia, with a branch line to Haifa on the Mediterranean Sea. It was a part of the Ottoman railway network and was built to extend the line from the Haydarpaşa Terminal in Istanbul beyond Damascus to the holy city of Mecca. It got no further than Medina, 400 kilometres (250mi) short of Mecca, due to the construction interruption caused by the outbreak of World War I. The main purpose of the railway was to establish a connection between Constantinople, the capital of the Ottoman Empire and the seat of the Islamic Caliphate, and Hijaz in Arabia, the site of the holiest shrines of Islam and the holy city of Mecca, the destination of the Hajj (annual pilgrimage).","type":"Photograph","holder":"Istanbul University, Nadir Eserler Kütüphanesi (Rare Books Library)","dates":"19th century","location":"Istanbul","provenance":"Istanbul","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"281a9738-8bd7-5011-a3f4-2866ccff808e":{"name":"Official document regarding the inauguration of the Beirut–Damascus railway","description":"This document records the inauguration of the Ottoman Beirut-Damascus-Hawran railway company, headed by Hasan Effendi Bayham.","type":"Historical document","holder":"Khalil Itani's Archive","dates":"1913","location":"Beirut","provenance":"Lebanon","author":"Jeff El-Msanne","copy_editor":"Flaminia Baldwin"},"2df2a99c-f05a-558e-8d81-8b162f9ec137":{"name":"Photographic print postcard","alternate_name":"postcard; photographic print","description":"Postcard; printed; real photograph; monochrome photograph showing Straight Street near the Bab Charki gate in Damascus. Pedestrians, a horse and carriage in the background.","type":"Photograph","holder":"The British Museum","dates":"1930s","location":"London, United Kingdom","dimensions":"Height: 8,80 cm; width: 14cm","place_of_production":"Damascus","provenance":"Damascus","obtention":"Bequeathed by Frank Hall Jr in 2013.","catalogue_holding_link":"https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_EPH-ME-2062","keywords":["Gate","photograph","print","Road","Transport"],"materials":["Paper"]},"3018b07a-449e-5452-bb78-bbcfe4a57bdc":{"name":"Beirut Port Train Station","description":"This station was used to deliver supplies from Beirut port to the main train station in Beirut, located in Mar Mikhael. The station was an important addition to the region's trade system, linking the sea routes the land routes.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Ministry of Transportation","dates":"1903","location":"Beirut","author":"Jeff El-Msanne","copy_editor":"Flaminia Baldwin"},"306384fa-6be0-53e2-bb1c-49791baeb562":{"name":"Jordanian Passport of Jamal Mesyef, 7 November 1979","description":"This passport for a Jordanian citizen expresses the new norms for international travel that developed after the fall of the Ottoman Empire and the rise of Middle Eastern nation-states. Travel documentation such as this provided new pathways and rights for international travellers to do things like go on pilgrimage, yet became a privilege not guaranteed to citizens of these states.","type":"Passport","holder":"The Palestinian Museum","owner":"Jamal Mesyef Family","initial_owner":"Jamal Mesyef","dates":"1979","location":"Birzeit","provenance":"Jordan","catalogue_holding_link":"https://www.palarchive.org/index.php/Detail/objects/233239/lang/en_US","copy_editor":"Sajeda Jaradat","keywords":["Passport–Jordan–International travel–Pilgrimage"],"materials":["leather","Paper"]},"30d81d9b-e0ff-5637-818a-498c9971880e":{"name":"Coach belonging to King João V","description":"A brilliant example of a royal ceremonial vehicle, the coach was built in Portugal during the first half of the 18th century. It is generally agreed that it was commissioned by King D. João V for his personal use. Its gilt carving is attributed to the sculptor José de Almeida whose brother, Felix Vicente de Almeida, was an architect and sculptor attached to the royal household. The coach clearly reflects the transition between the Louis XIV and Louis XV styles, although there is also an obvious Italian influence in the decoration. This is not surprising since José de Almeida studied in Rome under Carlo Monaldi. According to Max Terrier the coachwork may have been executed by Filipe Juvara, an Italian sculptor working in Portugal for King D. João V.  \nThe main features are the elegant curving lines and the Rococo-style rippling movement enhanced by the *bombé* shape of the side panels and doors, typical of Regency furniture during the period (1715–1723). The four side-sections of the body bear elegant carvings of female figures holding castles, attended by genii. The bodywork is covered by woodcarving and chiselled bronze finials, handles and springs, in the form of young women's heads, known as *espagnolettes*, much in vogue all over Europe at the time. According to Luciano Freire the paintings were executed by José da Costa Negreiros, a Portuguese painter and a disciple of André Gonçalves. On the other hand Luis Keil believes the painting could be attributed to the French painter, Pierre Antoine Quillard, (1701-33) a disciple of Antoine Watteau. Apparently, Quillard arrived in Lisbon to serve the Portuguese court where “he executed not only religious paintings but also portraits, palace interiors and coach panels”.  \nThe interior of the coach is lined with rich red velvet and the rear wheels are decorated with small carvings representing the 12 signs of the zodiac.","short_description":"This coach was built in Portugal during the first half of the 18th century.  \nDecorated in the rococo style with French and Italian influences, it has a closed body with elegant curving lines and glazed windows. The interior of the coach is lined with red velvet and the rear wheels are decorated with the 12 signs of the zodiac.","type":"Vehicle","holder":"National Coach Museum","owner":"Museu dos Coches","initial_owner":"King D. João V","dates":"First half of the 18th century","location":"Lisbon, Lisbon","dimensions":"H: 641 cm; w: 215 cm; depth: 342 cm","place_of_production":"Lisbon","method_for_datation":"Historical evidence and stylistic analysis","provenance":"Royal Household (1905)","obtention":"The coach belonged to the Portuguese royal household. It was given to the museum when it was founded in 1905 by Queen D. Amelia of Orleans and Braganza.","bibliography":"Freire, L., *Catálogo do Museu Nacional dos Coches*, Lisbon, 1923.  \nKeil, L*.*, *Catálogo do Museu Nacional dos Coches*, Lisbon, 1964.  \nGuedes, M. N. C., *O Museu Nacional dos Coches*, Lisbon, 1986.  \nBessone, S., *O Museu Nacional dos Coches,* Lisbon, 1993.","workshop":"International Baroque movement; Rococo style","copyright":"Copyright images: Divisão de Documentação Fotográfica/ Instituto dos Museus e da Conservação, I.P.","author":"Maria Ana Bobone","translator":"Lili Cavalheiro","translation_copy_editor":"Mandi Gomez","keywords":["Coach","horse-drawn vehicle"],"materials":["Bronze","bronze: melted","gilded","glass","leather","painted and gilded","silk and velvet","soldered","Wood","wood: carved"]},"3198ae9c-013b-5b14-b430-71d27c928c5a":{"name":"Sedan chair","description":"The sedan chair is a typical shape, with an S-curve back, a door at the front and a graceful roof. The slender gilt structural framework, which is curved and mobile, has moderate carved volutes and leaf and shell motifs. The door and sides are equipped with glazed apertures, which open by lowering. The remaining surfaces are light green with the edges painted with a dignified garland of multicoloured flowers. Painted on the upper panel of the chair-back is the Dubrovnik-based patrician Zamagna family’s coat of arms. The graceful roof, covered with black leather, secures with a decorative edging of brass. There are two fitments for the shafts on the sides. The interior has one seat located at the rear. Like the cushion, the seat upholstery is red silk damask. The curtains are white silk damask enhanced with haberdashery trimmings.","short_description":"The sedan chair is a typical shape, with a graceful roof covered with black leather, a glazed door and sides, slender, curving mobile framework decorated with gilt carving, and light-green painted panels edged with a dignified garland of multicoloured flowers. On the upper panel of the chair-back is the painted coat of arms of the patrician Zamagna family. Like the cushion, the seat upholstery is red silk damask. The curtains are white silk damask enhanced with haberdashery trimmings.","type":"Carrier","holder":"Dubrovnik Cultural History Museum","dates":"Mid-18th century","location":"Dubrovnik, Dalmatia","dimensions":"H: 175 cm; w: 84 cm; d: 98.5 cm","place_of_production":"Naples (?)","method_for_datation":"By stylistic analysis and comparative method.","obtention":"Purchased from the Ragusan nobleman, Riko Zamagna, in 1945(?)","bibliography":"Vilać, P., *Sedan Chairs and Clothes in the Museum Collection of the Rector's Palace*, Zagreb, 1993.","author":"Pavica Vilać","translator":"Graham McMaster","translation_copy_editor":"Mandi Gomez","keywords":["brass","coat of arms","floral decoration","gilded wood","gilding","Italian influence","leather","painting","silk","wood carving"],"materials":["brass plate","carved and gilded wood","damask (silk)","fringes","galloons","glass","leather","paintings (oil on wood panel)"]},"341be9d6-6bac-5978-aa0e-844e03633f92":{"name":"The port of Brăila","description":"In 1829, an annex to the peace treaty of Edirne, that was concluded after the Russo-Ottoman war of 1828-1829, concerned the Principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia. One of its provisions was that the Sublime Porte had to give back to Wallachia the three cities situated on the left bank of the Danube, which it had conquered in the 15h-16th centuries. Among these was Brăila, a port on the Danube annexed by the Ottomans at around 1540. After 1829 measures were taken by the local authorities for the modernization of Brăila. The port subsequently developed thanks to the growth of Wallachian commerce as a consequence of the fact that by the treaty of Edirne the Ottoman Empire granted the freedom of commerce to the Romanian Principalities. In 1838 Brăila was given the status of free port (with no or few customs duties).","type":"Engraving","holder":"National Museum of Romanian History","dates":"1880","location":"Bucharest"},"343b5161-2634-5e60-ba87-3693490baf83":{"name":"Electric telegraph machine","description":"An electric telegraph machine designed by Samuel Morse, comprises a receiver, a key or lever spring and a speaker on which the following is written: “Speaker with Removable Shade Son, Market September 1, 1924, G. Minssart builder Paris”.","type":"Telegraph machine","holder":"Itisalat al-Maghrib Museum","dates":"1907","location":"Rabat","provenance":"Paris"},"348c2a80-0242-562a-93bb-7572f6c98b1b":{"name":"Map of Beirut port","description":"This map shows Beirut port after its expansion in 1890.","type":"Map","holder":"Khalil Itani's Archive","dates":"1890","location":"Beirut","author":"Jeff El-Msanne","copy_editor":"Flaminia Baldwin"},"372e3810-b18e-5d0c-b107-9bd837cefb1e":{"name":"Hijaz Railway Medal","description":"Medal of the Hijaz Railway fund. In September 1900, (the 25th anniversary of Sultan Abdul Hamid’s accession to throne) he addressed a call for all the Muslims all over the world to collect donations for establishing a railway between Damascus and the holy places to facilitate transporting the pilgrims. The call was responded to enthusiastically and with great support from all Muslims. Sultan Abdul Hamid II began the donations with 300,000 Ottoman gold lira, then kings and heads of Islamic world donated money or materials for setting the railway. The donations continued till 1907. On this occasion the sultan issued gold, silver and nickel medals to donors – for instance a nickel medal given to whoever donated 5-50 Lira, a silver medal for whoever donated 50-100 Lira and named them bey, and for donations of more than 100 Lira a gold medal and the title of Pasha. After that the donation become compulsory in which the officials disclaim a one month salary. This is a gilt nickel medal issued AH 1318 / AD 1900. On its obverse, within a wreath: tuğra of sultan Abdul Hamid II with \"al-Ghazi\" and form of locomotive and the date ١٣١۸ (AH 1318) below. On reverse, حميديه حجاز تيمور يولنه خدمت ايدن حميتمندانه مخصوص مدالية در (\"Medal reserved to patriots who have served the Hamidiye Hijaz Railway\") written in Divan script.","type":"Honorary medals","holder":"Numismatic Museum (Ahli Bank)","dates":"1900","location":"Amman","provenance":"Ottoman empire","author":"Aida Naghawy","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"387152c3-f2e6-5090-9494-72805f950568":{"name":"AUB Tramway","description":"The Beirut tramway, which covered a total of 12 kilometres in the city's centre, was opened in April 1908, during the Ottoman era. It was used all through the French Mandate era and was finally closed in September 1965.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Lebscape","dates":"1910","location":"Hamra","provenance":"Lebanon","author":"Jeff El-Msanne","copy_editor":"Flaminia Baldwin"},"3879757a-f06b-5c78-885b-5bf3ddf848b8":{"name":"*Convoy of pilgrims*","description":"The Hijaz Railway was a narrow-gauge railway (1,050mm/​3ft, 5 11⁄32 in track gauge) that ran from Damascus to Medina, through the Hijaz region of Saudi Arabia, with a branch line to Haifa on the Mediterranean Sea. It was a part of the Ottoman railway network and was built to extend the line from the Haydarpaşa Terminal in Istanbul beyond Damascus to the holy city of Mecca. It got no further than Medina, 400 kilometres (250mi) short of Mecca, due to the construction interruption caused by the outbreak of World War I. The main purpose of the railway was to establish a connection between Constantinople, the capital of the Ottoman Empire and the seat of the Islamic Caliphate, and Hijaz in Arabia, the site of the holiest shrines of Islam and the holy city of Mecca, the destination of the Hajj (annual pilgrimage).","type":"Photograph","holder":"Istanbul University, Nadir Eserler Kütüphanesi (Rare Books Library)","dates":"19th century","location":"Istanbul","provenance":"Istanbul","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"388c8605-7211-5829-b5d8-9e4bc739a3af":{"name":"Photograph of the extension of the telephone network in Tangier","description":"A photograph taken in 1920 showing the installation of a new telegraph pole and wiring in order to extend the telephone network that had been installed in Tangier since 1883.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Itisalat al-Maghrib Museum","dates":"1920","location":"Rabat","provenance":"Tangier"},"39965ec4-de1b-54df-b13b-6f3de0ef242b":{"name":"Morse transmitter","description":"In 1840, the Ministry of Post made an announcement describing the postal service, declaring it necessary in order to facilitate communication among people. The first regulations about the postal organisation were taken from French Law in 1840. Ottoman Postal Code included 44 specific headlines. In 1855 the first telegraph service and in 1909 the first telephone service were put into common use as a demonstration of modern communication. In order to improve the technology of the telegraph systems, Ottoman authorities imported well-known machines with trademarks such as Siemens & Halske and Western Electric. As a result of this technological improvement, Ottoman officials decided to establish a telegraph factory. Between 1869 and 1915, this factory produced many devices and accessories.","type":"Electronic","holder":"Istanbul Postal Museum","dates":"1930","location":"Istanbul","provenance":"Istanbul","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"3b3c9b35-91d8-5460-af41-e16d0268e789":{"name":"Orient Express Poster","description":"The Orient Express, owned by the Wagon-Lits Company, connected Paris and Istanbul between 1883 and 1977. French, German, Austrian and Ottoman diplomats and civil servants were on board for its first journey. In the early years, the travellers stayed in different hotels in Istanbul but starting from 1895, passengers stayed exclusively in Pera Palace, which was bought by the Wagon-Lits Company. The Orient Express did not run during World War I, from 1914 to 1918.","type":"Poster","holder":"Ömer M. Koç Collection","dates":"1898","location":"Istanbul","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"3c0de00c-d143-5139-b9fd-ae28536aadec":{"name":"Map of the Beirut–Damascus railway","description":"This map shows the railway line connecting Beirut and Damascus. The table on the right shows the distance between each city along horse tracks.","type":"Map","holder":"Khalil Itani's Archive","dates":"1910","location":"Beirut","provenance":"Lebanon","author":"Jeff El-Msanne","copy_editor":"Flaminia Baldwin"},"3c52a005-d0c2-55da-8df4-9e080881dd43":{"name":"Muslimie. The Baghdad Railway : 'The vital point', looking north. The line branches and the section to the left goes to Constantinople, and that to the right to Baghdad.","description":"View across a bomb damaged railway intersection. Four railway tracks converge with two main tracks running into the distance, one straight on and the other curving away to the right. To the left is an abandoned steam engine, with debris on the ground beside it. Two dismounted soldiers stand with their horses to the right, near to a large building. There appears to be a gathering of mounted troops in the middle distance.","type":"Artwork","holder":"IWM","owner":"IWM","initial_owner":"IWM","dates":"6.11.1918","location":"London","dimensions":"Unframed height: 27,9 cm; unframed width: 48,2 cm","place_of_production":"Syria","method_for_datation":"All details are held in the War Artists Archive at IWM.","method_for_provenance":"All details are held in the War Artists Archive at IWM.","provenance":"Department of Information commission transferred to the Ministry of Information and then to the Imperial War Museum.","obtention":"Artist commission for the UK government's Department of Information, subsequently transferred to the Imperial War Museum.","bibliography":"*Shadows and Light: The Extraordinary Life of James McBey*, Soussi A., Scotland Street Press, 2022.  \n*Visions of War: Art of the Imperial War Museums*, IWM, 2023.  \n*The War Artists*, Harries M. and Harries S., Michael Joseph, 1983.","author":"Claire Brenard","keywords":["bomb damage","landscape","military personnel","Railways","war debris"],"materials":["Watercolour and ink on paper"]},"3e423cff-0065-54f2-9ad6-2060de93303b":{"name":"Barometer","description":"This barometer was a fixture of the Ottoman Anatolian Railway Company (CFOA – Chemin de fer Otoman d'Anatolie), 19th century.","type":"Scientific instrument","holder":"Istanbul Railway Museum","dates":"1888","location":"Istanbul","provenance":"Istanbul","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"41b66680-5678-5938-9b4d-b08f12206eb9":{"name":"Postcard of the Hejaz Railway Station","description":"Postcard; printed; real photograph; monochrome photograph showing the Hejaz railway station in Damascus with several people and carriages at the entrance.","type":"Photograph","holder":"The British Museum","owner":"The British Museum","dates":"1920s-1930s (circa)","location":"London, United Kingdom","dimensions":"Height: 8,80 cm; width: 13,9 cm","place_of_production":"Damascus, Syria","obtention":"Bequeathed by Frank Hall Jr in 2013.","catalogue_holding_link":"https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_EPH-ME-2063","keywords":["architecture","Railway","station","Syria","Transportation"],"materials":["Paper"]},"4318dbfb-9a52-562e-8cea-6daf8a6a9d78":{"name":"Rumelia Railway","description":"During the 19th century, new technologies radically transformed both travel and communications. The first railway in Anatolia was constructed between Izmir and Aydin. Ottoman railways were mainly built during the period of Abdülhamid II. The first railway in the Republic of Turkey was part of the İzmir-Aydın line, founded by a British company in 1860. The İzmir-Kasaba line was built in 1865, the Rumeli line in 1869-77, the Anatolia-Baghdad line in 1872 and the Mudanya-Bursa line in 1892.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Istanbul University, Nadir Eserler Kütüphanesi (Rare Books Library)","dates":"Late 19th century","location":"Istanbul","provenance":"Istanbul","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"447b3071-8472-521a-b586-24ed31569284":{"name":"Official Hijaz Railway Postcard","type":"Postcard","holder":"Khalili Family Trust – Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage Collection","dates":"early 20th century","location":"London","dimensions":"Height: 14,1 cm; Width: 9,1cm","provenance":"Germany","catalogue_holding_link":"https://khalilicollections.org/collections/hajj-and-the-arts-of-pilgrimage/official-hijaz-railway-postcard-arc-pc-432/","keywords":["Construction","Muzayrib","photography","postcard","tunnel"]},"4543ccbf-dceb-5300-941b-8c2f10ba3b29":{"name":"The port of Galaţi","description":"After the Russian annexation of Bessarabia (the eastern part of Moldavia) in 1812 and until the restoration by Russia of Southern Bessarabia (1856), Galați remained Moldavia’s only port on the Danube. Understanding the city’s importance for Moldavia’s economy and wanting to ensure its development, prince Mihail Sturdza, who was appointed ruler of Moldavia by the Sublime Porte in 1834, issued in 1836 an act stipulating that Galați was to be a free port (with no or few customs duties) starting with March 1837. Also, a new neighborhood was to be built based on modern urban planning prescriptions and Galați received the right to organize annually five national fairs, during which traders from everywhere could sell any type of products.","type":"Lithograph","holder":"National Museum of Romanian History","dates":"First half of the 19th century","location":"Bucharest"},"45d767b4-fcfa-5a22-97f1-6135821c6624":{"name":"Figure sleigh 'Triton'","description":"The “Triton” sleigh at the Swiss National Museum is one of the most interesting and beautiful pieces of the respective collection. Built in the second half of the seventeenth century, it belonged to the family Pfyffer von Altishofen. The sculptures’ exquisite carvings are attributed to the artist Hans Wilhelm Tüfel (1631–1695) of Sursee. The style elements such as the dolphins’ open mouths, the “Triton”, and the fish on the runners were inspired by the Fontana del Tritone at Piazza Barberini in Rome. The Pfyffer family had close ties to Rome, given that, over the course of time, eleven family members served as commanders of the Swiss Papal Guard. Special features of the sleigh include that it could be drawn by either one or two horses and that the large open shell provided space for two passengers apart from the driver who sat on a special platform at the back. Showpiece sleighs like this were used primarily by the nobility for their pleasure outings through the snowy winter landscape and during carnival. The sleigh was donated to the museum by a wealthy brewer from Zofingen in 1934 and now presents itself again in its original splendour.","type":"Sleigh","holder":"Swiss National Museum","owner":"Swiss Confederation","dates":"Around 1680","location":"Zurich","dimensions":"H: 194cm, L: 280cm, W: 100cm","method_for_datation":"The carvings were attributed to Hans Wilhelm Tüfel, who lived in Sursee.","provenance":"Switzerland, Sursee","obtention":"Donated in 1934","keywords":["figure sleigh","sleigh","Triton","winter"],"materials":["carved","Wood"]},"45f8402d-e18b-5199-b2ae-ecde35d016ae":{"name":"The train for VIP guests used during the inauguration of Luxor–Aswan Railway Line","description":"The inauguration of the Aswan Train Station, with \\`Adli Yakan Pasha; Muhammad Najib al-Gharabli Pasha; Husayn Rushdi Pasha; Tharwat Pasha; Fathallah Barakat Pasha; Morkos Hanna Pasha; al-Dagwi Bek, director of Aswan; and Mahmud Shakir Bek, deputy undersecretary of the Ministry of Transportation in attendance. This project took about 10 months, its length is about 218 kilometres and its cost was about 267,000 pounds.  \nThe Luxor–Aswan line was very important as Aswan city was the centre of trade routes from Nubia and Sudan.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Bibliotheca Alexandrina","dates":"1926","location":"Alexandria","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"4acd8717-82fe-538c-b4c9-53b16ce962bb":{"name":"The plan of Haydarpaşa Train Station","description":"The original plan of Haydarpaşa Train Station, viewed from northern frontage. In 1871 Sultan Abdülaziz ordered a rail line to be built from Haydarpaşa to İzmit. Haydarpaşa station opened in 1872, and in 1888 the Anatolian Railway (CFOA) took over the line and the station. Since the station was built next to the Bosporus, freight trains would unload at Haydarpaşa and the freight would be transferred to ships. Haydarpaşa was chosen to be the northern terminus of the Baghdad Railway and the Hijaz Railway in 1904 and with rail traffic increasing, a new and larger building was required. The Anatolian Railway hired two German architects, Otto Ritter and Helmut Conu, to build the new building. They chose a neo-classical structure and construction started in 1906.","type":"Plan","holder":"Istanbul Railway Museum","dates":"Late 19th – early 20th century","location":"Istanbul","provenance":"Istanbul","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"4b55c559-2654-5a6f-a502-72a32dfa2c6a":{"name":"Photo of the Aswan Railways inauguration","description":"The inauguration of the Aswan Train Station, with `Adli Yakan Pasha; Muhammad Najib al-Gharabli Pasha; Husayn Rushdi Pasha; Tharwat Pasha; Fathallah Barakat Pasha; Morkos Hanna Pasha; al-Dagwi Bek, director of Aswan; and Mahmud Shakir Bek, deputy undersecretary of the Ministry of Transportation in attendance. The Egyptian railway line was the first to be established in Africa and the Middle East, and the second worldwide after the United Kingdom. The establishment of the first railway line in Egypt began on 12 June 1851, and it became operable in 1854. The Egyptian railway construction project supervisor at that time was British engineer Robert Stephenson, son of the famous inventor of locomotives, George Stephenson. The Aswan train station is one of the most important railway lines constructed during the reign of King Fu`ad.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Bibliotheca Alexandrina","dates":"1926","location":"Alexandria","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"4e0e7286-5def-51f5-b4c3-162106c6828c":{"name":"Silverware used on the Orient Express","description":"After the Crimean War, Ottoman authorities concluded that a railway connecting Europe with Istanbul was necessary. The construction of a new terminal building began on 11 February 1888. The terminal building is one of the most famous examples of European Orientalism, and has influenced the designs of other architects. The Orient Express was the name of a long-distance passenger train service originally operated by the *Compagnie Internationale des Wagons-Lits*. The route passed through Strasbourg, Karlsruhe, Stuttgart, Ulm, and Munich in Germany, Vienna in Austria, Budapest in Hungary, Bucharest in Romania, Rousse and Varna in Bulgaria and ending in Sirkeci.","type":"Goods","holder":"Istanbul Railway Museum","dates":"19th century","location":"Istanbul","provenance":"Istanbul","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"4e299372-2148-578c-ac70-4b781a5ad8ce":{"name":"*The First Train in Spain: Inaugurated 28 October 1848*","alternate_name":"*Primer ferrocarril de España, inaugurado en el 28 de Octubre de 1848*","description":"The railway connecting Barcelona and Mataró was the first one to be inaugurated in Spain. This train connected two important industrial hubs of Catalonia, as an example of the industrial development of this area in the middle of the 19th century.","type":"Print; Painting","holder":"National Museum of Decorative Arts","dates":"1848","location":"Madrid","author":"Ana Cabrera","copy_editor":"Anne Dowell"},"516fb30e-cfe7-561e-9b29-aead5f976416":{"name":"Tabuk Station on the Hejaz Railway.","description":"Single storey station building set in a desert landscape alongside a curved section of railway line, with a defensive blockhouse standing nearby.","type":"Photograph","holder":"IWM","owner":"IWM","dates":"1908-1913","location":"London","dimensions":"Height: 15 cm, Width: 20 cm","place_of_production":"Saudi Arabia","method_for_provenance":"Details held in Photograph Archive records in IWM Museum Archive.","obtention":"Donation as part of the T E Lawrence Collection.","author":"Alan Wakefield","keywords":["Hejaz Railway","ottoman empire","Transport"],"materials":["Black and White photographic print"]},"51be354a-b339-5d93-8690-4f26618ea9fb":{"name":"Tramway","description":"This railway carraige from the French Bône-Guelma company inaugurated, in April 1879, the opening of the first section of a 100 km long line which connected Tunis to Algeria. In 1800 it also acquired the Tuni-Sousse and Tunis-Bizerte lines, and thus gained a monopoly over the construction of railway lines in Tunisia, while the Italians bought the small Tunis-La Goulette-La Marsa (TGM) railway track.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Institut Supérieur d’Histoire Contemporaine de la Tunisie","dates":"Early 20th century","location":"La Manouba, Tunis","author":"Saloua Zangar","translator":"Flaminia Baldwin"},"51c01d82-0b4a-5399-8607-c519021252c0":{"name":"Switchboard (*Telefon Santrali*)","description":"In 1840, the Ministry of Post made an announcement describing the postal service, declaring it necessary in order to facilitate communication among people. The first regulations about the postal organisation were taken from French Law in 1840. Ottoman Postal Code included 44 specific headlines. In 1855 the first telegraph service and in 1909 the first telephone service were put into common use as a demonstration of modern communication. In order to improve the technology of the telegraph systems, Ottoman authorities imported well-known machines with trademarks such as Siemens & Halske and Western Electric. As a result of this technological improvement, Ottoman officials decided to establish a telegraph factory. Between 1869 and 1915 this factory produced many devices and accessories.","type":"Electronic","holder":"Istanbul Postal Museum","dates":"1895","location":"Istanbul","provenance":"Istanbul","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"544117f8-c7fb-5075-b36e-315986c47bec":{"name":"Transport plan of Beirut","description":"This map shows a plan of transport terminals in Beirut in 1891.","type":"Print","holder":"Khalil Itani's Archive","dates":"1891","location":"Beirut","author":"Jeff El-Msanne","copy_editor":"Flaminia Baldwin"},"587837e2-ba2c-5d56-b39a-b5dcb62c7f11":{"name":"Model of traditional pearling boat","alternate_name":"Sama'a","description":"This type of boat represents the most common type of vessel that was involved in the pearling trade in Sharjah. Throughout the Arabian Gulf, several types of boats such as the Jalboot, Sambooq, Battil and the Sama'a, although in fact multi-purpose, were used for pearling at the peak of the industry in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Depending on the boat and size, the boats had the capacity to carry between 10 and 100 crew. This model is of the 'Saku', a Sama'a-type boat originally belonging to Juma Al Sari, the father of the model donor.","type":"Wooden boat model","holder":"Sharjah Maritime Museum / Sharjah Museums Department","dates":"Hegira first half of the 14th century / AD 20th century","location":"Sharjah","provenance":"Sharjah Emirate","author":"Ulrike Al-Khamis"},"58b9817a-c39c-5ed0-9922-32e3e0ccbd6a":{"name":"The bronze statue representing 22 countries of member of Universal Postal Union","description":"The Universal Postal Union was created in 1874, initially under the name \"General Postal Union\", as a result of the Treaty of Bern signed on 9 October 1874. The UPU is a specialized agency of the United Nations that coordinates postal policies among member nations, in addition to the worldwide postal system. Transportation freedom is guaranteed with this treaty.","type":"Statue","holder":"Istanbul Postal Museum","dates":"1874","location":"Istanbul","provenance":"Istanbul","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"59c09c6e-e0cc-5963-83cc-fd6b4aea8244":{"name":"Bakırköy Railway Station","description":"During the 19th century, new technologies radically transformed both travel and communications. The first railway in Anatolia was constructed between Izmir and Aydin. Ottoman railways were mainly built during the period of Abdülhamid II. The first railway in the Republic of Turkey was part of the İzmir-Aydın line, founded by a British company in 1860. The İzmir-Kasaba line was built in 1865, the Rumeli line in 1869-77, the Anatolia-Baghdad line in 1872 and the Mudanya-Bursa line in 1892.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Istanbul University, Nadir Eserler Kütüphanesi (Rare Books Library)","dates":"Late 19th century","location":"Istanbul","provenance":"Istanbul","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"5b74420d-61f0-5db6-8b22-107ce274c47e":{"name":"The Train Station from Anatolia","description":"During the 19th century, new technologies radically transformed both travel and communications. The first railway in Anatolia was constructed between Izmir and Aydin. Ottoman railways were mainly built during the period of Abdülhamid II. The first railway in the Republic of Turkey was part of the İzmir-Aydın line, founded by a British company in 1860. The İzmir-Kasaba line was built in 1865, the Rumeli line in 1869-77, the Anatolia-Baghdad line in 1872 and the Mudanya-Bursa line in 1892.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Istanbul University, Nadir Eserler Kütüphanesi (Rare Books Library)","dates":"Late 19th century","location":"Istanbul","provenance":"Istanbul","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"5e4318a5-d6ea-59f6-b209-38ea0cff4654":{"name":"Postal map","description":"The network of routes for sending messages and transporting troops and supplies was carried out with a relay system, established in the 16th century in the Ottoman Empire. The messengers, who conveyed dispatches throughout the country, were identified as the Tatars. Private or personal correspondence was not a part of that relay system; it was built to fulfil governmental needs. Because of this reason the *reaya* (public) created an alternative postal method by using caravans, pilgrims, and private couriers called *ulaks*. The *Tanzimat* Decree, which was the declaration of process included reformation, modernization and westernization in 1839, proved that the Ottoman Empire was focused on its policy of changing governing to be more like modern Western European-style administrative practices.","type":"Map","holder":"Istanbul Postal Museum","dates":"1911","location":"Istanbul","provenance":"Istanbul","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"60b8885d-3137-5d4a-a32b-9222e6ec69cb":{"name":"Two bills from Beirut port","description":"Two bills from Beirut port, both for a value of 22 Ottoman pounds. The bill on the right is dated to 1 September 1895 and the bill on the left is dated to 24 July 1899.","type":"Bills; bonds","holder":"Khalil Itani's Archive","dates":"1895–1899","location":"Beirut","provenance":"Lebanon","author":"Jeff El-Msanne","copy_editor":"Flaminia Baldwin"},"61c3f6f4-ae5b-5188-a071-b1ffe734cb27":{"name":"Messageries Maritimes's Istanbul-themed posters","description":"*Messageries maritimes* was a French merchant shipping company. When it began, it operated on routes to the Middle East. Its ships were used as troop transports during the Crimean War, and were so helpful for the army that the Emperor gave the company the right to operate on the Bordeaux-Brazil route as thanks. This was the first French transatlantic line equipped with steamers. The following year, the *Société générale maritime* (later called *Compagnie générale transatlantique*) received the North Atlantic lines. From 1871 to 1914 the shipping company, now called *Compagnie des messageries maritimes*, saw its Golden Age.","type":"Poster","holder":"Ömer M. Koç Collection","dates":"1909","location":"Istanbul","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"61eb1293-6209-599c-bd83-34f180e3bec2":{"name":"*The Port of Constanţa*","description":"The Black Sea port of Constanța underwent its first modernization while Dobruja, the province where it is situated, was under Ottoman control. In 1857, when the Ottoman government hired a British company to build a railway in Dobruja, the concluded contract also stipulated the reconstruction of the Constanța port. Completed in 1864, it was still a small harbor with a wooden dock, a dam and one cereals depot. After Dobruja was annexed by Romania, a law was issued in 1885 for the “improvement and augmentation” of the port. In 1896 its modernization was leased to a French enterprise but due to some disagreements, three years later the state took over the works, which were led by architect Anghel Saligny. Inaugurated in 1909, the new port had 3 dams, several docks, depots, silos, an oil basin, an electric plant.","type":"Postcard","holder":"National Museum of Romanian History","dates":"1906","location":"Bucharest"},"640180dd-059b-54fe-a33c-0700c3dd70f8":{"name":"Photograph of the Beirut–Aleppo railway","description":"The second railway built in Lebanon opened in 1906 and ran from Beirut to Aleppo in present-day Syria. It connected with the first railway line at Riyaq. The connection between Aleppo and Beirut, a well-equipped and sizeable port, decreased trade in Alexandretta, the traditional port for merchandise leaving or entering Syria. Alexandretta was not connected to Aleppo by rail until 1914. Aleppo and Northern Syria became increasingly important as links between Damascus and Beirut were consolidated. This also marked the increasing importance of Beirut as a powerful city in the region and not only as a Mediterranean port.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Ministry of Transportation","dates":"1906","location":"Beirut","author":"Hady El Hajj","copy_editor":"Flaminia Baldwin"},"670372b2-f67e-5ac4-8b1b-28c10cd4bd8e":{"name":"Section of a rail from Hijaz Railway with commemorative inscription","description":"In September 1900, Sultan Abdul Hamid addressed a call for all Muslims all over the world to collect donations to establish a railway between Damascus and the holy places to facilitate transporting the pilgrims. The call was responded to enthusiastically and with the great support of all Muslims. The cost of the project was estimated at approximately five million Ottoman golden lira which were provided from: donations, the revenues of the Ottoman State earned from the sale of the stamps, and a special tax upon all the citizens for the railway. Construction of the narrow-gauge track (105cm) whose axle weight was (10.5 tonnes) began in 1900 with a wire telegraph line along its side connecting Damascus with Medina across Amman with a total track length of 1303km. The construction of the project ended in 1908. All the tracks and the stations were completed as detailed below: Mezerib Dera'a section, September 1901; Dera'a Al-Zarqa section, September 1902; Al-Zarqa Amman section, September 1903; Amman Ma'an section, September 1904; Ma'an Tabuk section, end of 1906; Tabuk Medain Saleh, September 1907; Medain Saleh Medina, September 1908. These rails were brought from the destroyed railroad tracks that were harmed by Arab revolt army attacks in 1917. On one side of the first rail is an Arabic phrase written in divan script: \"*min khayrat mawlana Amir al-mu'minin al-sultan al-ghazi 'abdal-hamid khan thani 'azza nasruhu*\".","type":"Railway","holder":"Numismatic Museum (Ahli Bank)","dates":"1907","location":"Amman","provenance":"Germany","author":"Aida Naghawy","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"673df29d-47f7-5309-b718-3f6340779d57":{"name":"Tramway’s railway in Bliss Street","description":"The Beirut tramway was built in 1891 and ran through the centre of Beirut through to the coast, where it linked Beirut to Ma'ameltein.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Khalil Itani's Archive","dates":"1908","location":"Beirut","provenance":"Lebanon","author":"Jeff El-Msanne","copy_editor":"Flaminia Baldwin"},"6755e6c3-6bcf-5ff8-9576-394e0f98a7c5":{"name":"Beginning of the Royal Road from the direction of the Fayum Directorate","description":"The beginning of the royal road from the Fayum Directorate during King Fu`ad I’s visit to the Directorate on 8 May 1927. Fu`ad I ruled Egypt from 9 October 1917 to 28 April 1936. During his reign, the 1919 revolution began, and the British had to end Egypt's status as a protectorate and declare it an independent country with sovereignty. Independence was declared on 15 March 1922. Also during his reign, the first public ministry was established in January 1924, headed by Sa`d Zaghlul. King Fu`ad had a number of important accomplishments, and for this reason this photo was chosen – to manifest King Fu`ad's concern with roads, especially the royal road towards the Fayum Directorate.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Bibliotheca Alexandrina","dates":"8 May 1927","location":"Alexandria","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"68e8b7c1-4b26-5650-8465-4d55145c3d6c":{"name":"*Convoy of pilgrims*","description":"The Hijaz Railway was a narrow-gauge railway (1,050mm/​3ft, 5 11⁄32 in track gauge) that ran from Damascus to Medina, through the Hijaz region of Saudi Arabia, with a branch line to Haifa on the Mediterranean Sea. It was a part of the Ottoman railway network and was built to extend the line from the Haydarpaşa Terminal in Istanbul beyond Damascus to the holy city of Mecca. It got no further than Medina, 400 kilometres (250mi) short of Mecca, due to the construction interruption caused by the outbreak of World War I. The main purpose of the railway was to establish a connection between Constantinople, the capital of the Ottoman Empire and the seat of the Islamic Caliphate, and Hijaz in Arabia, the site of the holiest shrines of Islam and the holy city of Mecca, the destination of the Hajj (annual pilgrimage).","type":"Photograph","holder":"Istanbul University, Nadir Eserler Kütüphanesi (Rare Books Library)","dates":"19th century","location":"Istanbul","provenance":"Istanbul","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"6acad3a4-63f3-5160-bf8e-60081e141ee0":{"name":"Street map of Beirut","description":"This map of Beirut was drawn in in 1902 under the reign of Sultan 'Abd al-Hamid II. The table on the left contains a numbered list of shops and important landmarks, whereas the table on the right lists the name and location of Beirut's railway and maritime companies.","type":"Map","holder":"Khalil Itani's Archive","dates":"1902","location":"Beirut","provenance":"Lebanon","author":"Jeff El-Msanne","copy_editor":"Flaminia Baldwin"},"713a80ee-86ad-5103-bcf7-5c70eb44eb3b":{"name":"The interior of Tabuk Hospital","short_description":"In 1900 the Ottoman Sultan Abdülhamid II (r.1876–1909) began the construction of a railway line connecting Damascus to the holy cities of Medina and Mecca. Built by public subscription and with an appeal to Muslims of the world for financial support, the railway line reached Medina in 1908, but didn't reach Mecca. It was built with the assistance of German engineers who worked closely with Turkish officials. This album of the Hijaz Railway probably belonged to a Turkish engineer who worked on the construction of the line. It has 50 photographs, mostly of stations and sections of the line, but also of the landscape that the line passed through in the area between Tabuk and Mada’in Salih. The photographs were most likely taken by J. H. Halladjian, an Armenian photographer with a studio in Haifa in Palestine active in the 1890s and early 20th century. Based on records at the Imperial War Museum and The Royal Geographical Society, Halladjian took photographs of the Hijaz Railway and places along its route. The album contains some important photographs such as the one of the hospital at Tabuk which was established in 1907 and which became the railway’s quarantine station (ARC.al 6.16) as well as images which demonstrate the hardship of cutting through rock in order to pass the line through mountainous terrain (ARC.al 6.24). Also documented here are the great stone monoliths north of Mada'in Salih (ARC.al 6.38) in Mabrak al Naga, where prior to the Hijaz Railway, the Ottoman government connected the Hijaz to Istanbul via a telegraph line which reached Mada'in Salih in 1900. The building of the overland telegraph line between Damascus and Medina, much like the construction of the Hijaz Railway project to follow, was fraught with complications including the terrain and the danger of Bedouin resistance.","type":"photograph","holder":"Khalili Family Trust – Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage Collection","owner":"Khalili Family Trust – Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage Collection","initial_owner":"J. H. Halladjian","dates":"Around 1908 AD","location":"London","dimensions":"18.7cm x 23.2cm","method_for_datation":"Photographs by the same photographer are in the Imperial War Museum, London.","provenance":"Türkiye","bibliography":"Khan, Q.M., *Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage*, London: Assouline, 2022.  \n  \nNicholson, J., *The Hijaz Railway and Route Guide, Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage, Essays in Honour of Nasser David Khalili*, Edited by Q. Khan with N. Nassar. London: Gingko, 2023: pp.239–282.  \n  \nNicholson, J., *The Hejaz Railway*, London: Stacey Publishing Ltd, 2005.  \n  \nOchsenwald, W. L., *The Hijaz Railroad*, Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, VA, 1980.  \n  \nÖzyüksel, M., *The Hejaz Railway and the Ottoman Empire: Modernity,  \nIndustrialisation and Ottoman Decline*, London: I.B.Tauris, 2014.","author":"Qaisra Khan","keywords":["al-Sh","AlUla","Amman","Arabia","barrack","Bosra","Branch line","bridge","chemin-de-fer","Damascus","defensive post","Deraa","fortification","Haifa","hajj","Hajji","Hedjaz","Hegra","Hejaz","Hijaz","Hijaz Railway","Jordan","Ma’an","Medina","Ottoman railway","Ottomans","Palestine","photography","pilgrimage","pilgrims","postcard","qala’a","Railway","railway station","Saudi Arabia","stamps","station","Syria","Tabuk","tunnel"],"materials":["Photograph"]},"74dafe7a-b3e7-5be6-b35d-e97ef0242008":{"name":"The cruiser Bascir during a test voyage at sea","description":"In 1890, political pressure from Italian Prime Minister Francesco Crispi secured construction of the cruiser Bascir for the Moroccan Navy for the Fratelli Orlando shipyards located in Livorno (Italy), winning against French competitors.  \nThe Bascir was the first cruiser built by an Italian shipyard for a foreign navy after Italian unification in 1860. It was delivered to Morocco in 1894. Among its amenities was a hamam (in Western Europe often known as Turkish Bath), expressly requested by the buyer.  \nThe Fratelli Orlando shipyards also built a yacht for the Khédivé of Egypt.","type":"Photograph","holder":"State Archives of Livorno","dates":"Livorno, 1892","location":"Livorno","author":"Daniela Tazzi","copy_editor":"Anne Dowell"},"76457a6e-00a0-52e0-a869-4eec84837b92":{"name":"Photograph of the Old Railway Station in Skopje","alternate_name":"Fotografija na starata zeleznichka stanica vo Skopje","description":"The first railroad in Macedonia was the track running from Thessalonica via Skopje to Belgrade. Its construction was financed with foreign investments and began in 1871. The track to Skopje was finished in 1873. The Skopje-Mitrovica railway line was completed in 1878. In 1888, it was connected to Serbian railways at the border crossing Zibevche near Vranje.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Museum of the City of Skopje","dates":"Early 20th century","location":"Skopje","author":"Zoja Bogdanovska, historian, Museum of the City of Skopje","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"7a241c8e-d68e-5a99-8f6d-768433eb938e":{"name":"Map of the Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia","description":"This map of Lombardy-Venetia from 1827 shows postal routes and information concerning the costs of travelling with the post coaches.","type":"Map","holder":"Austrian State Archives","dates":"1827","location":"Vienna","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"8138d27f-0df1-5e19-884f-c3f2fabf66df":{"name":"Istanbul Main Post Office Opening Ceremony","description":"The Istanbul Main Post Office is an office building for postal services located at the *Sirkeci* quarter of the faith district in Istanbul, Turkey. It was designed by architect Vedat Tek in the First Turkish National architectural style and was constructed between 1903 and 1909. (Vedat Tek was a notable Turkish architect, who has been one of the leading figures of the First Turkish National Architectural Movement. He studied at the *École Centrale Paris*, graduating with a degree in civil engineering before he got his further education in architecture at the *Ecole des Beaux Arts* in Paris.) The four-story building houses a post office, the *Sirkeci* Post Office, office space for regional administration and also since 2000 the Istanbul Postal Museum. It is Turkey's largest post office building.","type":"Architecture; historic document; photograph","holder":"Istanbul Postal Museum","dates":"1903–1909","location":"Istanbul","provenance":"Istanbul","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"826abea9-d0a5-5b38-9d39-fb3cd81ac626":{"name":"The Şirket-i Hayriyye’s Excursion Steamship","description":"The Şirket-i Hayriyye was the name of a steam boat joint-stock company which carried passengers and cargo on the Bosporus from 1854 to 1945. The company was established with the approval of the Sultan Abdulmecid. The steam boats belonging to company were sent from European countries, primarily Britain. The first captains of this boats were almost all of Rûm origin. After the establishment of the Republic of Turkey, the company and its goods were purchased by the state.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Pera Museum","dates":"Early 20th century","location":"Istanbul","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"83ca2754-e506-5404-be99-4dd9fa3be1e5":{"name":"Information for Passengers: Beirut, Tripoli, Alexandretta","description":"This advertisement for the Nairn Transport Company, founded in the 1920s, promotes its six-wheeled Pullman buses crossing the desert between Damascus and Baghdad. With timetables linking Haifa, Beirut and Iraq, the service carried both mail and passengers. More than transport, it symbolised modern mobility under the Mandate system, replacing older caravan and railway routes while reflecting new borders and colonial influence in the Middle East.","type":"Printed monograph","holder":"Bibliothèque nationale de France (BNF)","dates":"1932","location":"Paris"},"894e770e-bdda-5d94-ae6c-90aaf47244ae":{"name":"Beirut–Damascus Railway Company headquaters","description":"This photograph shows the headquarters of Lebanon Railway Company in Beirut.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Railway and Public Transportation Authority, Ministry of Transportation","dates":"1895","location":"Beirut","provenance":"Lebanon","author":"Jeff El-Msanne","copy_editor":"Flaminia Baldwin"},"8a58f4f9-1644-5ff0-8f2d-9e17a9b86098":{"name":"Bills from the Beirut Tramway and Electricity company","description":"Two bills from the Beirut Tramway Company. The first is for the value of 22 Ottoman pounds, and is dated to 1 February 1896. The second is for the value of 11 Ottoman pounds and is dated to 1 November 1990.","type":"Print; bill; document","holder":"Khalil Itani's Archive","dates":"1896; 1900","location":"Beirut","provenance":"Lebanon","author":"Jeff El-Msanne","copy_editor":"Flaminia Baldwin"},"8ba03860-993b-5dbf-9a66-b44cd6b52d86":{"name":"Simplon-Orient Express Poster","description":"Roger Broders was a French illustrator and artist best known for his travel posters promoting tourism destinations in France. Broders' illustrations were distinctive for their simple lines and bold, flat areas of colour, combined with noticeable graphical perspective showing the featured mountains and seascapes in the background. Broders' illustrations depicting people show active, elongated figures wearing elegant, contemporary clothes. His posters were simply and boldly lettered identifying the destination, and were supplemented with a brief slogan.","type":"Poster","holder":"Ömer M. Koç Collection","dates":"1930","location":"Istanbul","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"8f55adc5-662c-55f8-a485-b18851210a66":{"name":"Anatolian Railways","description":"During the 19th century, new technologies radically transformed both travel and communications. The first railway in Anatolia was constructed between Izmir and Aydin. Ottoman railways were mainly built during the period of Abdülhamid II. The first railway in the Republic of Turkey was part of the İzmir-Aydın line, founded by a British company in 1860. The İzmir-Kasaba line was built in 1865, the Rumeli line in 1869-77, the Anatolia-Baghdad line in 1872 and the Mudanya-Bursa line in 1892.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Istanbul University, Nadir Eserler Kütüphanesi (Rare Books Library)","dates":"19th century","location":"Istanbul","provenance":"Istanbul","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"8f60990a-2e19-50e5-b91c-31a7c8a103fd":{"name":"Beirut Port before expansion","description":"This photograph shows the Beirut port before its expansion. The dam was built under the command of Ibrahim Pasha. This old port underwent several important changes in the late 19th century, including the construction of a commercial tribunal and expansion of the port. This expansion involved the enlargement of existing buildings and filling areas of sea with rock brought in along the Nahr al-Kalb railway.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Khalil Itani's Archive","dates":"1884","location":"Beirut","provenance":"Turkish, Yields Palace – Istanbul","author":"Jeff El-Msanne","copy_editor":"Flaminia Baldwin"},"908862b3-3d2c-5b16-93ce-f2a0873efd37":{"name":"*Algiers port*","description":"Albert Marquet spent 1904 and 1907 in the company of Fauve, and in 1913 he lived in Tangier with Matisse and Camoin. Seven years later in 1920 he visited Algiers for the first time, and went on to spent a few months there every year henceforth. He also lived in Algiers for the duration of the Second World War. Marquet was friendly with most of the artists from the Algerian school, and exhibited his paintings in galleries in the centre of town. Many of his paintings were on the theme of Algiers' harbour. In 1939, his friends from the Salle Bordes organised his first solo exhibition. His style, which was characterised by the luminosity and clarity he saw in North Africa, was an important early influence on the Algerian painter Mohamed Temam.","type":"Painting","holder":"Musée National des Beaux-Arts","dates":"c. 1920","location":"Algiers","author":"Dalila Orfali","translator":"Flaminia Baldwin"},"91e561d2-6530-5965-bd21-e1a70b9ef590":{"name":"Air France Brochure","type":"Affiche","holder":"BNF","owner":"BNF","dates":"1939","location":"Paris","dimensions":"Height: 21,4 cm; width: 47,8 cm","catalogue_holding_link":"https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b10116533s/f2.item.r=Compagnie%20Air%20Orient","keywords":["Advertisment","Art Deco","Flight","Holidays","travel"],"materials":["Affiche"]},"96df24b2-d14d-504f-84ae-d796597c98a1":{"name":"Travel case","description":"Travelling became a great cultural and social phenomenon with Romanticism. The “Grand Tour” through the countries of the known world, and particularly around the Mediterranean, became a means of developing cultural and social skills. Travel became refined and even a simple journey to the countryside required such accessories as this travel case for meals.","type":"Silverware","holder":"Ajuda National Palace","dates":"c. 1860","location":"Lisbon","author":"DGPC"},"9a890b71-5d5a-57ef-b26d-c4592e54b5ac":{"name":"Beirut Tramway station","description":"This photograph shows the main tramway station in Beirut, located on Corniche el Nahr Street by the river in the district of Burj Hammud. It was constructed in 1906 under the command of the Ottoman government, and housed the carts and the engineering station.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Khalil Itani's Archive","dates":"1908","location":"Beirut","provenance":"Lebanon","author":"Jeff El-Msanne","copy_editor":"Flaminia Baldwin"},"9aa7bece-df44-557d-99af-6cb4118c4095":{"name":"The yacht Makook III built by the Fratelli Orlando Company (Livorno, Italy) for the Egyptian Khedive Abbas Hilmi","description":"In 1910, the Khédivé of Egypt contracted the construction of a yacht to the shipyards Cantieri Gallinari of Livorno, Italy. This company went bankrupt and its business was absorbed by the Fratelli Orlando shipyards, from Livorno as well. After improving the project, the Fratelli Orlando started building the yacht in 1913 and delivered it to the Khédivé Hilmì Abbas in May 1914.  In recognition of the high quality of work on the yacht engineer Giuseppe Orlando was granted the Ottoman decoration of the Order of Osmanieh.","type":"Photograph","holder":"State Archives of Livorno","dates":"1914","location":"Livorno","author":"Daniela Tazzi","copy_editor":"Anne Dowell"},"9b43f3ea-5b0a-57f2-be8e-3ff0d20fe6f6":{"name":"Beirut Port during its expansion","description":"This photograph shows the Beirut port during its expansion, which involved filling areas of sea with rock were brought along the Nahr al-Kalb railway.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Khalil Itani's Archive","dates":"1892","location":"Beirut","provenance":"Lebanon","author":"Jeff El-Msanne","copy_editor":"Flaminia Baldwin"},"9c2ac3c9-ddf9-5578-9e26-fad8ec3a615c":{"name":"Dhow collection","description":"The National Museum of Qatar holds, in its collection, a fleet comprising of 14 dhows. The growing collection includes a variety of traditional dhows, with several models dating to the early 20th century, as well as more recent replicas of traditional vessels. Originating from Oman, Bahrayn, India and Qatar, among other places traditional dhows represented include *jalbut* (small to medium sized), *shuw\\`i* (medium sized, once used for fishing and coastal trade), *sanbuq* (largest type in the Arabian Gulf today) and *baglah* (traditional, deep-sea dhows once used for the long – haul transport of goods.)","type":"Transport","holder":"National Museum of Qatar","dates":"19th century","location":"Doha"},"9d99f2a0-088c-5411-b1e4-aab5af09edf0":{"name":"Photograph showing maintenance of the telephone network in Tangier","description":"A photograph taken by a German photographer in 1923 showing maintenance of the telephone network that had been installed in Tangier since 1883.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Itisalat al-Maghrib Museum","dates":"1923","location":"Rabat","provenance":"Tangier"},"9e9f6fa6-b6c4-5566-9322-05ca25f72753":{"name":"The Railway Bridge from Anatolia","description":"During the 19th century, new technologies radically transformed both travel and communications. The first railway in Anatolia was constructed between Izmir and Aydin. Ottoman railways were mainly built during the period of Abdülhamid II. The first railway in the Republic of Turkey was part of the İzmir-Aydın line, founded by a British company in 1860. The İzmir-Kasaba line was built in 1865, the Rumeli line in 1869-77, the Anatolia-Baghdad line in 1872 and the Mudanya-Bursa line in 1892.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Istanbul University, Nadir Eserler Kütüphanesi (Rare Books Library)","dates":"Late 19th century – begining of the 20th century","location":"Istanbul","provenance":"Istanbul","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"a3a7e6de-6cff-51a1-9392-ab310f7efdc7":{"name":"Decorated front panel of the viewing deck at the top of the driver's cab","short_description":"Just like the Billboard painting performed in Pakistan, the advent of photography and the massproduced picture – together with the availability of oil-based paints – assisted in the development of a popular art form in the second half of the twentieth century, the brightly painted large overland lorries of Afghanistan and Pakistan. The truck bodies were painted with calligraphy of poetic or religious verses, floral patterns, gardens of paradise, alpine landscapes, holy sites, and images of human heroes, trains, planes and rockets by street artists at truck stands all across northwest Pakistan.","type":"Transport; painting","holder":"Weltmuseum Wien","dates":"1990s","location":"Vienna","dimensions":"H: 100cm, L: 200cm, Depth: 18cm","method_for_datation":"Entry in the TMS digital collection database and archival documents.","method_for_provenance":"Entry in the general inventory book.","provenance":"Pakistan","obtention":"Purchased from Dr. Fritz Trupp, Attnang-Puchheim, 1994.","bibliography":"Steinmann, Axel, *Afghanistan, exhibition catalogue*, Vienna: Museum für Völkerkunde, 2003: 125.","materials":["Iron","plastic","Wood"]},"a3c1cda7-3cd5-5acd-9fe6-bbcc3a97be64":{"name":"Photograph of Bab Idris street","description":"Pictured here is Bab Idris street, leading to Bab Idris, the city's western gate and the entrance to the old town. By the time of Ahmad Bey al-Jazzar's reign (1777–1804), the city had four main gates: Bab al-Dirka to the south, Bab al-Santiya to the west, Bab al-Dabbagha to the north, and Bab al-Saraya to the east. Jazzar Pasha built fortifications between these four main gates, which was not a fortified gate. Other city gates included Bab Yaqub, also in the east, Bab Abu Nasr at Burj square, and Bab Idris. These non-military gates are reflections of the city's rapid expansion, particularly due to an increase in trade.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Beirut Municipality","dates":"1919","location":"Beirut","author":"Hady El Hajj","copy_editor":"Flaminia Baldwin"},"a6877d51-e0ec-5242-8b80-88d89c3d2ab4":{"name":"Alep – Gare Chemin de fer Bagdad (Aleppo-Baghdad Railway Station)","description":"The postcard depicts Aleppo's Baghdad Railway Station, with the French description: Alep – Gare Chemin de fer Bagdad (Aleppo-Baghdad Railway Station), completed in 1912 as the northern Syrian terminus of the Baghdad Railway branch linking the city with Muslimiyeh station and the main line toward Mesopotamia. Situated in what became known as the Baghdad Station district, north of Aleppo's historic centre, the station was part of the development of a new modern quarter organised around transport and commerce. The station was constructed of stone masonry with broad overhanging roofs supported by timber brackets, pointed-arched openings and a monumental entrance pavilion. It was connected to the Baghdad Railway by a branch rather than the principal trunk line. The station became a strategic commercial gateway linking Aleppo with Anatolia in the north, and Mesopotamia as part of the wider Ottoman railway network.","type":"Photographic postcard","holder":"Wolf-Dieter Lemke Collection","owner":"Wolf-Dieter Lemke Collection","dates":"AH c. 1328 / AD c. 1910","location":"Berlin","dimensions":"Height 8,7 cm; width: 13,5 cm","provenance":"Collection of Wolf-Dieter Lemke, Berlin","bibliography":"Aztaq Arabic, “The Urban Plan and Expansion of Aleppo\", in Surmeyan, Bishop Ardavazt, *The History of Aleppo*.  \n  \nBilgin, Mustafa Sıtkı, “The Construction of the Baghdad Railway and Its Impact on Anglo-Turkish Relations, 1902–1913”, *OTAM: Journal of the Center for Ottoman Studies* , 16 (2004).  \n  \nBritish Library, India Office Records, “Report on the Progress Made in the Construction of the Baghdad Railway Line in the Aleppo District”, July 8, 1912. Qatar Digital Library.  \n  \nTabbasi, Aziz, “Baghdad Station in Aleppo”, *Al-Safir Al-Arabi*, November 5, 2015.","copy_editor":"Danielle Morcom","keywords":["Iraq","photograph","postcard","station","Syria","Transport"],"materials":["Paper","printed postcard"]},"a7580d59-2cc3-599d-bd19-8d4d84fa37af":{"name":"Compagnie Air Union Lignes d'Orient : [affiche]","type":"Affiche","holder":"BNF","owner":"BNF","dates":"1929","location":"Paris","dimensions":"Height: 60 cm; width: 39,5 cm","catalogue_holding_link":"https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b10116533s/f2.item.r=Compagnie%20Air%20Orient","keywords":["Advertisement","Airline","Art Deco","Holidays","travel"],"materials":["Affiche"]},"ad3c4a56-381f-553f-b5a5-133f25218054":{"name":"A telegram from the Khedive of Egypt to the Ottoman sultan","description":"A telegram from the Khedive of Egypt to the Ottoman Sultan expressing his loyalty and best wishes on 15 December 1897.","type":"Telegram; historical document","holder":"Bibliotheca Alexandrina","dates":"15 December 1897","location":"Alexandria","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"b1761f2e-80b8-586f-b4e2-c3736d979725":{"name":"Photograph of an employee outside the *Poste-Cherifienne* office","description":"The first national post and transport service in Morocco was founded by Mulay al-Hasan I on 20 Jumada I 1390 (22 November 1892) and was known as the *Poste-Makhzen*. The office was established in order to take control nationally of the postal (mainly parcels and messengers) service in Morocco, but competition from private foreign firms was tough. When in 1892 the Sultan first gave orders for port managers to take control of Morocco’s interests in this regard, this nascent organisation included 13 Moroccan cities, defined as zones connected by transport links, and each defined by specific costs.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Itisalat al-Maghrib Museum","dates":"AH: 20 Jumada I 1390 (22 November 1892)","location":"Rabat"},"b1ada77d-4a0f-5105-a292-423509ecec6b":{"name":"Haydarpaşa Train Station","description":"In 1871 Sultan Abdülaziz ordered a rail line to be built from Haydarpaşa to İzmit. Haydarpaşa station opened in 1872, and in 1888 the Anatolian Railway (CFOA) took over the line and the station. Since the station was built next to the Bosporus, freight trains would unload at Haydarpaşa and the freight would be transferred to ships. Haydarpaşa was chosen to be the northern terminus of the Baghdad Railway and the Hijaz Railway in 1904 and with rail traffic increasing, a new and larger building was required. The Anatolian Railway hired two German architects; Otto Ritter and Helmut Conu to build the new building. They chose a neo-classical structure and construction started in 1906.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Istanbul University, Nadir Eserler Kütüphanesi (Rare Books Library)","dates":"Late 19th century","location":"Istanbul","provenance":"Istanbul","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"b8bb387e-75d0-55d8-89ae-9322c204928c":{"name":"Simplon-Orient Express Poster","description":"The Orient Express, owned by the Wagon-Lits Company, connected Paris and Istanbul between 1883 and 1977. French, German, Austrian and Ottoman diplomats and civil servants were on board for its first journey. In the early years, the travellers stayed in different hotels in Istanbul but starting from 1895, passengers stayed exclusively in Pera Palace, which was bought by the Wagon-Lits Company. The Orient Express did not run during World War I, from 1914 to 1918.","type":"Poster","holder":"Ömer M. Koç Collection","dates":"1930","location":"Istanbul","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"ba590c72-051f-5d9a-898f-073b4347852b":{"name":"*Port, Beirut*","alternate_name":"During the opening of the railway station at the harbour","description":"On 19/6/1887, the Ottoman authority gave the concession of the Port to an Ottoman company under the name of \"Compagnie du Port, des Quais et des Entrepôts de Beyrouth\". The concession was later fortified when the company gained from the Customs the sole rights to store and carry all the transit goods passing through the Customs. Constructions works namely a maritime dam to expand and develop the Port were accomplished and the opening on the occasion of the accomplishment of these works was celebrated by the end of 1894, basins were developed and spread between Ras Al Shamiah and Ras Al Mudawar. It forms the midpoint of three continents: Europe, Asia and Africa, which makes the Port a passage for ship fleets between East and West. During the mid 70's, the Port of Beirut was an important international trading station with the surrounding Arab countries and up until today it has preserved its commercial nature.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Museum of Islamic Art at the Pergamon Museum, State Museums","dates":"1900","location":"Berlin","author":"Stefan Weber"},"bd95565d-ce05-5cc5-ad92-00c2e0054f8d":{"name":"Accounting book","description":"This accounting book belonged to the Anatolian Railway. On it can be seen Abdülhamid II's monogram in gilding, and the words \"*Devlet-i Aliye-i Osmaniye’nin Varidat ve Mesarifat-ı Umumiyesinin Muhasebesidir*\" (this book belongs to the income and expenses of the state).","type":"Goods","holder":"Istanbul Railway Museum","dates":"1907","location":"Istanbul","provenance":"Istanbul","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"c072d700-9ae2-5214-ad10-69e3cb6824fa":{"name":"Film camera of the Manaki brothers","alternate_name":"Film camera of Charls Trade Company, serial no. 300","description":"Janaki (1878–1945) and Milton (1880–1964) Manaki were born in Bitola and went on to become pioneers of Macedonian film and the first filmmakers in the Balkans. The Manaki brothers shot their first film merely 10 years after the Lumiere brothers. In 1905, they shot their grandmother Despina spinning wool with women from the neighbourhood. Their first film of ethnographic value was shot soon after. It documents celebration of the feast of St. Cyril and Methodius in front of the Church in Bitola devoted to these saints. In their films, the Manaki brothers strived to document visually events from everyday life and to frame them as real works of art. In 1921, they projected the first film in the open-air arena at the Shirok Sokak Street in Bitola.","type":"Camera; part of filming equipment","holder":"The Archive of the City of Bitola","dates":"1905","location":"Bitola","author":"Aco Kimovski (Archive of the City of Bitola)","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"c2b61064-ccd9-5fe4-8725-750d1cb45ef7":{"name":"Architectural drawing of Mar Mikhael train station","description":"This architectural drawing shows the plan of the Mar Mikhael (Saint Michael) train station that was built in 1891. The station served as a terminal for visitors to the city, and was in use until 1976.","type":"Architectural drawing","holder":"Khalil Itani's Archive","dates":"1891","location":"Beirut","provenance":"Lebanon","author":"Jeff El-Msanne","copy_editor":"Flaminia Baldwin"},"c618ed28-93da-5c7e-9e3a-361349d53833":{"name":"Hajj Registration Card, 30 June 2007","description":"This Hajj registration card, providing legitimacy to a Palestinian pilgrim's travel to Mecca in 2007, intends to show the continued importance of pilgrimage, the new boundaries and permits required due to the existing nation-state boundaries, and the modern method of performing Hajj to the Hijaz for those living outside of Saudi Arabia.","type":"Printed material","holder":"The Palestinian Museum","owner":"Fadeyyeh Darabe","initial_owner":"Fadeyyeh Darabe","dates":"2007","location":"Birzeit","provenance":"Palestinian Authority","catalogue_holding_link":"https://www.palarchive.org/index.php/Detail/objects/262899/lang/en_US","copy_editor":"Sajeda Jaradat","keywords":["Hajj–Registration card–Mecca–Pilgrimage–Palestinian pilgrims–Hijaz–Saudi Arabia"],"materials":["Printed material"]},"c74178c2-ab9f-5408-9cbb-cf1f4eff394d":{"name":"Press release about Raml Tramway","description":"A press release in the Al-Ahram newspaper regarding the Raml Tramway and related views of the Prime Minister at that time. The tramway of Alexandria was the first method of mass transportation in Egypt and in Africa, and the most common. The tramway began operating in 1860, and is thus considered the oldest tramway in Africa – and among the oldest in the world.","type":"Press release","holder":"Bibliotheca Alexandrina","dates":"3 July 1928","location":"Alexandria","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"c780b87c-b9b5-50fb-bec8-edf64670ba49":{"name":"Lebanon Tramway and Electiricty Company bill","description":"A bill from the Lebanon Tramway and Electricity Company for the value of 100 Francs dated to 14 June 1906.","type":"Print; document","holder":"Khalil Itani's Archive","dates":"14 June 1906","location":"Beirut","provenance":"Lebanon","author":"Jeff El-Msanne","copy_editor":"Flaminia Baldwin"},"ccd55fea-ff71-54b1-802d-9b86aa9adc8d":{"name":"Records of the tests and of the delivery of the yacht Makook III built by the Fratelli Orlando Company (Livorno, Italy) for the Egyptian Khedive Abbas Hilmi","description":"In 1910, the Khédivé of Egypt contracted the construction of a yacht to the shipyards Cantieri Gallinari of Livorno, Italy. This company went bankrupt and its business was absorbed by the Fratelli Orlando shipyards, also from Livorno. After improving the project, the Fratelli Orlando started building the yacht in 1913 and delivered it to the Khédivé Hilmì Abbas in May 1914. In recognition of the high quality of work on the yacht engineer Giuseppe Orlando was granted the Ottoman decoration of the Order of Osmanieh.","type":"Archival document","holder":"State Archives of Livorno","dates":"31 March 1914","location":"Livorno","author":"Daniela Tazzi","copy_editor":"Anne Dowell"},"cf706f6f-69db-525d-a769-9e4a92dc0759":{"name":"A railway track with the opening date (1908) engraved","description":"It is one of the tracks in al-Madina Station wrote on it the opening date of the station and the arrival of the first train to al-Madina from Istanbul.","type":"Railway; steel rod; steel track","holder":"Saudi Commission for Tourism and Antiquities","dates":"1908","location":"Al-Madina Station"},"d1281641-f7a2-5961-be72-73fcc5949104":{"name":"Telegraph transmitter","description":"The primary reasons for the Ottoman Empire adopting the telegram earlier and more easily than railroads were the telegram's convenience and lack of cost. American scientist Lawrence Smith – using tools sent by Samuel Morse – made a successful trial in front of the Sultan Abdulmecid, who was interested in technological innovations and science, and began modernization of the empire. Due to the outbreak of the Crimean War, the first underwater telegraph line was established between Crimea and Istanbul. This telegraph transmitter (1912, Siemens & Halske) was used in Istanbul in World War I.","type":"Electronic","holder":"Istanbul Postal Museum","dates":"1912","location":"Istanbul","provenance":"Istanbul","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"d51c4926-dec8-5d72-9ed4-34a107dddbd4":{"name":"*Shipping at Constantinople*","description":"Istanbul’s geographic position between Europe and Asia and on the only sea route that connects the Black Sea with the Mediterranean gave Istanbul great strategic importance. The control of the Bosphorus, which connects the Black Sea with the Sea of Marmara, was repeatedly at stake in the 19th and early 20th centuries. This 1910 watercolour gives a wonderful impression of the bustling shipping and trading activities on the waters surrounding the city of Constantinople at the time. The view is taken from the Galata side of the city, looking across the Golden Horn towards its historic heart, dominated by imperial Suleymaniye mosque on the right and Bayezid tower in the centre. The Galata bridge, in its third incarnation as completed by the British firm G. Wells in 1875, can be seen connecting the two shores. Sailing boats like those seen here brought in wheat, spices and wood. The emergence of the steamship later in the century lead to enormous increase in the speed and volume of commodities shipped to Constantinople.","type":"Painting","holder":"Sharjah Art Museum / Sharjah Museums Department","dates":"1910","location":"Sharjah","provenance":"Painted in Istanbul","author":"Ulrike Al-Khamis"},"d6ede956-3098-5ac6-8afc-b9788d8dd31f":{"name":"The first postmaster's office in Tunis, 1892","description":"The objects assembled in this room all date to the late 19th century and belong to a set of urban Tunisian furnishings. These articles were all part of Tunis' first municipal postmaster's office. They consist of four chairs and a bench in painted wood, centred around a two-layered desk, painted in a floral motif on a pale blue background. Behind, a shelving unit, painted in the same style. This furnishing set shows evidence of traditional Tunisian, Turkish and various European influences.","type":"Woodwork; furniture","holder":"Musée des Postes, Télégraphes et Télécommunications","dates":"19th century","location":"Tunis","author":"Saloua Zangar","translator":"Flaminia Baldwin"},"d815fe5d-36cb-5efe-b0e0-241a5e5e2941":{"name":"Stamp sketch","description":"The Ottoman Empire held a contest to determine the stamp that would be printed in London between 1919 and 1921. Stamp sketches drawn by famous calligraphers are exhibited in the museum. This stamp sketch belonged to the Eminönü Post Office.","type":"Stamp","holder":"Istanbul Postal Museum","dates":"1919–1921","location":"Istanbul","provenance":"Istanbul","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"d8d34fe2-1034-53c0-ae9e-ca9794a01c63":{"name":"Railway Bridge from Anatolia","description":"During the 19th century, new technologies radically transformed both travel and communications. The first railway in Anatolia was constructed between Izmir and Aydin. Ottoman railways were mainly built during the period of Abdülhamid II. The first railway in the Republic of Turkey was part of the İzmir-Aydın line, founded by a British company in 1860. The İzmir-Kasaba line was built in 1865, the Rumeli line in 1869-77, the Anatolia-Baghdad line in 1872 and the Mudanya-Bursa line in 1892.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Istanbul University, Nadir Eserler Kütüphanesi (Rare Books Library)","dates":"Late 19th century","location":"Istanbul","provenance":"Istanbul","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"d9e955c1-2a6e-5af6-be73-7eb332bb3d48":{"name":"Ausbootung in Haifa. (Disembarking in Haifa)","description":"The photograph shows Haifa’s waterfront railway facilities. A passenger train stands directly beside the stone quay, while a large crowd gathers between the railway carriages and the water and on a boat. Thousands of pilgrims and travellers travelled through Haifa, arriving at the port and continuing by rail through Daraa toward the Hijaz; some remained in the city for several days, contributing to local commercial and service activities. Haifa also developed as a gateway for international tourism and some offices organised railway trips from Haifa through Samakh and the Sea of Galilee toward Damascus.","type":"Photographic postcard","holder":"Wolf-Dieter Lemke Collection","owner":"Wolf-Dieter Lemke Collection","dates":"published in 1920s/1930s","location":"Berlin","dimensions":"Height: 9,1 cm; width: 14,1 cm","provenance":"Collection of Wolf-Dieter Lemke, Berlin","bibliography":"Mansour, Johnny, “The Hijaz-Palestine Railway and the Development of Haifa”,in *Jerusalem Quarterly*, 28 (2006): 5–21. Institute for Palestine Studies.","copy_editor":"Danielle Morcom","keywords":["boat","Commerce","Palestine","pilgrimage","travel"],"materials":["Paper","printed postcard"]},"dc22fbbb-3a0b-58bb-82f9-7523c4e9d4d5":{"name":"Official Hijaz Railway postcards","short_description":"In 1900 the Ottoman Sultan Abdülhamid II (r.1876–1909) began the construction of a railway line connecting Damascus to the holy cities of Medina and Mecca. Built by public subscription and with an appeal to Muslims of the world for financial support, the railway line began from Damascus and reached Medina in 1908, never reaching Mecca. The financing for the Hijaz Railway was initially meant to come entirely from charitable donations and in May 1900 Sultan Abdülhamid II began the process with a sizeable donation from his personal funds. Despite national and foreign generosity towards the donations campaign, it soon became clear that this alone was insufficient to raise the funds needed for the construction. Therefore, the government sought to raise funds in many other ways, including the commission of postcards amongst other German-made products, in order to generate further yield. With the title ‘*Vue du chemin-de-fer Hamidié de Hedjaz*’ and with labels in French and Turkish, the postcards depict the construction of the Railway as well as general views and inauguration celebrations. These were available for purchase at local post offices.","type":"Postcard; photograph","holder":"Khalili Family Trust – Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage Collection","dates":"AD 1900-1908","location":"London","dimensions":"ARC.pc 459: 8.8x14.1cm, ARC.pc 460: 9x14.2cm, ARC.pc 461: 9x14.1cm","method_for_datation":"The Hijaz Railway was constructed between 1900 and 1908.","provenance":"Turkey","bibliography":"Nicholson, J., *The Hejaz railway*, London: Stacey International, 2005.  \nOchsenwald, William L., “The Financing of the Hijaz Railroad”, *Die Welt des Islams*, New Series, 14, 1/4 (1973): 129-149.  \nOzyuksel, M., *The Hejaz Railway and the Ottoman Empire: Modernity, Industrialisation and Ottoman Decline*, London: I.B.Tauris, 2014.","author":"Qaisra Khan","keywords":["engineering","hajj","Hijaz","Hijaz Railway","Holy place","Ka'ba","Mecca","Medina","Mosque","Paper","pilgrimage","Pilgrimage route","prayer","Prophet Muhammad","Religion","travel"],"materials":["Card"]},"ddbed777-56df-5f3a-ae0c-382332e03641":{"name":"Engineers repairing the Railway near Homs","description":"In a flat landscape, three British engineers are working on the right hand one of two railway tracks. On the left a group of four locals stand or sit and observe. There appears to be a biplane on the ground to the right, with a hill in the distance.","type":"Artwork","holder":"IWM","owner":"IWM","initial_owner":"IWM","dates":"18.03.1918","location":"London","dimensions":"Unframed height: 21,5 cm; unframed width: 34,2 cm","place_of_production":"Syria","method_for_datation":"All details are held in the War Artists Archive at IWM.","method_for_provenance":"All details are held in the War Artists Archive at IWM.","provenance":"Department of Information commission transferred to the Ministry of Information and then to the Imperial War Museum.","obtention":"Artist commission for the UK government's Department of Information, subsequently transferred to the Imperial War Museum.","bibliography":"*Shadows and Light: The Extraordinary Life of James McBey*, Soussi A., Scotland Street Press, 2022.  \n*Visions of War: Art of the Imperial War Museums*, IWM, 2023.  \n*The War Artists*, Harries M. and Harries S., Michael Joseph, 1983.","author":"Claire Brenard","keywords":["aircraft","landscape","Military engineering","military personnel","Transport"],"materials":["Watercolour and ink on paper"]},"e1be7517-b6b1-576b-8acd-653f24c29ba9":{"name":"*Hijaz Railway Station, Damascus*","alternate_name":"Main Station of the Hijaz railway leading from Damascus to Medina","description":"The Hijaz station was originally built in 1903 to provide faster transportation for Pilgrims to Medina. So the today closed-down railway station used to be an essential transport and communication link. Furthermore it was built to integrate aloof provinces better into the Ottoman state and hence establish a closer political and economic connection. The new building completed in 1917 also embodies a desire for innovation in terms of design: its architecture is a mix between traditional local Ottoman elements and monumentalizing features of historicism.","type":"Photograph; postcard","holder":"Museum of Islamic Art at the Pergamon Museum, State Museums","dates":"1955; 1996","location":"Berlin","author":"Stefan Weber"},"e42495ba-7c27-5b68-b246-c0dc7389d3b6":{"name":"The old Port of Alexandria","description":"The naval Port of Alexandria is the most important port in Egypt in terms of the volume of trade transactions that go through it. The Port of Alexandria handles almost 60 per cent of Egypt’s external trade.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Bibliotheca Alexandrina","dates":"Unknown","location":"Alexandria","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"e5e89b24-3038-55eb-a80c-b9bb6fb8a999":{"name":"A rare photo of the inauguration of the Luxor–Aswan Railway Line","description":"The Honour Guard lining up to receive the guests of the inauguration of the Luxor–Aswan railway line at the Shalal Station in 1926. One of the rare photos of the inauguration of the Luxor–Aswan railway line, with `Adli Yakan Pasha; Muhammad Najib al-Gharabli Pasha; Husayn Rushdi Pasha; Tharwat Pasha; Fathallah Barakat Pasha; Morkos Hanna Pasha; al-Dagwi Bek, director of Aswan; and Mahmud Shakir Bek, deputy undersecretary of the Ministry of Transportation in attendance, in 1926.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Bibliotheca Alexandrina","dates":"1926","location":"Alexandria","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"e92c5fac-cccf-5730-b2e6-c7774c2761e7":{"name":"The paved road between Beirut and Damascus","description":"This paved road was constructed between over a period of six years, between 1857 and 1863. It measured six metres in width and facilitated the circulation of horse-drawn carriages owned by the \"diligence\" transportation company.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Khalil Itani's Archive","dates":"1864","location":"Beirut","author":"Jeff El-Msanne","copy_editor":"Flaminia Baldwin"},"e99ec60f-9439-5be8-b2c8-63118d0cc859":{"name":"Photograph showing Beirut port after expansion","description":"This photograph shows the expanded docks and bunkers of Beirut port following the expansion works in 1890. This expansion made the port the largest of the Middle East.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Khalil Itani's Archive","dates":"1894","location":"Beirut","provenance":"Lebanon","author":"Jeff El-Msanne","copy_editor":"Flaminia Baldwin"},"ea3a91f8-4029-5f91-8e55-44b4089bf748":{"name":"*Bayt al-Barudi steamship murals, Damascus*","alternate_name":"Mural in the main reception hall of the Barudi House at the quarter of Qanawat","description":"The steamships are of one of the most important technical innovations in the nineteenth-century, because they introduced new modern possibilities of transport and trade and hence contributed to the economic transformation of the Ottoman Empire. Because of this new transportation, cities on the Euphrates or Tigris experienced drastic changes and flourished even more. This impact lead to numerous depictions of steamships in artwork, such as this mural from Bayt al-Qabbani (Damascus, built at the turn of the 19th/20th century) shows. As symbols of the new time they represent global exchange of goods, ideas and people.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Museum of Islamic Art at the Pergamon Museum, State Museums","dates":"1880-1925","location":"Berlin","author":"Stefan Weber"},"ea68ca74-8e7f-519d-98cf-82fb84aa3d58":{"name":"Medal to commemorate the inauguration of Ma'an station","description":"A nickel medal issued in AH 1322 / AD 1904 to commemorate the inauguration of Ma'an station along the route of the Hijaz Railway. On the obverse is the *tuğra* of Sultan ‘Abd al-Hamid II with the inscription “al-Ghazi” and the image of a locomotive. On the reverse is the date (AH) 1322.","type":"Honorary medal","holder":"Numismatic Museum (Ahli Bank)","dates":"1904","location":"Amman","provenance":"Turkey, Istanbul","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"ebc1fbff-c25e-5ca5-86ba-1be3dbc34cbf":{"name":"The Gallery of Machines – Section of French Telegraphic Machines, Marinoni's Continuous Paper Model [Paris Exhibition, 1878]","alternate_name":"*La galleria delle macchine: – sezione francese Macchine telegrafiche, modello Marinoni a carta continua*","description":"Two of the most important inventions of the 19th century, the rotary and four-colour printing (quadrachrome), are attributed to Augusto Ippolito Marinoni. The new machines changed the printing of journals, achieving up to 18,000 to 20,000 copies per hour. Marinoni had extraordinary success in Paris, where his factory produced 4000 samples of machines which also sold in London, Berlin and Vienna. In Italy at the time, only the journal *Il Secolo* had a \"Marinoni\".","type":"Photo from magazine","holder":"National Central Library","dates":"1878","location":"Rome","copyright":"Copyright image: Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale, Roma.","author":"Marina Minozzi","copy_editor":"Anne Dowell"},"efe60dc6-7155-5eb3-a180-d0bfbd548106":{"name":"Revenue stamp","description":"A revenue stamp issued in 1888 during the reign of Khedive Muhammad Tawfiq with the value of one dime. Written at the top is “Egypt Post” in Arabic with its French translation below it. To the left is the value of the dime in French, and in the centre is an image of one of the Giza pyramids and the Sphinx. The first postal stamp was issued in England in 1840. It bore the portrait of Queen Victoria, as suggested by Sir Roland Hill. This stamp was issued twice, in red and in blue. The United States of America was the second country in the world to use stamps, and the first Egyptian stamp was issued in 1866 by order of Khedive Ismail.","type":"Stamp","holder":"Bibliotheca Alexandrina","dates":"1888","location":"Alexandria","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"f542a798-8c47-5278-ad25-50059baf16a0":{"name":"Distance marker (milestone).","description":"A distance marker or milestone usually erected to indicate distance between two stations along a pilgrimage or trade route, this one belonging to the period of the fifth Umayyad caliph, 'Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (r. AH 66–86 / AD 685–705). The milestone is nearly square and has an inscription incised on its surface. The inscription consists of eight lines of *kufic* script. It cannot be read in its entirety because the upper section of the milestone has broken off and is missing. The legible portion reads: 'The slave of God, the commander of the faithful 'Abd al-Malik – may God's mercy be upon him – erected this stone. From here to Damascus is 109 miles'.  \n  \nVery few inscriptions have survived from the Umayyad period to the present. In addition, this milestone is significant because it shows the stylistic development of *kufic* script on stone during the Umayyad period.  \n  \nHow was object obtained by museum: The inventory states that the object was transferred from the ruins of Khan al-Hatrura at Eriha (Jericho) to the Tiled Pavilion (Çinili Köşk) in 1884 as part of the 19th-century initiative to collect artworks from across the country. The object was transferred to the Museum in 1941.","short_description":"In the early years of Islam, distance markers were erected on important trade and pilgrimage routes in order to show the distances to the travellers. These milestones bear date, patron names and toponyms related to the region, and are thus of documentary importance.","type":"Marker, marble","holder":"Museum of Turkish and Islamic Arts.","dates":"Hegira 66–86 / AD 685–705.","location":"Sultanahmet, Istanbul","dimensions":"Height 40 cm, width 30 cm, depth 9 cm.","method_for_datation":"The object was dated to 66–86 / 685–705 based on the mention in the inscription of 'Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan, who was the caliph during this period.","method_for_provenance":"Inventory records indicate that the object was found amongst the ruins of Khan al-Hatrura at Eriha and taken to the Tiled Pavilion in 1884. Since Khan al-Hatrura is further from Damascus than the inscription would infer (109 miles) it is thought that the milestone was brought to the khan from a place further to the north.","provenance":"Eriha (Jericho), near Jerusalem.","obtention":"The inventory states that the object was transferred from the ruins of Khan al-Hatrura at Eriha (Jericho) to the Tiled Pavilion (çinili Köşk) in 1884 as part of the 19th-century initiative to collect artworks from across the country. The object was transferred to the Museum in 1941.","bibliography":"Clermont-Ganneau, C., “Notes d'épigraphie et l'histoire arabes”, *Journal Asiatique* (e serie IX, avril–mai–juin) 1887, p.472–497.  \n  \nKerametli, C., “Türk ve Islam Eserleri Müzesi'nde Erken Islam Devrine Ait Kitabeler”, *Şarkiyat Mecmuası* VI (1965), Istanbul, 1966, p.20.  \n  \nölçer, N. *et al*, *Museum of Turkish and Islamic Art*, Istanbul, 2002, p.32.  \n  \nVan Berchem, M., *Matériaux pour un Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum*, *deuxieme partie, Syrie du Sud, Tome Premier, Jerusalem 'la ville'*, Cairo, 1922, p.17–18, catalogue no. 1.","linkcatalogs":"IAM_JO_EN_001","author":"Gönül Tekeli","translator":"Barry Wood","translation_copy_editor":"Mandi Gomez","keywords":["Distance marker (milestone)","marble"],"materials":["Incised marble."]},"fe87deef-c455-5755-9f18-175550fef06e":{"name":"Opening of the bridge over the Kishon (Qishon) River in the Jezreel Valley (?). A train festooned with Ottoman flags and carrying many pasengers is on the bridge, and dignitaries stand on the track.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Palestine Exploration Fund","dates":"1904-1905","location":"London","keywords":["Palestine","Railway","river","Transportation"]}}
+{"00c8cda2-d033-5a89-89e5-4f6a4483e3da":{"name":"The Hijaz Railway construction workers","description":"The Hijaz Railway was a narrow-gauge railway (1,050mm/3ft, 5 11⁄32 in track gauge) that ran from Damascus to Medina, through the Hijaz region of Saudi Arabia, with a branch line to Haifa on the Mediterranean Sea. It was a part of the Ottoman railway network and was built to extend the line from the Haydarpaşa Terminal in Istanbul beyond Damascus to the holy city of Mecca. It got no further than Medina, 400 kilometres (250mi) short of Mecca, due to the interruption of the construction works caused by the outbreak of World War I.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Istanbul University, Nadir Eserler Kütüphanesi (Rare Books Library)","dates":"Late 19th century – begining of the 20th century","location":"Istanbul","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"02125310-0cbe-5f6f-833f-c178410397b3":{"name":"Official document regarding the connection of Beirut–Damascus railway line to Beirut Port","description":"This document concerns the connection of the Beirut- Damascus railway line to Beirut port. It was signed during a large ceremony inaugurating the connection of railway lines across the country.","type":"Historical document","holder":"Khalil Itani's Archive","dates":"1919","location":"Beirut","provenance":"Lebanon","author":"Jeff El-Msanne","copy_editor":"Flaminia Baldwin"},"03762b34-622e-5cca-85b2-11ca849dd5d2":{"name":"The Hijaz Railway delegations","description":"The Hijaz Railway ran from Damascus to Medina, through the Hijaz region of Saudi Arabia, with a branch line to Haifa on the Mediterranean Sea. It was a part of the Ottoman railway network and was built to extend the line from the Haydarpaşa Terminal in Istanbul beyond Damascus to the holy city of Mecca. The main purpose of the railway was to establish a connection between the capital of the Ottoman Empire and the seat of the Islamic Caliphate, and Hijaz in Arabia, the site of the holiest shrines of Islam and the holy city of Mecca, the destination of the Hajj annual pilgrimage. Another important reason was to improve the economic and political integration of the distant Arabian provinces into the Ottoman state, and to facilitate the transportation of military forces.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Istanbul University, Nadir Eserler Kütüphanesi (Rare Books Library)","dates":"Late 19th century – beginning of the 20th century","location":"Istanbul","provenance":"Istanbul","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"0377755d-a4a5-57ef-8cca-716b1fdb2ad1":{"name":"Document recording the purchase of steamships","description":"A record from the archive of correspondence between the Sultan of Morocco Mulay al-Hasan I and his Minister of Foreign Affairs and representative in Tangier, Muhammad ibn al-‘Arabi al-Torres. It details Morocco’s order, from Italy, for the construction of a warship, the payment terms, constraints and currency exchange rates. In 1891, Morocco purchased four warships and a number of steamships.","type":"Document","holder":"General Library and Archives","dates":"1891","location":"Tetouan"},"06a3bee7-1756-596e-90e4-49becb64c66e":{"name":"Royal Brigantine","description":"Responsible for the construction and design, Torquato José Clavina was the foreman ship's carpenter at the Naval Arsenal, much admired for his skill and competence. The brigantine is a magnificent work in gilded wood, crafted by the artist Manuel Vieira, while on the broadside is a panel of zoomorphic elements over darkened gold. In the Queen Maria I style, the barge is painstakingly decorated with pinnacles, friezes, caryatides, flower-like ornaments and tile panels depicting vases of flowers in frames. On the posterior panel of the quarterdeck cabin, there is a painting of Pedro Alexandrino de Carvalho, who was responsible for painting the sovereign's private cabin. The quarterdeck cabin stands out from all the others for its richness and beauty, notably for the framed Venetian mirrors. The lower poop panel has complex and beautiful ornamentation: Amphitrite and Neptune are represented in two bas-reliefs surrounded by gilded-wood floral borders.  \nOn board were 78 paddlers with 40 oars, which made the barge glide through the water with the help of the boss and the bow oarsman. Throughout its history, the barge transported several monarchs and heads of state.  \nWith the first French invasion of November of 1807, the barge was assigned to take Queen Maria I and the rest of the royal family to the *Príncipe Real*, the ship on which they would escape to Brazil. Likewise, it was from this galley that King João VI disembarked in Lisbon following this turbulent period.  \nLater, on his first State visit in 1903, King Edward VII of England chose his oldest ally: Portugal. The Royal Brigantine headed for the British ship HMS *Victoria and Albert* to receive the monarch. This visit was followed by series of other State visits, amongst which were the visits of Kaiser William II of Germany, Émille Loubet, President of the Republic of France, and King Albert I of Belgium. The brigantine was always present.  \nDuring the Republic, the brigantine was neglected and did not glide over the river for 40 years. In 1957, on the occasion of the official visit of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, the barge crossed the waters of the Tagus for the last time.  \nIn 1963 it became part of the collection of the Museu de Marinha (Naval Museum) where it underwent restoration. The quality of the restoration saw the museum receive several honourable distinctions including that given by the World Ship Trust.","short_description":"In 1780 Queen Maria I ordered the construction of a grand royal barge: the Royal Brigantine of Queen Maria I. Its construction was destined to celebrate the betrothal of Prince João (future King João VI) to the Spanish Princess Carlota Joaquina, in 1784.  \nSymbol of power and a jewel of naval archeology, the brigantine represents more than 200 years of historical pageantry.","type":"Royal Barge (for ceremonial display)","holder":"Maritime Museum","owner":"Museu de Marinha","initial_owner":"Portuguese Royal Household","dates":"1780","location":"Lisbon, Lisbon","dimensions":"L: 29,32 m / beam w: 3,98 m","place_of_production":"Lisbon, Portugal","method_for_datation":"Technical and historical royal documentation in the Portuguese Naval Archives.","provenance":"Portuguese Navy","obtention":"In 1963 the Royal Brigantine and other royal barges were taken to the Naval Museum by order of the Naval Ministry of the time.","bibliography":"Cutileiro, A., *As Galeotas Reais*, Lisbon, 1998.  \nSilva, G. C., “A última missão do Bergantim Real”, *Revista da Armada*, Nos. 405 and 406 de Fevereiro e Março, 2007.","workshop":"Navy Arsenal","author":"Bruno Gonçalves Neves","translator":"Lili Cavalheiro","translation_copy_editor":"Mandi Gomez","keywords":["D. Maria I","galley","Royal ship"],"materials":["gilded and painted wood","Naval construction in wood"]},"088cf3bb-ffc3-56ca-8a23-9d69924c19fa":{"name":"Port of Alexandria","description":"The Port of Alexandria during the departure of King Fu`ad on a trip to Europe. The Eastern Port of Alexandria is one of the oldest ports in the world. It was established in 2000 BCE, at the ancient village of Rakotis, to serve the coastal areas of the Pharos island (now the area of Ra's al-Tin in Alexandria). To its west lies the Bay of Anfushi.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Bibliotheca Alexandrina","dates":"25 June 1928","location":"Alexandria","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"08b771ac-afdd-58cc-bc71-eaaef0f074bc":{"name":"Photograph of a steam locomotive (Krauss 74, No. 1769)","description":"The first railway in Morocco was in the north of the country. Built in 1859, it connected Tétouan to the River Martil or Rio Martin as the Spanish – who built the railway – named it. In 1887, the Belgian government ordered a small locomotive factory, based in Munich, to build some rolling stock: Krauss 74, No. 1769.","type":"Train","holder":"National Railways Office (ONCF)","dates":"Early 20th century","location":"Rabat","provenance":"France"},"09d60ee1-54a5-5bae-a827-03a474648425":{"name":"Photograph of the installation of the telephone exchange in Tangier","description":"This photograph was taken during installation of the telephone exchange at Tangier in 1883.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Itisalat al-Maghrib Museum","dates":"1883","location":"Rabat","provenance":"Tangier"},"0b61c9ae-ef04-5d1e-af0b-b7e4ab248173":{"name":"Type-writing machine","alternate_name":"Personal belonging of Dimitrija Chupovski; Mashina za pishuvanje","description":"Dimitrija Chupovski (1878-1940) was born in Papradishte near Veles, R. Macedonia in 1878. He lived in Krushevo and acquired his education in Belgrade and St. Petersburg. He was a renowned Macedonian lexicographer, textbook writer and philologist who prepared the modern grammar of Macedonian language. Chupovski also worked out the first Macedonian-Russian dictionary.","type":"Machine","holder":"Museum of Macedonia","dates":"Early 20th century","location":"Skopje","provenance":"Saint Petersburg","author":"Nada Andonovska (author)","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"0df04b1e-0995-5f3a-a767-e848e62c8fbf":{"name":"*The Bridge Carol I*","description":"The railroad bridge over the Danube that was built between 1890–1895 in South-Eastern Romania shortened the route of the Orient Express, a passenger train meant to connect Paris to Istanbul. The bridge made it possible for the Orient Express to reach Constanţa, a Black Sea port, from where ships went to Istanbul, whereas in the past the journey implied people being ferried on the Danube from Romania to Bulgaria, travelling by train to Varna (a Bulgarian Black Sea port) and then taking a ship to Istanbul. The “Carol I” bridge, which was designed by engineer Anghel Saligny and was at that time the longest in Europe, was inaugurated on 29 September 1895. In his inaugural speech, the king declared that “Romania is now owner of the shortest route between the northern seas and the countries of the Orient”.","type":"Postcard","holder":"National Museum of Romanian History","dates":"Beginning of the 20th century","location":"Bucharest"},"0e85d24e-665e-5157-bf0e-e0f313fbe465":{"name":"Air Orient Company. Planisphere. Weekly Air Service France-Syria-Indochina","description":"This 1930s Air Orient poster highlights the French airline’s east–west routes across the Middle East. From Beirut and Damascus to Baghdad and Basra, the service carried passengers and mail between Paris and the Levant. Produced in a republican France that was also a vast colonial empire, the poster embodies both the allure of modern aviation and the projection of French influence through new networks of mobility.","type":"Poster","holder":"Bibliothèque nationale de France (BNF)","dates":"1932","location":"Paris","dimensions":"28,5 x 55,5 cm"},"0e8bab0f-566b-5c60-b111-2262460c62b8":{"name":"Control Tower Airport Basrah","description":"Postcard; printed; monochrome real photograph showing the airport control tower, Basra, flying the national flag","type":"Photograph","holder":"The British Museum","owner":"The British Museum","dates":"22 July 1951 (posted)","location":"London, United Kingdom","dimensions":"Height: 14 cm; width: 8cm","place_of_production":"Baghdad","obtention":"Bought on ebay; presented by St John Simpson","catalogue_holding_link":"https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_EPH-ME-9474?selectedImageId=1613966392","keywords":["Airport","architecture","photograph"],"materials":["Paper"]},"1027a1b3-31c5-5bc1-9a9d-4a4a487bcc6d":{"name":"Char-de-côté diligence","description":"The British publisher John Murray travelled through the canton of Jura by stagecoach in 1838. He later described the trip in his *Hand-Book for Travellers* as “very rough” – hardly surprising, since the travelogue author was riding in a char-de-côté. On this type of coach, which was used primarily in France and western Switzerland, the carriage body was set at right angles to the undercarriage, so that the passengers sat sideways (*de côté*) in relation to the direction of travel. This was more uncomfortable, but it allowed these carriages to be built with a narrower wheelbase, and as a result the char-de-côté could be used even on those roads in the canton of Jura that were narrower than the standard track width of 1.4 metres. Today, no travel writer would have cause to complain about the quality of Swiss public transport, which is one of the best in Europe.","type":"Diligence","holder":"Swiss National Museum","owner":"Swiss Confederation","dates":"1870-1875","location":"Zurich","dimensions":"H: 200cm, L: 358cm, W: 148cm","method_for_datation":"Documents, exact place of production in Switzerland unknown","provenance":"Switzerland","obtention":"Donated in 1919","keywords":["Char-de-côté","Diligence","Jura","Vehicle"],"materials":["Iron","leather","painted","Wood"]},"11e4d236-bdc2-5339-827e-8d983887fbd6":{"name":"The private carriage of Queen Maria Pia","description":"Private carriage of Queen Maria Pia, offered by her father, King Victor Emmanuel, when she married the Portuguese king D. Louis in 1862. The chariot is pulled by steam locomotive D. Luiz.","type":"Photograph","holder":"National Railway Museum of Portugal","dates":"c. 1853","location":"Entroncamento"},"148b5238-d0f6-5a73-ade6-65b1ffbc8ca4":{"name":"Palanquin","short_description":"The palanquin from India, a symbol of royal power, is comprised of a wooden compartment with a woven floor and roof resembling an arch or two oyster halves seated on large poles. Engraved decorations, various shapes and motifs enhance the carriage. Thin drapes protect from prying eyes and cover the fortune carried inside the carriage. Only men of certain castes or elephants were allowed to bear the palanquin transporting royals on long journeys and brides to their wedding ceremony.  \n  \nAcross the Arabian Peninsula, palanquins receive the name *howdah* (*hawdaj*,) and carried Bedouin women on a camel’s back, frequently appearing in the poetry of the Murrah tribe. Since 1266, another variation called *mahmal* ceremonially transferred the cover of the Kaaba with the Egyptian pilgrimage to Mecca. Today, palanquins might be represented as the predecessors of bullet-proof cars with tinted windows, escorting royals and their entourage.","type":"Means of Transport","holder":"FBQ Museum","owner":"Sheikh Faisal Bin Qassim Al Thani","dates":"19th century","location":"Shahaniya","dimensions":"Length: 398cm, Width: 85cm, Height: 110cm","method_for_datation":"The date and origin were derived from an examination of material and technique in a research comparison with similar objects.","method_for_provenance":"The date and origin were derived from an examination of material and technique in a research comparison with similar objects.","provenance":"India","obtention":"Purchase","bibliography":"Behrens-Abouseif, D., \"The Mahmal Legend and the Pilgrimage of the Ladies of the Mamluk Court\", *Mamluk Studies Review*, 1 (1997): 87-96.  \nIngham, B., \"Camel Terminology Among the ĀL Murrah Bedouins\", *Zeitschrift Für Arabische Linguistik*, 22 (1990): 67–78.  \nOpler, M. E., and Shukla, S., \"Palanquin Symbolism: The Special Vocabulary of the Palanquin-Bearing Castes of North Central India\", *The Journal of American Folklore*, 81 : 321 (1968): 216–234.  \nPaolini, S., \"Palanquins on Camels and Elephants in the Islamic World\",*Vicino Oriente* (2018): 227-240.","author":"Sarah Schroeder","copy_editor":"Valerie Pulsifer","keywords":["Arabian Peninsula","Carriage","Hawdah","Mahmal","Palanquin","Palki","royal","Transportation"],"materials":["carving","Wood"]},"161d25a6-f2f3-5bd7-9bce-84afb082e31e":{"name":"The Hijaz Railway Delegations","description":"The Hijaz Railway ran from Damascus to Medina, through the Hijaz region of Saudi Arabia, with a branch line to Haifa on the Mediterranean Sea. It was a part of the Ottoman railway network and was built to extend the line from the Haydarpaşa Terminal in Istanbul beyond Damascus to the holy city of Mecca. The main purpose of the railway was to establish a connection between the capital of the Ottoman Empire and the seat of the Islamic Caliphate, and Hijaz in Arabia, the site of the holiest shrines of Islam and the holy city of Mecca, the destination of the Hajj annual pilgrimage. Another important reason was to improve the economic and political integration of the distant Arabian provinces into the Ottoman state, and to facilitate the transportation of military forces.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Istanbul University, Nadir Eserler Kütüphanesi (Rare Books Library)","dates":"Late 19th century – beginning of the 20th century","location":"Istanbul","provenance":"Istanbul","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"17b041f8-8464-54a0-bfab-c18e51639102":{"name":"A rare photo showing important guests at the inauguration of Luxor–Aswan Railway Line","description":"A group of guests at the inauguration of the Luxor–Aswan Railway Line upon disembarking at the Station of Aswan. One of the rare photos for the inauguration of the Luxor–Aswan railway line, with `Adli Yakan Pasha; Muhammad Najib al-Gharabli Pasha; Husayn Rushdi Pasha; Tharwat Pasha; Fathallah Barakat Pasha; Morkos Hanna Pasha; al-Dagwi Bek, director of Aswan; and Mahmud Shakir Bek, deputy undersecretary of the Ministry of Transportation in attendance, in 1926.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Bibliotheca Alexandrina","dates":"1927","location":"Alexandria","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"1c45a682-1820-5eee-b604-862620e6fcea":{"name":"*The Tunisian post service*","description":"This oil on canvas painting shows a scene from daily life at the Tunis post and telegraph office, built on the Rue d'Italie (now Rue Charles-de-Gaulle). One of the busiest rooms, the revenue office's great hall is, with its tremendously high ceilings, an impressive example of neo-classical architecture. Featuring elements of carved plaster and a map of Tunisia on a central marble panel, this painting faithfully reproduces the opulence of this historic building.","type":"Painting","holder":"Musée des Postes, Télégraphes et Télécommunications","dates":"1891","location":"Tunis","author":"Saloua Zangar","translator":"Flaminia Baldwin"},"1d05a82c-6016-572a-b4ab-6100639104d3":{"name":"Project for a steamship for the Sultan of Morocco, by the Fratelli Orlando shipyards (Livorno, Italy)","description":"Project drawn to a scale 1:100.  \nIn 1899, the Fratelli Orlando shipyards (Livorno, Italy) made a project of a screw steamer for the Sultan of Morocco. The steamer was to have two decks, two steam engines of 900 HP and harbour twelve passengers. The project, however, was never realised.  \nThe Fratelli Orlando shipyards built the cruiser Bascir for the Moroccan Navy and a yacht for the Khédivé of Egypt.","type":"Archival document","holder":"State Archives of Livorno","dates":"Livorno, 7 March 1899","location":"Livorno","author":"Daniela Tazzi","copy_editor":"Anne Dowell"},"1e164505-7b44-5ab0-8ab5-124407905064":{"name":"Model of the brig *Mariţa*","description":"In 1834 Wallachia and Moldavia, which were under Ottoman suzerainty, were granted by the Ottoman Empire the right to sail on the Danube using their national banners. The first Romanian ship to sail under Romanian banner was the brig “Marița”, built in the naval dockyard of the Giurgiu port. Its owner was Wallachian politician Alexandru Vilara, who gave it the name of the wife of Alexandru II Ghica, Wallachia’s ruler between 1834-1842. “Marița” began its first trip in December 1834. Its destination was Istanbul, where it transported 300 kg of wheat. It returned in June 1835 after having been seriously damaged by two storms, one of which on its way back, when the crew had to throw overboard the wine purchased from Istanbul.","type":"Mockup","holder":"National Museum of Romanian History","dates":"20th century","location":"Bucharest","provenance":"Romania"},"2186b4e6-4e67-5ef6-a1b9-1f095be746ab":{"name":"Reconstruction of a late AH 13th – early 14th century / AD 19th – early 20th-century trading vessel","alternate_name":"Al-Qasimiyya; Baghla","description":"This reconstruction of a *baghla* was commissioned by His Highness Dr Shaikh Sultan bin Mohammed Al Qasimi in 2004 to represent the most important and largest type of trading craft that plied the waters between the Gulf and India in the late 13th/ 19th century and the early 14th/ 20th century. Built by Emirati and Omani specialists, the vessel incorporates all the traditional elements of a baghla: a length of around 30 meters, two masts for lateen sails, its typically parrot-shaped stem head, its high square stern and its lavishly carved design. All these features were originally influenced by the design of Portuguese ships.","type":"Ship","holder":"Sharjah Maritime Museum / Sharjah Museums Department","dates":"2004","location":"Sharjah","provenance":"Sharjah","author":"Ulrike Al-Khamis"},"2735c542-1b56-59a7-9fac-72518fe82535":{"name":"Blueprint map of the Hijaz railway line between Damascus and Medina","short_description":"In 1900 the Ottoman Sultan Abdülhamid II (r.1876–1909) began the construction of a railway line connecting Damascus to the holy cities of Medina and Mecca. Built by public subscription and with an appeal to Muslims of the world for financial support, the railway line began from Damascus and reached Medina in 1908, never reaching Mecca.  \nThis map, which is dated 28 Huzayran 1334 (28 June 1916), shows the Hijaz railway line from Damascus to Medina and Dar‘a to Haifa, with a dotted line marking the line between Medina and Mecca (a line which was never completed). Names of stops and tribal territories are marked. The map is signed by the German Heinrich August Meissner – the chief engineer of the Hijaz railway. In 1904 he was given an official title and was known as Meissner Pasha. The original sketches for Hijaz railway maps were made by Mukhtar Bey, an accomplished engineer from Istanbul who was responsible for the original surveys of the route. They were then drawn by other officers and the blue prints signed off by Meissner, perhaps with changes. Mukhtar Bey was known as ‘Meissner’s right hand man’. The date here is notable as the Arab Revolt, which saw sections of the railway destroyed, began in June 1916.","type":"Map; chart; blue print","holder":"Khalili Family Trust – Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage Collection","dates":"1916","location":"London","dimensions":"86.5x56cm","method_for_datation":"Map is signed and dated.","provenance":"Turkey","bibliography":"Nicholson, J., *The Hejaz railway*, London: Stacey International, 2005.","author":"Qaisra Khan","keywords":["engineering","hajj","Hijaz","Hijaz Railway","Holy place","Ka'ba","Mecca","Medina","Mosque","Paper","pilgrimage","Pilgrimage route","prayer","Prophet Muhammad","Religion","travel"],"materials":["Light-sensitive paper"]},"275443d0-1d7d-5e19-a7ef-50820f9add5d":{"name":"*Convoy of pilgrims*","description":"The Hijaz Railway was a narrow-gauge railway (1,050mm/​3ft, 5 11⁄32 in track gauge) that ran from Damascus to Medina, through the Hijaz region of Saudi Arabia, with a branch line to Haifa on the Mediterranean Sea. It was a part of the Ottoman railway network and was built to extend the line from the Haydarpaşa Terminal in Istanbul beyond Damascus to the holy city of Mecca. It got no further than Medina, 400 kilometres (250mi) short of Mecca, due to the construction interruption caused by the outbreak of World War I. The main purpose of the railway was to establish a connection between Constantinople, the capital of the Ottoman Empire and the seat of the Islamic Caliphate, and Hijaz in Arabia, the site of the holiest shrines of Islam and the holy city of Mecca, the destination of the Hajj (annual pilgrimage).","type":"Photograph","holder":"Istanbul University, Nadir Eserler Kütüphanesi (Rare Books Library)","dates":"19th century","location":"Istanbul","provenance":"Istanbul","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"281a9738-8bd7-5011-a3f4-2866ccff808e":{"name":"Official document regarding the inauguration of the Beirut–Damascus railway","description":"This document records the inauguration of the Ottoman Beirut-Damascus-Hawran railway company, headed by Hasan Effendi Bayham.","type":"Historical document","holder":"Khalil Itani's Archive","dates":"1913","location":"Beirut","provenance":"Lebanon","author":"Jeff El-Msanne","copy_editor":"Flaminia Baldwin"},"2df2a99c-f05a-558e-8d81-8b162f9ec137":{"name":"Photographic print postcard","alternate_name":"postcard; photographic print","description":"Postcard; printed; real photograph; monochrome photograph showing Straight Street near the Bab Charki gate in Damascus. Pedestrians, a horse and carriage in the background.","type":"Photograph","holder":"The British Museum","dates":"1930s","location":"London, United Kingdom","dimensions":"Height: 8,80 cm; width: 14cm","place_of_production":"Damascus","provenance":"Damascus","obtention":"Bequeathed by Frank Hall Jr in 2013.","catalogue_holding_link":"https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_EPH-ME-2062","keywords":["Gate","photograph","print","Road","Transport"],"materials":["Paper"]},"3018b07a-449e-5452-bb78-bbcfe4a57bdc":{"name":"Beirut Port Train Station","description":"This station was used to deliver supplies from Beirut port to the main train station in Beirut, located in Mar Mikhael. The station was an important addition to the region's trade system, linking the sea routes the land routes.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Ministry of Transportation","dates":"1903","location":"Beirut","author":"Jeff El-Msanne","copy_editor":"Flaminia Baldwin"},"306384fa-6be0-53e2-bb1c-49791baeb562":{"name":"Jordanian Passport of Jamal Mesyef, 7 November 1979","description":"This passport for a Jordanian citizen expresses the new norms for international travel that developed after the fall of the Ottoman Empire and the rise of Middle Eastern nation-states. Travel documentation such as this provided new pathways and rights for international travellers to do things like go on pilgrimage, yet became a privilege not guaranteed to citizens of these states.","type":"Passport","holder":"The Palestinian Museum","owner":"Jamal Mesyef Family","initial_owner":"Jamal Mesyef","dates":"1979","location":"Birzeit","provenance":"Jordan","catalogue_holding_link":"https://www.palarchive.org/index.php/Detail/objects/233239/lang/en_US","copy_editor":"Sajeda Jaradat","keywords":["Passport–Jordan–International travel–Pilgrimage"],"materials":["leather","Paper"]},"30d81d9b-e0ff-5637-818a-498c9971880e":{"name":"Coach belonging to King João V","description":"A brilliant example of a royal ceremonial vehicle, the coach was built in Portugal during the first half of the 18th century. It is generally agreed that it was commissioned by King D. João V for his personal use. Its gilt carving is attributed to the sculptor José de Almeida whose brother, Felix Vicente de Almeida, was an architect and sculptor attached to the royal household. The coach clearly reflects the transition between the Louis XIV and Louis XV styles, although there is also an obvious Italian influence in the decoration. This is not surprising since José de Almeida studied in Rome under Carlo Monaldi. According to Max Terrier the coachwork may have been executed by Filipe Juvara, an Italian sculptor working in Portugal for King D. João V.  \nThe main features are the elegant curving lines and the Rococo-style rippling movement enhanced by the *bombé* shape of the side panels and doors, typical of Regency furniture during the period (1715–1723). The four side-sections of the body bear elegant carvings of female figures holding castles, attended by genii. The bodywork is covered by woodcarving and chiselled bronze finials, handles and springs, in the form of young women's heads, known as *espagnolettes*, much in vogue all over Europe at the time. According to Luciano Freire the paintings were executed by José da Costa Negreiros, a Portuguese painter and a disciple of André Gonçalves. On the other hand Luis Keil believes the painting could be attributed to the French painter, Pierre Antoine Quillard, (1701-33) a disciple of Antoine Watteau. Apparently, Quillard arrived in Lisbon to serve the Portuguese court where “he executed not only religious paintings but also portraits, palace interiors and coach panels”.  \nThe interior of the coach is lined with rich red velvet and the rear wheels are decorated with small carvings representing the 12 signs of the zodiac.","short_description":"This coach was built in Portugal during the first half of the 18th century.  \nDecorated in the rococo style with French and Italian influences, it has a closed body with elegant curving lines and glazed windows. The interior of the coach is lined with red velvet and the rear wheels are decorated with the 12 signs of the zodiac.","type":"Vehicle","holder":"National Coach Museum","owner":"Museu dos Coches","initial_owner":"King D. João V","dates":"First half of the 18th century","location":"Lisbon, Lisbon","dimensions":"H: 641 cm; w: 215 cm; depth: 342 cm","place_of_production":"Lisbon","method_for_datation":"Historical evidence and stylistic analysis","provenance":"Royal Household (1905)","obtention":"The coach belonged to the Portuguese royal household. It was given to the museum when it was founded in 1905 by Queen D. Amelia of Orleans and Braganza.","bibliography":"Freire, L., *Catálogo do Museu Nacional dos Coches*, Lisbon, 1923.  \nKeil, L*.*, *Catálogo do Museu Nacional dos Coches*, Lisbon, 1964.  \nGuedes, M. N. C., *O Museu Nacional dos Coches*, Lisbon, 1986.  \nBessone, S., *O Museu Nacional dos Coches,* Lisbon, 1993.","workshop":"International Baroque movement; Rococo style","copyright":"Copyright images: Divisão de Documentação Fotográfica/ Instituto dos Museus e da Conservação, I.P.","author":"Maria Ana Bobone","translator":"Lili Cavalheiro","translation_copy_editor":"Mandi Gomez","keywords":["Coach","horse-drawn vehicle"],"materials":["Bronze","bronze: melted","gilded","glass","leather","painted and gilded","silk and velvet","soldered","Wood","wood: carved"]},"3198ae9c-013b-5b14-b430-71d27c928c5a":{"name":"Sedan chair","description":"The sedan chair is a typical shape, with an S-curve back, a door at the front and a graceful roof. The slender gilt structural framework, which is curved and mobile, has moderate carved volutes and leaf and shell motifs. The door and sides are equipped with glazed apertures, which open by lowering. The remaining surfaces are light green with the edges painted with a dignified garland of multicoloured flowers. Painted on the upper panel of the chair-back is the Dubrovnik-based patrician Zamagna family’s coat of arms. The graceful roof, covered with black leather, secures with a decorative edging of brass. There are two fitments for the shafts on the sides. The interior has one seat located at the rear. Like the cushion, the seat upholstery is red silk damask. The curtains are white silk damask enhanced with haberdashery trimmings.","short_description":"The sedan chair is a typical shape, with a graceful roof covered with black leather, a glazed door and sides, slender, curving mobile framework decorated with gilt carving, and light-green painted panels edged with a dignified garland of multicoloured flowers. On the upper panel of the chair-back is the painted coat of arms of the patrician Zamagna family. Like the cushion, the seat upholstery is red silk damask. The curtains are white silk damask enhanced with haberdashery trimmings.","type":"Carrier","holder":"Dubrovnik Cultural History Museum","dates":"Mid-18th century","location":"Dubrovnik, Dalmatia","dimensions":"H: 175 cm; w: 84 cm; d: 98.5 cm","place_of_production":"Naples (?)","method_for_datation":"By stylistic analysis and comparative method.","obtention":"Purchased from the Ragusan nobleman, Riko Zamagna, in 1945(?)","bibliography":"Vilać, P., *Sedan Chairs and Clothes in the Museum Collection of the Rector's Palace*, Zagreb, 1993.","author":"Pavica Vilać","translator":"Graham McMaster","translation_copy_editor":"Mandi Gomez","keywords":["brass","coat of arms","floral decoration","gilded wood","gilding","Italian influence","leather","painting","silk","wood carving"],"materials":["brass plate","carved and gilded wood","damask (silk)","fringes","galloons","glass","leather","paintings (oil on wood panel)"]},"341be9d6-6bac-5978-aa0e-844e03633f92":{"name":"The port of Brăila","description":"In 1829, an annex to the peace treaty of Edirne, that was concluded after the Russo-Ottoman war of 1828-1829, concerned the Principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia. One of its provisions was that the Sublime Porte had to give back to Wallachia the three cities situated on the left bank of the Danube, which it had conquered in the 15h-16th centuries. Among these was Brăila, a port on the Danube annexed by the Ottomans at around 1540. After 1829 measures were taken by the local authorities for the modernization of Brăila. The port subsequently developed thanks to the growth of Wallachian commerce as a consequence of the fact that by the treaty of Edirne the Ottoman Empire granted the freedom of commerce to the Romanian Principalities. In 1838 Brăila was given the status of free port (with no or few customs duties).","type":"Engraving","holder":"National Museum of Romanian History","dates":"1880","location":"Bucharest"},"343b5161-2634-5e60-ba87-3693490baf83":{"name":"Electric telegraph machine","description":"An electric telegraph machine designed by Samuel Morse, comprises a receiver, a key or lever spring and a speaker on which the following is written: “Speaker with Removable Shade Son, Market September 1, 1924, G. Minssart builder Paris”.","type":"Telegraph machine","holder":"Itisalat al-Maghrib Museum","dates":"1907","location":"Rabat","provenance":"Paris"},"348c2a80-0242-562a-93bb-7572f6c98b1b":{"name":"Map of Beirut port","description":"This map shows Beirut port after its expansion in 1890.","type":"Map","holder":"Khalil Itani's Archive","dates":"1890","location":"Beirut","author":"Jeff El-Msanne","copy_editor":"Flaminia Baldwin"},"372e3810-b18e-5d0c-b107-9bd837cefb1e":{"name":"Hijaz Railway Medal","description":"Medal of the Hijaz Railway fund. In September 1900, (the 25th anniversary of Sultan Abdul Hamid’s accession to throne) he addressed a call for all the Muslims all over the world to collect donations for establishing a railway between Damascus and the holy places to facilitate transporting the pilgrims. The call was responded to enthusiastically and with great support from all Muslims. Sultan Abdul Hamid II began the donations with 300,000 Ottoman gold lira, then kings and heads of Islamic world donated money or materials for setting the railway. The donations continued till 1907. On this occasion the sultan issued gold, silver and nickel medals to donors – for instance a nickel medal given to whoever donated 5-50 Lira, a silver medal for whoever donated 50-100 Lira and named them bey, and for donations of more than 100 Lira a gold medal and the title of Pasha. After that the donation become compulsory in which the officials disclaim a one month salary. This is a gilt nickel medal issued AH 1318 / AD 1900. On its obverse, within a wreath: tuğra of sultan Abdul Hamid II with \"al-Ghazi\" and form of locomotive and the date ١٣١۸ (AH 1318) below. On reverse, حميديه حجاز تيمور يولنه خدمت ايدن حميتمندانه مخصوص مدالية در (\"Medal reserved to patriots who have served the Hamidiye Hijaz Railway\") written in Divan script.","type":"Honorary medals","holder":"Numismatic Museum (Ahli Bank)","dates":"1900","location":"Amman","provenance":"Ottoman empire","author":"Aida Naghawy","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"387152c3-f2e6-5090-9494-72805f950568":{"name":"AUB Tramway","description":"The Beirut tramway, which covered a total of 12 kilometres in the city's centre, was opened in April 1908, during the Ottoman era. It was used all through the French Mandate era and was finally closed in September 1965.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Lebscape","dates":"1910","location":"Hamra","provenance":"Lebanon","author":"Jeff El-Msanne","copy_editor":"Flaminia Baldwin"},"3879757a-f06b-5c78-885b-5bf3ddf848b8":{"name":"*Convoy of pilgrims*","description":"The Hijaz Railway was a narrow-gauge railway (1,050mm/​3ft, 5 11⁄32 in track gauge) that ran from Damascus to Medina, through the Hijaz region of Saudi Arabia, with a branch line to Haifa on the Mediterranean Sea. It was a part of the Ottoman railway network and was built to extend the line from the Haydarpaşa Terminal in Istanbul beyond Damascus to the holy city of Mecca. It got no further than Medina, 400 kilometres (250mi) short of Mecca, due to the construction interruption caused by the outbreak of World War I. The main purpose of the railway was to establish a connection between Constantinople, the capital of the Ottoman Empire and the seat of the Islamic Caliphate, and Hijaz in Arabia, the site of the holiest shrines of Islam and the holy city of Mecca, the destination of the Hajj (annual pilgrimage).","type":"Photograph","holder":"Istanbul University, Nadir Eserler Kütüphanesi (Rare Books Library)","dates":"19th century","location":"Istanbul","provenance":"Istanbul","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"388c8605-7211-5829-b5d8-9e4bc739a3af":{"name":"Photograph of the extension of the telephone network in Tangier","description":"A photograph taken in 1920 showing the installation of a new telegraph pole and wiring in order to extend the telephone network that had been installed in Tangier since 1883.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Itisalat al-Maghrib Museum","dates":"1920","location":"Rabat","provenance":"Tangier"},"39965ec4-de1b-54df-b13b-6f3de0ef242b":{"name":"Morse transmitter","description":"In 1840, the Ministry of Post made an announcement describing the postal service, declaring it necessary in order to facilitate communication among people. The first regulations about the postal organisation were taken from French Law in 1840. Ottoman Postal Code included 44 specific headlines. In 1855 the first telegraph service and in 1909 the first telephone service were put into common use as a demonstration of modern communication. In order to improve the technology of the telegraph systems, Ottoman authorities imported well-known machines with trademarks such as Siemens & Halske and Western Electric. As a result of this technological improvement, Ottoman officials decided to establish a telegraph factory. Between 1869 and 1915, this factory produced many devices and accessories.","type":"Electronic","holder":"Istanbul Postal Museum","dates":"1930","location":"Istanbul","provenance":"Istanbul","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"3b3c9b35-91d8-5460-af41-e16d0268e789":{"name":"Orient Express Poster","description":"The Orient Express, owned by the Wagon-Lits Company, connected Paris and Istanbul between 1883 and 1977. French, German, Austrian and Ottoman diplomats and civil servants were on board for its first journey. In the early years, the travellers stayed in different hotels in Istanbul but starting from 1895, passengers stayed exclusively in Pera Palace, which was bought by the Wagon-Lits Company. The Orient Express did not run during World War I, from 1914 to 1918.","type":"Poster","holder":"Ömer M. Koç Collection","dates":"1898","location":"Istanbul","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"3c0de00c-d143-5139-b9fd-ae28536aadec":{"name":"Map of the Beirut–Damascus railway","description":"This map shows the railway line connecting Beirut and Damascus. The table on the right shows the distance between each city along horse tracks.","type":"Map","holder":"Khalil Itani's Archive","dates":"1910","location":"Beirut","provenance":"Lebanon","author":"Jeff El-Msanne","copy_editor":"Flaminia Baldwin"},"3c52a005-d0c2-55da-8df4-9e080881dd43":{"name":"Muslimie. The Baghdad Railway : 'The vital point', looking north. The line branches and the section to the left goes to Constantinople, and that to the right to Baghdad.","description":"View across a bomb damaged railway intersection. Four railway tracks converge with two main tracks running into the distance, one straight on and the other curving away to the right. To the left is an abandoned steam engine, with debris on the ground beside it. Two dismounted soldiers stand with their horses to the right, near to a large building. There appears to be a gathering of mounted troops in the middle distance.","type":"Artwork","holder":"IWM","owner":"IWM","initial_owner":"IWM","dates":"6.11.1918","location":"London","dimensions":"Unframed height: 27,9 cm; unframed width: 48,2 cm","place_of_production":"Syria","method_for_datation":"All details are held in the War Artists Archive at IWM.","method_for_provenance":"All details are held in the War Artists Archive at IWM.","provenance":"Department of Information commission transferred to the Ministry of Information and then to the Imperial War Museum.","obtention":"Artist commission for the UK government's Department of Information, subsequently transferred to the Imperial War Museum.","bibliography":"*Shadows and Light: The Extraordinary Life of James McBey*, Soussi A., Scotland Street Press, 2022.  \n*Visions of War: Art of the Imperial War Museums*, IWM, 2023.  \n*The War Artists*, Harries M. and Harries S., Michael Joseph, 1983.","author":"Claire Brenard","keywords":["bomb damage","landscape","military personnel","Railways","war debris"],"materials":["Watercolour and ink on paper"]},"3e423cff-0065-54f2-9ad6-2060de93303b":{"name":"Barometer","description":"This barometer was a fixture of the Ottoman Anatolian Railway Company (CFOA – Chemin de fer Otoman d'Anatolie), 19th century.","type":"Scientific instrument","holder":"Istanbul Railway Museum","dates":"1888","location":"Istanbul","provenance":"Istanbul","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"41b66680-5678-5938-9b4d-b08f12206eb9":{"name":"Postcard of the Hejaz Railway Station","description":"Postcard; printed; real photograph; monochrome photograph showing the Hejaz railway station in Damascus with several people and carriages at the entrance.","type":"Photograph","holder":"The British Museum","owner":"The British Museum","dates":"1920s-1930s (circa)","location":"London, United Kingdom","dimensions":"Height: 8,80 cm; width: 13,9 cm","place_of_production":"Damascus, Syria","obtention":"Bequeathed by Frank Hall Jr in 2013.","catalogue_holding_link":"https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_EPH-ME-2063","keywords":["architecture","Railway","station","Syria","Transportation"],"materials":["Paper"]},"4318dbfb-9a52-562e-8cea-6daf8a6a9d78":{"name":"Rumelia Railway","description":"During the 19th century, new technologies radically transformed both travel and communications. The first railway in Anatolia was constructed between Izmir and Aydin. Ottoman railways were mainly built during the period of Abdülhamid II. The first railway in the Republic of Turkey was part of the İzmir-Aydın line, founded by a British company in 1860. The İzmir-Kasaba line was built in 1865, the Rumeli line in 1869-77, the Anatolia-Baghdad line in 1872 and the Mudanya-Bursa line in 1892.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Istanbul University, Nadir Eserler Kütüphanesi (Rare Books Library)","dates":"Late 19th century","location":"Istanbul","provenance":"Istanbul","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"447b3071-8472-521a-b586-24ed31569284":{"name":"Official Hijaz Railway Postcard","type":"Postcard","holder":"Khalili Family Trust – Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage Collection","dates":"early 20th century","location":"London","dimensions":"Height: 14,1 cm; Width: 9,1cm","provenance":"Germany","catalogue_holding_link":"https://khalilicollections.org/collections/hajj-and-the-arts-of-pilgrimage/official-hijaz-railway-postcard-arc-pc-432/","keywords":["Construction","Muzayrib","photography","postcard","tunnel"]},"4543ccbf-dceb-5300-941b-8c2f10ba3b29":{"name":"The port of Galaţi","description":"After the Russian annexation of Bessarabia (the eastern part of Moldavia) in 1812 and until the restoration by Russia of Southern Bessarabia (1856), Galați remained Moldavia’s only port on the Danube. Understanding the city’s importance for Moldavia’s economy and wanting to ensure its development, prince Mihail Sturdza, who was appointed ruler of Moldavia by the Sublime Porte in 1834, issued in 1836 an act stipulating that Galați was to be a free port (with no or few customs duties) starting with March 1837. Also, a new neighborhood was to be built based on modern urban planning prescriptions and Galați received the right to organize annually five national fairs, during which traders from everywhere could sell any type of products.","type":"Lithograph","holder":"National Museum of Romanian History","dates":"First half of the 19th century","location":"Bucharest"},"45d767b4-fcfa-5a22-97f1-6135821c6624":{"name":"Figure sleigh 'Triton'","description":"The “Triton” sleigh at the Swiss National Museum is one of the most interesting and beautiful pieces of the respective collection. Built in the second half of the seventeenth century, it belonged to the family Pfyffer von Altishofen. The sculptures’ exquisite carvings are attributed to the artist Hans Wilhelm Tüfel (1631–1695) of Sursee. The style elements such as the dolphins’ open mouths, the “Triton”, and the fish on the runners were inspired by the Fontana del Tritone at Piazza Barberini in Rome. The Pfyffer family had close ties to Rome, given that, over the course of time, eleven family members served as commanders of the Swiss Papal Guard. Special features of the sleigh include that it could be drawn by either one or two horses and that the large open shell provided space for two passengers apart from the driver who sat on a special platform at the back. Showpiece sleighs like this were used primarily by the nobility for their pleasure outings through the snowy winter landscape and during carnival. The sleigh was donated to the museum by a wealthy brewer from Zofingen in 1934 and now presents itself again in its original splendour.","type":"Sleigh","holder":"Swiss National Museum","owner":"Swiss Confederation","dates":"Around 1680","location":"Zurich","dimensions":"H: 194cm, L: 280cm, W: 100cm","method_for_datation":"The carvings were attributed to Hans Wilhelm Tüfel, who lived in Sursee.","provenance":"Switzerland, Sursee","obtention":"Donated in 1934","keywords":["figure sleigh","sleigh","Triton","winter"],"materials":["carved","Wood"]},"45f8402d-e18b-5199-b2ae-ecde35d016ae":{"name":"The train for VIP guests used during the inauguration of Luxor–Aswan Railway Line","description":"The inauguration of the Aswan Train Station, with \\`Adli Yakan Pasha; Muhammad Najib al-Gharabli Pasha; Husayn Rushdi Pasha; Tharwat Pasha; Fathallah Barakat Pasha; Morkos Hanna Pasha; al-Dagwi Bek, director of Aswan; and Mahmud Shakir Bek, deputy undersecretary of the Ministry of Transportation in attendance. This project took about 10 months, its length is about 218 kilometres and its cost was about 267,000 pounds.  \nThe Luxor–Aswan line was very important as Aswan city was the centre of trade routes from Nubia and Sudan.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Bibliotheca Alexandrina","dates":"1926","location":"Alexandria","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"4acd8717-82fe-538c-b4c9-53b16ce962bb":{"name":"The plan of Haydarpaşa Train Station","description":"The original plan of Haydarpaşa Train Station, viewed from northern frontage. In 1871 Sultan Abdülaziz ordered a rail line to be built from Haydarpaşa to İzmit. Haydarpaşa station opened in 1872, and in 1888 the Anatolian Railway (CFOA) took over the line and the station. Since the station was built next to the Bosporus, freight trains would unload at Haydarpaşa and the freight would be transferred to ships. Haydarpaşa was chosen to be the northern terminus of the Baghdad Railway and the Hijaz Railway in 1904 and with rail traffic increasing, a new and larger building was required. The Anatolian Railway hired two German architects, Otto Ritter and Helmut Conu, to build the new building. They chose a neo-classical structure and construction started in 1906.","type":"Plan","holder":"Istanbul Railway Museum","dates":"Late 19th – early 20th century","location":"Istanbul","provenance":"Istanbul","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"4b55c559-2654-5a6f-a502-72a32dfa2c6a":{"name":"Photo of the Aswan Railways inauguration","description":"The inauguration of the Aswan Train Station, with `Adli Yakan Pasha; Muhammad Najib al-Gharabli Pasha; Husayn Rushdi Pasha; Tharwat Pasha; Fathallah Barakat Pasha; Morkos Hanna Pasha; al-Dagwi Bek, director of Aswan; and Mahmud Shakir Bek, deputy undersecretary of the Ministry of Transportation in attendance. The Egyptian railway line was the first to be established in Africa and the Middle East, and the second worldwide after the United Kingdom. The establishment of the first railway line in Egypt began on 12 June 1851, and it became operable in 1854. The Egyptian railway construction project supervisor at that time was British engineer Robert Stephenson, son of the famous inventor of locomotives, George Stephenson. The Aswan train station is one of the most important railway lines constructed during the reign of King Fu`ad.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Bibliotheca Alexandrina","dates":"1926","location":"Alexandria","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"4e0e7286-5def-51f5-b4c3-162106c6828c":{"name":"Silverware used on the Orient Express","description":"After the Crimean War, Ottoman authorities concluded that a railway connecting Europe with Istanbul was necessary. The construction of a new terminal building began on 11 February 1888. The terminal building is one of the most famous examples of European Orientalism, and has influenced the designs of other architects. The Orient Express was the name of a long-distance passenger train service originally operated by the *Compagnie Internationale des Wagons-Lits*. The route passed through Strasbourg, Karlsruhe, Stuttgart, Ulm, and Munich in Germany, Vienna in Austria, Budapest in Hungary, Bucharest in Romania, Rousse and Varna in Bulgaria and ending in Sirkeci.","type":"Goods","holder":"Istanbul Railway Museum","dates":"19th century","location":"Istanbul","provenance":"Istanbul","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"4e299372-2148-578c-ac70-4b781a5ad8ce":{"name":"*The First Train in Spain: Inaugurated 28 October 1848*","alternate_name":"*Primer ferrocarril de España, inaugurado en el 28 de Octubre de 1848*","description":"The railway connecting Barcelona and Mataró was the first one to be inaugurated in Spain. This train connected two important industrial hubs of Catalonia, as an example of the industrial development of this area in the middle of the 19th century.","type":"Print; Painting","holder":"National Museum of Decorative Arts","dates":"1848","location":"Madrid","author":"Ana Cabrera","copy_editor":"Anne Dowell"},"516fb30e-cfe7-561e-9b29-aead5f976416":{"name":"Tabuk Station on the Hejaz Railway.","description":"Single storey station building set in a desert landscape alongside a curved section of railway line, with a defensive blockhouse standing nearby.","type":"Photograph","holder":"IWM","owner":"IWM","dates":"1908-1913","location":"London","dimensions":"Height: 15 cm, Width: 20 cm","place_of_production":"Saudi Arabia","method_for_provenance":"Details held in Photograph Archive records in IWM Museum Archive.","obtention":"Donation as part of the T E Lawrence Collection.","author":"Alan Wakefield","keywords":["Hejaz Railway","ottoman empire","Transport"],"materials":["Black and White photographic print"]},"51be354a-b339-5d93-8690-4f26618ea9fb":{"name":"Tramway","description":"This railway carraige from the French Bône-Guelma company inaugurated, in April 1879, the opening of the first section of a 100 km long line which connected Tunis to Algeria. In 1800 it also acquired the Tuni-Sousse and Tunis-Bizerte lines, and thus gained a monopoly over the construction of railway lines in Tunisia, while the Italians bought the small Tunis-La Goulette-La Marsa (TGM) railway track.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Institut Supérieur d’Histoire Contemporaine de la Tunisie","dates":"Early 20th century","location":"La Manouba, Tunis","author":"Saloua Zangar","translator":"Flaminia Baldwin"},"51c01d82-0b4a-5399-8607-c519021252c0":{"name":"Switchboard (*Telefon Santrali*)","description":"In 1840, the Ministry of Post made an announcement describing the postal service, declaring it necessary in order to facilitate communication among people. The first regulations about the postal organisation were taken from French Law in 1840. Ottoman Postal Code included 44 specific headlines. In 1855 the first telegraph service and in 1909 the first telephone service were put into common use as a demonstration of modern communication. In order to improve the technology of the telegraph systems, Ottoman authorities imported well-known machines with trademarks such as Siemens & Halske and Western Electric. As a result of this technological improvement, Ottoman officials decided to establish a telegraph factory. Between 1869 and 1915 this factory produced many devices and accessories.","type":"Electronic","holder":"Istanbul Postal Museum","dates":"1895","location":"Istanbul","provenance":"Istanbul","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"544117f8-c7fb-5075-b36e-315986c47bec":{"name":"Transport plan of Beirut","description":"This map shows a plan of transport terminals in Beirut in 1891.","type":"Print","holder":"Khalil Itani's Archive","dates":"1891","location":"Beirut","author":"Jeff El-Msanne","copy_editor":"Flaminia Baldwin"},"587837e2-ba2c-5d56-b39a-b5dcb62c7f11":{"name":"Model of traditional pearling boat","alternate_name":"Sama'a","description":"This type of boat represents the most common type of vessel that was involved in the pearling trade in Sharjah. Throughout the Arabian Gulf, several types of boats such as the Jalboot, Sambooq, Battil and the Sama'a, although in fact multi-purpose, were used for pearling at the peak of the industry in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Depending on the boat and size, the boats had the capacity to carry between 10 and 100 crew. This model is of the 'Saku', a Sama'a-type boat originally belonging to Juma Al Sari, the father of the model donor.","type":"Wooden boat model","holder":"Sharjah Maritime Museum / Sharjah Museums Department","dates":"Hegira first half of the 14th century / AD 20th century","location":"Sharjah","provenance":"Sharjah Emirate","author":"Ulrike Al-Khamis"},"58b9817a-c39c-5ed0-9922-32e3e0ccbd6a":{"name":"The bronze statue representing 22 countries of member of Universal Postal Union","description":"The Universal Postal Union was created in 1874, initially under the name \"General Postal Union\", as a result of the Treaty of Bern signed on 9 October 1874. The UPU is a specialized agency of the United Nations that coordinates postal policies among member nations, in addition to the worldwide postal system. Transportation freedom is guaranteed with this treaty.","type":"Statue","holder":"Istanbul Postal Museum","dates":"1874","location":"Istanbul","provenance":"Istanbul","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"59c09c6e-e0cc-5963-83cc-fd6b4aea8244":{"name":"Bakırköy Railway Station","description":"During the 19th century, new technologies radically transformed both travel and communications. The first railway in Anatolia was constructed between Izmir and Aydin. Ottoman railways were mainly built during the period of Abdülhamid II. The first railway in the Republic of Turkey was part of the İzmir-Aydın line, founded by a British company in 1860. The İzmir-Kasaba line was built in 1865, the Rumeli line in 1869-77, the Anatolia-Baghdad line in 1872 and the Mudanya-Bursa line in 1892.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Istanbul University, Nadir Eserler Kütüphanesi (Rare Books Library)","dates":"Late 19th century","location":"Istanbul","provenance":"Istanbul","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"5b74420d-61f0-5db6-8b22-107ce274c47e":{"name":"The Train Station from Anatolia","description":"During the 19th century, new technologies radically transformed both travel and communications. The first railway in Anatolia was constructed between Izmir and Aydin. Ottoman railways were mainly built during the period of Abdülhamid II. The first railway in the Republic of Turkey was part of the İzmir-Aydın line, founded by a British company in 1860. The İzmir-Kasaba line was built in 1865, the Rumeli line in 1869-77, the Anatolia-Baghdad line in 1872 and the Mudanya-Bursa line in 1892.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Istanbul University, Nadir Eserler Kütüphanesi (Rare Books Library)","dates":"Late 19th century","location":"Istanbul","provenance":"Istanbul","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"5e4318a5-d6ea-59f6-b209-38ea0cff4654":{"name":"Postal map","description":"The network of routes for sending messages and transporting troops and supplies was carried out with a relay system, established in the 16th century in the Ottoman Empire. The messengers, who conveyed dispatches throughout the country, were identified as the Tatars. Private or personal correspondence was not a part of that relay system; it was built to fulfil governmental needs. Because of this reason the *reaya* (public) created an alternative postal method by using caravans, pilgrims, and private couriers called *ulaks*. The *Tanzimat* Decree, which was the declaration of process included reformation, modernization and westernization in 1839, proved that the Ottoman Empire was focused on its policy of changing governing to be more like modern Western European-style administrative practices.","type":"Map","holder":"Istanbul Postal Museum","dates":"1911","location":"Istanbul","provenance":"Istanbul","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"60b8885d-3137-5d4a-a32b-9222e6ec69cb":{"name":"Two bills from Beirut port","description":"Two bills from Beirut port, both for a value of 22 Ottoman pounds. The bill on the right is dated to 1 September 1895 and the bill on the left is dated to 24 July 1899.","type":"Bills; bonds","holder":"Khalil Itani's Archive","dates":"1895–1899","location":"Beirut","provenance":"Lebanon","author":"Jeff El-Msanne","copy_editor":"Flaminia Baldwin"},"61c3f6f4-ae5b-5188-a071-b1ffe734cb27":{"name":"Messageries Maritimes's Istanbul-themed posters","description":"*Messageries maritimes* was a French merchant shipping company. When it began, it operated on routes to the Middle East. Its ships were used as troop transports during the Crimean War, and were so helpful for the army that the Emperor gave the company the right to operate on the Bordeaux-Brazil route as thanks. This was the first French transatlantic line equipped with steamers. The following year, the *Société générale maritime* (later called *Compagnie générale transatlantique*) received the North Atlantic lines. From 1871 to 1914 the shipping company, now called *Compagnie des messageries maritimes*, saw its Golden Age.","type":"Poster","holder":"Ömer M. Koç Collection","dates":"1909","location":"Istanbul","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"61eb1293-6209-599c-bd83-34f180e3bec2":{"name":"*The Port of Constanţa*","description":"The Black Sea port of Constanța underwent its first modernization while Dobruja, the province where it is situated, was under Ottoman control. In 1857, when the Ottoman government hired a British company to build a railway in Dobruja, the concluded contract also stipulated the reconstruction of the Constanța port. Completed in 1864, it was still a small harbor with a wooden dock, a dam and one cereals depot. After Dobruja was annexed by Romania, a law was issued in 1885 for the “improvement and augmentation” of the port. In 1896 its modernization was leased to a French enterprise but due to some disagreements, three years later the state took over the works, which were led by architect Anghel Saligny. Inaugurated in 1909, the new port had 3 dams, several docks, depots, silos, an oil basin, an electric plant.","type":"Postcard","holder":"National Museum of Romanian History","dates":"1906","location":"Bucharest"},"640180dd-059b-54fe-a33c-0700c3dd70f8":{"name":"Photograph of the Beirut–Aleppo railway","description":"The second railway built in Lebanon opened in 1906 and ran from Beirut to Aleppo in present-day Syria. It connected with the first railway line at Riyaq. The connection between Aleppo and Beirut, a well-equipped and sizeable port, decreased trade in Alexandretta, the traditional port for merchandise leaving or entering Syria. Alexandretta was not connected to Aleppo by rail until 1914. Aleppo and Northern Syria became increasingly important as links between Damascus and Beirut were consolidated. This also marked the increasing importance of Beirut as a powerful city in the region and not only as a Mediterranean port.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Ministry of Transportation","dates":"1906","location":"Beirut","author":"Hady El Hajj","copy_editor":"Flaminia Baldwin"},"670372b2-f67e-5ac4-8b1b-28c10cd4bd8e":{"name":"Section of a rail from Hijaz Railway with commemorative inscription","description":"In September 1900, Sultan Abdul Hamid addressed a call for all Muslims all over the world to collect donations to establish a railway between Damascus and the holy places to facilitate transporting the pilgrims. The call was responded to enthusiastically and with the great support of all Muslims. The cost of the project was estimated at approximately five million Ottoman golden lira which were provided from: donations, the revenues of the Ottoman State earned from the sale of the stamps, and a special tax upon all the citizens for the railway. Construction of the narrow-gauge track (105cm) whose axle weight was (10.5 tonnes) began in 1900 with a wire telegraph line along its side connecting Damascus with Medina across Amman with a total track length of 1303km. The construction of the project ended in 1908. All the tracks and the stations were completed as detailed below: Mezerib Dera'a section, September 1901; Dera'a Al-Zarqa section, September 1902; Al-Zarqa Amman section, September 1903; Amman Ma'an section, September 1904; Ma'an Tabuk section, end of 1906; Tabuk Medain Saleh, September 1907; Medain Saleh Medina, September 1908. These rails were brought from the destroyed railroad tracks that were harmed by Arab revolt army attacks in 1917. On one side of the first rail is an Arabic phrase written in divan script: \"*min khayrat mawlana Amir al-mu'minin al-sultan al-ghazi 'abdal-hamid khan thani 'azza nasruhu*\".","type":"Railway","holder":"Numismatic Museum (Ahli Bank)","dates":"1907","location":"Amman","provenance":"Germany","author":"Aida Naghawy","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"673df29d-47f7-5309-b718-3f6340779d57":{"name":"Tramway’s railway in Bliss Street","description":"The Beirut tramway was built in 1891 and ran through the centre of Beirut through to the coast, where it linked Beirut to Ma'ameltein.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Khalil Itani's Archive","dates":"1908","location":"Beirut","provenance":"Lebanon","author":"Jeff El-Msanne","copy_editor":"Flaminia Baldwin"},"6755e6c3-6bcf-5ff8-9576-394e0f98a7c5":{"name":"Beginning of the Royal Road from the direction of the Fayum Directorate","description":"The beginning of the royal road from the Fayum Directorate during King Fu`ad I’s visit to the Directorate on 8 May 1927. Fu`ad I ruled Egypt from 9 October 1917 to 28 April 1936. During his reign, the 1919 revolution began, and the British had to end Egypt's status as a protectorate and declare it an independent country with sovereignty. Independence was declared on 15 March 1922. Also during his reign, the first public ministry was established in January 1924, headed by Sa`d Zaghlul. King Fu`ad had a number of important accomplishments, and for this reason this photo was chosen – to manifest King Fu`ad's concern with roads, especially the royal road towards the Fayum Directorate.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Bibliotheca Alexandrina","dates":"8 May 1927","location":"Alexandria","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"68e8b7c1-4b26-5650-8465-4d55145c3d6c":{"name":"*Convoy of pilgrims*","description":"The Hijaz Railway was a narrow-gauge railway (1,050mm/​3ft, 5 11⁄32 in track gauge) that ran from Damascus to Medina, through the Hijaz region of Saudi Arabia, with a branch line to Haifa on the Mediterranean Sea. It was a part of the Ottoman railway network and was built to extend the line from the Haydarpaşa Terminal in Istanbul beyond Damascus to the holy city of Mecca. It got no further than Medina, 400 kilometres (250mi) short of Mecca, due to the construction interruption caused by the outbreak of World War I. The main purpose of the railway was to establish a connection between Constantinople, the capital of the Ottoman Empire and the seat of the Islamic Caliphate, and Hijaz in Arabia, the site of the holiest shrines of Islam and the holy city of Mecca, the destination of the Hajj (annual pilgrimage).","type":"Photograph","holder":"Istanbul University, Nadir Eserler Kütüphanesi (Rare Books Library)","dates":"19th century","location":"Istanbul","provenance":"Istanbul","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"6acad3a4-63f3-5160-bf8e-60081e141ee0":{"name":"Street map of Beirut","description":"This map of Beirut was drawn in in 1902 under the reign of Sultan 'Abd al-Hamid II. The table on the left contains a numbered list of shops and important landmarks, whereas the table on the right lists the name and location of Beirut's railway and maritime companies.","type":"Map","holder":"Khalil Itani's Archive","dates":"1902","location":"Beirut","provenance":"Lebanon","author":"Jeff El-Msanne","copy_editor":"Flaminia Baldwin"},"713a80ee-86ad-5103-bcf7-5c70eb44eb3b":{"name":"The interior of Tabuk Hospital","short_description":"In 1900 the Ottoman Sultan Abdülhamid II (r.1876–1909) began the construction of a railway line connecting Damascus to the holy cities of Medina and Mecca. Built by public subscription and with an appeal to Muslims of the world for financial support, the railway line reached Medina in 1908, but didn't reach Mecca. It was built with the assistance of German engineers who worked closely with Turkish officials. This album of the Hijaz Railway probably belonged to a Turkish engineer who worked on the construction of the line. It has 50 photographs, mostly of stations and sections of the line, but also of the landscape that the line passed through in the area between Tabuk and Mada’in Salih. The photographs were most likely taken by J. H. Halladjian, an Armenian photographer with a studio in Haifa in Palestine active in the 1890s and early 20th century. Based on records at the Imperial War Museum and The Royal Geographical Society, Halladjian took photographs of the Hijaz Railway and places along its route. The album contains some important photographs such as the one of the hospital at Tabuk which was established in 1907 and which became the railway’s quarantine station (ARC.al 6.16) as well as images which demonstrate the hardship of cutting through rock in order to pass the line through mountainous terrain (ARC.al 6.24). Also documented here are the great stone monoliths north of Mada'in Salih (ARC.al 6.38) in Mabrak al Naga, where prior to the Hijaz Railway, the Ottoman government connected the Hijaz to Istanbul via a telegraph line which reached Mada'in Salih in 1900. The building of the overland telegraph line between Damascus and Medina, much like the construction of the Hijaz Railway project to follow, was fraught with complications including the terrain and the danger of Bedouin resistance.","type":"photograph","holder":"Khalili Family Trust – Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage Collection","owner":"Khalili Family Trust – Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage Collection","initial_owner":"J. H. Halladjian","dates":"Around 1908 AD","location":"London","dimensions":"18.7cm x 23.2cm","method_for_datation":"Photographs by the same photographer are in the Imperial War Museum, London.","provenance":"Türkiye","bibliography":"Khan, Q.M., *Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage*, London: Assouline, 2022.  \n  \nNicholson, J., *The Hijaz Railway and Route Guide, Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage, Essays in Honour of Nasser David Khalili*, Edited by Q. Khan with N. Nassar. London: Gingko, 2023: pp.239–282.  \n  \nNicholson, J., *The Hejaz Railway*, London: Stacey Publishing Ltd, 2005.  \n  \nOchsenwald, W. L., *The Hijaz Railroad*, Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, VA, 1980.  \n  \nÖzyüksel, M., *The Hejaz Railway and the Ottoman Empire: Modernity,  \nIndustrialisation and Ottoman Decline*, London: I.B.Tauris, 2014.","author":"Qaisra Khan","keywords":["al-Sh","AlUla","Amman","Arabia","barrack","Bosra","Branch line","bridge","chemin-de-fer","Damascus","defensive post","Deraa","fortification","Haifa","hajj","Hajji","Hedjaz","Hegra","Hejaz","Hijaz","Hijaz Railway","Jordan","Ma’an","Medina","Ottoman railway","Ottomans","Palestine","photography","pilgrimage","pilgrims","postcard","qala’a","Railway","railway station","Saudi Arabia","stamps","station","Syria","Tabuk","tunnel"],"materials":["Photograph"]},"74dafe7a-b3e7-5be6-b35d-e97ef0242008":{"name":"The cruiser Bascir during a test voyage at sea","description":"In 1890, political pressure from Italian Prime Minister Francesco Crispi secured construction of the cruiser Bascir for the Moroccan Navy for the Fratelli Orlando shipyards located in Livorno (Italy), winning against French competitors.  \nThe Bascir was the first cruiser built by an Italian shipyard for a foreign navy after Italian unification in 1860. It was delivered to Morocco in 1894. Among its amenities was a hamam (in Western Europe often known as Turkish Bath), expressly requested by the buyer.  \nThe Fratelli Orlando shipyards also built a yacht for the Khédivé of Egypt.","type":"Photograph","holder":"State Archives of Livorno","dates":"Livorno, 1892","location":"Livorno","author":"Daniela Tazzi","copy_editor":"Anne Dowell"},"76457a6e-00a0-52e0-a869-4eec84837b92":{"name":"Photograph of the Old Railway Station in Skopje","alternate_name":"Fotografija na starata zeleznichka stanica vo Skopje","description":"The first railroad in Macedonia was the track running from Thessalonica via Skopje to Belgrade. Its construction was financed with foreign investments and began in 1871. The track to Skopje was finished in 1873. The Skopje-Mitrovica railway line was completed in 1878. In 1888, it was connected to Serbian railways at the border crossing Zibevche near Vranje.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Museum of the City of Skopje","dates":"Early 20th century","location":"Skopje","author":"Zoja Bogdanovska, historian, Museum of the City of Skopje","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"7a241c8e-d68e-5a99-8f6d-768433eb938e":{"name":"Map of the Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia","description":"This map of Lombardy-Venetia from 1827 shows postal routes and information concerning the costs of travelling with the post coaches.","type":"Map","holder":"Austrian State Archives","dates":"1827","location":"Vienna","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"8138d27f-0df1-5e19-884f-c3f2fabf66df":{"name":"Istanbul Main Post Office Opening Ceremony","description":"The Istanbul Main Post Office is an office building for postal services located at the *Sirkeci* quarter of the faith district in Istanbul, Turkey. It was designed by architect Vedat Tek in the First Turkish National architectural style and was constructed between 1903 and 1909. (Vedat Tek was a notable Turkish architect, who has been one of the leading figures of the First Turkish National Architectural Movement. He studied at the *École Centrale Paris*, graduating with a degree in civil engineering before he got his further education in architecture at the *Ecole des Beaux Arts* in Paris.) The four-story building houses a post office, the *Sirkeci* Post Office, office space for regional administration and also since 2000 the Istanbul Postal Museum. It is Turkey's largest post office building.","type":"Architecture; historic document; photograph","holder":"Istanbul Postal Museum","dates":"1903–1909","location":"Istanbul","provenance":"Istanbul","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"826abea9-d0a5-5b38-9d39-fb3cd81ac626":{"name":"The Şirket-i Hayriyye’s Excursion Steamship","description":"The Şirket-i Hayriyye was the name of a steam boat joint-stock company which carried passengers and cargo on the Bosporus from 1854 to 1945. The company was established with the approval of the Sultan Abdulmecid. The steam boats belonging to company were sent from European countries, primarily Britain. The first captains of this boats were almost all of Rûm origin. After the establishment of the Republic of Turkey, the company and its goods were purchased by the state.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Pera Museum","dates":"Early 20th century","location":"Istanbul","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"83ca2754-e506-5404-be99-4dd9fa3be1e5":{"name":"Information for Passengers: Beirut, Tripoli, Alexandretta","description":"This advertisement for the Nairn Transport Company, founded in the 1920s, promotes its six-wheeled Pullman buses crossing the desert between Damascus and Baghdad. With timetables linking Haifa, Beirut and Iraq, the service carried both mail and passengers. More than transport, it symbolised modern mobility under the Mandate system, replacing older caravan and railway routes while reflecting new borders and colonial influence in the Middle East.","type":"Printed monograph","holder":"Bibliothèque nationale de France (BNF)","dates":"1932","location":"Paris"},"894e770e-bdda-5d94-ae6c-90aaf47244ae":{"name":"Beirut–Damascus Railway Company headquaters","description":"This photograph shows the headquarters of Lebanon Railway Company in Beirut.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Railway and Public Transportation Authority, Ministry of Transportation","dates":"1895","location":"Beirut","provenance":"Lebanon","author":"Jeff El-Msanne","copy_editor":"Flaminia Baldwin"},"8a58f4f9-1644-5ff0-8f2d-9e17a9b86098":{"name":"Bills from the Beirut Tramway and Electricity company","description":"Two bills from the Beirut Tramway Company. The first is for the value of 22 Ottoman pounds, and is dated to 1 February 1896. The second is for the value of 11 Ottoman pounds and is dated to 1 November 1990.","type":"Print; bill; document","holder":"Khalil Itani's Archive","dates":"1896; 1900","location":"Beirut","provenance":"Lebanon","author":"Jeff El-Msanne","copy_editor":"Flaminia Baldwin"},"8b1c57dd-cda2-57e8-b1d8-16253b46ab6d":{"name":"Rekord II als Luftfracht in die VAR, Mediterranean Airways Trans, Libanon, DC4","description":"This photograph by German photographer Heinz Woost captures a DC-4 aircraft of the Lebanon-based Trans-Mediterranean Airways during cargo loading operations. Taken at a time when goods were being transported to the United Arab Republic (UAR), the political union of Egypt and Syria from 1958 to 1971, the image reflects both the logistics of mid-20th century air transport and the UAR’s pursuit of modernization and international connectivity.","type":"Photograph","holder":"University Archive of TU Dresden","owner":"University Archive of TU Dresden","dates":"Unknown","location":"Dresden","catalogue_holding_link":"https://www.deutschefotothek.de/documents/obj/71594971","keywords":["Airways","Aviation","Lebanon","photography","Transportation"],"materials":["negative","Photograph"]},"8ba03860-993b-5dbf-9a66-b44cd6b52d86":{"name":"Simplon-Orient Express Poster","description":"Roger Broders was a French illustrator and artist best known for his travel posters promoting tourism destinations in France. Broders' illustrations were distinctive for their simple lines and bold, flat areas of colour, combined with noticeable graphical perspective showing the featured mountains and seascapes in the background. Broders' illustrations depicting people show active, elongated figures wearing elegant, contemporary clothes. His posters were simply and boldly lettered identifying the destination, and were supplemented with a brief slogan.","type":"Poster","holder":"Ömer M. Koç Collection","dates":"1930","location":"Istanbul","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"8f55adc5-662c-55f8-a485-b18851210a66":{"name":"Anatolian Railways","description":"During the 19th century, new technologies radically transformed both travel and communications. The first railway in Anatolia was constructed between Izmir and Aydin. Ottoman railways were mainly built during the period of Abdülhamid II. The first railway in the Republic of Turkey was part of the İzmir-Aydın line, founded by a British company in 1860. The İzmir-Kasaba line was built in 1865, the Rumeli line in 1869-77, the Anatolia-Baghdad line in 1872 and the Mudanya-Bursa line in 1892.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Istanbul University, Nadir Eserler Kütüphanesi (Rare Books Library)","dates":"19th century","location":"Istanbul","provenance":"Istanbul","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"8f60990a-2e19-50e5-b91c-31a7c8a103fd":{"name":"Beirut Port before expansion","description":"This photograph shows the Beirut port before its expansion. The dam was built under the command of Ibrahim Pasha. This old port underwent several important changes in the late 19th century, including the construction of a commercial tribunal and expansion of the port. This expansion involved the enlargement of existing buildings and filling areas of sea with rock brought in along the Nahr al-Kalb railway.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Khalil Itani's Archive","dates":"1884","location":"Beirut","provenance":"Turkish, Yields Palace – Istanbul","author":"Jeff El-Msanne","copy_editor":"Flaminia Baldwin"},"908862b3-3d2c-5b16-93ce-f2a0873efd37":{"name":"*Algiers port*","description":"Albert Marquet spent 1904 and 1907 in the company of Fauve, and in 1913 he lived in Tangier with Matisse and Camoin. Seven years later in 1920 he visited Algiers for the first time, and went on to spent a few months there every year henceforth. He also lived in Algiers for the duration of the Second World War. Marquet was friendly with most of the artists from the Algerian school, and exhibited his paintings in galleries in the centre of town. Many of his paintings were on the theme of Algiers' harbour. In 1939, his friends from the Salle Bordes organised his first solo exhibition. His style, which was characterised by the luminosity and clarity he saw in North Africa, was an important early influence on the Algerian painter Mohamed Temam.","type":"Painting","holder":"Musée National des Beaux-Arts","dates":"c. 1920","location":"Algiers","author":"Dalila Orfali","translator":"Flaminia Baldwin"},"91e561d2-6530-5965-bd21-e1a70b9ef590":{"name":"Air France Brochure","type":"Affiche","holder":"BNF","owner":"BNF","dates":"1939","location":"Paris","dimensions":"Height: 21,4 cm; width: 47,8 cm","catalogue_holding_link":"https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b10116533s/f2.item.r=Compagnie%20Air%20Orient","keywords":["Advertisment","Art Deco","Flight","Holidays","travel"],"materials":["Affiche"]},"96df24b2-d14d-504f-84ae-d796597c98a1":{"name":"Travel case","description":"Travelling became a great cultural and social phenomenon with Romanticism. The “Grand Tour” through the countries of the known world, and particularly around the Mediterranean, became a means of developing cultural and social skills. Travel became refined and even a simple journey to the countryside required such accessories as this travel case for meals.","type":"Silverware","holder":"Ajuda National Palace","dates":"c. 1860","location":"Lisbon","author":"DGPC"},"9a890b71-5d5a-57ef-b26d-c4592e54b5ac":{"name":"Beirut Tramway station","description":"This photograph shows the main tramway station in Beirut, located on Corniche el Nahr Street by the river in the district of Burj Hammud. It was constructed in 1906 under the command of the Ottoman government, and housed the carts and the engineering station.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Khalil Itani's Archive","dates":"1908","location":"Beirut","provenance":"Lebanon","author":"Jeff El-Msanne","copy_editor":"Flaminia Baldwin"},"9aa7bece-df44-557d-99af-6cb4118c4095":{"name":"The yacht Makook III built by the Fratelli Orlando Company (Livorno, Italy) for the Egyptian Khedive Abbas Hilmi","description":"In 1910, the Khédivé of Egypt contracted the construction of a yacht to the shipyards Cantieri Gallinari of Livorno, Italy. This company went bankrupt and its business was absorbed by the Fratelli Orlando shipyards, from Livorno as well. After improving the project, the Fratelli Orlando started building the yacht in 1913 and delivered it to the Khédivé Hilmì Abbas in May 1914.  In recognition of the high quality of work on the yacht engineer Giuseppe Orlando was granted the Ottoman decoration of the Order of Osmanieh.","type":"Photograph","holder":"State Archives of Livorno","dates":"1914","location":"Livorno","author":"Daniela Tazzi","copy_editor":"Anne Dowell"},"9b43f3ea-5b0a-57f2-be8e-3ff0d20fe6f6":{"name":"Beirut Port during its expansion","description":"This photograph shows the Beirut port during its expansion, which involved filling areas of sea with rock were brought along the Nahr al-Kalb railway.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Khalil Itani's Archive","dates":"1892","location":"Beirut","provenance":"Lebanon","author":"Jeff El-Msanne","copy_editor":"Flaminia Baldwin"},"9c2ac3c9-ddf9-5578-9e26-fad8ec3a615c":{"name":"Dhow collection","description":"The National Museum of Qatar holds, in its collection, a fleet comprising of 14 dhows. The growing collection includes a variety of traditional dhows, with several models dating to the early 20th century, as well as more recent replicas of traditional vessels. Originating from Oman, Bahrayn, India and Qatar, among other places traditional dhows represented include *jalbut* (small to medium sized), *shuw\\`i* (medium sized, once used for fishing and coastal trade), *sanbuq* (largest type in the Arabian Gulf today) and *baglah* (traditional, deep-sea dhows once used for the long – haul transport of goods.)","type":"Transport","holder":"National Museum of Qatar","dates":"19th century","location":"Doha"},"9d99f2a0-088c-5411-b1e4-aab5af09edf0":{"name":"Photograph showing maintenance of the telephone network in Tangier","description":"A photograph taken by a German photographer in 1923 showing maintenance of the telephone network that had been installed in Tangier since 1883.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Itisalat al-Maghrib Museum","dates":"1923","location":"Rabat","provenance":"Tangier"},"9e9f6fa6-b6c4-5566-9322-05ca25f72753":{"name":"The Railway Bridge from Anatolia","description":"During the 19th century, new technologies radically transformed both travel and communications. The first railway in Anatolia was constructed between Izmir and Aydin. Ottoman railways were mainly built during the period of Abdülhamid II. The first railway in the Republic of Turkey was part of the İzmir-Aydın line, founded by a British company in 1860. The İzmir-Kasaba line was built in 1865, the Rumeli line in 1869-77, the Anatolia-Baghdad line in 1872 and the Mudanya-Bursa line in 1892.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Istanbul University, Nadir Eserler Kütüphanesi (Rare Books Library)","dates":"Late 19th century – begining of the 20th century","location":"Istanbul","provenance":"Istanbul","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"a3a7e6de-6cff-51a1-9392-ab310f7efdc7":{"name":"Decorated front panel of the viewing deck at the top of the driver's cab","short_description":"Just like the Billboard painting performed in Pakistan, the advent of photography and the massproduced picture – together with the availability of oil-based paints – assisted in the development of a popular art form in the second half of the twentieth century, the brightly painted large overland lorries of Afghanistan and Pakistan. The truck bodies were painted with calligraphy of poetic or religious verses, floral patterns, gardens of paradise, alpine landscapes, holy sites, and images of human heroes, trains, planes and rockets by street artists at truck stands all across northwest Pakistan.","type":"Transport; painting","holder":"Weltmuseum Wien","dates":"1990s","location":"Vienna","dimensions":"H: 100cm, L: 200cm, Depth: 18cm","method_for_datation":"Entry in the TMS digital collection database and archival documents.","method_for_provenance":"Entry in the general inventory book.","provenance":"Pakistan","obtention":"Purchased from Dr. Fritz Trupp, Attnang-Puchheim, 1994.","bibliography":"Steinmann, Axel, *Afghanistan, exhibition catalogue*, Vienna: Museum für Völkerkunde, 2003: 125.","materials":["Iron","plastic","Wood"]},"a3c1cda7-3cd5-5acd-9fe6-bbcc3a97be64":{"name":"Photograph of Bab Idris street","description":"Pictured here is Bab Idris street, leading to Bab Idris, the city's western gate and the entrance to the old town. By the time of Ahmad Bey al-Jazzar's reign (1777–1804), the city had four main gates: Bab al-Dirka to the south, Bab al-Santiya to the west, Bab al-Dabbagha to the north, and Bab al-Saraya to the east. Jazzar Pasha built fortifications between these four main gates, which was not a fortified gate. Other city gates included Bab Yaqub, also in the east, Bab Abu Nasr at Burj square, and Bab Idris. These non-military gates are reflections of the city's rapid expansion, particularly due to an increase in trade.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Beirut Municipality","dates":"1919","location":"Beirut","author":"Hady El Hajj","copy_editor":"Flaminia Baldwin"},"a6877d51-e0ec-5242-8b80-88d89c3d2ab4":{"name":"Alep – Gare Chemin de fer Bagdad (Aleppo-Baghdad Railway Station)","description":"The postcard depicts Aleppo's Baghdad Railway Station, with the French description: Alep – Gare Chemin de fer Bagdad (Aleppo-Baghdad Railway Station), completed in 1912 as the northern Syrian terminus of the Baghdad Railway branch linking the city with Muslimiyeh station and the main line toward Mesopotamia. Situated in what became known as the Baghdad Station district, north of Aleppo's historic centre, the station was part of the development of a new modern quarter organised around transport and commerce. The station was constructed of stone masonry with broad overhanging roofs supported by timber brackets, pointed-arched openings and a monumental entrance pavilion. It was connected to the Baghdad Railway by a branch rather than the principal trunk line. The station became a strategic commercial gateway linking Aleppo with Anatolia in the north, and Mesopotamia as part of the wider Ottoman railway network.","type":"Photographic postcard","holder":"Wolf-Dieter Lemke Collection","owner":"Wolf-Dieter Lemke Collection","dates":"AH c. 1328 / AD c. 1910","location":"Berlin","dimensions":"Height 8,7 cm; width: 13,5 cm","provenance":"Collection of Wolf-Dieter Lemke, Berlin","bibliography":"Aztaq Arabic, “The Urban Plan and Expansion of Aleppo\", in Surmeyan, Bishop Ardavazt, *The History of Aleppo*.  \n  \nBilgin, Mustafa Sıtkı, “The Construction of the Baghdad Railway and Its Impact on Anglo-Turkish Relations, 1902–1913”, *OTAM: Journal of the Center for Ottoman Studies* , 16 (2004).  \n  \nBritish Library, India Office Records, “Report on the Progress Made in the Construction of the Baghdad Railway Line in the Aleppo District”, July 8, 1912. Qatar Digital Library.  \n  \nTabbasi, Aziz, “Baghdad Station in Aleppo”, *Al-Safir Al-Arabi*, November 5, 2015.","copy_editor":"Danielle Morcom","keywords":["Iraq","photograph","postcard","station","Syria","Transport"],"materials":["Paper","printed postcard"]},"a7580d59-2cc3-599d-bd19-8d4d84fa37af":{"name":"Compagnie Air Union Lignes d'Orient : [affiche]","type":"Affiche","holder":"BNF","owner":"BNF","dates":"1929","location":"Paris","dimensions":"Height: 60 cm; width: 39,5 cm","catalogue_holding_link":"https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b10116533s/f2.item.r=Compagnie%20Air%20Orient","keywords":["Advertisement","Airline","Art Deco","Holidays","travel"],"materials":["Affiche"]},"ad3c4a56-381f-553f-b5a5-133f25218054":{"name":"A telegram from the Khedive of Egypt to the Ottoman sultan","description":"A telegram from the Khedive of Egypt to the Ottoman Sultan expressing his loyalty and best wishes on 15 December 1897.","type":"Telegram; historical document","holder":"Bibliotheca Alexandrina","dates":"15 December 1897","location":"Alexandria","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"b1761f2e-80b8-586f-b4e2-c3736d979725":{"name":"Photograph of an employee outside the *Poste-Cherifienne* office","description":"The first national post and transport service in Morocco was founded by Mulay al-Hasan I on 20 Jumada I 1390 (22 November 1892) and was known as the *Poste-Makhzen*. The office was established in order to take control nationally of the postal (mainly parcels and messengers) service in Morocco, but competition from private foreign firms was tough. When in 1892 the Sultan first gave orders for port managers to take control of Morocco’s interests in this regard, this nascent organisation included 13 Moroccan cities, defined as zones connected by transport links, and each defined by specific costs.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Itisalat al-Maghrib Museum","dates":"AH: 20 Jumada I 1390 (22 November 1892)","location":"Rabat"},"b1ada77d-4a0f-5105-a292-423509ecec6b":{"name":"Haydarpaşa Train Station","description":"In 1871 Sultan Abdülaziz ordered a rail line to be built from Haydarpaşa to İzmit. Haydarpaşa station opened in 1872, and in 1888 the Anatolian Railway (CFOA) took over the line and the station. Since the station was built next to the Bosporus, freight trains would unload at Haydarpaşa and the freight would be transferred to ships. Haydarpaşa was chosen to be the northern terminus of the Baghdad Railway and the Hijaz Railway in 1904 and with rail traffic increasing, a new and larger building was required. The Anatolian Railway hired two German architects; Otto Ritter and Helmut Conu to build the new building. They chose a neo-classical structure and construction started in 1906.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Istanbul University, Nadir Eserler Kütüphanesi (Rare Books Library)","dates":"Late 19th century","location":"Istanbul","provenance":"Istanbul","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"b8bb387e-75d0-55d8-89ae-9322c204928c":{"name":"Simplon-Orient Express Poster","description":"The Orient Express, owned by the Wagon-Lits Company, connected Paris and Istanbul between 1883 and 1977. French, German, Austrian and Ottoman diplomats and civil servants were on board for its first journey. In the early years, the travellers stayed in different hotels in Istanbul but starting from 1895, passengers stayed exclusively in Pera Palace, which was bought by the Wagon-Lits Company. The Orient Express did not run during World War I, from 1914 to 1918.","type":"Poster","holder":"Ömer M. Koç Collection","dates":"1930","location":"Istanbul","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"ba590c72-051f-5d9a-898f-073b4347852b":{"name":"*Port, Beirut*","alternate_name":"During the opening of the railway station at the harbour","description":"On 19/6/1887, the Ottoman authority gave the concession of the Port to an Ottoman company under the name of \"Compagnie du Port, des Quais et des Entrepôts de Beyrouth\". The concession was later fortified when the company gained from the Customs the sole rights to store and carry all the transit goods passing through the Customs. Constructions works namely a maritime dam to expand and develop the Port were accomplished and the opening on the occasion of the accomplishment of these works was celebrated by the end of 1894, basins were developed and spread between Ras Al Shamiah and Ras Al Mudawar. It forms the midpoint of three continents: Europe, Asia and Africa, which makes the Port a passage for ship fleets between East and West. During the mid 70's, the Port of Beirut was an important international trading station with the surrounding Arab countries and up until today it has preserved its commercial nature.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Museum of Islamic Art at the Pergamon Museum, State Museums","dates":"1900","location":"Berlin","author":"Stefan Weber"},"bd95565d-ce05-5cc5-ad92-00c2e0054f8d":{"name":"Accounting book","description":"This accounting book belonged to the Anatolian Railway. On it can be seen Abdülhamid II's monogram in gilding, and the words \"*Devlet-i Aliye-i Osmaniye’nin Varidat ve Mesarifat-ı Umumiyesinin Muhasebesidir*\" (this book belongs to the income and expenses of the state).","type":"Goods","holder":"Istanbul Railway Museum","dates":"1907","location":"Istanbul","provenance":"Istanbul","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"c072d700-9ae2-5214-ad10-69e3cb6824fa":{"name":"Film camera of the Manaki brothers","alternate_name":"Film camera of Charls Trade Company, serial no. 300","description":"Janaki (1878–1945) and Milton (1880–1964) Manaki were born in Bitola and went on to become pioneers of Macedonian film and the first filmmakers in the Balkans. The Manaki brothers shot their first film merely 10 years after the Lumiere brothers. In 1905, they shot their grandmother Despina spinning wool with women from the neighbourhood. Their first film of ethnographic value was shot soon after. It documents celebration of the feast of St. Cyril and Methodius in front of the Church in Bitola devoted to these saints. In their films, the Manaki brothers strived to document visually events from everyday life and to frame them as real works of art. In 1921, they projected the first film in the open-air arena at the Shirok Sokak Street in Bitola.","type":"Camera; part of filming equipment","holder":"The Archive of the City of Bitola","dates":"1905","location":"Bitola","author":"Aco Kimovski (Archive of the City of Bitola)","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"c2b61064-ccd9-5fe4-8725-750d1cb45ef7":{"name":"Architectural drawing of Mar Mikhael train station","description":"This architectural drawing shows the plan of the Mar Mikhael (Saint Michael) train station that was built in 1891. The station served as a terminal for visitors to the city, and was in use until 1976.","type":"Architectural drawing","holder":"Khalil Itani's Archive","dates":"1891","location":"Beirut","provenance":"Lebanon","author":"Jeff El-Msanne","copy_editor":"Flaminia Baldwin"},"c618ed28-93da-5c7e-9e3a-361349d53833":{"name":"Hajj Registration Card, 30 June 2007","description":"This Hajj registration card, providing legitimacy to a Palestinian pilgrim's travel to Mecca in 2007, intends to show the continued importance of pilgrimage, the new boundaries and permits required due to the existing nation-state boundaries, and the modern method of performing Hajj to the Hijaz for those living outside of Saudi Arabia.","type":"Printed material","holder":"The Palestinian Museum","owner":"Fadeyyeh Darabe","initial_owner":"Fadeyyeh Darabe","dates":"2007","location":"Birzeit","provenance":"Palestinian Authority","catalogue_holding_link":"https://www.palarchive.org/index.php/Detail/objects/262899/lang/en_US","copy_editor":"Sajeda Jaradat","keywords":["Hajj–Registration card–Mecca–Pilgrimage–Palestinian pilgrims–Hijaz–Saudi Arabia"],"materials":["Printed material"]},"c74178c2-ab9f-5408-9cbb-cf1f4eff394d":{"name":"Press release about Raml Tramway","description":"A press release in the Al-Ahram newspaper regarding the Raml Tramway and related views of the Prime Minister at that time. The tramway of Alexandria was the first method of mass transportation in Egypt and in Africa, and the most common. The tramway began operating in 1860, and is thus considered the oldest tramway in Africa – and among the oldest in the world.","type":"Press release","holder":"Bibliotheca Alexandrina","dates":"3 July 1928","location":"Alexandria","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"c780b87c-b9b5-50fb-bec8-edf64670ba49":{"name":"Lebanon Tramway and Electiricty Company bill","description":"A bill from the Lebanon Tramway and Electricity Company for the value of 100 Francs dated to 14 June 1906.","type":"Print; document","holder":"Khalil Itani's Archive","dates":"14 June 1906","location":"Beirut","provenance":"Lebanon","author":"Jeff El-Msanne","copy_editor":"Flaminia Baldwin"},"ccd55fea-ff71-54b1-802d-9b86aa9adc8d":{"name":"Records of the tests and of the delivery of the yacht Makook III built by the Fratelli Orlando Company (Livorno, Italy) for the Egyptian Khedive Abbas Hilmi","description":"In 1910, the Khédivé of Egypt contracted the construction of a yacht to the shipyards Cantieri Gallinari of Livorno, Italy. This company went bankrupt and its business was absorbed by the Fratelli Orlando shipyards, also from Livorno. After improving the project, the Fratelli Orlando started building the yacht in 1913 and delivered it to the Khédivé Hilmì Abbas in May 1914. In recognition of the high quality of work on the yacht engineer Giuseppe Orlando was granted the Ottoman decoration of the Order of Osmanieh.","type":"Archival document","holder":"State Archives of Livorno","dates":"31 March 1914","location":"Livorno","author":"Daniela Tazzi","copy_editor":"Anne Dowell"},"cf706f6f-69db-525d-a769-9e4a92dc0759":{"name":"A railway track with the opening date (1908) engraved","description":"It is one of the tracks in al-Madina Station wrote on it the opening date of the station and the arrival of the first train to al-Madina from Istanbul.","type":"Railway; steel rod; steel track","holder":"Saudi Commission for Tourism and Antiquities","dates":"1908","location":"Al-Madina Station"},"d1281641-f7a2-5961-be72-73fcc5949104":{"name":"Telegraph transmitter","description":"The primary reasons for the Ottoman Empire adopting the telegram earlier and more easily than railroads were the telegram's convenience and lack of cost. American scientist Lawrence Smith – using tools sent by Samuel Morse – made a successful trial in front of the Sultan Abdulmecid, who was interested in technological innovations and science, and began modernization of the empire. Due to the outbreak of the Crimean War, the first underwater telegraph line was established between Crimea and Istanbul. This telegraph transmitter (1912, Siemens & Halske) was used in Istanbul in World War I.","type":"Electronic","holder":"Istanbul Postal Museum","dates":"1912","location":"Istanbul","provenance":"Istanbul","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"d51c4926-dec8-5d72-9ed4-34a107dddbd4":{"name":"*Shipping at Constantinople*","description":"Istanbul’s geographic position between Europe and Asia and on the only sea route that connects the Black Sea with the Mediterranean gave Istanbul great strategic importance. The control of the Bosphorus, which connects the Black Sea with the Sea of Marmara, was repeatedly at stake in the 19th and early 20th centuries. This 1910 watercolour gives a wonderful impression of the bustling shipping and trading activities on the waters surrounding the city of Constantinople at the time. The view is taken from the Galata side of the city, looking across the Golden Horn towards its historic heart, dominated by imperial Suleymaniye mosque on the right and Bayezid tower in the centre. The Galata bridge, in its third incarnation as completed by the British firm G. Wells in 1875, can be seen connecting the two shores. Sailing boats like those seen here brought in wheat, spices and wood. The emergence of the steamship later in the century lead to enormous increase in the speed and volume of commodities shipped to Constantinople.","type":"Painting","holder":"Sharjah Art Museum / Sharjah Museums Department","dates":"1910","location":"Sharjah","provenance":"Painted in Istanbul","author":"Ulrike Al-Khamis"},"d6ede956-3098-5ac6-8afc-b9788d8dd31f":{"name":"The first postmaster's office in Tunis, 1892","description":"The objects assembled in this room all date to the late 19th century and belong to a set of urban Tunisian furnishings. These articles were all part of Tunis' first municipal postmaster's office. They consist of four chairs and a bench in painted wood, centred around a two-layered desk, painted in a floral motif on a pale blue background. Behind, a shelving unit, painted in the same style. This furnishing set shows evidence of traditional Tunisian, Turkish and various European influences.","type":"Woodwork; furniture","holder":"Musée des Postes, Télégraphes et Télécommunications","dates":"19th century","location":"Tunis","author":"Saloua Zangar","translator":"Flaminia Baldwin"},"d815fe5d-36cb-5efe-b0e0-241a5e5e2941":{"name":"Stamp sketch","description":"The Ottoman Empire held a contest to determine the stamp that would be printed in London between 1919 and 1921. Stamp sketches drawn by famous calligraphers are exhibited in the museum. This stamp sketch belonged to the Eminönü Post Office.","type":"Stamp","holder":"Istanbul Postal Museum","dates":"1919–1921","location":"Istanbul","provenance":"Istanbul","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"d8d34fe2-1034-53c0-ae9e-ca9794a01c63":{"name":"Railway Bridge from Anatolia","description":"During the 19th century, new technologies radically transformed both travel and communications. The first railway in Anatolia was constructed between Izmir and Aydin. Ottoman railways were mainly built during the period of Abdülhamid II. The first railway in the Republic of Turkey was part of the İzmir-Aydın line, founded by a British company in 1860. The İzmir-Kasaba line was built in 1865, the Rumeli line in 1869-77, the Anatolia-Baghdad line in 1872 and the Mudanya-Bursa line in 1892.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Istanbul University, Nadir Eserler Kütüphanesi (Rare Books Library)","dates":"Late 19th century","location":"Istanbul","provenance":"Istanbul","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"d9e955c1-2a6e-5af6-be73-7eb332bb3d48":{"name":"Ausbootung in Haifa. (Disembarking in Haifa)","description":"The photograph shows Haifa’s waterfront railway facilities. A passenger train stands directly beside the stone quay, while a large crowd gathers between the railway carriages and the water and on a boat. Thousands of pilgrims and travellers travelled through Haifa, arriving at the port and continuing by rail through Daraa toward the Hijaz; some remained in the city for several days, contributing to local commercial and service activities. Haifa also developed as a gateway for international tourism and some offices organised railway trips from Haifa through Samakh and the Sea of Galilee toward Damascus.","type":"Photographic postcard","holder":"Wolf-Dieter Lemke Collection","owner":"Wolf-Dieter Lemke Collection","dates":"published in 1920s/1930s","location":"Berlin","dimensions":"Height: 9,1 cm; width: 14,1 cm","provenance":"Collection of Wolf-Dieter Lemke, Berlin","bibliography":"Mansour, Johnny, “The Hijaz-Palestine Railway and the Development of Haifa”,in *Jerusalem Quarterly*, 28 (2006): 5–21. Institute for Palestine Studies.","copy_editor":"Danielle Morcom","keywords":["boat","Commerce","Palestine","pilgrimage","travel"],"materials":["Paper","printed postcard"]},"dc22fbbb-3a0b-58bb-82f9-7523c4e9d4d5":{"name":"Official Hijaz Railway postcards","short_description":"In 1900 the Ottoman Sultan Abdülhamid II (r.1876–1909) began the construction of a railway line connecting Damascus to the holy cities of Medina and Mecca. Built by public subscription and with an appeal to Muslims of the world for financial support, the railway line began from Damascus and reached Medina in 1908, never reaching Mecca. The financing for the Hijaz Railway was initially meant to come entirely from charitable donations and in May 1900 Sultan Abdülhamid II began the process with a sizeable donation from his personal funds. Despite national and foreign generosity towards the donations campaign, it soon became clear that this alone was insufficient to raise the funds needed for the construction. Therefore, the government sought to raise funds in many other ways, including the commission of postcards amongst other German-made products, in order to generate further yield. With the title ‘*Vue du chemin-de-fer Hamidié de Hedjaz*’ and with labels in French and Turkish, the postcards depict the construction of the Railway as well as general views and inauguration celebrations. These were available for purchase at local post offices.","type":"Postcard; photograph","holder":"Khalili Family Trust – Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage Collection","dates":"AD 1900-1908","location":"London","dimensions":"ARC.pc 459: 8.8x14.1cm, ARC.pc 460: 9x14.2cm, ARC.pc 461: 9x14.1cm","method_for_datation":"The Hijaz Railway was constructed between 1900 and 1908.","provenance":"Turkey","bibliography":"Nicholson, J., *The Hejaz railway*, London: Stacey International, 2005.  \nOchsenwald, William L., “The Financing of the Hijaz Railroad”, *Die Welt des Islams*, New Series, 14, 1/4 (1973): 129-149.  \nOzyuksel, M., *The Hejaz Railway and the Ottoman Empire: Modernity, Industrialisation and Ottoman Decline*, London: I.B.Tauris, 2014.","author":"Qaisra Khan","keywords":["engineering","hajj","Hijaz","Hijaz Railway","Holy place","Ka'ba","Mecca","Medina","Mosque","Paper","pilgrimage","Pilgrimage route","prayer","Prophet Muhammad","Religion","travel"],"materials":["Card"]},"ddbed777-56df-5f3a-ae0c-382332e03641":{"name":"Engineers repairing the Railway near Homs","description":"In a flat landscape, three British engineers are working on the right hand one of two railway tracks. On the left a group of four locals stand or sit and observe. There appears to be a biplane on the ground to the right, with a hill in the distance.","type":"Artwork","holder":"IWM","owner":"IWM","initial_owner":"IWM","dates":"18.03.1918","location":"London","dimensions":"Unframed height: 21,5 cm; unframed width: 34,2 cm","place_of_production":"Syria","method_for_datation":"All details are held in the War Artists Archive at IWM.","method_for_provenance":"All details are held in the War Artists Archive at IWM.","provenance":"Department of Information commission transferred to the Ministry of Information and then to the Imperial War Museum.","obtention":"Artist commission for the UK government's Department of Information, subsequently transferred to the Imperial War Museum.","bibliography":"*Shadows and Light: The Extraordinary Life of James McBey*, Soussi A., Scotland Street Press, 2022.  \n*Visions of War: Art of the Imperial War Museums*, IWM, 2023.  \n*The War Artists*, Harries M. and Harries S., Michael Joseph, 1983.","author":"Claire Brenard","keywords":["aircraft","landscape","Military engineering","military personnel","Transport"],"materials":["Watercolour and ink on paper"]},"e1be7517-b6b1-576b-8acd-653f24c29ba9":{"name":"*Hijaz Railway Station, Damascus*","alternate_name":"Main Station of the Hijaz railway leading from Damascus to Medina","description":"The Hijaz station was originally built in 1903 to provide faster transportation for Pilgrims to Medina. So the today closed-down railway station used to be an essential transport and communication link. Furthermore it was built to integrate aloof provinces better into the Ottoman state and hence establish a closer political and economic connection. The new building completed in 1917 also embodies a desire for innovation in terms of design: its architecture is a mix between traditional local Ottoman elements and monumentalizing features of historicism.","type":"Photograph; postcard","holder":"Museum of Islamic Art at the Pergamon Museum, State Museums","dates":"1955; 1996","location":"Berlin","author":"Stefan Weber"},"e42495ba-7c27-5b68-b246-c0dc7389d3b6":{"name":"The old Port of Alexandria","description":"The naval Port of Alexandria is the most important port in Egypt in terms of the volume of trade transactions that go through it. The Port of Alexandria handles almost 60 per cent of Egypt’s external trade.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Bibliotheca Alexandrina","dates":"Unknown","location":"Alexandria","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"e5e89b24-3038-55eb-a80c-b9bb6fb8a999":{"name":"A rare photo of the inauguration of the Luxor–Aswan Railway Line","description":"The Honour Guard lining up to receive the guests of the inauguration of the Luxor–Aswan railway line at the Shalal Station in 1926. One of the rare photos of the inauguration of the Luxor–Aswan railway line, with `Adli Yakan Pasha; Muhammad Najib al-Gharabli Pasha; Husayn Rushdi Pasha; Tharwat Pasha; Fathallah Barakat Pasha; Morkos Hanna Pasha; al-Dagwi Bek, director of Aswan; and Mahmud Shakir Bek, deputy undersecretary of the Ministry of Transportation in attendance, in 1926.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Bibliotheca Alexandrina","dates":"1926","location":"Alexandria","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"e92c5fac-cccf-5730-b2e6-c7774c2761e7":{"name":"The paved road between Beirut and Damascus","description":"This paved road was constructed between over a period of six years, between 1857 and 1863. It measured six metres in width and facilitated the circulation of horse-drawn carriages owned by the \"diligence\" transportation company.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Khalil Itani's Archive","dates":"1864","location":"Beirut","author":"Jeff El-Msanne","copy_editor":"Flaminia Baldwin"},"e99ec60f-9439-5be8-b2c8-63118d0cc859":{"name":"Photograph showing Beirut port after expansion","description":"This photograph shows the expanded docks and bunkers of Beirut port following the expansion works in 1890. This expansion made the port the largest of the Middle East.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Khalil Itani's Archive","dates":"1894","location":"Beirut","provenance":"Lebanon","author":"Jeff El-Msanne","copy_editor":"Flaminia Baldwin"},"ea3a91f8-4029-5f91-8e55-44b4089bf748":{"name":"*Bayt al-Barudi steamship murals, Damascus*","alternate_name":"Mural in the main reception hall of the Barudi House at the quarter of Qanawat","description":"The steamships are of one of the most important technical innovations in the nineteenth-century, because they introduced new modern possibilities of transport and trade and hence contributed to the economic transformation of the Ottoman Empire. Because of this new transportation, cities on the Euphrates or Tigris experienced drastic changes and flourished even more. This impact lead to numerous depictions of steamships in artwork, such as this mural from Bayt al-Qabbani (Damascus, built at the turn of the 19th/20th century) shows. As symbols of the new time they represent global exchange of goods, ideas and people.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Museum of Islamic Art at the Pergamon Museum, State Museums","dates":"1880-1925","location":"Berlin","author":"Stefan Weber"},"ea68ca74-8e7f-519d-98cf-82fb84aa3d58":{"name":"Medal to commemorate the inauguration of Ma'an station","description":"A nickel medal issued in AH 1322 / AD 1904 to commemorate the inauguration of Ma'an station along the route of the Hijaz Railway. On the obverse is the *tuğra* of Sultan ‘Abd al-Hamid II with the inscription “al-Ghazi” and the image of a locomotive. On the reverse is the date (AH) 1322.","type":"Honorary medal","holder":"Numismatic Museum (Ahli Bank)","dates":"1904","location":"Amman","provenance":"Turkey, Istanbul","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"ebc1fbff-c25e-5ca5-86ba-1be3dbc34cbf":{"name":"The Gallery of Machines – Section of French Telegraphic Machines, Marinoni's Continuous Paper Model [Paris Exhibition, 1878]","alternate_name":"*La galleria delle macchine: – sezione francese Macchine telegrafiche, modello Marinoni a carta continua*","description":"Two of the most important inventions of the 19th century, the rotary and four-colour printing (quadrachrome), are attributed to Augusto Ippolito Marinoni. The new machines changed the printing of journals, achieving up to 18,000 to 20,000 copies per hour. Marinoni had extraordinary success in Paris, where his factory produced 4000 samples of machines which also sold in London, Berlin and Vienna. In Italy at the time, only the journal *Il Secolo* had a \"Marinoni\".","type":"Photo from magazine","holder":"National Central Library","dates":"1878","location":"Rome","copyright":"Copyright image: Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale, Roma.","author":"Marina Minozzi","copy_editor":"Anne Dowell"},"efe60dc6-7155-5eb3-a180-d0bfbd548106":{"name":"Revenue stamp","description":"A revenue stamp issued in 1888 during the reign of Khedive Muhammad Tawfiq with the value of one dime. Written at the top is “Egypt Post” in Arabic with its French translation below it. To the left is the value of the dime in French, and in the centre is an image of one of the Giza pyramids and the Sphinx. The first postal stamp was issued in England in 1840. It bore the portrait of Queen Victoria, as suggested by Sir Roland Hill. This stamp was issued twice, in red and in blue. The United States of America was the second country in the world to use stamps, and the first Egyptian stamp was issued in 1866 by order of Khedive Ismail.","type":"Stamp","holder":"Bibliotheca Alexandrina","dates":"1888","location":"Alexandria","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"f542a798-8c47-5278-ad25-50059baf16a0":{"name":"Distance marker (milestone).","description":"A distance marker or milestone usually erected to indicate distance between two stations along a pilgrimage or trade route, this one belonging to the period of the fifth Umayyad caliph, 'Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (r. AH 66–86 / AD 685–705). The milestone is nearly square and has an inscription incised on its surface. The inscription consists of eight lines of *kufic* script. It cannot be read in its entirety because the upper section of the milestone has broken off and is missing. The legible portion reads: 'The slave of God, the commander of the faithful 'Abd al-Malik – may God's mercy be upon him – erected this stone. From here to Damascus is 109 miles'.  \n  \nVery few inscriptions have survived from the Umayyad period to the present. In addition, this milestone is significant because it shows the stylistic development of *kufic* script on stone during the Umayyad period.  \n  \nHow was object obtained by museum: The inventory states that the object was transferred from the ruins of Khan al-Hatrura at Eriha (Jericho) to the Tiled Pavilion (Çinili Köşk) in 1884 as part of the 19th-century initiative to collect artworks from across the country. The object was transferred to the Museum in 1941.","short_description":"In the early years of Islam, distance markers were erected on important trade and pilgrimage routes in order to show the distances to the travellers. These milestones bear date, patron names and toponyms related to the region, and are thus of documentary importance.","type":"Marker, marble","holder":"Museum of Turkish and Islamic Arts.","dates":"Hegira 66–86 / AD 685–705.","location":"Sultanahmet, Istanbul","dimensions":"Height 40 cm, width 30 cm, depth 9 cm.","method_for_datation":"The object was dated to 66–86 / 685–705 based on the mention in the inscription of 'Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan, who was the caliph during this period.","method_for_provenance":"Inventory records indicate that the object was found amongst the ruins of Khan al-Hatrura at Eriha and taken to the Tiled Pavilion in 1884. Since Khan al-Hatrura is further from Damascus than the inscription would infer (109 miles) it is thought that the milestone was brought to the khan from a place further to the north.","provenance":"Eriha (Jericho), near Jerusalem.","obtention":"The inventory states that the object was transferred from the ruins of Khan al-Hatrura at Eriha (Jericho) to the Tiled Pavilion (çinili Köşk) in 1884 as part of the 19th-century initiative to collect artworks from across the country. The object was transferred to the Museum in 1941.","bibliography":"Clermont-Ganneau, C., “Notes d'épigraphie et l'histoire arabes”, *Journal Asiatique* (e serie IX, avril–mai–juin) 1887, p.472–497.  \n  \nKerametli, C., “Türk ve Islam Eserleri Müzesi'nde Erken Islam Devrine Ait Kitabeler”, *Şarkiyat Mecmuası* VI (1965), Istanbul, 1966, p.20.  \n  \nölçer, N. *et al*, *Museum of Turkish and Islamic Art*, Istanbul, 2002, p.32.  \n  \nVan Berchem, M., *Matériaux pour un Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum*, *deuxieme partie, Syrie du Sud, Tome Premier, Jerusalem 'la ville'*, Cairo, 1922, p.17–18, catalogue no. 1.","linkcatalogs":"IAM_JO_EN_001","author":"Gönül Tekeli","translator":"Barry Wood","translation_copy_editor":"Mandi Gomez","keywords":["Distance marker (milestone)","marble"],"materials":["Incised marble."]},"fe87deef-c455-5755-9f18-175550fef06e":{"name":"Opening of the bridge over the Kishon (Qishon) River in the Jezreel Valley (?). A train festooned with Ottoman flags and carrying many pasengers is on the bridge, and dignitaries stand on the track.","type":"Photograph","holder":"Palestine Exploration Fund","dates":"1904-1905","location":"London","keywords":["Palestine","Railway","river","Transportation"]}}