@museumwnf/archaeology-data 1.0.11 → 1.0.13

package/translations/glossary.en.json

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-{"56afd259-0505-5d2d-b7f1-9be15cb0dea2":{"definition":"Arabic dynasty that initially ruled over most of the Islamic empire after assuming the caliphate in 750 CE.","spellings":["Abbasid","Abbasids"]},"8e22eece-aa71-5c15-9776-799a90bed70e":{"definition":"A practice of ritual cleansing with water to be performed before prayer.","spellings":["Ablution"]},"34f3c711-7719-5478-a311-2b54051f81d0":{"definition":"One of the 99 names of God, meaning The Just, fair.","spellings":["Adil","Adili","Al Adl","Al-Adili"]},"c44302b7-5b2a-5247-b1b7-8c1a06993aa4":{"definition":"The 2nd Chapter/Sura of the Quran, meaning \"The Cow\". It is composed of 286 verses.","spellings":["Al-Baqara","Al-Baqarah"]},"55aae703-bcda-5ede-aedc-b02a0583cc19":{"definition":"The 67th Chapter/Sura of the Quran, meaning \"The Sovereignty\". It is composed of 30 verses.","spellings":["Al-Mulk"]},"16131753-740a-5b87-bfb9-06606e67de19":{"definition":"A flag, banner or standard. They were carried next to a commander in a military campaign or were used in religious processions. They could be very different in shape and had geometric designs, sometimes with inscriptions. A metal *alem* could be mounted to the head of a pole.","spellings":["Alem"]},"7b9c0eb4-b88c-5f12-a29c-fb04001f136d":{"definition":"From Ar. *tayfur*. Bowl or deep plate characteristic of al-Andalus ceramic production.","spellings":["Ataifor","Tayfur"]},"8383edc1-0cb4-52fa-9e3a-219b3a940129":{"definition":"(Pl. *ayat*) Verse in the Qur’an. Tr. ayet.","spellings":["Aya","Ayah","Ayat"]},"4c2bb21c-6364-5e2c-ad76-cc117a2e1056":{"definition":"Gate, door.","spellings":["Bab"]},"e44ace71-d122-5c82-bf6b-34a79ff4b2d8":{"definition":"Literally “sons of”, used to refer to members of a clan. Plural of *ibn / bin*.","spellings":["Bani","Banu"]},"9d8dd39e-6208-5b40-8479-7eb99bd94348":{"definition":"Blessings or bounty. Tr. *Bereket*.","spellings":["Baraka","Barakah","Barakat","Barkati","Bereket"]},"b8c40deb-d541-5941-870e-bbb5a22c7520":{"definition":"(Pl. *biyut*) Room; in certain cases a house. *baytal-Hikma*: tribunal. *bayt ad-diwan*: reception hall. *bayt al-nar*: furnace, literally “house of the fire”. See also *dar*, *qasr*.","spellings":["Bayt","Bayt-al-diwan","Bayt-al-nar","Beyt","Biyut"]},"5f340924-0a32-5b50-8c50-755492945fed":{"definition":"In the Islamic world blue-and-white ceramics appeared in Mesopotamia in the AH 3rd / AD 9th century. Blue-and-white porcelain in China produced from the 8th / 14th century onwards had great influence in the Islamic world where it was collected at court and was imitated in the workshops of Ottoman Iznik and Safawid Iran.","spellings":["Blue-and-white"]},"53b06a4c-1741-53c4-bd23-415aa3ce7613":{"definition":"Fort, bastion, tower, sometimes surrounded by an outer wall. The term passed into mediaeval Portuguese toponymy as *alvorge* or porches. In Tunisia it also means a secondary residence surrounded by gardens; a pleasure palace. Maghreb *borj*. Egypt *burg*. Tr. *burç*.","spellings":["Bordj","Borj","Burç","Burg","Burj"]},"b3b18f28-32c7-5836-ae64-e0df239443e1":{"definition":"The Byzantine empire (306 to 1453) which was preceded by the Roman empire and succeeded by the Ottoman Empire.","spellings":["Byzantine"]},"b6c3a09c-964b-5dd3-a091-e608967fe6ff":{"definition":"Ar. *khalifa* literally “successor”. The supreme head of the Muslim community. Caliphate: the territory under the power of the caliph.","spellings":["Caliph","Khalifa","Khalifah"]},"c2953466-916b-57e9-9f3b-409c9af9afa1":{"definition":"The “art of beautiful writing” (Greek) is one of the highest artforms of Islamic culture. As the Arabic language is connected with the revelation of Islam, calligraphy has deep spiritual undertones and is valued as a symbol of beauty and mystery. There are many types of calligraphy with variations according to period, place and context. Many artists of the Arab and Muslim world continue to practise calligraphy today. See also *diwani*, *farsi*, *kufic*, Maghribi-Andalusi, *muhaqqaq*, *naskhi*, *nasta’liq*, *rayhani*, *ruq’a*, *ta’liq*, *thuluth*.","spellings":["Calligraphy"]},"801f574d-c2f6-52a3-ae7c-6a0074f1c59b":{"definition":"From Persian. Hostel along main travelling routes to accommodate travellers and safeguard their goods. See also *funduq*, *khan*, *wikala*.","spellings":["Caravanserai"]},"90c8aeb0-fee7-5ad8-b2e8-525f87d18e3a":{"definition":"Fortress, citadel, usually equated with the city centre. Ar. *qasba*. *Ksiba*: small kasbah, the name of a neighbourhood in Bizerte, Tunisia. See also *hisn*, *qal’a*.","spellings":["Casbah","Kasbah","Ksiba","Ksibah","Qasaba","Qasba","Qasbah"]},"4a12c207-113d-5b87-992e-9db5d88374f3":{"definition":"The first Muslim societies continued to use Byzantine solidus gold coins and Sassanian silver dirhams. In time, Qur'anic phrases, place of minting, names of caliph and sultan and Hijri date were added. With the Umayyad coinage revolution in AH 696–7 / AD 1296–7, pure epigraphic coins came into use. Akche: silver coin, basic unit of Ottoman money system; dinar: gold coin, equal to 10 dirhams; fils: copper coin.","spellings":["Coinage"]},"44562f82-b0b6-5353-939a-47fccfb7fa3c":{"definition":"Sacred text of the Islamic Revelation transmitted by the Archangel Gabriel to the Prophet Muhammad. From the root *qr*’, “to recite, to read”.","spellings":["Coran","Koran","Kuran","Qur’an","Quran"]},"61dd2431-5d5a-563f-98ea-305257d3eed8":{"definition":"Literally “dry cord”, a way of separating different coloured glazes on a tile during firing with greased cords. The term is also used for the technique of delineating the contours of a design with a mixture of wax or vegetable fat and manganese oxide. It is also known as “coloured glaze technique” in Turkish art and is seen in Turkey in the AH 9th–10th / AD 15th–16th centuries.","spellings":["Cuerda seca"]},"f3052f85-4db5-5572-a790-f3dc9a248659":{"definition":"(Pl. *dur*) House. *Dar al-imara*: Governor’s house. Dar al-Islam: Domain of Islam: countries under Islamic rule; where Islam did not rule was considered war territory. *Dar al-Hadith*: A school for studying the Hadith; Tr. *Darülhadis*. *Dar al-Hijra*: Abode for migration. *Dar al-khuffaz*: A school for training of memorising the Qur’an; Tr. *Darülhuffaz*. Dar al-Qurra’: school for teaching Qur’an recitation as a science ; Tr. *Darülkurra*. *Dar al-shifa’*: hospital; Tr. *darüşşifa*. *Dar al-tibb*: A school where the medical sciences were taught; Tr. *Darüttıb*. See also *bayt*, *qasr*.","spellings":["Dar","Dar al-Hadith","Dar al-Hijra","Dar al-imara","Dar al-Islam","Dar al-khuffaz","Dar al-shifa’","Dar al-tibb","Darülhadis","Darülhuffaz","Darülkurra","Darüşşifa","Darüttıb"]},"0454da31-fe55-5a40-9aea-ec3dcb13d79d":{"definition":"The bottom part of the dress after all parts of the dress is embroidery and assembled together.","spellings":["Dayer"]},"a63b6fb1-4ed2-5e10-a649-69af7e23c299":{"definition":"Diamonds (today) are known as the most prized gemstones, but they have not always had this reputation. They were primarily valued for their physical properties, particularly their hardness and fire resistance. Due to these traits, numerous myths have been created about diamonds, some of which date back to the 17th century or before. Several powers have been attributed to the stone, including purification, invincibility, and even the ability to spontaneously create others of its kind. In ancient Arabic medicine there was a belief that diamonds could cure all illnesses of the body and mind. One of the most popular legends involving diamonds is of the so-called Diamond Valley. Dating from the 4th century BC, the legend speaks of an inaccessible valley filled with snakes and other terrifying creatures, the floor of which is covered with an endless amount of diamonds. This legend has further contributed to the idea that diamonds are rare and immensely hard to find.","spellings":["Diamond","Diamonds"]},"f68bb09f-0323-528e-a7bc-c97eec5531d8":{"definition":"Monetary unit used in several countries. It was first introduced as an Islamic coinage in the late 7th century CE by Abd al-Malik of the Umayyad dynasty. The dinar dates from the Roman times, when it was known as denarius. Made of gold.","spellings":["Dinar","Dinara"]},"dc07b2ea-551e-5012-a166-43402ac5534c":{"definition":"Silver coins, also used as a weight standard (2.97g).","spellings":["Dirham","Dirhem","Dirhm"]},"8f750e3f-a3f4-5b39-8f9c-97cbf1eb56ec":{"definition":"A military commander, prince or senior official; the ruler of an emirate or principality; Tr. *emir*. amir akhur: *amir* responsible for sultan’s stables, camels and postal service; Tr. *emir* *ahur* or imrahor. amir al-Mu’minin: Prince of Believers; Tr. *emirü’l-müminin*. amir al-Muslimin: Prince of Muslims; Tr. *emirü’l-müslimin*. amir al-silah: *amir* responsible for arms. amir kabir: Great Amir. Fr. *émir*.","spellings":["Ahur","Amir","Amir Akhur","Amir al-Muslimin","Amir al-silah","Emir","Emirü’l-müminin","Imahor"]},"5d77d3cf-d7dc-59de-8fe9-16b4846e152d":{"definition":"Another name for slip, now largely obsolete.","spellings":["Engobe"]},"3fd5d8e5-d6d9-5084-a7bc-f270946f8c24":{"definition":"\"Farsi\" refers to the Persian language. It is primarily spoken in Iran, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan and is written in the Persian script.  \n  \n1\\. An inhabitant of Persia. 2. Cursive, particularly elegant calligraphic style which emphasises the curves of the Arabic letters by reducing the angular figures. See also calligraphy.","spellings":["Farsi"]},"83ff6b98-4005-5eb0-8acb-322d72def706":{"definition":"Bronze coin.","spellings":["Fals","Fils"]},"30b4ea5c-4774-5bfc-bea3-025184b06e0f":{"definition":"A designation for a ceramic body consisting mainly of quartz and some glaze mixture. In the firing process the quartz and the glaze fuse to a white body, sometimes also called stonepaste.","spellings":["Fritware"]},"1123d155-1d0c-59e5-8ecc-ca1e2b7a31e9":{"definition":"From ghazwa (military raid), referring to a noble title for those who participated in battles for Islam. It became a military rank during the Mamluk period and was notably applied to Mahmud of Ghazni, as inscribed on Mahmud’s Tower in Ghazni in AH 421 / AD 1030. Tr. *gazi*.","spellings":["Gazi","Ghazi"]},"e0e8a76f-5937-523a-b87b-6d2a0c6528d7":{"definition":"Applying gold to the surface of an artwork. Gilding can be applied to most materials, including marble, stone, stucco, wood, metalwork, ceramics, glass and paper. Different techniques are used to apply gold, as it can be applied in a light wash or as gold-leaf foil. Tr. *tombak*, gilded copper technique.","spellings":["Gilding (gold)","Tombak"]},"f2b2bdf4-e6b8-5c67-94e3-3fdbc00d8e88":{"definition":"A thin layer of glass is applied to the surface of a ceramic before firing. In the kiln firing the glaze fuses, protecting the ceramic and making it waterproof and suitable for different purposes. Lead glaze is transparent and soft but vulnerable to cracking and chemical deformation. Tin glaze: an opaque white glaze containing tin, developed in Baghdad in the AH 3rd / AD 9th century to rival Chinese porcelain and transmitted from there to Moorish Spain and then the rest of Europe. Faience, maiolica and Delft wares have tin glazing.","spellings":["Glaze"]},"bf45b8ed-e1ac-5ab7-a72d-85c57ebcf786":{"definition":"A decorative ceramic glazing technique where the only colours used are the green of copper oxide and almost black manganese. At the end of the process, the whole composition is covered with a transparent layer of lead glaze.","spellings":["Green and manganese"]},"4a7c27f5-2059-522b-a21e-ee99a0c6ac00":{"definition":"A high government official. The term originally designated a chamberlain, but under the Spanish Umayyads the *hajib* functioned as a chief minister, paralleling the position of vizier in the eastern caliphates.","spellings":["Hadjib","Hajib"]},"cccf5396-0f64-5785-9f34-bb8b7a5ffd5b":{"definition":"One of the five pillars of Islam: pilgrimage to Mecca and holy places, which all believers must accomplish at least once during their lifetime if they have the means to do so. By extension it also refers to someone who undertakes the pilgrimage. Hajj takes place two months after Ramadan and finishes with the Feast of Sacrifice (Eid al-Adha). ‘Umra has almost the same rituals as the Hajj but takes place outside the Hajj season. ‘Umra’s significance is growing because there is no means to house the increasingly large numbers (over three million) who want to go on Hajj.","spellings":["Hadj","Hadji","Haj","Hajj"]},"fc74d5ab-7517-53a5-9a58-0cb34c65fec8":{"definition":"Public or private bathhouse. Apodyterium: changing room; Tr. *soyunmalık*. Caldarium: hot room. Hypocaust: floor and wall heating system by steam in Roman baths and villas. Tepidarium: warm room where bathers would rest after bathing; Tr. *ılıklık*. Also in Turkish bathhouse: *aralık*: passageway between the *soyunmalık* and *ılıklık*; *halvet*: private chambers in a public bath; *traşlık*: small room used for the removal of body hair. Also in Syrian bathhouse: *barrani* (lit. “exterior”): the cold room of a bathhouse because it is usually located furthest from the furnace; *juwwani*: most interior part, closest to furnace – steam room; *wustani*: middle chambers designated as the “warm water chambers”. See also *maqsura*.","spellings":["Hamam","Hammam","Hammams"]},"0ad8de69-3a63-53bc-8e1b-4c6cae853bca":{"definition":"Common living space in a Turkish house. Tr. also *sofa*.","spellings":["Hayat","Sofa"]},"0f3fb66d-a491-591b-a0c2-56e11ec481aa":{"definition":"Muhammad’s flight from Mecca to Madina in AD 622. The beginning of the Muslim Hijri (Hegira) calendar, which follows a lunar year.","spellings":["Hegira","Hijra","Hijrah"]},"dcd58376-8ba5-5488-bec0-53d4cf2fa497":{"definition":"A prose description of the Prophet Muhammad. Hilya-i Sharif: noble description of the prophet, a work of art bearing the noble description.","spellings":["Hilya","Hilye"]},"3d299572-ee10-5a78-93a1-b50bfe645ec5":{"definition":"Castle. See also *qal’a*, *kasbah*.","spellings":["Hisn"]},"d741661c-846f-560d-a11c-19720819ac9a":{"definition":"Son of, used in names. To indicate a clan the plural form *Bani / Banu*. is used. Tr. –*oğlu*.","spellings":["Ben","bin","ibn"]},"441e3156-be30-517c-a195-12e2d3486ed8":{"definition":"One who presides over Islamic prayers, a guide, chief, spiritual model or cleric; sometimes also a political leader in Muslim society.","spellings":["Imam"]},"070e713b-f503-5f87-be41-16cb73c070b4":{"definition":"Main mosque where daily prayers and Friday prayers are celebrated. Tr. *cami*. See also *meşrebiye*.","spellings":["Cami","Djama'a","Djamaa","Djemaa","Jama","Jama'a","Jama’","Jamaa","Jami","Jami‘"]},"e6edb4f1-d8d8-54aa-8bf3-e3a0e739c95b":{"definition":"(Pl. *ajnad*) Military and administrative province.","spellings":["Ajnad","Jund"]},"2003ec95-a720-51cb-9dcd-774d9dc9f389":{"definition":"The text of the Qur’an can be divided into 30 equal sections. One-thirtieth is therefore called a *juz’* (pl. ajza). When Qur’ans were written in 30 volumes, as in Mamluk Egypt, one volume was a *juz’*.","spellings":["Ajza","Juz’"]},"dde3bab2-6c93-59de-b512-d4ebe4ea584d":{"definition":"A usually cotton or silk ankle-length garment with long sleeves that is common throughout the Islamic world.","spellings":["Caftan","Kaftan","Khaftan"]},"cf7d3667-7d96-58e6-af31-c5d6fe2c71b8":{"definition":"Ar. Inn, lodgings on the main caravan routes for travellers (pilgrims and merchants) and where merchandise could be stored. See also *caravanserai*, *funduq*, *wikala*. Tr. *han*.","spellings":["Han","Khan"]},"95fc5a14-1b29-5364-810a-69fc76087256":{"definition":"An Arabic script of angular and stylised characters used in Qur’ans in the early period of Islam. It is attributed to the city of Kufa in Iraq. From the AH 4th / AD 10th century it was less used because it could be difficult to read. Foliated *kufic*: a script that combines the angular style of the letters with decorative floral and vegetal motifs as finials, popular during the Fatimid and Atabeg period. See also calligraphy.  \n  \nKufic script emerged as an Arabic script style, initially rising to prominence as the favoured choice for transcribing the Qurʾan and adorning architectural structures. Over time, it evolved into a point of reference and an exemplary model for various other Arabic scripts. Kufic script is characterised by its markedly angular form within the Arabic alphabet, originating in the initial copies of the Qurʾan.","spellings":["Kufic"]},"6d80067a-11d1-5a05-8e27-1c1e30ff12b0":{"definition":"Word used for chair or throne, depending on the context.","spellings":["Kursi"]},"961fe836-4b40-5496-978f-d23cca1475bd":{"definition":"A ceramic technique in which raised or incised lines separate the different colours of a painted vessel in order to keep them from fusing. This type of pottery was made in Syria and Iran in the AH 6th / AD 12th century.","spellings":["Laqabi","Laqabi ware"]},"220ac6c9-5bbb-5494-a7d7-a1992e0113c3":{"definition":"A ceramic technique in which a thin coating of metal oxide resulted in an iridescent and golden shining surface on glazed ceramics. The lustre technique was introduced to many different regions by travelling potters.","spellings":["lustre","lustre-painted ware","Lustreware"]},"bd6ee598-f323-5770-a786-0151295aea83":{"definition":"One of the four Sunni legal schools of Orthodox Islam. Founded by Imam Malik and spread throughout the western Muslim world including al-Andalus.","spellings":["Malik","Maliki"]},"f2ec79dc-0998-56d5-8cc2-bce2d4228e77":{"definition":"Building of one or more architectural units, usually with a dome, that contains the tomb of an important religious figure. A place of worship, and pilgrimage. See also darih, mashhad, qubba, türbe.  \nAdditionally, Mashhad, alternatively spelled as Mashad or Meshed, serves as the city and capital of the Khorasan-e Razavi province in north-eastern Iran.  \n  \nSee also darih, *maqam*, *qubba*, *türbe*.","spellings":["Mashad","Mashhad"]},"a04d4101-e499-5fb8-ad85-ae402c6b673f":{"definition":"A long stone protruding ledge or bench against an outer wall on either side of entrance to a building.","spellings":["Mastaba"]},"e99f9b90-c624-5aa1-815f-a47f478f7da3":{"definition":"Town, the old quarter, self-sufficient city centre. Also the name of a city in Saudi Arabia where the Muslims migrated in AD 622 and where the Prophet Muhammad is buried.","spellings":["Madina","Madinat","Medina","Medinat"]},"e7f7d170-9ce3-5eb5-8c00-b201155164d8":{"definition":"Arched niche, usually concave but sometimes flat, in religious Islamic buildings indicating the direction of Mecca, which worshippers face when praying.","spellings":["Maharib","Mihrab"]},"016aabef-bd66-5afb-8b53-eec9959e0d50":{"definition":"The Ming dynasty ruled in China 1368–1644. Blue-and-white Ming porcelain is distinguished by the integration of dragon motifs with floral compositions. See also Chinoiserie.","spellings":["Ming-style pottery"]},"b2f40fe6-7d9e-55fe-91fd-b02fa7f5b5a2":{"definition":"In the Christian kingdoms of the Peninsula the name given to Muslims who formally converted to Christianity after the Reconquista.","spellings":["Morisco"]},"a95bf8cd-02b1-5d88-b68d-c21999469de6":{"definition":"See *jami’* and *meşrebiye*.","spellings":["Mosque"]},"d9555abf-9d44-5fae-95f4-b894702cfcd9":{"definition":"From Ar. *must‘arab*. A member of the Christian minorities, tolerated by Muslim rulers as tributaries, who lived in al-Andalus holding on to their religion and ecclesiastic and judicial organisation.","spellings":["Mozarab"]},"9c8d51a2-cb58-59b3-92e4-fecb1ca87eb4":{"definition":"From Ar. *mudajjan*. Muslims who were allowed to remain among their Christian conquerors, without changing their religion, in exchange for tribute. The adjective Mudéjar is also used to describe traditional craftsmanship begun under Islamic domination and continued for Christian clients after the Christian conquest.","spellings":["Mudajjan","Mudéjar"]},"323fc8b6-ea1a-5717-982f-38123c87161c":{"definition":"Muhaqqaq is an Islamic calligraphic style that emerged in the 10th century and was employed widely in the Islamic world for creating elaborate, large Qur'ans and architectural inscriptions. Its defining characteristics include a precise, angular script with upright letters, meticulously balanced ascenders and horizontal elements, a distinct horizontal emphasis (wider than it is tall), descending strokes terminating in straight, sharp points rather than curving upwards, and the frequent use of descending round strokes that encircle the following letter. Muhaqqaq is typically employed in combination with \"Rayhani,\" a smaller rendition of the same script.  \n  \nA large cursive script related to the *naskhi* script used in the Middle Ages. It is one of the six basic styles of writing. Tr. *muhaqqaq*. See also calligraphy.","spellings":["Muhaqqaq"]},"4c8c2130-e69d-5ae6-b03b-7dc72bf78f7a":{"definition":"Kingdom or sovereignty. The word is often applied in calligraphic ornamentation to decorate courtly items.","spellings":["Mulk"]},"b43d4539-8c8e-5de3-ba56-a72f1632c7c8":{"definition":"Meaning \"bitter\", often used to describe coffee.","spellings":["Murra"]},"3a840421-ce84-5045-8ad3-f9355dd51baf":{"definition":"Woodwind instrument, similar to a pan flute.","spellings":["Nai"]},"78098713-2d8f-5314-b786-0c0cdd7710a0":{"definition":"Waterwheel","spellings":["Na'ura","Nawa'ir","Norias"]},"459f8079-3081-520c-95f1-def76fceb958":{"definition":"Stringed musical instrument prominent in medieval and modern Islamic music. It is the parent of the European lute. The oud has a deep pear-shaped body, a fretless fingerboard.","spellings":["Oud","Ūd"]},"ea9e06ca-7872-5541-9ac2-11302f8890c2":{"definition":"A Turkish honorific title, arabicised as *Basha*.","spellings":["Pacha","Pasha"]},"ba7ec4e5-ec62-5bf2-bd27-6b932bb32ca1":{"definition":"A small box or lidded container used for holding a variety of objects such as medicine, writing instruments, etc.","spellings":["Pyxis"]},"dc0561a2-2592-560f-8a87-20cd58a96753":{"definition":"\"Chest Panel  \nFrom the head of the right shoulder to the end of the left shoulder.\"","spellings":["Qabbe"]},"afa2f843-fdd4-5a67-9298-c7381518b3c8":{"definition":"(Pl. qilâ’) Citadel. See also *kasbah*, *hisn*.","spellings":["Qal'at","Qal‘a","Qala","Qalaa","Qalaat","Qalat"]},"c47920b0-c22e-53d0-aa8c-93eb3956ca0e":{"definition":"From Latin *castrum*. Palace, castle. *Qusayr*: diminutive form of *qasr*. Tr. kasr. See also *bayt*, dar.","spellings":["Ksar","Qasr","Qusair","Qusayr","Quseir"]},"c39cd815-3b51-5b89-a4e4-5e9f2c0ca622":{"definition":"Dome; by extension a monument or chamber built over the grave of a saint or important person, which is usually marked with a dome. Fr. *koubba*. Tr. *kubbe* (dome only).","spellings":["Koubba","Kubbat","Kubbe","Qubba","Qubbat"]},"30f08fe7-8bb1-504a-aa55-685d583ff5ba":{"definition":"Reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal) by the Christians from the Muslims, which ended in AH 897 / AD 1492 with the fall of Granada.","spellings":["Reconquista"]},"9a8096ea-a204-590a-8744-2ddf28c2b6b8":{"definition":"Fortified enclosure for religious warriors (North Africa); a hospice for pilgrims (Mamluk Egypt, Palestine and Syria). The name of the town Rabat comes from Ribat al-Fath (Ribat of the Conquest).","spellings":["Ribat"]},"8f56e049-19ca-5856-9caa-3acff60817b3":{"definition":"Pl. of *rawda* “garden”. Always used in plural form, in Morocco *riyad* means a garden within residential housing.","spellings":["Rawda","Riad","Riyad","Riyadh"]},"63187e27-a423-515a-905c-73fa1d04ccf8":{"definition":"This general term is used for the different styles in stucco common in the temporary Abbasid capital of Samarra in Iraq. Style A uses naturalistic designs, Style B uses naturalistic designs interwoven with abstract designs and Style C uses barely discernible plant design with bevelled edges in an abstract way.","spellings":["Samarra style"]},"98f32a82-0f8d-523b-b82b-b4c5d2090590":{"definition":"(Pl. *sada*) Descendants of Prophet Muhammad. See also *sharif*.","spellings":["Sada","Sayyed"]},"10021f2a-1ddf-5af4-bb0f-d78adb4a1f5d":{"definition":"Profession of Muslim faith. Tr. *Şahadet*.","spellings":["Sahadet","Shahada","Shahadah"]},"3f35b372-188c-5440-a3a1-24902734c0d8":{"definition":"Member of the smaller of the two major branches of Islam, the Shiʿa, distinguished from the majority Sunnis.","spellings":["Shi'i","Shi'ite","Shii","Shīʿī"]},"3d198a73-3a55-5a34-b209-561c8dc2c58e":{"definition":"Correctly, Shi‘at ‘Ali, meaning “the party of ‘Ali”. Shi‘ites rejected the legitimacy of all caliphs who succeed after the assassination of Ali (AH 40 / AD 661), the Prophet’s cousin and son-in-law. See also Sunna.","spellings":["Shi‘a","Shia"]},"60d18096-8ef8-5848-9e25-fc081e078906":{"definition":"A wash of diluted clay applied to a ceramic vessel to cover the clay body before applying decoration.","spellings":["Slip"]},"8d51b0ae-13b3-5a75-acf3-79e63e2bd891":{"definition":"An arch placed diagonally at each corner of a square and filled decoratively with a variety of methods, providing the transition from the cubical walls to the sphere of the dome.","spellings":["Squinch"]},"aea62142-bf4f-5655-8c52-b1e856151ce7":{"definition":"Honorary title used by independent sovereigns (in particular Ottomans and Seljuks) whose authority, however, does not question the nominal superiority recognised to the ruling caliph.","spellings":["Sultan"]},"811580e5-c0b8-5c27-8c10-3a3a36bee143":{"definition":"Literally “tradition”. For Orthodox Islam, the group of traditions of the Prophet in which legal advisers and theologians find support and foundations to establish the content of Islamic law arising from the Qur’an. Sunni: Follower of Sunna. Sunnis are divided into four schools: Hanafi, Hanbali, Maliki, Shafi’i. Sunnism: a political and religious system opposed to Shi‘ism. See also Fiqh, Shi’a.","spellings":["Sunna"]},"08fa434b-cde7-5b8b-be42-9e2217634cd8":{"definition":"Marketplace. See also *arasta*, *bazaar*, *bedesten*.","spellings":["Esouk","Sooq","Souk","Souq","Suk","Suq"]},"5c212d06-15e4-5918-a02d-bb0ef2c59fe1":{"definition":"Chapter of the Qur’an. There are 114 surahs in the Qur’an. Tr. Sure.","spellings":["Sura","Surah"]},"cc2bbcf5-54f0-5959-a72b-231b955a7d9c":{"definition":"One of the six main styles of calligraphy developed in Persia in the AH 9th / AD 15th century. Used especially for official correspondence, it is characterised by fine lines with no vowel. Tr. *talik*. See also *nasta’liq*, calligraphy.  \n  \nTaliq is characterised by an unauthodox use of ligatures, which connect letters on the left that typically wouldn't be joined. It features descending strokes that form loops, rounded letter shapes with pronounced variations in letter spacing, wide spacing between lines, as well as lines that ascend from right to left.","spellings":["ta‘liq","Talik","Taliq"]},"9b57e731-19ab-55da-8b80-25d31d0f41c3":{"definition":"Arabic: “one-third”. A style of calligraphy named after the size of the pen used. The prolongation of its letters allow for very complex decorative compositions. It was used in calligraphy, books and civil and religious architecture. From the AH 12th / AD 18th century it was widely used in panels particular to Ottoman art. Fr. *toulouth*. Tr. *sülüs*.  \n  \nThe thuluth script, a medieval Islamic calligraphic style, features an alphabet written in a distinctive manner. The name \"thuluth\" (Arabic for \"one-third\") refers to the principle that each letter's form encompasses a slope of about one-third of its size. This script is both spacious and refined, characterized by its cursive nature. During the medieval period, thuluth script found its place on mosque embellishments.  \nFunctionally, thuluth script assumed some of the roles initially held by the early Kufic script. It was employed for crafting headings for suras (chapters) of the Qurʾan, religious inscriptions, princely titles, and inscriptions of importance. Additionally, from the 13th century AD (597-700 AH) onwards, it was favoured for producing large copies of the Qurʾan.","spellings":["Sülüs","Thoulouth","Thuluth"]},"a054eff3-ab33-572b-8c6c-47a7d300c111":{"definition":"First used for embroidered inscriptions on textiles, this term became synonymous with textile robes with inscriptions giving the ruler’s name and the workshop where the textiles were made. Such robes were presented by the caliph to people who were to be honoured. Dar al-tiraz: royal textile factories supervised by the court.","spellings":["Taraz","Teraz","Tiraz"]},"5cc4d556-5ce6-575d-a50b-a403e6c59d4f":{"definition":"A headdress consisting of a long scarf wound round the head or a smaller, underlying hat. Turbans vary in shape, colour, and size.","spellings":["Turban","Turbant"]},"9d699883-6a5a-53ad-8a08-f3b27574c431":{"definition":"Turkish people located in the region east of the Caspian Sea and South of the Aral Sea. This area now comprises of Turkmenistan and parts of Iran and Afghanistan.","spellings":["Turkmen","Türkmenler","Turkoman"]},"577792e7-dcb2-5783-bc01-836c6f2cded6":{"definition":"Minister. Tr. *vezir*. The highest vizier (Prime Minister) was the Grand Vizier, Prime Minister. Tr. *Sadrazam*.","spellings":["Sadrazam","Vasir","Vazir","Vesir","Vezir","Visir","Vizier","Vizir","Wazir"]},"76676210-58c4-5de1-89e6-594e4175ceac":{"definition":"Establishment for religious teaching dedicated to preparing men to become *shaykhs*, which includes the shrine of a saint and built where he was born or lived. In Turkey also a small *tekke*, a hospice for dervishes and travellers. See also *khanqah*, *tekke*, *takiyya*.","spellings":["Zaouia","Zawija","Zawiya","Zawiyah","Zwaya"]}}
+{"56afd259-0505-5d2d-b7f1-9be15cb0dea2":{"definition":"Arabic dynasty that initially ruled over most of the Islamic empire after assuming the caliphate in 750 CE.","spellings":["Abbasid","Abbasids"]},"8e22eece-aa71-5c15-9776-799a90bed70e":{"definition":"A practice of ritual cleansing with water to be performed before prayer.","spellings":["Ablution"]},"34f3c711-7719-5478-a311-2b54051f81d0":{"definition":"One of the 99 names of God, meaning The Just, fair.","spellings":["Adil","Adili","Al Adl","Al-Adili"]},"c44302b7-5b2a-5247-b1b7-8c1a06993aa4":{"definition":"The 2nd Chapter/Sura of the Quran, meaning \"The Cow\". It is composed of 286 verses.","spellings":["Al-Baqara","Al-Baqarah"]},"55aae703-bcda-5ede-aedc-b02a0583cc19":{"definition":"The 67th Chapter/Sura of the Quran, meaning \"The Sovereignty\". It is composed of 30 verses.","spellings":["Al-Mulk"]},"16131753-740a-5b87-bfb9-06606e67de19":{"definition":"A flag, banner or standard. They were carried next to a commander in a military campaign or were used in religious processions. They could be very different in shape and had geometric designs, sometimes with inscriptions. A metal *alem* could be mounted to the head of a pole.","spellings":["Alem"]},"7b9c0eb4-b88c-5f12-a29c-fb04001f136d":{"definition":"From Ar. *tayfur*. Bowl or deep plate characteristic of al-Andalus ceramic production.","spellings":["Ataifor","Tayfur"]},"8383edc1-0cb4-52fa-9e3a-219b3a940129":{"definition":"(Pl. *ayat*) Verse in the Qur’an. Tr. ayet.","spellings":["Aya","Ayah","Ayat"]},"4c2bb21c-6364-5e2c-ad76-cc117a2e1056":{"definition":"Gate, door.","spellings":["Bab"]},"e44ace71-d122-5c82-bf6b-34a79ff4b2d8":{"definition":"Literally “sons of”, used to refer to members of a clan. Plural of *ibn / bin*.","spellings":["Bani","Banu"]},"9d8dd39e-6208-5b40-8479-7eb99bd94348":{"definition":"Blessings or bounty. Tr. *Bereket*.","spellings":["Baraka","Barakah","Barakat","Barkati","Bereket"]},"b8c40deb-d541-5941-870e-bbb5a22c7520":{"definition":"(Pl. *biyut*) Room; in certain cases a house. *baytal-Hikma*: tribunal. *bayt ad-diwan*: reception hall. *bayt al-nar*: furnace, literally “house of the fire”. See also *dar*, *qasr*.","spellings":["Bayt","Bayt-al-diwan","Bayt-al-nar","Beyt","Biyut"]},"5f340924-0a32-5b50-8c50-755492945fed":{"definition":"In the Islamic world blue-and-white ceramics appeared in Mesopotamia in the AH 3rd / AD 9th century. Blue-and-white porcelain in China produced from the 8th / 14th century onwards had great influence in the Islamic world where it was collected at court and was imitated in the workshops of Ottoman Iznik and Safawid Iran.","spellings":["Blue-and-white"]},"53b06a4c-1741-53c4-bd23-415aa3ce7613":{"definition":"Fort, bastion, tower, sometimes surrounded by an outer wall. The term passed into mediaeval Portuguese toponymy as *alvorge* or porches. In Tunisia it also means a secondary residence surrounded by gardens; a pleasure palace. Maghreb *borj*. Egypt *burg*. Tr. *burç*.","spellings":["Bordj","Borj","Burç","Burg","Burj"]},"b3b18f28-32c7-5836-ae64-e0df239443e1":{"definition":"The Byzantine empire (306 to 1453) which was preceded by the Roman empire and succeeded by the Ottoman Empire.","spellings":["Byzantine"]},"b6c3a09c-964b-5dd3-a091-e608967fe6ff":{"definition":"Ar. *khalifa* literally “successor”. The supreme head of the Muslim community. Caliphate: the territory under the power of the caliph.","spellings":["Caliph","Khalifa","Khalifah"]},"c2953466-916b-57e9-9f3b-409c9af9afa1":{"definition":"The “art of beautiful writing” (Greek) is one of the highest artforms of Islamic culture. As the Arabic language is connected with the revelation of Islam, calligraphy has deep spiritual undertones and is valued as a symbol of beauty and mystery. There are many types of calligraphy with variations according to period, place and context. Many artists of the Arab and Muslim world continue to practise calligraphy today. See also *diwani*, *farsi*, *kufic*, Maghribi-Andalusi, *muhaqqaq*, *naskhi*, *nasta’liq*, *rayhani*, *ruq’a*, *ta’liq*, *thuluth*.","spellings":["Calligraphy"]},"801f574d-c2f6-52a3-ae7c-6a0074f1c59b":{"definition":"From Persian. Hostel along main travelling routes to accommodate travellers and safeguard their goods. See also *funduq*, *khan*, *wikala*.","spellings":["Caravanserai"]},"90c8aeb0-fee7-5ad8-b2e8-525f87d18e3a":{"definition":"Fortress, citadel, usually equated with the city centre. Ar. *qasba*. *Ksiba*: small kasbah, the name of a neighbourhood in Bizerte, Tunisia. See also *hisn*, *qal’a*.","spellings":["Casbah","Kasbah","Ksiba","Ksibah","Qasaba","Qasba","Qasbah"]},"4a12c207-113d-5b87-992e-9db5d88374f3":{"definition":"The first Muslim societies continued to use Byzantine solidus gold coins and Sassanian silver dirhams. In time, Qur'anic phrases, place of minting, names of caliph and sultan and Hijri date were added. With the Umayyad coinage revolution in AH 696–7 / AD 1296–7, pure epigraphic coins came into use. Akche: silver coin, basic unit of Ottoman money system; dinar: gold coin, equal to 10 dirhams; fils: copper coin.","spellings":["Coinage"]},"44562f82-b0b6-5353-939a-47fccfb7fa3c":{"definition":"Sacred text of the Islamic Revelation transmitted by the Archangel Gabriel to the Prophet Muhammad. From the root *qr*’, “to recite, to read”.","spellings":["Coran","Koran","Kuran","Qur’an","Quran"]},"61dd2431-5d5a-563f-98ea-305257d3eed8":{"definition":"Literally “dry cord”, a way of separating different coloured glazes on a tile during firing with greased cords. The term is also used for the technique of delineating the contours of a design with a mixture of wax or vegetable fat and manganese oxide. It is also known as “coloured glaze technique” in Turkish art and is seen in Turkey in the AH 9th–10th / AD 15th–16th centuries.","spellings":["Cuerda seca"]},"f3052f85-4db5-5572-a790-f3dc9a248659":{"definition":"(Pl. *dur*) House. *Dar al-imara*: Governor’s house. Dar al-Islam: Domain of Islam: countries under Islamic rule; where Islam did not rule was considered war territory. *Dar al-Hadith*: A school for studying the Hadith; Tr. *Darülhadis*. *Dar al-Hijra*: Abode for migration. *Dar al-khuffaz*: A school for training of memorising the Qur’an; Tr. *Darülhuffaz*. Dar al-Qurra’: school for teaching Qur’an recitation as a science ; Tr. *Darülkurra*. *Dar al-shifa’*: hospital; Tr. *darüşşifa*. *Dar al-tibb*: A school where the medical sciences were taught; Tr. *Darüttıb*. See also *bayt*, *qasr*.","spellings":["Dar","Dar al-Hadith","Dar al-Hijra","Dar al-imara","Dar al-Islam","Dar al-khuffaz","Dar al-shifa’","Dar al-tibb","Darülhadis","Darülhuffaz","Darülkurra","Darüşşifa","Darüttıb"]},"0454da31-fe55-5a40-9aea-ec3dcb13d79d":{"definition":"The bottom part of the dress after all parts of the dress is embroidery and assembled together.","spellings":["Dayer"]},"a63b6fb1-4ed2-5e10-a649-69af7e23c299":{"definition":"Diamonds (today) are known as the most prized gemstones, but they have not always had this reputation. They were primarily valued for their physical properties, particularly their hardness and fire resistance. Due to these traits, numerous myths have been created about diamonds, some of which date back to the 17th century or before. Several powers have been attributed to the stone, including purification, invincibility, and even the ability to spontaneously create others of its kind. In ancient Arabic medicine there was a belief that diamonds could cure all illnesses of the body and mind. One of the most popular legends involving diamonds is of the so-called Diamond Valley. Dating from the 4th century BC, the legend speaks of an inaccessible valley filled with snakes and other terrifying creatures, the floor of which is covered with an endless amount of diamonds. This legend has further contributed to the idea that diamonds are rare and immensely hard to find.","spellings":["Diamond","Diamonds"]},"f68bb09f-0323-528e-a7bc-c97eec5531d8":{"definition":"Monetary unit used in several countries. It was first introduced as an Islamic coinage in the late 7th century CE by Abd al-Malik of the Umayyad dynasty. The dinar dates from the Roman times, when it was known as denarius. Made of gold.","spellings":["Dinar","Dinara"]},"dc07b2ea-551e-5012-a166-43402ac5534c":{"definition":"Silver coins, also used as a weight standard (2.97g).","spellings":["Dirham","Dirhem","Dirhm"]},"8f750e3f-a3f4-5b39-8f9c-97cbf1eb56ec":{"definition":"A military commander, prince or senior official; the ruler of an emirate or principality; Tr. *emir*. amir akhur: *amir* responsible for sultan’s stables, camels and postal service; Tr. *emir* *ahur* or imrahor. amir al-Mu’minin: Prince of Believers; Tr. *emirü’l-müminin*. amir al-Muslimin: Prince of Muslims; Tr. *emirü’l-müslimin*. amir al-silah: *amir* responsible for arms. amir kabir: Great Amir. Fr. *émir*.","spellings":["Ahur","Amir","Amir Akhur","Amir al-Muslimin","Amir al-silah","Emir","Emirü’l-müminin","Imahor"]},"5d77d3cf-d7dc-59de-8fe9-16b4846e152d":{"definition":"Another name for slip, now largely obsolete.","spellings":["Engobe"]},"3fd5d8e5-d6d9-5084-a7bc-f270946f8c24":{"definition":"\"Farsi\" refers to the Persian language. It is primarily spoken in Iran, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan and is written in the Persian script.  \n  \n1\\. An inhabitant of Persia. 2. Cursive, particularly elegant calligraphic style which emphasises the curves of the Arabic letters by reducing the angular figures. See also calligraphy.","spellings":["Farsi"]},"83ff6b98-4005-5eb0-8acb-322d72def706":{"definition":"Bronze coin.","spellings":["Fals","Fils"]},"30b4ea5c-4774-5bfc-bea3-025184b06e0f":{"definition":"A designation for a ceramic body consisting mainly of quartz and some glaze mixture. In the firing process the quartz and the glaze fuse to a white body, sometimes also called stonepaste.","spellings":["Fritware"]},"1123d155-1d0c-59e5-8ecc-ca1e2b7a31e9":{"definition":"From ghazwa (military raid), referring to a noble title for those who participated in battles for Islam. It became a military rank during the Mamluk period and was notably applied to Mahmud of Ghazni, as inscribed on Mahmud’s Tower in Ghazni in AH 421 / AD 1030. Tr. *gazi*.","spellings":["Gazi","Ghazi"]},"e0e8a76f-5937-523a-b87b-6d2a0c6528d7":{"definition":"Applying gold to the surface of an artwork. Gilding can be applied to most materials, including marble, stone, stucco, wood, metalwork, ceramics, glass and paper. Different techniques are used to apply gold, as it can be applied in a light wash or as gold-leaf foil. Tr. *tombak*, gilded copper technique.","spellings":["Gilding (gold)","Tombak"]},"f2b2bdf4-e6b8-5c67-94e3-3fdbc00d8e88":{"definition":"A thin layer of glass is applied to the surface of a ceramic before firing. In the kiln firing the glaze fuses, protecting the ceramic and making it waterproof and suitable for different purposes. Lead glaze is transparent and soft but vulnerable to cracking and chemical deformation. Tin glaze: an opaque white glaze containing tin, developed in Baghdad in the AH 3rd / AD 9th century to rival Chinese porcelain and transmitted from there to Moorish Spain and then the rest of Europe. Faience, maiolica and Delft wares have tin glazing.","spellings":["Glaze"]},"bf45b8ed-e1ac-5ab7-a72d-85c57ebcf786":{"definition":"A decorative ceramic glazing technique where the only colours used are the green of copper oxide and almost black manganese. At the end of the process, the whole composition is covered with a transparent layer of lead glaze.","spellings":["Green and manganese"]},"4a7c27f5-2059-522b-a21e-ee99a0c6ac00":{"definition":"A high government official. The term originally designated a chamberlain, but under the Spanish Umayyads the *hajib* functioned as a chief minister, paralleling the position of vizier in the eastern caliphates.","spellings":["Hadjib","Hajib"]},"cccf5396-0f64-5785-9f34-bb8b7a5ffd5b":{"definition":"One of the five pillars of Islam: pilgrimage to Mecca and holy places, which all believers must accomplish at least once during their lifetime if they have the means to do so. By extension it also refers to someone who undertakes the pilgrimage. Hajj takes place two months after Ramadan and finishes with the Feast of Sacrifice (Eid al-Adha). ‘Umra has almost the same rituals as the Hajj but takes place outside the Hajj season. ‘Umra’s significance is growing because there is no means to house the increasingly large numbers (over three million) who want to go on Hajj.","spellings":["Hadj","Hadji","Haj","Hajj"]},"fc74d5ab-7517-53a5-9a58-0cb34c65fec8":{"definition":"Public or private bathhouse. Apodyterium: changing room; Tr. *soyunmalık*. Caldarium: hot room. Hypocaust: floor and wall heating system by steam in Roman baths and villas. Tepidarium: warm room where bathers would rest after bathing; Tr. *ılıklık*. Also in Turkish bathhouse: *aralık*: passageway between the *soyunmalık* and *ılıklık*; *halvet*: private chambers in a public bath; *traşlık*: small room used for the removal of body hair. Also in Syrian bathhouse: *barrani* (lit. “exterior”): the cold room of a bathhouse because it is usually located furthest from the furnace; *juwwani*: most interior part, closest to furnace – steam room; *wustani*: middle chambers designated as the “warm water chambers”. See also *maqsura*.","spellings":["Hamam","Hammam","Hammams"]},"0ad8de69-3a63-53bc-8e1b-4c6cae853bca":{"definition":"Common living space in a Turkish house. Tr. also *sofa*.","spellings":["Hayat","Sofa"]},"0f3fb66d-a491-591b-a0c2-56e11ec481aa":{"definition":"Muhammad’s flight from Mecca to Madina in AD 622. The beginning of the Muslim Hijri (Hegira) calendar, which follows a lunar year.","spellings":["Hegira","Hijra","Hijrah"]},"dcd58376-8ba5-5488-bec0-53d4cf2fa497":{"definition":"A prose description of the Prophet Muhammad. Hilya-i Sharif: noble description of the prophet, a work of art bearing the noble description.","spellings":["Hilya","Hilye"]},"3d299572-ee10-5a78-93a1-b50bfe645ec5":{"definition":"Castle. See also *qal’a*, *kasbah*.","spellings":["Hisn"]},"d741661c-846f-560d-a11c-19720819ac9a":{"definition":"Son of, used in names. To indicate a clan the plural form *Bani / Banu*. is used. Tr. –*oğlu*.","spellings":["Ben","bin","ibn"]},"441e3156-be30-517c-a195-12e2d3486ed8":{"definition":"One who presides over Islamic prayers, a guide, chief, spiritual model or cleric; sometimes also a political leader in Muslim society.","spellings":["Imam"]},"070e713b-f503-5f87-be41-16cb73c070b4":{"definition":"Main mosque where daily prayers and Friday prayers are celebrated. Tr. *cami*. See also *meşrebiye*.","spellings":["Cami","Djama'a","Djamaa","Djemaa","Jama","Jama'a","Jama’","Jamaa","Jami","Jami‘"]},"e6edb4f1-d8d8-54aa-8bf3-e3a0e739c95b":{"definition":"(Pl. *ajnad*) Military and administrative province.","spellings":["Ajnad","Jund"]},"2003ec95-a720-51cb-9dcd-774d9dc9f389":{"definition":"The text of the Qur’an can be divided into 30 equal sections. One-thirtieth is therefore called a *juz’* (pl. ajza). When Qur’ans were written in 30 volumes, as in Mamluk Egypt, one volume was a *juz’*.","spellings":["Ajza","Juz’"]},"dde3bab2-6c93-59de-b512-d4ebe4ea584d":{"definition":"A usually cotton or silk ankle-length garment with long sleeves that is common throughout the Islamic world.","spellings":["Caftan","Kaftan","Khaftan"]},"cf7d3667-7d96-58e6-af31-c5d6fe2c71b8":{"definition":"Ar. Inn, lodgings on the main caravan routes for travellers (pilgrims and merchants) and where merchandise could be stored. See also *caravanserai*, *funduq*, *wikala*. Tr. *han*.","spellings":["Han","Khan"]},"95fc5a14-1b29-5364-810a-69fc76087256":{"definition":"An Arabic script of angular and stylised characters used in Qur’ans in the early period of Islam. It is attributed to the city of Kufa in Iraq. From the AH 4th / AD 10th century it was less used because it could be difficult to read. Foliated *kufic*: a script that combines the angular style of the letters with decorative floral and vegetal motifs as finials, popular during the Fatimid and Atabeg period. See also calligraphy.  \n  \nKufic script emerged as an Arabic script style, initially rising to prominence as the favoured choice for transcribing the Qurʾan and adorning architectural structures. Over time, it evolved into a point of reference and an exemplary model for various other Arabic scripts. Kufic script is characterised by its markedly angular form within the Arabic alphabet, originating in the initial copies of the Qurʾan.","spellings":["Kufic"]},"6d80067a-11d1-5a05-8e27-1c1e30ff12b0":{"definition":"Word used for chair or throne, depending on the context.","spellings":["Kursi"]},"961fe836-4b40-5496-978f-d23cca1475bd":{"definition":"A ceramic technique in which raised or incised lines separate the different colours of a painted vessel in order to keep them from fusing. This type of pottery was made in Syria and Iran in the AH 6th / AD 12th century.","spellings":["Laqabi","Laqabi ware"]},"220ac6c9-5bbb-5494-a7d7-a1992e0113c3":{"definition":"A ceramic technique in which a thin coating of metal oxide resulted in an iridescent and golden shining surface on glazed ceramics. The lustre technique was introduced to many different regions by travelling potters.","spellings":["lustre","lustre-painted ware","Lustreware"]},"bd6ee598-f323-5770-a786-0151295aea83":{"definition":"One of the four Sunni legal schools of Orthodox Islam. Founded by Imam Malik and spread throughout the western Muslim world including al-Andalus.","spellings":["Malik","Maliki"]},"f2ec79dc-0998-56d5-8cc2-bce2d4228e77":{"definition":"Building of one or more architectural units, usually with a dome, that contains the tomb of an important religious figure. A place of worship, and pilgrimage. See also darih, mashhad, qubba, türbe.  \nAdditionally, Mashhad, alternatively spelled as Mashad or Meshed, serves as the city and capital of the Khorasan-e Razavi province in north-eastern Iran.  \n  \nSee also darih, *maqam*, *qubba*, *türbe*.","spellings":["Mashad","Mashhad"]},"a04d4101-e499-5fb8-ad85-ae402c6b673f":{"definition":"A long stone protruding ledge or bench against an outer wall on either side of entrance to a building.","spellings":["Mastaba"]},"e99f9b90-c624-5aa1-815f-a47f478f7da3":{"definition":"Town, the old quarter, self-sufficient city centre. Also the name of a city in Saudi Arabia where the Muslims migrated in AD 622 and where the Prophet Muhammad is buried.","spellings":["Madina","Madinat","Medina","Medinat"]},"e7f7d170-9ce3-5eb5-8c00-b201155164d8":{"definition":"Arched niche, usually concave but sometimes flat, in religious Islamic buildings indicating the direction of Mecca, which worshippers face when praying.","spellings":["Maharib","Mihrab"]},"016aabef-bd66-5afb-8b53-eec9959e0d50":{"definition":"The Ming dynasty ruled in China 1368–1644. Blue-and-white Ming porcelain is distinguished by the integration of dragon motifs with floral compositions. See also Chinoiserie.","spellings":["Ming-style pottery"]},"b2f40fe6-7d9e-55fe-91fd-b02fa7f5b5a2":{"definition":"In the Christian kingdoms of the Peninsula the name given to Muslims who formally converted to Christianity after the Reconquista.","spellings":["Morisco"]},"a95bf8cd-02b1-5d88-b68d-c21999469de6":{"definition":"See *jami’* and *meşrebiye*.","spellings":["Mosque"]},"d9555abf-9d44-5fae-95f4-b894702cfcd9":{"definition":"From Ar. *must‘arab*. A member of the Christian minorities, tolerated by Muslim rulers as tributaries, who lived in al-Andalus holding on to their religion and ecclesiastic and judicial organisation.","spellings":["Mozarab"]},"9c8d51a2-cb58-59b3-92e4-fecb1ca87eb4":{"definition":"From Ar. *mudajjan*. Muslims who were allowed to remain among their Christian conquerors, without changing their religion, in exchange for tribute. The adjective Mudéjar is also used to describe traditional craftsmanship begun under Islamic domination and continued for Christian clients after the Christian conquest.","spellings":["Mudajjan","Mudéjar"]},"323fc8b6-ea1a-5717-982f-38123c87161c":{"definition":"Muhaqqaq is an Islamic calligraphic style that emerged in the 10th century and was employed widely in the Islamic world for creating elaborate, large Qur'ans and architectural inscriptions. Its defining characteristics include a precise, angular script with upright letters, meticulously balanced ascenders and horizontal elements, a distinct horizontal emphasis (wider than it is tall), descending strokes terminating in straight, sharp points rather than curving upwards, and the frequent use of descending round strokes that encircle the following letter. Muhaqqaq is typically employed in combination with \"Rayhani,\" a smaller rendition of the same script.  \n  \nA large cursive script related to the *naskhi* script used in the Middle Ages. It is one of the six basic styles of writing. Tr. *muhaqqaq*. See also calligraphy.","spellings":["Muhaqqaq"]},"4c8c2130-e69d-5ae6-b03b-7dc72bf78f7a":{"definition":"Kingdom or sovereignty. The word is often applied in calligraphic ornamentation to decorate courtly items.","spellings":["Mulk"]},"b43d4539-8c8e-5de3-ba56-a72f1632c7c8":{"definition":"Meaning \"bitter\", often used to describe coffee.","spellings":["Murra"]},"3a840421-ce84-5045-8ad3-f9355dd51baf":{"definition":"Woodwind instrument, similar to a pan flute.","spellings":["Nai"]},"78098713-2d8f-5314-b786-0c0cdd7710a0":{"definition":"Waterwheel","spellings":["Na'ura","Nawa'ir","Norias"]},"459f8079-3081-520c-95f1-def76fceb958":{"definition":"Stringed musical instrument prominent in medieval and modern Islamic music. It is the parent of the European lute. The oud has a deep pear-shaped body, a fretless fingerboard.","spellings":["Oud","Ūd"]},"ba7ec4e5-ec62-5bf2-bd27-6b932bb32ca1":{"definition":"A small box or lidded container used for holding a variety of objects such as medicine, writing instruments, etc.","spellings":["Pyxis"]},"dc0561a2-2592-560f-8a87-20cd58a96753":{"definition":"\"Chest Panel  \nFrom the head of the right shoulder to the end of the left shoulder.\"","spellings":["Qabbe"]},"afa2f843-fdd4-5a67-9298-c7381518b3c8":{"definition":"(Pl. qilâ’) Citadel. See also *kasbah*, *hisn*.","spellings":["Qal'at","Qal‘a","Qala","Qalaa","Qalaat","Qalat"]},"c47920b0-c22e-53d0-aa8c-93eb3956ca0e":{"definition":"From Latin *castrum*. Palace, castle. *Qusayr*: diminutive form of *qasr*. Tr. kasr. See also *bayt*, dar.","spellings":["Ksar","Qasr","Qusair","Qusayr","Quseir"]},"c39cd815-3b51-5b89-a4e4-5e9f2c0ca622":{"definition":"Dome; by extension a monument or chamber built over the grave of a saint or important person, which is usually marked with a dome. Fr. *koubba*. Tr. *kubbe* (dome only).","spellings":["Koubba","Kubbat","Kubbe","Qubba","Qubbat"]},"30f08fe7-8bb1-504a-aa55-685d583ff5ba":{"definition":"Reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal) by the Christians from the Muslims, which ended in AH 897 / AD 1492 with the fall of Granada.","spellings":["Reconquista"]},"9a8096ea-a204-590a-8744-2ddf28c2b6b8":{"definition":"Fortified enclosure for religious warriors (North Africa); a hospice for pilgrims (Mamluk Egypt, Palestine and Syria). The name of the town Rabat comes from Ribat al-Fath (Ribat of the Conquest).","spellings":["Ribat"]},"8f56e049-19ca-5856-9caa-3acff60817b3":{"definition":"Pl. of *rawda* “garden”. Always used in plural form, in Morocco *riyad* means a garden within residential housing.","spellings":["Rawda","Riad","Riyad","Riyadh"]},"63187e27-a423-515a-905c-73fa1d04ccf8":{"definition":"This general term is used for the different styles in stucco common in the temporary Abbasid capital of Samarra in Iraq. Style A uses naturalistic designs, Style B uses naturalistic designs interwoven with abstract designs and Style C uses barely discernible plant design with bevelled edges in an abstract way.","spellings":["Samarra style"]},"98f32a82-0f8d-523b-b82b-b4c5d2090590":{"definition":"(Pl. *sada*) Descendants of Prophet Muhammad. See also *sharif*.","spellings":["Sada","Sayyed"]},"10021f2a-1ddf-5af4-bb0f-d78adb4a1f5d":{"definition":"Profession of Muslim faith. Tr. *Şahadet*.","spellings":["Sahadet","Shahada","Shahadah"]},"3f35b372-188c-5440-a3a1-24902734c0d8":{"definition":"Member of the smaller of the two major branches of Islam, the Shiʿa, distinguished from the majority Sunnis.","spellings":["Shi'i","Shi'ite","Shii","Shīʿī"]},"3d198a73-3a55-5a34-b209-561c8dc2c58e":{"definition":"Correctly, Shi‘at ‘Ali, meaning “the party of ‘Ali”. Shi‘ites rejected the legitimacy of all caliphs who succeed after the assassination of Ali (AH 40 / AD 661), the Prophet’s cousin and son-in-law. See also Sunna.","spellings":["Shi‘a","Shia"]},"60d18096-8ef8-5848-9e25-fc081e078906":{"definition":"A wash of diluted clay applied to a ceramic vessel to cover the clay body before applying decoration.","spellings":["Slip"]},"8d51b0ae-13b3-5a75-acf3-79e63e2bd891":{"definition":"An arch placed diagonally at each corner of a square and filled decoratively with a variety of methods, providing the transition from the cubical walls to the sphere of the dome.","spellings":["Squinch"]},"aea62142-bf4f-5655-8c52-b1e856151ce7":{"definition":"Honorary title used by independent sovereigns (in particular Ottomans and Seljuks) whose authority, however, does not question the nominal superiority recognised to the ruling caliph.","spellings":["Sultan"]},"811580e5-c0b8-5c27-8c10-3a3a36bee143":{"definition":"Literally “tradition”. For Orthodox Islam, the group of traditions of the Prophet in which legal advisers and theologians find support and foundations to establish the content of Islamic law arising from the Qur’an. Sunni: Follower of Sunna. Sunnis are divided into four schools: Hanafi, Hanbali, Maliki, Shafi’i. Sunnism: a political and religious system opposed to Shi‘ism. See also Fiqh, Shi’a.","spellings":["Sunna"]},"08fa434b-cde7-5b8b-be42-9e2217634cd8":{"definition":"Marketplace. See also *arasta*, *bazaar*, *bedesten*.","spellings":["Esouk","Sooq","Souk","Souq","Suk","Suq"]},"5c212d06-15e4-5918-a02d-bb0ef2c59fe1":{"definition":"Chapter of the Qur’an. There are 114 surahs in the Qur’an. Tr. Sure.","spellings":["Sura","Surah"]},"cc2bbcf5-54f0-5959-a72b-231b955a7d9c":{"definition":"One of the six main styles of calligraphy developed in Persia in the AH 9th / AD 15th century. Used especially for official correspondence, it is characterised by fine lines with no vowel. Tr. *talik*. See also *nasta’liq*, calligraphy.  \n  \nTaliq is characterised by an unauthodox use of ligatures, which connect letters on the left that typically wouldn't be joined. It features descending strokes that form loops, rounded letter shapes with pronounced variations in letter spacing, wide spacing between lines, as well as lines that ascend from right to left.","spellings":["ta‘liq","Talik","Taliq"]},"9b57e731-19ab-55da-8b80-25d31d0f41c3":{"definition":"Arabic: “one-third”. A style of calligraphy named after the size of the pen used. The prolongation of its letters allow for very complex decorative compositions. It was used in calligraphy, books and civil and religious architecture. From the AH 12th / AD 18th century it was widely used in panels particular to Ottoman art. Fr. *toulouth*. Tr. *sülüs*.  \n  \nThe thuluth script, a medieval Islamic calligraphic style, features an alphabet written in a distinctive manner. The name \"thuluth\" (Arabic for \"one-third\") refers to the principle that each letter's form encompasses a slope of about one-third of its size. This script is both spacious and refined, characterized by its cursive nature. During the medieval period, thuluth script found its place on mosque embellishments.  \nFunctionally, thuluth script assumed some of the roles initially held by the early Kufic script. It was employed for crafting headings for suras (chapters) of the Qurʾan, religious inscriptions, princely titles, and inscriptions of importance. Additionally, from the 13th century AD (597-700 AH) onwards, it was favoured for producing large copies of the Qurʾan.","spellings":["Sülüs","Thoulouth","Thuluth"]},"a054eff3-ab33-572b-8c6c-47a7d300c111":{"definition":"First used for embroidered inscriptions on textiles, this term became synonymous with textile robes with inscriptions giving the ruler’s name and the workshop where the textiles were made. Such robes were presented by the caliph to people who were to be honoured. Dar al-tiraz: royal textile factories supervised by the court.","spellings":["Taraz","Teraz","Tiraz"]},"5cc4d556-5ce6-575d-a50b-a403e6c59d4f":{"definition":"A headdress consisting of a long scarf wound round the head or a smaller, underlying hat. Turbans vary in shape, colour, and size.","spellings":["Turban","Turbant"]},"9d699883-6a5a-53ad-8a08-f3b27574c431":{"definition":"Turkish people located in the region east of the Caspian Sea and South of the Aral Sea. This area now comprises of Turkmenistan and parts of Iran and Afghanistan.","spellings":["Turkmen","Türkmenler","Turkoman"]},"577792e7-dcb2-5783-bc01-836c6f2cded6":{"definition":"Minister. Tr. *vezir*. The highest vizier (Prime Minister) was the Grand Vizier, Prime Minister. Tr. *Sadrazam*.","spellings":["Sadrazam","Vasir","Vazir","Vesir","Vezir","Visir","Vizier","Vizir","Wazir"]},"76676210-58c4-5de1-89e6-594e4175ceac":{"definition":"Establishment for religious teaching dedicated to preparing men to become *shaykhs*, which includes the shrine of a saint and built where he was born or lived. In Turkey also a small *tekke*, a hospice for dervishes and travellers. See also *khanqah*, *tekke*, *takiyya*.","spellings":["Zaouia","Zawija","Zawiya","Zawiyah","Zwaya"]}}

package/translations/glossary.es.json

@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"8e22eece-aa71-5c15-9776-799a90bed70e":{"definition":"Purificación ritual con agua que se realiza antes de la oración.","spellings":["Ablución"]},"ca7cf5ed-e85c-5aa3-8a00-3c4a246314af":{"definition":"Nombre de los territorios de la Península Ibérica bajo dominio musulmán entre 711 y 1492.","spellings":["Al-Andalus"]},"13e5a720-86da-5489-8550-6975b61c89fd":{"definition":"(del ár. *qasabah*) Fortaleza, ciudadela. Ciudadela y residencia del cabeza local, por lo general el centro de la ciudad.","spellings":["Alcazaba"]},"16131753-740a-5b87-bfb9-06606e67de19":{"definition":"Bandera, pendón o estandarte.","spellings":["Alem"]},"7b9c0eb4-b88c-5f12-a29c-fb04001f136d":{"definition":"Del ár. *tayfur*. Cuenco o plato hondo característico de la producción cerámica de al-Andalus.","spellings":["Ataifor"]},"8383edc1-0cb4-52fa-9e3a-219b3a940129":{"definition":"Versículo del Corán.","spellings":["Aleya"]},"4c2bb21c-6364-5e2c-ad76-cc117a2e1056":{"definition":"Puerta.","spellings":["Bab"]},"e44ace71-d122-5c82-bf6b-34a79ff4b2d8":{"definition":"Ver *ibn*.","spellings":["Bani","Banu","Beni"]},"9d8dd39e-6208-5b40-8479-7eb99bd94348":{"definition":"Bendición, bondad.","spellings":["Baraka"]},"b8c40deb-d541-5941-870e-bbb5a22c7520":{"definition":"Sala; en algunos casos, casa. *Bayt al-Hikma*: tribunal; *bayt al-diwan*: vestíbulo de recepción; *bayt al-nar*: caldera, literalmente, la “casa del fuego”. Palabras relacionadas: *dar*, *qasr*.","spellings":["Bayt"]},"ac325296-5e0b-5e3e-b8c7-d6a3a6d559ca":{"definition":"Región a menudo denominada «Levante» o «Gran Siria», comprende las actuales Siria, Jordania, Líbano y Palestina.","spellings":["Bilad al-Sham"]},"5f340924-0a32-5b50-8c50-755492945fed":{"definition":"En el mundo islámico, la cerámica azul y blanca apareció en Mesopotamia en el siglo III/IX. La porcelana azul y blanca de China producida a partir del siglo VIII/XIV tuvo gran influencia en el mundo islámico, donde fue recibida en la corte e imitada en los talleres del Iznik otomano y el Irán safawí.","spellings":["Azul y blanco","Blanquiazul"]},"53b06a4c-1741-53c4-bd23-415aa3ce7613":{"definition":"Fuerte, bastión, torre, a veces rodeada por un muro exterior. El término ingresó en la toponimia portuguesa medieval bajo las formas *alvorge* o *porches*. En Túnez, el término designa así mismo una segunda residencia rodeada de jardines; una residencia de verano. *Borj* o *bordj* en el Magreb; *burg* en Egipto.","spellings":["Bury"]},"b3b18f28-32c7-5836-ae64-e0df239443e1":{"definition":"El imperio bizantino (306 a 1453), precedido por el Imperio romano y sucedido por el Imperio otomano.","spellings":["Bizantino"]},"b6c3a09c-964b-5dd3-a091-e608967fe6ff":{"definition":"Del ár. *jalifa*, literalmente “sucesor”. Dirigente supremo de la comunidad musulmana. Califato: territorio bajo el poder del califa.","spellings":["Califa","Jalifa"]},"c2953466-916b-57e9-9f3b-409c9af9afa1":{"definition":"El “arte de la bella escritura” (griego) es una de las más eminentes expresiones de la cultura islámica. Dado que la lengua árabe está ligada à la revelación del Islam y ésta fue plasmada en textos, la caligrafía tiene profundas connotaciones espirituales y es considerada como un símbolo de belleza y misterio. Existen numerosos tipos de caligrafía dependiendo del periodo, el lugar y el contexto. Numerosos artistas del mundo arabo-musulmán continúan practicando el arte de la caligrafía actualmente. Palabras relacionadas: *cúfico*, *diwani*, *farsi*, *magrebí-andalusí*, *muhaqqaq*, *nasji*, *nastaliq*, *rayhani*, *ruqa*, *taliq*, *zuluz*.","spellings":["Caligrafía"]},"801f574d-c2f6-52a3-ae7c-6a0074f1c59b":{"definition":"Del persa *karvansara*. Hospedería situada al borde de las principales rutas, que permite el alojamiento de los viajeros y el almacenamiento de sus mercancías. Ár.: *caravansaray* Palabras relacionadas: *funduq*, *jan*, *wikala*.","spellings":["Caravasar"]},"90c8aeb0-fee7-5ad8-b2e8-525f87d18e3a":{"definition":"Fortaleza, ciudadela, habitualmente situada en el centro de una ciudad. *Ksiba*: pequeña kasba, nombre de un barrio de Bizerta, en Túnez. Palabras relacionadas: *hisn*, *qalaa*.","spellings":["Qasbah"]},"f583303a-89d1-5e38-9f75-1188be1c39d3":{"definition":"Cristianos egipcios principalmente; seguidores de una de las formas más antiguas de cristianismo, que comprendía comunidades desde África oriental hasta Etiopía. Tenían su propia lengua, el copto, y su propio calendario.","spellings":["Coptos"]},"44562f82-b0b6-5353-939a-47fccfb7fa3c":{"definition":"Texto sagrado de la revelación islámica transmitido por el arcángel Gabriel al profeta Muhammad. Ár. *Qur‘an*, de la raíz *qr‘*, ‘leer, recitar’.","spellings":["Corán","Kuran"]},"61dd2431-5d5a-563f-98ea-305257d3eed8":{"definition":"Método de separación de los vidriados de diferentes colores sobre azulejos durante la cocción, mediante cuerdas engrasadas. El término designa también la técnica de delimitación del contorno de un motivo con una mezcla de cera o grasa vegetal y óxido de manganeso. En el arte turco es conocida también como “técnica de vidriado coloreado”, en los siglos IX-X/XV-XVI.","spellings":["Cuerda seca"]},"f3052f85-4db5-5572-a790-f3dc9a248659":{"definition":"(Pl. *dur*) Casa. *Dar al-Imara*: casa del gobernador. *Dar al-Islam*: dominio del Islam: país bajo dominación islámica; los países que no estaban bajo el dominio del Islam eran considerados como territorios de guerra. *Dar al-hadiz*: escuela donde se estudian los hadices. *Dar al-hiyra*: residencia para emigrantes. *Dar al-juffaz*: escuela especializada en la memorización del Corán. *Dar al-qurra*: escuela dedicada a enseñar la recitación del Corán. *Dar al-shifa*: hospital. *Dar al-tibb*: escuela de medicina. Palabras relacionadas: *bayt*, *qasr*.","spellings":["Dar"]},"8f750e3f-a3f4-5b39-8f9c-97cbf1eb56ec":{"definition":"Comandante, príncipe o alto funcionario.","spellings":["Amir","Emir"]},"5d77d3cf-d7dc-59de-8fe9-16b4846e152d":{"definition":"Solución de arcilla diluida que se aplica a un recipiente de cerámica para recubrirlo antes de decorarlo.","spellings":["Engobe"]},"3fd5d8e5-d6d9-5084-a7bc-f270946f8c24":{"definition":"1\\. Persa. 2. Estilo de caligrafía cursiva particularmente elegante, que valoriza las curvas de los caracteres árabes y reduce las formas angulares. Palabras relacionadas: *caligrafía*.","spellings":["Farsi"]},"30b4ea5c-4774-5bfc-bea3-025184b06e0f":{"definition":"Término que designa un material cerámico compuesto principalmente de cuarzo y de un vidriado mixto. Durante la cocción, el cuarzo y el vidriado se funden y generan un cuerpo blanco, muchas veces llamado también “pasta de piedra”.","spellings":["Frita"]},"1123d155-1d0c-59e5-8ecc-ca1e2b7a31e9":{"definition":"Guerreros que combaten por la causa del Islam, organizados en grados militares en el seno del Imperio Otomano.","spellings":["Gazi"]},"e0e8a76f-5937-523a-b87b-6d2a0c6528d7":{"definition":"Aplicación de oro sobre la superficie de una obra de arte. El dorado puede aplicarse a la mayoría de los materiales, como el mármol, la piedra, el estuco, la madera, los metales, la cerámica, el vidrio y el papel. Existen diferentes técnicas de aplicación, como al agua o en hoja. Tr.: *tombak*, técnica del cobre dorado.","spellings":["Dorado","Tombak"]},"f2b2bdf4-e6b8-5c67-94e3-3fdbc00d8e88":{"definition":"Técnica consistente en aplicar a la superficie cerámica una fina capa de vedrío antes de la cocción. En el horno, el vedrío se funde, protege la cerámica, la vuelve impermeable y la prepara para diferentes usos. El vidriado plumbífero es transparente y suave, pero vulnerable a las roturas y la deformación química. El vidriado estannífero es un vidriado blanco opaco que contiene estaño; se perfeccionó en Bagdad en el siglo III/IX para competir con las porcelanas chinas, y se extendió hasta la España musulmana y luego al resto de Europa.","spellings":["Vidriado"]},"bf45b8ed-e1ac-5ab7-a72d-85c57ebcf786":{"definition":"Técnica decorativa de vidriado en cerámica, en que los únicos colores son el óxido de cobre verde y el casi negro del manganeso. Toda la composición se recubre al final con una capa transparente de plomo.","spellings":["Verde y manganeso"]},"4a7c27f5-2059-522b-a21e-ee99a0c6ac00":{"definition":"Alto funcionario del gobierno. El término designaba inicialmente a un chambelán, pero bajo los omeyas de al-Andalus, el *hayib* ejercía de primer ministro, con igual rango que el visir en los califatos orientales.","spellings":["Hayib"]},"cccf5396-0f64-5785-9f34-bb8b7a5ffd5b":{"definition":"Uno de los cinco pilares del Islam; peregrinación a La Meca y a los Santos Lugares que todos los creyentes deben llevar a cabo al menos una vez en su vida, si tienen los medios. Por extensión, el término también se refiere a una persona que hace esta peregrinación. El *hayy* se realiza dos meses después de ramadán y termina con la Fiesta del Sacrificio (Aid al-Ada). La *Umra* presenta casi los mismos rituales que el *hayy*, pero no tiene lugar durante la misma temporada; su importancia es cada vez mayor debido a las dificultades para acoger al creciente número de peregrinos que cada año quieren cumplir con el *hayy* (más de tres millones).","spellings":["Hayy"]},"fc74d5ab-7517-53a5-9a58-0cb34c65fec8":{"definition":"Baños públicos o privados. Se dividen en: *apodyterium* (tr.: *soyunmalık*), vestuario; *caldarium*, sala caliente; *hipocausto*, sistema de calefacción por suelo y paredes, mediante vapor, en las villas y termas romanas; *tepidarium* (tr.: *ılıklık*), sala caliente donde se descansaba después del baño. Existían también en los baños turcos: *aralik*: pasaje entre el *soyunmalık* y el *ılıklık*; *halvet*: habitaciones privadas en los baños públicos; *traşlık*: pequeña habitación utilizada para la eliminación del vello. Así mismo, en los baños sirios: *barrani* (lit. “exterior”): sala fría de los baños que normalmente se encuentra más alejada de la caldera; *yuwwani*: la parte interior, cerca de la sala de calderas: la sala de vapor; *wustani*: cámaras intermedias designadas como “salas de agua caliente”. Palabras relacionadas: *maqsura*.","spellings":["Hammam"]},"0ad8de69-3a63-53bc-8e1b-4c6cae853bca":{"definition":"Espacio de vida en común en una casa turca. También *sofa*.","spellings":["Hayat","Sofa"]},"0f3fb66d-a491-591b-a0c2-56e11ec481aa":{"definition":"(del ár. *hiyra*, «migración») Éxodo del Profeta de La Meca a Medina en 622, año de referencia para el comienzo de la era islámica. El calendario musulmán se rige por años lunares de 354 días.","spellings":["Hégira"]},"dcd58376-8ba5-5488-bec0-53d4cf2fa497":{"definition":"Descripción en prosa sobre el profeta Muhammad. *Hilya i-sharif*: “noble descripción” sobre el Profeta; obra de arte que ostenta esta “noble descripción”.","spellings":["Hilya"]},"3d299572-ee10-5a78-93a1-b50bfe645ec5":{"definition":"Castillo. Palabras relacionadas: *qalaa*, *qasbah*.","spellings":["Hisn"]},"d741661c-846f-560d-a11c-19720819ac9a":{"definition":"«Hijo de», a menudo forma parte de los nombres. El plural, *banu*, se utiliza para denominar un clan.","spellings":["Ben","Bin","Ibn"]},"ee2f26d8-e2ea-53a3-b764-2204e426e058":{"definition":"Nombre arabizado de «África»; región que en nuestros días comprendería aproximadamente Túnez.","spellings":["Ifriqiya"]},"441e3156-be30-517c-a195-12e2d3486ed8":{"definition":"Persona que preside la plegaria islámica, guía, líder, modelo espiritual o eclesiástico; a veces, también dirigente político en la sociedad musulmana.","spellings":["Imam"]},"070e713b-f503-5f87-be41-16cb73c070b4":{"definition":"Mezquita mayor o aljama donde tienen lugar las oraciones cotidianas y las del viernes. Palabras relacionadas: *masyid*.","spellings":["Yamaa"]},"2b77385d-f9a6-5d6a-bb79-403b38118bce":{"definition":"Posada en las rutas principales de comercio o peregrinaje, donde los viajeros se alojaban y la mercancía podía guardarse de forma segura. (Ver *caravasar*.)","spellings":["Jan"]},"e6edb4f1-d8d8-54aa-8bf3-e3a0e739c95b":{"definition":"(Pl. *aynad*) Provincia militar y administrativa.","spellings":["Yund"]},"2003ec95-a720-51cb-9dcd-774d9dc9f389":{"definition":"El texto del Corán se puede dividir en 30 secciones iguales, a las que se denomina *yuz* (pl. *ayza*). Cuando los coranes estaban escritos en 30 volúmenes, como en el Egipto mameluco, cada volumen era un *yuz*.","spellings":["Ayza","Yuz"]},"cf7d3667-7d96-58e6-af31-c5d6fe2c71b8":{"definition":"Término árabe que designa una posada o alojamiento en las principales rutas de caravanas para los viajeros (peregrinos y mercaderes) y donde las mercancías podían ser almacenadas. Palabras relacionadas: *caravasar*, *funduq*, *wikala*. Tr.: *han*.","spellings":["Jan"]},"95fc5a14-1b29-5364-810a-69fc76087256":{"definition":"Escritura árabe de caracteres angulares estilizados, utilizada en los coranes de los primeros tiempos del Islam. Se atribuye a la ciudad de Kufa, en Irak. A partir del siglo IV/X, el cúfico fue menos utilizado, por la dificultad de su lectura. Cúfico florido: escritura que combina el estilo angular de las letras con motivos florales y vegetales, como los florones, de uso frecuente en los periodos fatimí y atabeg. Palabras relacionadas: *caligrafía*.","spellings":["Cúfica"]},"961fe836-4b40-5496-978f-d23cca1475bd":{"definition":"Técnica de cerámica consistente en separar los colores de un objeto pintado por medio de líneas incisas o realzadas para evitar que se mezclaran. Este tipo de cerámica se produjo en Siria e Irán en el siglo VI/XII.","spellings":["Laqabi"]},"220ac6c9-5bbb-5494-a7d7-a1992e0113c3":{"definition":"Técnica de decoración de la cerámica que consiste en aplicar una fina capa de óxido metálico para dar un brillo dorado e iridiscente a la cerámica vidriada. Esta técnica se extendió a muchas regiones de la mano de alfareros itinerantes.","spellings":["Reflejo metálico"]},"bd6ee598-f323-5770-a786-0151295aea83":{"definition":"Una de las cuatro escuelas jurídicas sunníes del Islam ortodoxo. Fue fundada por el imam Malik y se extendió por el mundo musulmán occidental, incluido al-Andalus.","spellings":["Malik","Malikíes"]},"f2ec79dc-0998-56d5-8cc2-bce2d4228e77":{"definition":"Mausoleo o santuario.","spellings":["Mashhad"]},"a04d4101-e499-5fb8-ad85-ae402c6b673f":{"definition":"Largo saliente de piedra o banco adosado al muro exterior que se encuentra a los lados de la entrada de un edificio.","spellings":["Mastaba"]},"e99f9b90-c624-5aa1-815f-a47f478f7da3":{"definition":"Ciudad; casco antiguo de una ciudad, centro independiente. También es el nombre de una ciudad de Arabia Saudí adonde emigraron los musulmanes en el año 622 y en la que está enterrado el profeta Muhammad.","spellings":["Medina"]},"e7f7d170-9ce3-5eb5-8c00-b201155164d8":{"definition":"Nicho con arco y generalmente cóncavo, aunque a veces sólo está marcado, que en los edificios religiosos islámicos indica la dirección de La Meca, hacia la cual se vuelven los fieles cuando rezan.","spellings":["Mihrab"]},"016aabef-bd66-5afb-8b53-eec9959e0d50":{"definition":"La dinastía Ming gobernó China entre 1368 y 1644. La porcelana Ming azul y blanca se caracteriza por la integración de motivos de dragones y composiciones florales.","spellings":["Ming (cerámica)"]},"b2f40fe6-7d9e-55fe-91fd-b02fa7f5b5a2":{"definition":"En los reinos cristianos de la Península Ibérica, nombre dado a los musulmanes que se convirtieron oficialmente al cristianismo después de la Reconquista.","spellings":["Morisco"]},"d9555abf-9d44-5fae-95f4-b894702cfcd9":{"definition":"Del ár. *mustarab*. Miembro de la minoría cristiana, tolerado por los dirigentes musulmanes como tributario, que vivía en al-Andalus y conservaba su religión y su organización eclesiástica y judicial.","spellings":["almocárabe","Mocárabe","Mozárabe"]},"9c8d51a2-cb58-59b3-92e4-fecb1ca87eb4":{"definition":"Del ár. *mudayyan*. Musulmán autorizado a permanecer entre sus conquistadores cristianos sin cambiar de religión a cambio de un tributo. El adjetivo “mudéjar” designa también un arte tradicional iniciado bajo dominio islámico y continuado para clientes cristianos después de la conquista cristiana de una zona.","spellings":["Mudéjar"]},"323fc8b6-ea1a-5717-982f-38123c87161c":{"definition":"Gran escritura cursiva asociada al *nasji* utilizado en la Edad Media. Es uno de los seis estilos básicos de escritura. Tr.: *muhaqqaq*. Palabras relacionadas: *caligrafía*.","spellings":["Muhaqqaq"]},"4c8c2130-e69d-5ae6-b03b-7dc72bf78f7a":{"definition":"Reinado, soberanía, poder. La palabra se emplea frecuentemente en la decoración caligráfica para ornar objetos refinados.","spellings":["Mulk"]},"ea9e06ca-7872-5541-9ac2-11302f8890c2":{"definition":"Título honorífico turco. Pachá. Ár. *bacha*.","spellings":["Paşa"]},"afa2f843-fdd4-5a67-9298-c7381518b3c8":{"definition":"Ciudadela con características propias de la arquitectura militar, como muros inexpugnables, torres, saeteras y terreno en pendiente antes de la muralla.","spellings":["Qalaa"]},"c47920b0-c22e-53d0-aa8c-93eb3956ca0e":{"definition":"(del lat. castrum) Palacio, castillo.","spellings":["Qasr"]},"c39cd815-3b51-5b89-a4e4-5e9f2c0ca622":{"definition":"Cúpula; por extensión, monumento o cámara construida sobre la tumba de un santo o de un personaje importante, generalmente señalada por una cúpula.","spellings":["Qubba"]},"30f08fe7-8bb1-504a-aa55-685d583ff5ba":{"definition":"Reconquista cristiana de la Península Ibérica a los musulmanes, que finalizó en 897/1492 con la caída de Granada.","spellings":["Reconquista"]},"eeddc1f9-aa34-58f7-8a63-ff3e19765ad6":{"definition":"Decoración cerámica con pigmentos de cobre, hierro y plata que se aplican sobre el esmalte y se cuecen en atmósfera reductora. Este tipo de decoración nació en Mesopotamia, en los primeros años del islam, y se propagó por todos los territorios musulmanes.","spellings":["Reflejo metálico"]},"9a8096ea-a204-590a-8744-2ddf28c2b6b8":{"definition":"Recinto fortificado para monjes guerreros (norte de África); hospicio para peregrinos (Egipto mameluco, Palestina y Siria). El nombre de la ciudad de Rabat procede de Ribat al-Fath (‘ribat de la conquista’).","spellings":["Ribat"]},"8f56e049-19ca-5856-9caa-3acff60817b3":{"definition":"Pl. de *rawda*, “jardín”. En Marruecos, siempre en plural, designa un jardín dentro de una construcción residencial.","spellings":["Riyad"]},"63187e27-a423-515a-905c-73fa1d04ccf8":{"definition":"Término genérico que designa los diferentes estilos de estuco comunes en la efímera capital abbasí de Samarra (Irak). El estilo A emplea motivos naturalistas; el B, motivos similares pero entrelazados con diseños abstractos; por último, el estilo C sigue un diseño vegetal muy estilizado, apenas discernible, con los bordes biselados.","spellings":["Samarra (estilo de)"]},"98f32a82-0f8d-523b-b82b-b4c5d2090590":{"definition":"(Pl. *sada*) Descendiente del profeta Muhammad. Palabras relacionadas: *jerife*.","spellings":["Sayyid"]},"10021f2a-1ddf-5af4-bb0f-d78adb4a1f5d":{"definition":"Profesión de fe musulmana.","spellings":["Shahada"]},"3d198a73-3a55-5a34-b209-561c8dc2c58e":{"definition":"(*Shiat Ali*, «partido de Ali») Designa a los musulmanes que eligieron a Ali como líder después de la muerte del Profeta; tras el asesinato de Ali en 661, rechazaron la legitimidad de los califas.","spellings":["Shia","Shiíes"]},"8d51b0ae-13b3-5a75-acf3-79e63e2bd891":{"definition":"Triángulo curvilíneo en cada ángulo de una habitación cuadrada que sirve para hacer la transición a la línea de imposta circular de una cúpula.","spellings":["Pechina"]},"aea62142-bf4f-5655-8c52-b1e856151ce7":{"definition":"(«soberano») Título que se aplica al jefe político supremo, cuya autoridad no amenaza la superioridad nominal del califa regente.","spellings":["Sultán"]},"811580e5-c0b8-5c27-8c10-3a3a36bee143":{"definition":"Literalmente, “tradición”. Para el Islam ortodoxo, conjunto de tradiciones del Profeta en las que se basan los jurisconsultos y teólogos para establecer la ley islámica que dimana del Corán. Sunní: seguidor de la Sunna. Los sunníes se dividen en cuatro escuelas: hanafíes, hanbalíes, malikíes, shafiíes. Sunnismo: sistema político y religioso opuesto al shiísmo. Palabras relacionadas: *fiqh*, *shiía*.","spellings":["Sunna","Sunní"]},"08fa434b-cde7-5b8b-be42-9e2217634cd8":{"definition":"Mercado, zoco. Palabras relacionadas: *arasta*, *bazar*, *bedesten*.","spellings":["Suq"]},"5c212d06-15e4-5918-a02d-bb0ef2c59fe1":{"definition":"Capítulo del Corán. El Corán tiene 114 suras.","spellings":["Sura"]},"9b57e731-19ab-55da-8b80-25d31d0f41c3":{"definition":"En ár., “un tercio”. Estilo de caligrafía cuyo nombre se debe al tamaño de la pluma utilizada. La extensión de sus letras permite realizar composiciones decorativas muy complejas. Se utilizaba en todo tipo de obras de artesanía, en libros y en la arquitectura civil y religiosa. Desde el siglo XII/XVIII, se empleaba frecuentemente en determinados paneles del arte otomano. Tr.: *sülüs*.","spellings":["Zuluz"]},"a054eff3-ab33-572b-8c6c-47a7d300c111":{"definition":"Originalmente usado para designar las inscripciones bordadas en telas, este término pronto pasó a denominar las prendas que llevaban inscripciones con el nombre del soberano y el taller donde estos textiles se fabricaban. Estos vestidos eran regalados por el califa a personas que quería honrar. *Dar al-Tiraz*: talleres textiles reales supervisados por la corte.","spellings":["Tiraz"]},"9d699883-6a5a-53ad-8a08-f3b27574c431":{"definition":"Pueblo turco ubicado en la región al este del Mar Caspio y al Sur del Mar de Aral. Actualmente, esta área comprende Turkmenistán y partes de Irán y Afganistán.","spellings":["Turcomanos"]},"577792e7-dcb2-5783-bc01-836c6f2cded6":{"definition":"Ministro. El ministro más prominente en la jerarquía era el Gran Visir, el Primer Ministro. Tr.: *sadrazam*.","spellings":["Visir","Vizir"]},"76676210-58c4-5de1-89e6-594e4175ceac":{"definition":"Establecimiento de enseñanza religiosa destinado a la formación de los *shayjs*; lugar de peregrinación construido donde nació o vivió un santo. En Turquía, el término designa igualmente un pequeño *tekke*, un albergue para derviches y viajeros. Palabras relacionadas: *janqa*, *tekke*, *takiyya*.","spellings":["Zawiya"]}}
+{"8e22eece-aa71-5c15-9776-799a90bed70e":{"definition":"Purificación ritual con agua que se realiza antes de la oración.","spellings":["Ablución"]},"ca7cf5ed-e85c-5aa3-8a00-3c4a246314af":{"definition":"Nombre de los territorios de la Península Ibérica bajo dominio musulmán entre 711 y 1492.","spellings":["Al-Andalus"]},"13e5a720-86da-5489-8550-6975b61c89fd":{"definition":"(del ár. *qasabah*) Fortaleza, ciudadela. Ciudadela y residencia del cabeza local, por lo general el centro de la ciudad.","spellings":["Alcazaba"]},"16131753-740a-5b87-bfb9-06606e67de19":{"definition":"Bandera, pendón o estandarte.","spellings":["Alem"]},"7b9c0eb4-b88c-5f12-a29c-fb04001f136d":{"definition":"Del ár. *tayfur*. Cuenco o plato hondo característico de la producción cerámica de al-Andalus.","spellings":["Ataifor"]},"8383edc1-0cb4-52fa-9e3a-219b3a940129":{"definition":"Versículo del Corán.","spellings":["Aleya"]},"4c2bb21c-6364-5e2c-ad76-cc117a2e1056":{"definition":"Puerta.","spellings":["Bab"]},"e44ace71-d122-5c82-bf6b-34a79ff4b2d8":{"definition":"Ver *ibn*.","spellings":["Bani","Banu","Beni"]},"9d8dd39e-6208-5b40-8479-7eb99bd94348":{"definition":"Bendición, bondad.","spellings":["Baraka"]},"b8c40deb-d541-5941-870e-bbb5a22c7520":{"definition":"Sala; en algunos casos, casa. *Bayt al-Hikma*: tribunal; *bayt al-diwan*: vestíbulo de recepción; *bayt al-nar*: caldera, literalmente, la “casa del fuego”. Palabras relacionadas: *dar*, *qasr*.","spellings":["Bayt"]},"ac325296-5e0b-5e3e-b8c7-d6a3a6d559ca":{"definition":"Región a menudo denominada «Levante» o «Gran Siria», comprende las actuales Siria, Jordania, Líbano y Palestina.","spellings":["Bilad al-Sham"]},"5f340924-0a32-5b50-8c50-755492945fed":{"definition":"En el mundo islámico, la cerámica azul y blanca apareció en Mesopotamia en el siglo III/IX. La porcelana azul y blanca de China producida a partir del siglo VIII/XIV tuvo gran influencia en el mundo islámico, donde fue recibida en la corte e imitada en los talleres del Iznik otomano y el Irán safawí.","spellings":["Azul y blanco","Blanquiazul"]},"53b06a4c-1741-53c4-bd23-415aa3ce7613":{"definition":"Fuerte, bastión, torre, a veces rodeada por un muro exterior. El término ingresó en la toponimia portuguesa medieval bajo las formas *alvorge* o *porches*. En Túnez, el término designa así mismo una segunda residencia rodeada de jardines; una residencia de verano. *Borj* o *bordj* en el Magreb; *burg* en Egipto.","spellings":["Bury"]},"b3b18f28-32c7-5836-ae64-e0df239443e1":{"definition":"El imperio bizantino (306 a 1453), precedido por el Imperio romano y sucedido por el Imperio otomano.","spellings":["Bizantino"]},"b6c3a09c-964b-5dd3-a091-e608967fe6ff":{"definition":"Del ár. *jalifa*, literalmente “sucesor”. Dirigente supremo de la comunidad musulmana. Califato: territorio bajo el poder del califa.","spellings":["Califa","Jalifa"]},"c2953466-916b-57e9-9f3b-409c9af9afa1":{"definition":"El “arte de la bella escritura” (griego) es una de las más eminentes expresiones de la cultura islámica. Dado que la lengua árabe está ligada à la revelación del Islam y ésta fue plasmada en textos, la caligrafía tiene profundas connotaciones espirituales y es considerada como un símbolo de belleza y misterio. Existen numerosos tipos de caligrafía dependiendo del periodo, el lugar y el contexto. Numerosos artistas del mundo arabo-musulmán continúan practicando el arte de la caligrafía actualmente. Palabras relacionadas: *cúfico*, *diwani*, *farsi*, *magrebí-andalusí*, *muhaqqaq*, *nasji*, *nastaliq*, *rayhani*, *ruqa*, *taliq*, *zuluz*.","spellings":["Caligrafía"]},"801f574d-c2f6-52a3-ae7c-6a0074f1c59b":{"definition":"Del persa *karvansara*. Hospedería situada al borde de las principales rutas, que permite el alojamiento de los viajeros y el almacenamiento de sus mercancías. Ár.: *caravansaray* Palabras relacionadas: *funduq*, *jan*, *wikala*.","spellings":["Caravasar"]},"90c8aeb0-fee7-5ad8-b2e8-525f87d18e3a":{"definition":"Fortaleza, ciudadela, habitualmente situada en el centro de una ciudad. *Ksiba*: pequeña kasba, nombre de un barrio de Bizerta, en Túnez. Palabras relacionadas: *hisn*, *qalaa*.","spellings":["Qasbah"]},"f583303a-89d1-5e38-9f75-1188be1c39d3":{"definition":"Cristianos egipcios principalmente; seguidores de una de las formas más antiguas de cristianismo, que comprendía comunidades desde África oriental hasta Etiopía. Tenían su propia lengua, el copto, y su propio calendario.","spellings":["Coptos"]},"44562f82-b0b6-5353-939a-47fccfb7fa3c":{"definition":"Texto sagrado de la revelación islámica transmitido por el arcángel Gabriel al profeta Muhammad. Ár. *Qur‘an*, de la raíz *qr‘*, ‘leer, recitar’.","spellings":["Corán","Kuran"]},"61dd2431-5d5a-563f-98ea-305257d3eed8":{"definition":"Método de separación de los vidriados de diferentes colores sobre azulejos durante la cocción, mediante cuerdas engrasadas. El término designa también la técnica de delimitación del contorno de un motivo con una mezcla de cera o grasa vegetal y óxido de manganeso. En el arte turco es conocida también como “técnica de vidriado coloreado”, en los siglos IX-X/XV-XVI.","spellings":["Cuerda seca"]},"f3052f85-4db5-5572-a790-f3dc9a248659":{"definition":"(Pl. *dur*) Casa. *Dar al-Imara*: casa del gobernador. *Dar al-Islam*: dominio del Islam: país bajo dominación islámica; los países que no estaban bajo el dominio del Islam eran considerados como territorios de guerra. *Dar al-hadiz*: escuela donde se estudian los hadices. *Dar al-hiyra*: residencia para emigrantes. *Dar al-juffaz*: escuela especializada en la memorización del Corán. *Dar al-qurra*: escuela dedicada a enseñar la recitación del Corán. *Dar al-shifa*: hospital. *Dar al-tibb*: escuela de medicina. Palabras relacionadas: *bayt*, *qasr*.","spellings":["Dar"]},"8f750e3f-a3f4-5b39-8f9c-97cbf1eb56ec":{"definition":"Comandante, príncipe o alto funcionario.","spellings":["Amir","Emir"]},"5d77d3cf-d7dc-59de-8fe9-16b4846e152d":{"definition":"Solución de arcilla diluida que se aplica a un recipiente de cerámica para recubrirlo antes de decorarlo.","spellings":["Engobe"]},"3fd5d8e5-d6d9-5084-a7bc-f270946f8c24":{"definition":"1\\. Persa. 2. Estilo de caligrafía cursiva particularmente elegante, que valoriza las curvas de los caracteres árabes y reduce las formas angulares. Palabras relacionadas: *caligrafía*.","spellings":["Farsi"]},"30b4ea5c-4774-5bfc-bea3-025184b06e0f":{"definition":"Término que designa un material cerámico compuesto principalmente de cuarzo y de un vidriado mixto. Durante la cocción, el cuarzo y el vidriado se funden y generan un cuerpo blanco, muchas veces llamado también “pasta de piedra”.","spellings":["Frita"]},"1123d155-1d0c-59e5-8ecc-ca1e2b7a31e9":{"definition":"Guerreros que combaten por la causa del Islam, organizados en grados militares en el seno del Imperio Otomano.","spellings":["Gazi"]},"e0e8a76f-5937-523a-b87b-6d2a0c6528d7":{"definition":"Aplicación de oro sobre la superficie de una obra de arte. El dorado puede aplicarse a la mayoría de los materiales, como el mármol, la piedra, el estuco, la madera, los metales, la cerámica, el vidrio y el papel. Existen diferentes técnicas de aplicación, como al agua o en hoja. Tr.: *tombak*, técnica del cobre dorado.","spellings":["Dorado","Tombak"]},"f2b2bdf4-e6b8-5c67-94e3-3fdbc00d8e88":{"definition":"Técnica consistente en aplicar a la superficie cerámica una fina capa de vedrío antes de la cocción. En el horno, el vedrío se funde, protege la cerámica, la vuelve impermeable y la prepara para diferentes usos. El vidriado plumbífero es transparente y suave, pero vulnerable a las roturas y la deformación química. El vidriado estannífero es un vidriado blanco opaco que contiene estaño; se perfeccionó en Bagdad en el siglo III/IX para competir con las porcelanas chinas, y se extendió hasta la España musulmana y luego al resto de Europa.","spellings":["Vidriado"]},"bf45b8ed-e1ac-5ab7-a72d-85c57ebcf786":{"definition":"Técnica decorativa de vidriado en cerámica, en que los únicos colores son el óxido de cobre verde y el casi negro del manganeso. Toda la composición se recubre al final con una capa transparente de plomo.","spellings":["Verde y manganeso"]},"4a7c27f5-2059-522b-a21e-ee99a0c6ac00":{"definition":"Alto funcionario del gobierno. El término designaba inicialmente a un chambelán, pero bajo los omeyas de al-Andalus, el *hayib* ejercía de primer ministro, con igual rango que el visir en los califatos orientales.","spellings":["Hayib"]},"cccf5396-0f64-5785-9f34-bb8b7a5ffd5b":{"definition":"Uno de los cinco pilares del Islam; peregrinación a La Meca y a los Santos Lugares que todos los creyentes deben llevar a cabo al menos una vez en su vida, si tienen los medios. Por extensión, el término también se refiere a una persona que hace esta peregrinación. El *hayy* se realiza dos meses después de ramadán y termina con la Fiesta del Sacrificio (Aid al-Ada). La *Umra* presenta casi los mismos rituales que el *hayy*, pero no tiene lugar durante la misma temporada; su importancia es cada vez mayor debido a las dificultades para acoger al creciente número de peregrinos que cada año quieren cumplir con el *hayy* (más de tres millones).","spellings":["Hayy"]},"fc74d5ab-7517-53a5-9a58-0cb34c65fec8":{"definition":"Baños públicos o privados. Se dividen en: *apodyterium* (tr.: *soyunmalık*), vestuario; *caldarium*, sala caliente; *hipocausto*, sistema de calefacción por suelo y paredes, mediante vapor, en las villas y termas romanas; *tepidarium* (tr.: *ılıklık*), sala caliente donde se descansaba después del baño. Existían también en los baños turcos: *aralik*: pasaje entre el *soyunmalık* y el *ılıklık*; *halvet*: habitaciones privadas en los baños públicos; *traşlık*: pequeña habitación utilizada para la eliminación del vello. Así mismo, en los baños sirios: *barrani* (lit. “exterior”): sala fría de los baños que normalmente se encuentra más alejada de la caldera; *yuwwani*: la parte interior, cerca de la sala de calderas: la sala de vapor; *wustani*: cámaras intermedias designadas como “salas de agua caliente”. Palabras relacionadas: *maqsura*.","spellings":["Hammam"]},"0ad8de69-3a63-53bc-8e1b-4c6cae853bca":{"definition":"Espacio de vida en común en una casa turca. También *sofa*.","spellings":["Hayat","Sofa"]},"0f3fb66d-a491-591b-a0c2-56e11ec481aa":{"definition":"(del ár. *hiyra*, «migración») Éxodo del Profeta de La Meca a Medina en 622, año de referencia para el comienzo de la era islámica. El calendario musulmán se rige por años lunares de 354 días.","spellings":["Hégira"]},"dcd58376-8ba5-5488-bec0-53d4cf2fa497":{"definition":"Descripción en prosa sobre el profeta Muhammad. *Hilya i-sharif*: “noble descripción” sobre el Profeta; obra de arte que ostenta esta “noble descripción”.","spellings":["Hilya"]},"3d299572-ee10-5a78-93a1-b50bfe645ec5":{"definition":"Castillo. Palabras relacionadas: *qalaa*, *qasbah*.","spellings":["Hisn"]},"d741661c-846f-560d-a11c-19720819ac9a":{"definition":"«Hijo de», a menudo forma parte de los nombres. El plural, *banu*, se utiliza para denominar un clan.","spellings":["Ben","Bin","Ibn"]},"ee2f26d8-e2ea-53a3-b764-2204e426e058":{"definition":"Nombre arabizado de «África»; región que en nuestros días comprendería aproximadamente Túnez.","spellings":["Ifriqiya"]},"441e3156-be30-517c-a195-12e2d3486ed8":{"definition":"Persona que preside la plegaria islámica, guía, líder, modelo espiritual o eclesiástico; a veces, también dirigente político en la sociedad musulmana.","spellings":["Imam"]},"070e713b-f503-5f87-be41-16cb73c070b4":{"definition":"Mezquita mayor o aljama donde tienen lugar las oraciones cotidianas y las del viernes. Palabras relacionadas: *masyid*.","spellings":["Yamaa"]},"2b77385d-f9a6-5d6a-bb79-403b38118bce":{"definition":"Posada en las rutas principales de comercio o peregrinaje, donde los viajeros se alojaban y la mercancía podía guardarse de forma segura. (Ver *caravasar*.)","spellings":["Jan"]},"e6edb4f1-d8d8-54aa-8bf3-e3a0e739c95b":{"definition":"(Pl. *aynad*) Provincia militar y administrativa.","spellings":["Yund"]},"2003ec95-a720-51cb-9dcd-774d9dc9f389":{"definition":"El texto del Corán se puede dividir en 30 secciones iguales, a las que se denomina *yuz* (pl. *ayza*). Cuando los coranes estaban escritos en 30 volúmenes, como en el Egipto mameluco, cada volumen era un *yuz*.","spellings":["Ayza","Yuz"]},"cf7d3667-7d96-58e6-af31-c5d6fe2c71b8":{"definition":"Término árabe que designa una posada o alojamiento en las principales rutas de caravanas para los viajeros (peregrinos y mercaderes) y donde las mercancías podían ser almacenadas. Palabras relacionadas: *caravasar*, *funduq*, *wikala*. Tr.: *han*.","spellings":["Jan"]},"95fc5a14-1b29-5364-810a-69fc76087256":{"definition":"Escritura árabe de caracteres angulares estilizados, utilizada en los coranes de los primeros tiempos del Islam. Se atribuye a la ciudad de Kufa, en Irak. A partir del siglo IV/X, el cúfico fue menos utilizado, por la dificultad de su lectura. Cúfico florido: escritura que combina el estilo angular de las letras con motivos florales y vegetales, como los florones, de uso frecuente en los periodos fatimí y atabeg. Palabras relacionadas: *caligrafía*.","spellings":["Cúfica"]},"961fe836-4b40-5496-978f-d23cca1475bd":{"definition":"Técnica de cerámica consistente en separar los colores de un objeto pintado por medio de líneas incisas o realzadas para evitar que se mezclaran. Este tipo de cerámica se produjo en Siria e Irán en el siglo VI/XII.","spellings":["Laqabi"]},"220ac6c9-5bbb-5494-a7d7-a1992e0113c3":{"definition":"Técnica de decoración de la cerámica que consiste en aplicar una fina capa de óxido metálico para dar un brillo dorado e iridiscente a la cerámica vidriada. Esta técnica se extendió a muchas regiones de la mano de alfareros itinerantes.","spellings":["Reflejo metálico"]},"bd6ee598-f323-5770-a786-0151295aea83":{"definition":"Una de las cuatro escuelas jurídicas sunníes del Islam ortodoxo. Fue fundada por el imam Malik y se extendió por el mundo musulmán occidental, incluido al-Andalus.","spellings":["Malik","Malikíes"]},"f2ec79dc-0998-56d5-8cc2-bce2d4228e77":{"definition":"Mausoleo o santuario.","spellings":["Mashhad"]},"a04d4101-e499-5fb8-ad85-ae402c6b673f":{"definition":"Largo saliente de piedra o banco adosado al muro exterior que se encuentra a los lados de la entrada de un edificio.","spellings":["Mastaba"]},"e99f9b90-c624-5aa1-815f-a47f478f7da3":{"definition":"Ciudad; casco antiguo de una ciudad, centro independiente. También es el nombre de una ciudad de Arabia Saudí adonde emigraron los musulmanes en el año 622 y en la que está enterrado el profeta Muhammad.","spellings":["Medina"]},"e7f7d170-9ce3-5eb5-8c00-b201155164d8":{"definition":"Nicho con arco y generalmente cóncavo, aunque a veces sólo está marcado, que en los edificios religiosos islámicos indica la dirección de La Meca, hacia la cual se vuelven los fieles cuando rezan.","spellings":["Mihrab"]},"016aabef-bd66-5afb-8b53-eec9959e0d50":{"definition":"La dinastía Ming gobernó China entre 1368 y 1644. La porcelana Ming azul y blanca se caracteriza por la integración de motivos de dragones y composiciones florales.","spellings":["Ming (cerámica)"]},"b2f40fe6-7d9e-55fe-91fd-b02fa7f5b5a2":{"definition":"En los reinos cristianos de la Península Ibérica, nombre dado a los musulmanes que se convirtieron oficialmente al cristianismo después de la Reconquista.","spellings":["Morisco"]},"d9555abf-9d44-5fae-95f4-b894702cfcd9":{"definition":"Del ár. *mustarab*. Miembro de la minoría cristiana, tolerado por los dirigentes musulmanes como tributario, que vivía en al-Andalus y conservaba su religión y su organización eclesiástica y judicial.","spellings":["almocárabe","Mocárabe","Mozárabe"]},"9c8d51a2-cb58-59b3-92e4-fecb1ca87eb4":{"definition":"Del ár. *mudayyan*. Musulmán autorizado a permanecer entre sus conquistadores cristianos sin cambiar de religión a cambio de un tributo. El adjetivo “mudéjar” designa también un arte tradicional iniciado bajo dominio islámico y continuado para clientes cristianos después de la conquista cristiana de una zona.","spellings":["Mudéjar"]},"323fc8b6-ea1a-5717-982f-38123c87161c":{"definition":"Gran escritura cursiva asociada al *nasji* utilizado en la Edad Media. Es uno de los seis estilos básicos de escritura. Tr.: *muhaqqaq*. Palabras relacionadas: *caligrafía*.","spellings":["Muhaqqaq"]},"4c8c2130-e69d-5ae6-b03b-7dc72bf78f7a":{"definition":"Reinado, soberanía, poder. La palabra se emplea frecuentemente en la decoración caligráfica para ornar objetos refinados.","spellings":["Mulk"]},"afa2f843-fdd4-5a67-9298-c7381518b3c8":{"definition":"Ciudadela con características propias de la arquitectura militar, como muros inexpugnables, torres, saeteras y terreno en pendiente antes de la muralla.","spellings":["Qalaa"]},"c47920b0-c22e-53d0-aa8c-93eb3956ca0e":{"definition":"(del lat. castrum) Palacio, castillo.","spellings":["Qasr"]},"c39cd815-3b51-5b89-a4e4-5e9f2c0ca622":{"definition":"Cúpula; por extensión, monumento o cámara construida sobre la tumba de un santo o de un personaje importante, generalmente señalada por una cúpula.","spellings":["Qubba"]},"30f08fe7-8bb1-504a-aa55-685d583ff5ba":{"definition":"Reconquista cristiana de la Península Ibérica a los musulmanes, que finalizó en 897/1492 con la caída de Granada.","spellings":["Reconquista"]},"eeddc1f9-aa34-58f7-8a63-ff3e19765ad6":{"definition":"Decoración cerámica con pigmentos de cobre, hierro y plata que se aplican sobre el esmalte y se cuecen en atmósfera reductora. Este tipo de decoración nació en Mesopotamia, en los primeros años del islam, y se propagó por todos los territorios musulmanes.","spellings":["Reflejo metálico"]},"9a8096ea-a204-590a-8744-2ddf28c2b6b8":{"definition":"Recinto fortificado para monjes guerreros (norte de África); hospicio para peregrinos (Egipto mameluco, Palestina y Siria). El nombre de la ciudad de Rabat procede de Ribat al-Fath (‘ribat de la conquista’).","spellings":["Ribat"]},"8f56e049-19ca-5856-9caa-3acff60817b3":{"definition":"Pl. de *rawda*, “jardín”. En Marruecos, siempre en plural, designa un jardín dentro de una construcción residencial.","spellings":["Riyad"]},"63187e27-a423-515a-905c-73fa1d04ccf8":{"definition":"Término genérico que designa los diferentes estilos de estuco comunes en la efímera capital abbasí de Samarra (Irak). El estilo A emplea motivos naturalistas; el B, motivos similares pero entrelazados con diseños abstractos; por último, el estilo C sigue un diseño vegetal muy estilizado, apenas discernible, con los bordes biselados.","spellings":["Samarra (estilo de)"]},"98f32a82-0f8d-523b-b82b-b4c5d2090590":{"definition":"(Pl. *sada*) Descendiente del profeta Muhammad. Palabras relacionadas: *jerife*.","spellings":["Sayyid"]},"10021f2a-1ddf-5af4-bb0f-d78adb4a1f5d":{"definition":"Profesión de fe musulmana.","spellings":["Shahada"]},"3d198a73-3a55-5a34-b209-561c8dc2c58e":{"definition":"(*Shiat Ali*, «partido de Ali») Designa a los musulmanes que eligieron a Ali como líder después de la muerte del Profeta; tras el asesinato de Ali en 661, rechazaron la legitimidad de los califas.","spellings":["Shia","Shiíes"]},"8d51b0ae-13b3-5a75-acf3-79e63e2bd891":{"definition":"Triángulo curvilíneo en cada ángulo de una habitación cuadrada que sirve para hacer la transición a la línea de imposta circular de una cúpula.","spellings":["Pechina"]},"aea62142-bf4f-5655-8c52-b1e856151ce7":{"definition":"(«soberano») Título que se aplica al jefe político supremo, cuya autoridad no amenaza la superioridad nominal del califa regente.","spellings":["Sultán"]},"811580e5-c0b8-5c27-8c10-3a3a36bee143":{"definition":"Literalmente, “tradición”. Para el Islam ortodoxo, conjunto de tradiciones del Profeta en las que se basan los jurisconsultos y teólogos para establecer la ley islámica que dimana del Corán. Sunní: seguidor de la Sunna. Los sunníes se dividen en cuatro escuelas: hanafíes, hanbalíes, malikíes, shafiíes. Sunnismo: sistema político y religioso opuesto al shiísmo. Palabras relacionadas: *fiqh*, *shiía*.","spellings":["Sunna","Sunní"]},"08fa434b-cde7-5b8b-be42-9e2217634cd8":{"definition":"Mercado, zoco. Palabras relacionadas: *arasta*, *bazar*, *bedesten*.","spellings":["Suq"]},"5c212d06-15e4-5918-a02d-bb0ef2c59fe1":{"definition":"Capítulo del Corán. El Corán tiene 114 suras.","spellings":["Sura"]},"9b57e731-19ab-55da-8b80-25d31d0f41c3":{"definition":"En ár., “un tercio”. Estilo de caligrafía cuyo nombre se debe al tamaño de la pluma utilizada. La extensión de sus letras permite realizar composiciones decorativas muy complejas. Se utilizaba en todo tipo de obras de artesanía, en libros y en la arquitectura civil y religiosa. Desde el siglo XII/XVIII, se empleaba frecuentemente en determinados paneles del arte otomano. Tr.: *sülüs*.","spellings":["Zuluz"]},"a054eff3-ab33-572b-8c6c-47a7d300c111":{"definition":"Originalmente usado para designar las inscripciones bordadas en telas, este término pronto pasó a denominar las prendas que llevaban inscripciones con el nombre del soberano y el taller donde estos textiles se fabricaban. Estos vestidos eran regalados por el califa a personas que quería honrar. *Dar al-Tiraz*: talleres textiles reales supervisados por la corte.","spellings":["Tiraz"]},"9d699883-6a5a-53ad-8a08-f3b27574c431":{"definition":"Pueblo turco ubicado en la región al este del Mar Caspio y al Sur del Mar de Aral. Actualmente, esta área comprende Turkmenistán y partes de Irán y Afganistán.","spellings":["Turcomanos"]},"577792e7-dcb2-5783-bc01-836c6f2cded6":{"definition":"Ministro. El ministro más prominente en la jerarquía era el Gran Visir, el Primer Ministro. Tr.: *sadrazam*.","spellings":["Visir","Vizir"]},"76676210-58c4-5de1-89e6-594e4175ceac":{"definition":"Establecimiento de enseñanza religiosa destinado a la formación de los *shayjs*; lugar de peregrinación construido donde nació o vivió un santo. En Turquía, el término designa igualmente un pequeño *tekke*, un albergue para derviches y viajeros. Palabras relacionadas: *janqa*, *tekke*, *takiyya*.","spellings":["Zawiya"]}}

package/translations/glossary.fr.json

@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"8e22eece-aa71-5c15-9776-799a90bed70e":{"definition":"Toilette rituelle à l’eau, à réaliser avant la prière.","spellings":["Ablution"]},"ca7cf5ed-e85c-5aa3-8a00-3c4a246314af":{"definition":"Le nom de la péninsule Ibérique (Espagne et Portugal) sous hégémonie musulmane (92-711/897-1492).","spellings":["Al-Andalus"]},"16131753-740a-5b87-bfb9-06606e67de19":{"definition":"Drapeau, bannière ou étendard. Ils étaient portés en présence d’un commandant lors d’une campagne militaire ou étaient utilisés dans les processions religieuses. Ils pouvaient prendre des formes très différentes et arboraient des motifs géométriques, parfois nantis d’inscriptions. Un *alem* en métal pouvait être monté au sommet d’une hampe.","spellings":["Alem"]},"7b9c0eb4-b88c-5f12-a29c-fb04001f136d":{"definition":"De l’ar. *tayfour*. Bol ou assiette creuse caractéristique de la production de céramique d’al-Andalus.","spellings":["Ataifor"]},"8383edc1-0cb4-52fa-9e3a-219b3a940129":{"definition":"(Pl. *ayat*) Verset du Coran.","spellings":["Aya"]},"4c2bb21c-6364-5e2c-ad76-cc117a2e1056":{"definition":"Portail, porte.","spellings":["Bab"]},"e44ace71-d122-5c82-bf6b-34a79ff4b2d8":{"definition":"(sg. Bin/Ibn) “Fils de”, désigne les membres d’un clan ou d’une tribu.","spellings":["Bani","Banu","Beni"]},"9d8dd39e-6208-5b40-8479-7eb99bd94348":{"definition":"Bénédiction, bonté.","spellings":["Baraka"]},"b8c40deb-d541-5941-870e-bbb5a22c7520":{"definition":"(Pl. biyout) Salle ; dans certains cas, maison. *bayt al-Hikma* : tribunal. *bayt al-Diwan* : hall de réception. *bayt al-Nar* : chaudière, littéralement, la “maison du feu”. Voir également *dar*, *qasr*.","spellings":["Bayt","Beyt"]},"ac325296-5e0b-5e3e-b8c7-d6a3a6d559ca":{"definition":"Région comprenant les actuels Syrie, Jordanie, Liban et Palestine ; souvent appelée Levant ou Grande Syrie.","spellings":["Bilad al-Cham"]},"5f340924-0a32-5b50-8c50-755492945fed":{"definition":"Dans le monde islamique, la céramique bleu-et-blanc est apparue en Mésopotamie au IIIe siècle H (IXe siècle J.-C.). La porcelaine bleu-et-blanc de Chine produite à partir du VIIIe/XIVe siècle a eu une forte influence sur le monde islamique, où elle était reçue à la cour et imitée dans les ateliers d’Iznik l’ottomane et l’Iran séfévide.","spellings":["Bleu-et-blanc"]},"53b06a4c-1741-53c4-bd23-415aa3ce7613":{"definition":"Fort, bastion, tour, parfois entourée d’un mur extérieur. Le terme est entré dans la toponymie portugaise médiévale sous les formes *alvorge* ou *porches*. En Tunisie, le terme désigne également une résidence secondaire entourée de jardins ; une résidence de villégiature. *Borj* ou *bordj* au Maghreb. *Burg* en Égypte.","spellings":["Bordj","Borj","Burg"]},"b3b18f28-32c7-5836-ae64-e0df239443e1":{"definition":"L'Empire byzantin (de 306 à 1453) a précédé l'Empire romain et a succédé à l'Empire ottoman.","spellings":["Byzantin"]},"b6c3a09c-964b-5dd3-a091-e608967fe6ff":{"definition":"De l’arabe *Khalifa*. Chef spirituel et temporel de la communauté musulmane dans la lignée des successeurs du Prophète.","spellings":["Calife","Khalifa"]},"c2953466-916b-57e9-9f3b-409c9af9afa1":{"definition":"L’ “art de la belle écriture” (grec) est l’une des plus éminentes expressions de la culture islamique. Étant donné que la langue arabe est liée à la révélation de l’islam, la calligraphie a de profondes connotations spirituelles et est considérée comme un symbole de beauté et de mystère. Il existe de nombreux types de calligraphie, avec des variations selon la période, le lieu et le contexte. De nombreux artistes du monde arabo-musulman continuent de pratiquer l’art de la calligraphie aujourd’hui. Voir également *coufique, diwani, farsi, Maghribi andalou, muhaqqaq, naskhi, nasta’liq, rayhani, ruq’a, ta’liq, thoulouth*.","spellings":["Calligraphie"]},"801f574d-c2f6-52a3-ae7c-6a0074f1c59b":{"definition":"(voir aussi *khan*) Hôtellerie située sur les grandes voies de communication – commerce et pèlerinage –, destinée à l’hébergement des voyageurs et au stockage de leurs marchandises.","spellings":["Caravansérail"]},"90c8aeb0-fee7-5ad8-b2e8-525f87d18e3a":{"definition":"Forteresse, citadelle, résidence du leader local, souvent au centre de la ville. Le terme *kasbah* ou *kasbah* est surtout utilisé dans les régions occidentales du monde islamique – Maroc, Algérie, Tunisie.","spellings":["Casbah"]},"4a12c207-113d-5b87-992e-9db5d88374f3":{"definition":"En matière de monnaie, les premières sociétés musulmanes continuaient à utiliser des solidus byzantins en or et des dirhams sassanides argent. On ajouta au fil du temps des versets coraniques, le lieu d’émission, des noms de califes et de sultans et la date hégirienne. Avec la révolution omeyyade de la monnaie en 696-697 H / 1296-1297 J.-C, des pièces purement épigraphiques commencèrent à être utilisées. Akche : pièce en argent, unité de base du système monétaire ottoman ; dinar : pièce en or valant 10 dirhams ; fils : pièce en cuivre.","spellings":["Monnaie"]},"f583303a-89d1-5e38-9f75-1188be1c39d3":{"definition":"Chrétiens, surtout égyptiens, adeptes de l’une des plus anciennes formes de christianisme, avec des communautés s’étendant de l’Afrique de l’Est à l’Éthiopie. Ils ont leur propre langue, le copte, et leur propre calendrier.","spellings":["Coptes"]},"44562f82-b0b6-5353-939a-47fccfb7fa3c":{"definition":"De la racine *qr*’ (lire) désigne le texte sacré de la Révélation islamique transmise par l’archange Gabriel au prophète Muhammad en arabe.","spellings":["Coran","Kuran"]},"61dd2431-5d5a-563f-98ea-305257d3eed8":{"definition":"Littéralement “corde sèche”, méthode de séparation des glaçures de différentes couleurs sur un carreau pendant la cuisson au moyen de cordes graissées. Le terme désigne également la technique de délimitation des contours d’un motif avec un mélange de pâte ou de graisse végétale et d’oxyde de manganèse. Elle porte également le nom de “technique de glaçage coloré” dans l’art turc et on pouvait l’observer en Turquie aux IXe et Xe siècles H (XVe et XVIe siècles J.-C.).","spellings":["Cuerda seca"]},"f3052f85-4db5-5572-a790-f3dc9a248659":{"definition":"(Pl. dur) Maison. *daral-imara* : maison du gouverneur. Dar al-Islam : domaine de l’Islam : pays sous domination islamique ; les pays qui n’étaient pas sous la domination de l’Islam étaient considérés comme des territoires de guerre. *dar al-Hadith* : école permettant d’étudier les Hadiths ; Tr. : Darülhadis. *dar al-Hijra*: demeure pour la migration. *dar al-khuffaz* : école spécialisée dans la mémorisation du Coran Tr. : Darülhuffaz. *dar* al-Qurra’ : école enseignant la science de la récitation du Coran ; Tr. : Darülkurra. *dar al-shifa’* : hôpital; Tr. : Darüşşifa. *dar al-tibb* : école où étaient enseignées les sciences médicales ; Tr. : Darüttıb. Voir également *bayt*, *qasr*.","spellings":["Dar"]},"8f750e3f-a3f4-5b39-8f9c-97cbf1eb56ec":{"definition":"Chef militaire, gouverneur, prince, haut dignitaire. Souverain d’un émirat ou d’une principauté.","spellings":["Émir"]},"5d77d3cf-d7dc-59de-8fe9-16b4846e152d":{"definition":"Solution d’argile diluée appliquée à un récipient en céramique pour recouvrir le corps d’argile avant d’ajouter une décoration.","spellings":["Engobe"]},"3fd5d8e5-d6d9-5084-a7bc-f270946f8c24":{"definition":"1. Habitant de la Perse. 2. Style de calligraphie cursive particulièrement élégante valorisant les courbes des lettres arabes en réduisant les formes angulaires. Voir également calligraphie.","spellings":["Farsi"]},"30b4ea5c-4774-5bfc-bea3-025184b06e0f":{"definition":"Terme désignant un matériau céramique composé principalement de quartz et d’une glaçure mixte. En cours de cuisson, le quartz et la glaçure fondent et génèrent un corps blanc, parfois également appelé pâte de pierre.","spellings":["Fritte"]},"1123d155-1d0c-59e5-8ecc-ca1e2b7a31e9":{"definition":"Guerriers combattant pour la cause de l’islam, organisés en grades militaires au sein de l’empire ottoman. Tr. : *gazi*.","spellings":["Gazi","Ghazi"]},"e0e8a76f-5937-523a-b87b-6d2a0c6528d7":{"definition":"Application d’or sur la surface d’une œuvre d’art. La dorure peut être appliquée à la plupart des matériaux, dont le marbre, la pierre, le stuc, le bois, les métaux, la céramique, le verre et le papier. Il existe différentes techniques d’application : la dorure à l’eau ou à la feuille d’or. Tr. : *tombak*, technique du cuivre doré.","spellings":["Dorure","Tombak"]},"f2b2bdf4-e6b8-5c67-94e3-3fdbc00d8e88":{"definition":"Une fine couche de verre est appliquée à la surface de la céramique avant la cuisson. Dans le four, la glaçure fond, protège la céramique, la rend imperméable et la prépare à différents usages. La glaçure plombifère est transparente et douce mais vulnérable aux craquelures et à la déformation chimique. La glaçure stannifère est une glaçure blanche opaque contenant de l’étain, mise au point à Bagdad au IIIe siècle H (IXe siècle J.-C.) pour rivaliser avec les porcelaines chinoises, qui s’est étendue à l’Espagne musulmane, puis dans le reste de l’Europe. La faïence, la majolique et la faïence de Delft sont à glaçure stannifère.","spellings":["Glaçure"]},"bf45b8ed-e1ac-5ab7-a72d-85c57ebcf786":{"definition":"Technique de glaçure décorative de la céramique utilisant exclusivement le vert de l’oxyde de cuivre et le manganèse presque noir. A la fin du processus, la composition entière est recouverte d’une couche transparente de glaçure plombifère.","spellings":["Vert et manganèse"]},"4a7c27f5-2059-522b-a21e-ee99a0c6ac00":{"definition":"Haut fonctionnaire du gouvernement. Le terme désignait initialement un chambellan, mais sous les Omeyyades d’al-Andalus, le *hadjib* agissait en tant que ministre en chef, de rang égal à celui de vizir dans les califats orientaux.","spellings":["Hadjib"]},"cccf5396-0f64-5785-9f34-bb8b7a5ffd5b":{"definition":"Pèlerinage.","spellings":["Hadjdj","Hajj"]},"fc74d5ab-7517-53a5-9a58-0cb34c65fec8":{"definition":"Bains publics ou privés. Apodyterium : vestiaire; Tr. : *soyunmalık*. Caldarium : salle chaude. Hypocauste : système de chauffage du plancher et des murs employant la vapeur dans les villas et les bains romains. Tepidarium : pièce chaude où l’on se reposait après le bain ; Tr. : *ılıklık*. Existait également dans les bains turcs : *aralık* : passage entre le *soyunmalık* et l’*ılıklık* ; *halvet* : chambres privées dans les bains publics ; *traşlık* : petite pièce utilisée pour l’épilation. Egalement dans les bains syriens : *barrani* (lit. Bains publics ou privés. Apodyterium : vestiaire; Tr. : *soyunmalık*. Caldarium : salle chaude. Hypocauste : système de chauffage du plancher et des murs employant la vapeur dans les villas et les bains romains. Tepidarium : pièce chaude où l’on se reposait après le bain ; Tr. : *ılıklık*. Existait également dans les bains turcs : *aralık* : passage entre le *soyunmalık* et l’*ılıklık* ; *halvet* : chambres privées dans les bains publics ; *traşlık* : petite pièce utilisée pour l’épilation. Egalement dans les bains syriens : *barrani* (litt. “extérieur”) : pièce froide des bains située généralement le plus à l’écart de la chaudière ; *jouwwani* : partie la plus intérieure, près de la chaudière – la pièce à vapeur ; *woustani* : chambres intermédiaires désignées comme les “chambres d’eau chaude”. Voir également *maqsoura*. “extérieur”) : pièce froide des bains située généralement le plus à l’écart de la chaudière ; *jouwwani* : la principalement la partie intérieure, près de la chaudière – la pièce à vapeur ; *woustani* : chambres intermédiaires désignées comme les “chambres d’eau chaude”. Voir également *maqsoura*.","spellings":["Hammam"]},"0ad8de69-3a63-53bc-8e1b-4c6cae853bca":{"definition":"Espace de vie commun dans une maison turque. Tr. : également *sofa*.","spellings":["Hayat","Sofa"]},"0f3fb66d-a491-591b-a0c2-56e11ec481aa":{"definition":"(de *Hijra*, litt. “émigration”) Exode du Prophète de La Mecque à Médine en 622 J.-C., qui sert de point de départ au calendrier musulman, établi selon une année lunaire de 354 jours.","spellings":["Hégire"]},"dcd58376-8ba5-5488-bec0-53d4cf2fa497":{"definition":"Description prosaïque du prophète Muhammad. Hilya-i Charif : “Noble Description” du Prophète, œuvre d’art arborant cette “Noble Description”.","spellings":["Hilya"]},"3d299572-ee10-5a78-93a1-b50bfe645ec5":{"definition":"Château. Voir également *qalaa*, *casbah*.","spellings":["Hisn"]},"d741661c-846f-560d-a11c-19720819ac9a":{"definition":"Fils de, souvent utilisé dans la formation des noms. Pour désigner un clan, on emploie la forme plurielle : Bani/Banu/Beni.","spellings":["Ben","Bin","Ibn"]},"441e3156-be30-517c-a195-12e2d3486ed8":{"definition":"Celui qui dirige la prière islamique. Guide, chef, modèle spirituel ou membre du clergé, quelquefois aussi homme politique, dans une société musulmane.","spellings":["Imam"]},"070e713b-f503-5f87-be41-16cb73c070b4":{"definition":"Principale mosquée où les prières quotidiennes et celles du vendredi ont lieu. Tr. : *cami*. Voir également *masjid*.","spellings":["Djemaa"]},"e6edb4f1-d8d8-54aa-8bf3-e3a0e739c95b":{"definition":"(Pl. ajnad) Province militaire et administrative.","spellings":["Jund"]},"2003ec95-a720-51cb-9dcd-774d9dc9f389":{"definition":"Le texte du Coran peut être divisé en 30 sections égales. Un trentième du Coran est donc appelé un *juz’* (pl. *ajza*). Lorsque les corans étaient écrits en 30 volumes, comme en Egypte sous les Mamelouks, un volume était appelé un *juz’*.","spellings":["Juz’"]},"cf7d3667-7d96-58e6-af31-c5d6fe2c71b8":{"definition":"(voir aussi Caravansérail) Auberge, hôtellerie édifiée le long des principales routes de commerce et de pèlerinage ; les voyageurs (pèlerins et marchands) y descendaient pour la nuit et pouvaient y entreposer leurs marchandises en toute sécurité.","spellings":["Khan"]},"95fc5a14-1b29-5364-810a-69fc76087256":{"definition":"L’une des premières calligraphies arabes, caractérisée par ses traits angulaires et très stylisés ; elle doit son nom à la ville de Koufa en Irak.","spellings":["Coufique"]},"961fe836-4b40-5496-978f-d23cca1475bd":{"definition":"Technique de céramique dans laquelle des lignes relevées ou incisées séparaient les différentes couleurs d’un objet peint afin d’éviter qu’elles ne se mélangent. Ce type de poterie était réalisé en Syrie et en Iran au VIe siècle H (XIIe siècle J.-C.).","spellings":["Laqabi"]},"220ac6c9-5bbb-5494-a7d7-a1992e0113c3":{"definition":"(décor au lustre, lustre métallique) Décor présentant un somptueux aspect métallique obtenu grâce à une technique de cuisson très élaborée, utilisant des oxydes de cuivre et d’argent. Le procédé a été inventé au début de l’âge islamique en Mésopotamie et a prospéré dans tous les pays musulmans.","spellings":["Lustre","Lustre à reflets métalliques,","peinture au lustre"]},"bd6ee598-f323-5770-a786-0151295aea83":{"definition":"Une des quatre écoles juridique sunnites de l’islam orthodoxe. Fondée par l’imam Malik et répandue à travers le monde musulman occidental, dont al-Andalus.","spellings":["Malékite","Malik"]},"a04d4101-e499-5fb8-ad85-ae402c6b673f":{"definition":"Long rebord de pierre en saillie ou banquette contre un mur extérieur, de chaque côté de l’entrée d’un bâtiment.","spellings":["Mastaba"]},"e99f9b90-c624-5aa1-815f-a47f478f7da3":{"definition":"Ville, vieux quartier, centre-ville autonome. Egalement le nom d’une ville d’Arabie saoudite où les musulmans ont émigré en 622 ap J.-C. et où est enterré le prophète Muhammad.","spellings":["Médina","Médine"]},"e7f7d170-9ce3-5eb5-8c00-b201155164d8":{"definition":"Dans une mosquée ou une salle de prière, niche située dans le mur de *qibla* qui indique la direction de La Mecque vers laquelle les croyants doivent se tourner pendant leurs prières. Parfois plate, mais le plus souvent concave, c’est généralement la partie la plus décorée de l’oratoire.","spellings":["Mihrab"]},"016aabef-bd66-5afb-8b53-eec9959e0d50":{"definition":"La dynastie Ming a dirigé la Chine entre 1368 et 1644. La porcelaine Ming bleu et blanc se caractérise par l’intégration de motifs de dragons et de compositions florales. Voir également Chinoiserie.","spellings":["Ming"]},"b2f40fe6-7d9e-55fe-91fd-b02fa7f5b5a2":{"definition":"Dans les royaumes chrétiens de la Péninsule, nom donné aux musulmans qui se sont officiellement convertis au christianisme après la “Reconquista”.","spellings":["Morisque"]},"a95bf8cd-02b1-5d88-b68d-c21999469de6":{"definition":"Voir *jami’* et *masjid*.","spellings":["Mosquée"]},"d9555abf-9d44-5fae-95f4-b894702cfcd9":{"definition":"De l’arabe *must‘arab*. Membre des minorités chrétiennes, toléré par les dirigeants musulmans en tant que tributaires, qui vivait en al-Andalus et conservait sa religion et son organisation ecclésiastique et judiciaire.","spellings":["Mozarabe"]},"9c8d51a2-cb58-59b3-92e4-fecb1ca87eb4":{"definition":"De l’arabe *mudajjan*. Musulmans autorisés à rester parmi leurs conquérants chrétiens sans changer de religion, en échange d’un tribut. L’adjectif “mudéjar” est également utilisé pour décrire un artisanat traditionnel qui débuta sous la domination islamique et se maintint pour les clients chrétiens après la conquête chrétienne.","spellings":["Mudéjar"]},"323fc8b6-ea1a-5717-982f-38123c87161c":{"definition":"Grande écriture cursive associée au *naskhi* utilisé au Moyen Age. Il s’agit d’un des six styles d’écriture de base. Tr. : *muhaqqaq*. Voir également calligraphie.","spellings":["Muhaqqaq"]},"4c8c2130-e69d-5ae6-b03b-7dc72bf78f7a":{"definition":"(“royaume”, “souveraineté”) Mot souvent utilisé dans la décoration calligraphique des luxueux objets de cour.","spellings":["Moulk"]},"ea9e06ca-7872-5541-9ac2-11302f8890c2":{"definition":"Titre honorifique turc, arabisé sous la forme *Bacha*.","spellings":["Pacha"]},"afa2f843-fdd4-5a67-9298-c7381518b3c8":{"definition":"Citadelle, forteresse ; ses caractéristiques sont celles de l’architecture défensive  hauts murs imprenables, tours, meurtrières et glacis.","spellings":["Qalaa"]},"c47920b0-c22e-53d0-aa8c-93eb3956ca0e":{"definition":"Palais, château, résidence monumentale. Du latin *castrum*.","spellings":["Ksar","Qasr"]},"c39cd815-3b51-5b89-a4e4-5e9f2c0ca622":{"definition":"(litt. “coupole”)  Par extension, monument élevé sur la tombe d’un saint ou d’un personnage de haut rang et qui est généralement marqué par un dôme ; mausolée.","spellings":["Koubba"]},"30f08fe7-8bb1-504a-aa55-685d583ff5ba":{"definition":"Reconquête de la péninsule Ibérique (Espagne et Portugal) par les chrétiens sur les musulmans, ce qui entraîna un exode massif et mit un terme à huit siècles d’hégémonie arabe.","spellings":["Reconquista"]},"9a8096ea-a204-590a-8744-2ddf28c2b6b8":{"definition":"Construction fortifiée hébergeant les moines-soldats (Maghreb) ; lieu dans lequel on offrait l’hospitalité aux pèlerins (Égypte mamelouke, Palestine, Syrie).","spellings":["Ribat"]},"8f56e049-19ca-5856-9caa-3acff60817b3":{"definition":"Pl. de *rawda* “jardin”. Toujours utilisé sous sa forme plurielle, au Maroc, *riyad* désigne un jardin dans un logement résidentiel.","spellings":["Riyad"]},"63187e27-a423-515a-905c-73fa1d04ccf8":{"definition":"Terme générique désignant les différents styles de stuc, courants dans l’éphémère capitale abbaside de Samarra en Irak. Le style A utilise des motifs naturalistes, le style B utilise des motifs similaires entrelacés avec des motifs abstraits, et le style C utilise un motif végétal très stylisé travaillé au biseau.","spellings":["Samarra (style)"]},"98f32a82-0f8d-523b-b82b-b4c5d2090590":{"definition":"(Pl. *sada*) Descendants du prophète Muhammad. Voir également *chérif*.","spellings":["Sayyid"]},"10021f2a-1ddf-5af4-bb0f-d78adb4a1f5d":{"definition":"Profession de foi musulmane. Tr. : *Şahadet*.","spellings":["Chahada"]},"3d198a73-3a55-5a34-b209-561c8dc2c58e":{"definition":"(Chiat Ali) Le “parti d’Ali” désigne les musulmans qui ont choisi Ali comme successeur du Prophète après la mort de ce dernier et qui, par conséquent, réfutent la légitimité des califes désignés après l’assassinat d’Ali en 50/661.","spellings":["Chia"]},"8d51b0ae-13b3-5a75-acf3-79e63e2bd891":{"definition":"Arc placé en diagonale à chaque coin d’une pièce carrée et emplie de manière décorative selon diverses méthodes, assurant la transition entre la surface carrée et la sphère de la coupole.","spellings":["Pendentifs"]},"aea62142-bf4f-5655-8c52-b1e856151ce7":{"definition":"Titre honorifique utilisé par des souverains indépendants (notamment ottomans et seldjoukides) dont l'autorité ne remet cependant pas en cause la supériorité nominale reconnue au calife en place.","spellings":["Sultan"]},"811580e5-c0b8-5c27-8c10-3a3a36bee143":{"definition":"(litt. “tradition”) Traditions issues des actes et paroles de la vie du Prophète et que revendiquaient les théoriciens du droit comme fondement de la Loi islamique telle qu’écrite dans le Coran.","spellings":["Sunna","Sunnites"]},"08fa434b-cde7-5b8b-be42-9e2217634cd8":{"definition":"Marché. Voir également *arasta*, *bazar*, *bedestan*.","spellings":["Souk"]},"5c212d06-15e4-5918-a02d-bb0ef2c59fe1":{"definition":"Chapitre du Coran. Le Coran compte 114 sourates. Tr. : *Sure*.","spellings":["Sourate"]},"cc2bbcf5-54f0-5959-a72b-231b955a7d9c":{"definition":"Un des six principaux styles de calligraphie développés en Perse au IXe siècle H (XVe siècle J.-C.). Utilisé principalement pour la correspondance officielle, il se caractérise par des lignes fines et sans voyelles. Tr. : *talik*. Voir également *nasta’liq*, calligraphie.","spellings":["Ta‘liq"]},"9b57e731-19ab-55da-8b80-25d31d0f41c3":{"definition":"En arabe : “un tiers”. Style de calligraphie tirant son nom de la taille de la plume utilisée. La prolongation de ses lettres permet des compositions décoratives très complexes. Il était utilisé en calligraphie, dans les livres et dans l’architecture civile et religieuse. A partir du XIIe siècle H (XVIIIe siècle. J.-C.), il était couramment utilisé sur des panneaux spécifiques de l’art ottoman. Tr. : *sülüs*.","spellings":["Thoulouth"]},"a054eff3-ab33-572b-8c6c-47a7d300c111":{"definition":"Initialement utilisé pour désigner les inscriptions brodées sur les textiles, ce terme a ensuite désigné les vêtements de textile portant des inscriptions donnant le nom du souverain et l’atelier dans lequel ces textiles étaient fabriqués. Ces robes étaient présentées par le calife au peuple qu’il voulait honorer. Dar al-Tiraz : ateliers royaux de textile supervisés par la cour.","spellings":["Tiraz"]},"9d699883-6a5a-53ad-8a08-f3b27574c431":{"definition":"Peuple turc situé dans une région à l'est de la mer Caspienne et au sud de la mer d'Aral. Cette région comprend maintenant le Turkménistan et des parties de l'Iran et de l'Afghanistan.","spellings":["Turkmènes"]},"577792e7-dcb2-5783-bc01-836c6f2cded6":{"definition":"Titre honorifique donné aux très hauts fonctionnaires ; ministre.","spellings":["Vizir"]},"76676210-58c4-5de1-89e6-594e4175ceac":{"definition":"Etablissement d’enseignement religieux destiné à la formation des *cheikhs* ; lieu de pèlerinage d’un saint construit à l’endroit où il était né ou vivait. Le terme désigne également en Turquie un petit *tekke*, un hospice pour les derviches et les voyageurs. Voir également *khanqah*, *tekke*, *takiyya*.","spellings":["Zaouïa","Zawiya"]}}
+{"8e22eece-aa71-5c15-9776-799a90bed70e":{"definition":"Toilette rituelle à l’eau, à réaliser avant la prière.","spellings":["Ablution"]},"ca7cf5ed-e85c-5aa3-8a00-3c4a246314af":{"definition":"Le nom de la péninsule Ibérique (Espagne et Portugal) sous hégémonie musulmane (92-711/897-1492).","spellings":["Al-Andalus"]},"16131753-740a-5b87-bfb9-06606e67de19":{"definition":"Drapeau, bannière ou étendard. Ils étaient portés en présence d’un commandant lors d’une campagne militaire ou étaient utilisés dans les processions religieuses. Ils pouvaient prendre des formes très différentes et arboraient des motifs géométriques, parfois nantis d’inscriptions. Un *alem* en métal pouvait être monté au sommet d’une hampe.","spellings":["Alem"]},"7b9c0eb4-b88c-5f12-a29c-fb04001f136d":{"definition":"De l’ar. *tayfour*. Bol ou assiette creuse caractéristique de la production de céramique d’al-Andalus.","spellings":["Ataifor"]},"8383edc1-0cb4-52fa-9e3a-219b3a940129":{"definition":"(Pl. *ayat*) Verset du Coran.","spellings":["Aya"]},"4c2bb21c-6364-5e2c-ad76-cc117a2e1056":{"definition":"Portail, porte.","spellings":["Bab"]},"e44ace71-d122-5c82-bf6b-34a79ff4b2d8":{"definition":"(sg. Bin/Ibn) “Fils de”, désigne les membres d’un clan ou d’une tribu.","spellings":["Bani","Banu","Beni"]},"9d8dd39e-6208-5b40-8479-7eb99bd94348":{"definition":"Bénédiction, bonté.","spellings":["Baraka"]},"b8c40deb-d541-5941-870e-bbb5a22c7520":{"definition":"(Pl. biyout) Salle ; dans certains cas, maison. *bayt al-Hikma* : tribunal. *bayt al-Diwan* : hall de réception. *bayt al-Nar* : chaudière, littéralement, la “maison du feu”. Voir également *dar*, *qasr*.","spellings":["Bayt","Beyt"]},"ac325296-5e0b-5e3e-b8c7-d6a3a6d559ca":{"definition":"Région comprenant les actuels Syrie, Jordanie, Liban et Palestine ; souvent appelée Levant ou Grande Syrie.","spellings":["Bilad al-Cham"]},"5f340924-0a32-5b50-8c50-755492945fed":{"definition":"Dans le monde islamique, la céramique bleu-et-blanc est apparue en Mésopotamie au IIIe siècle H (IXe siècle J.-C.). La porcelaine bleu-et-blanc de Chine produite à partir du VIIIe/XIVe siècle a eu une forte influence sur le monde islamique, où elle était reçue à la cour et imitée dans les ateliers d’Iznik l’ottomane et l’Iran séfévide.","spellings":["Bleu-et-blanc"]},"53b06a4c-1741-53c4-bd23-415aa3ce7613":{"definition":"Fort, bastion, tour, parfois entourée d’un mur extérieur. Le terme est entré dans la toponymie portugaise médiévale sous les formes *alvorge* ou *porches*. En Tunisie, le terme désigne également une résidence secondaire entourée de jardins ; une résidence de villégiature. *Borj* ou *bordj* au Maghreb. *Burg* en Égypte.","spellings":["Bordj","Borj","Burg"]},"b3b18f28-32c7-5836-ae64-e0df239443e1":{"definition":"L'Empire byzantin (de 306 à 1453) a précédé l'Empire romain et a succédé à l'Empire ottoman.","spellings":["Byzantin"]},"b6c3a09c-964b-5dd3-a091-e608967fe6ff":{"definition":"De l’arabe *Khalifa*. Chef spirituel et temporel de la communauté musulmane dans la lignée des successeurs du Prophète.","spellings":["Calife","Khalifa"]},"c2953466-916b-57e9-9f3b-409c9af9afa1":{"definition":"L’ “art de la belle écriture” (grec) est l’une des plus éminentes expressions de la culture islamique. Étant donné que la langue arabe est liée à la révélation de l’islam, la calligraphie a de profondes connotations spirituelles et est considérée comme un symbole de beauté et de mystère. Il existe de nombreux types de calligraphie, avec des variations selon la période, le lieu et le contexte. De nombreux artistes du monde arabo-musulman continuent de pratiquer l’art de la calligraphie aujourd’hui. Voir également *coufique, diwani, farsi, Maghribi andalou, muhaqqaq, naskhi, nasta’liq, rayhani, ruq’a, ta’liq, thoulouth*.","spellings":["Calligraphie"]},"801f574d-c2f6-52a3-ae7c-6a0074f1c59b":{"definition":"(voir aussi *khan*) Hôtellerie située sur les grandes voies de communication – commerce et pèlerinage –, destinée à l’hébergement des voyageurs et au stockage de leurs marchandises.","spellings":["Caravansérail"]},"90c8aeb0-fee7-5ad8-b2e8-525f87d18e3a":{"definition":"Forteresse, citadelle, résidence du leader local, souvent au centre de la ville. Le terme *kasbah* ou *kasbah* est surtout utilisé dans les régions occidentales du monde islamique – Maroc, Algérie, Tunisie.","spellings":["Casbah"]},"4a12c207-113d-5b87-992e-9db5d88374f3":{"definition":"En matière de monnaie, les premières sociétés musulmanes continuaient à utiliser des solidus byzantins en or et des dirhams sassanides argent. On ajouta au fil du temps des versets coraniques, le lieu d’émission, des noms de califes et de sultans et la date hégirienne. Avec la révolution omeyyade de la monnaie en 696-697 H / 1296-1297 J.-C, des pièces purement épigraphiques commencèrent à être utilisées. Akche : pièce en argent, unité de base du système monétaire ottoman ; dinar : pièce en or valant 10 dirhams ; fils : pièce en cuivre.","spellings":["Monnaie"]},"f583303a-89d1-5e38-9f75-1188be1c39d3":{"definition":"Chrétiens, surtout égyptiens, adeptes de l’une des plus anciennes formes de christianisme, avec des communautés s’étendant de l’Afrique de l’Est à l’Éthiopie. Ils ont leur propre langue, le copte, et leur propre calendrier.","spellings":["Coptes"]},"44562f82-b0b6-5353-939a-47fccfb7fa3c":{"definition":"De la racine *qr*’ (lire) désigne le texte sacré de la Révélation islamique transmise par l’archange Gabriel au prophète Muhammad en arabe.","spellings":["Coran","Kuran"]},"61dd2431-5d5a-563f-98ea-305257d3eed8":{"definition":"Littéralement “corde sèche”, méthode de séparation des glaçures de différentes couleurs sur un carreau pendant la cuisson au moyen de cordes graissées. Le terme désigne également la technique de délimitation des contours d’un motif avec un mélange de pâte ou de graisse végétale et d’oxyde de manganèse. Elle porte également le nom de “technique de glaçage coloré” dans l’art turc et on pouvait l’observer en Turquie aux IXe et Xe siècles H (XVe et XVIe siècles J.-C.).","spellings":["Cuerda seca"]},"f3052f85-4db5-5572-a790-f3dc9a248659":{"definition":"(Pl. dur) Maison. *daral-imara* : maison du gouverneur. Dar al-Islam : domaine de l’Islam : pays sous domination islamique ; les pays qui n’étaient pas sous la domination de l’Islam étaient considérés comme des territoires de guerre. *dar al-Hadith* : école permettant d’étudier les Hadiths ; Tr. : Darülhadis. *dar al-Hijra*: demeure pour la migration. *dar al-khuffaz* : école spécialisée dans la mémorisation du Coran Tr. : Darülhuffaz. *dar* al-Qurra’ : école enseignant la science de la récitation du Coran ; Tr. : Darülkurra. *dar al-shifa’* : hôpital; Tr. : Darüşşifa. *dar al-tibb* : école où étaient enseignées les sciences médicales ; Tr. : Darüttıb. Voir également *bayt*, *qasr*.","spellings":["Dar"]},"8f750e3f-a3f4-5b39-8f9c-97cbf1eb56ec":{"definition":"Chef militaire, gouverneur, prince, haut dignitaire. Souverain d’un émirat ou d’une principauté.","spellings":["Émir"]},"5d77d3cf-d7dc-59de-8fe9-16b4846e152d":{"definition":"Solution d’argile diluée appliquée à un récipient en céramique pour recouvrir le corps d’argile avant d’ajouter une décoration.","spellings":["Engobe"]},"3fd5d8e5-d6d9-5084-a7bc-f270946f8c24":{"definition":"1. Habitant de la Perse. 2. Style de calligraphie cursive particulièrement élégante valorisant les courbes des lettres arabes en réduisant les formes angulaires. Voir également calligraphie.","spellings":["Farsi"]},"30b4ea5c-4774-5bfc-bea3-025184b06e0f":{"definition":"Terme désignant un matériau céramique composé principalement de quartz et d’une glaçure mixte. En cours de cuisson, le quartz et la glaçure fondent et génèrent un corps blanc, parfois également appelé pâte de pierre.","spellings":["Fritte"]},"1123d155-1d0c-59e5-8ecc-ca1e2b7a31e9":{"definition":"Guerriers combattant pour la cause de l’islam, organisés en grades militaires au sein de l’empire ottoman. Tr. : *gazi*.","spellings":["Gazi","Ghazi"]},"e0e8a76f-5937-523a-b87b-6d2a0c6528d7":{"definition":"Application d’or sur la surface d’une œuvre d’art. La dorure peut être appliquée à la plupart des matériaux, dont le marbre, la pierre, le stuc, le bois, les métaux, la céramique, le verre et le papier. Il existe différentes techniques d’application : la dorure à l’eau ou à la feuille d’or. Tr. : *tombak*, technique du cuivre doré.","spellings":["Dorure","Tombak"]},"f2b2bdf4-e6b8-5c67-94e3-3fdbc00d8e88":{"definition":"Une fine couche de verre est appliquée à la surface de la céramique avant la cuisson. Dans le four, la glaçure fond, protège la céramique, la rend imperméable et la prépare à différents usages. La glaçure plombifère est transparente et douce mais vulnérable aux craquelures et à la déformation chimique. La glaçure stannifère est une glaçure blanche opaque contenant de l’étain, mise au point à Bagdad au IIIe siècle H (IXe siècle J.-C.) pour rivaliser avec les porcelaines chinoises, qui s’est étendue à l’Espagne musulmane, puis dans le reste de l’Europe. La faïence, la majolique et la faïence de Delft sont à glaçure stannifère.","spellings":["Glaçure"]},"bf45b8ed-e1ac-5ab7-a72d-85c57ebcf786":{"definition":"Technique de glaçure décorative de la céramique utilisant exclusivement le vert de l’oxyde de cuivre et le manganèse presque noir. A la fin du processus, la composition entière est recouverte d’une couche transparente de glaçure plombifère.","spellings":["Vert et manganèse"]},"4a7c27f5-2059-522b-a21e-ee99a0c6ac00":{"definition":"Haut fonctionnaire du gouvernement. Le terme désignait initialement un chambellan, mais sous les Omeyyades d’al-Andalus, le *hadjib* agissait en tant que ministre en chef, de rang égal à celui de vizir dans les califats orientaux.","spellings":["Hadjib"]},"cccf5396-0f64-5785-9f34-bb8b7a5ffd5b":{"definition":"Pèlerinage.","spellings":["Hadjdj","Hajj"]},"fc74d5ab-7517-53a5-9a58-0cb34c65fec8":{"definition":"Bains publics ou privés. Apodyterium : vestiaire; Tr. : *soyunmalık*. Caldarium : salle chaude. Hypocauste : système de chauffage du plancher et des murs employant la vapeur dans les villas et les bains romains. Tepidarium : pièce chaude où l’on se reposait après le bain ; Tr. : *ılıklık*. Existait également dans les bains turcs : *aralık* : passage entre le *soyunmalık* et l’*ılıklık* ; *halvet* : chambres privées dans les bains publics ; *traşlık* : petite pièce utilisée pour l’épilation. Egalement dans les bains syriens : *barrani* (lit. Bains publics ou privés. Apodyterium : vestiaire; Tr. : *soyunmalık*. Caldarium : salle chaude. Hypocauste : système de chauffage du plancher et des murs employant la vapeur dans les villas et les bains romains. Tepidarium : pièce chaude où l’on se reposait après le bain ; Tr. : *ılıklık*. Existait également dans les bains turcs : *aralık* : passage entre le *soyunmalık* et l’*ılıklık* ; *halvet* : chambres privées dans les bains publics ; *traşlık* : petite pièce utilisée pour l’épilation. Egalement dans les bains syriens : *barrani* (litt. “extérieur”) : pièce froide des bains située généralement le plus à l’écart de la chaudière ; *jouwwani* : partie la plus intérieure, près de la chaudière – la pièce à vapeur ; *woustani* : chambres intermédiaires désignées comme les “chambres d’eau chaude”. Voir également *maqsoura*. “extérieur”) : pièce froide des bains située généralement le plus à l’écart de la chaudière ; *jouwwani* : la principalement la partie intérieure, près de la chaudière – la pièce à vapeur ; *woustani* : chambres intermédiaires désignées comme les “chambres d’eau chaude”. Voir également *maqsoura*.","spellings":["Hammam"]},"0ad8de69-3a63-53bc-8e1b-4c6cae853bca":{"definition":"Espace de vie commun dans une maison turque. Tr. : également *sofa*.","spellings":["Hayat","Sofa"]},"0f3fb66d-a491-591b-a0c2-56e11ec481aa":{"definition":"(de *Hijra*, litt. “émigration”) Exode du Prophète de La Mecque à Médine en 622 J.-C., qui sert de point de départ au calendrier musulman, établi selon une année lunaire de 354 jours.","spellings":["Hégire"]},"dcd58376-8ba5-5488-bec0-53d4cf2fa497":{"definition":"Description prosaïque du prophète Muhammad. Hilya-i Charif : “Noble Description” du Prophète, œuvre d’art arborant cette “Noble Description”.","spellings":["Hilya"]},"3d299572-ee10-5a78-93a1-b50bfe645ec5":{"definition":"Château. Voir également *qalaa*, *casbah*.","spellings":["Hisn"]},"d741661c-846f-560d-a11c-19720819ac9a":{"definition":"Fils de, souvent utilisé dans la formation des noms. Pour désigner un clan, on emploie la forme plurielle : Bani/Banu/Beni.","spellings":["Ben","Bin","Ibn"]},"441e3156-be30-517c-a195-12e2d3486ed8":{"definition":"Celui qui dirige la prière islamique. Guide, chef, modèle spirituel ou membre du clergé, quelquefois aussi homme politique, dans une société musulmane.","spellings":["Imam"]},"070e713b-f503-5f87-be41-16cb73c070b4":{"definition":"Principale mosquée où les prières quotidiennes et celles du vendredi ont lieu. Tr. : *cami*. Voir également *masjid*.","spellings":["Djemaa"]},"e6edb4f1-d8d8-54aa-8bf3-e3a0e739c95b":{"definition":"(Pl. ajnad) Province militaire et administrative.","spellings":["Jund"]},"2003ec95-a720-51cb-9dcd-774d9dc9f389":{"definition":"Le texte du Coran peut être divisé en 30 sections égales. Un trentième du Coran est donc appelé un *juz’* (pl. *ajza*). Lorsque les corans étaient écrits en 30 volumes, comme en Egypte sous les Mamelouks, un volume était appelé un *juz’*.","spellings":["Juz’"]},"cf7d3667-7d96-58e6-af31-c5d6fe2c71b8":{"definition":"(voir aussi Caravansérail) Auberge, hôtellerie édifiée le long des principales routes de commerce et de pèlerinage ; les voyageurs (pèlerins et marchands) y descendaient pour la nuit et pouvaient y entreposer leurs marchandises en toute sécurité.","spellings":["Khan"]},"95fc5a14-1b29-5364-810a-69fc76087256":{"definition":"L’une des premières calligraphies arabes, caractérisée par ses traits angulaires et très stylisés ; elle doit son nom à la ville de Koufa en Irak.","spellings":["Coufique"]},"961fe836-4b40-5496-978f-d23cca1475bd":{"definition":"Technique de céramique dans laquelle des lignes relevées ou incisées séparaient les différentes couleurs d’un objet peint afin d’éviter qu’elles ne se mélangent. Ce type de poterie était réalisé en Syrie et en Iran au VIe siècle H (XIIe siècle J.-C.).","spellings":["Laqabi"]},"220ac6c9-5bbb-5494-a7d7-a1992e0113c3":{"definition":"(décor au lustre, lustre métallique) Décor présentant un somptueux aspect métallique obtenu grâce à une technique de cuisson très élaborée, utilisant des oxydes de cuivre et d’argent. Le procédé a été inventé au début de l’âge islamique en Mésopotamie et a prospéré dans tous les pays musulmans.","spellings":["Lustre","Lustre à reflets métalliques,","peinture au lustre"]},"bd6ee598-f323-5770-a786-0151295aea83":{"definition":"Une des quatre écoles juridique sunnites de l’islam orthodoxe. Fondée par l’imam Malik et répandue à travers le monde musulman occidental, dont al-Andalus.","spellings":["Malékite","Malik"]},"a04d4101-e499-5fb8-ad85-ae402c6b673f":{"definition":"Long rebord de pierre en saillie ou banquette contre un mur extérieur, de chaque côté de l’entrée d’un bâtiment.","spellings":["Mastaba"]},"e99f9b90-c624-5aa1-815f-a47f478f7da3":{"definition":"Ville, vieux quartier, centre-ville autonome. Egalement le nom d’une ville d’Arabie saoudite où les musulmans ont émigré en 622 ap J.-C. et où est enterré le prophète Muhammad.","spellings":["Médina","Médine"]},"e7f7d170-9ce3-5eb5-8c00-b201155164d8":{"definition":"Dans une mosquée ou une salle de prière, niche située dans le mur de *qibla* qui indique la direction de La Mecque vers laquelle les croyants doivent se tourner pendant leurs prières. Parfois plate, mais le plus souvent concave, c’est généralement la partie la plus décorée de l’oratoire.","spellings":["Mihrab"]},"016aabef-bd66-5afb-8b53-eec9959e0d50":{"definition":"La dynastie Ming a dirigé la Chine entre 1368 et 1644. La porcelaine Ming bleu et blanc se caractérise par l’intégration de motifs de dragons et de compositions florales. Voir également Chinoiserie.","spellings":["Ming"]},"b2f40fe6-7d9e-55fe-91fd-b02fa7f5b5a2":{"definition":"Dans les royaumes chrétiens de la Péninsule, nom donné aux musulmans qui se sont officiellement convertis au christianisme après la “Reconquista”.","spellings":["Morisque"]},"a95bf8cd-02b1-5d88-b68d-c21999469de6":{"definition":"Voir *jami’* et *masjid*.","spellings":["Mosquée"]},"d9555abf-9d44-5fae-95f4-b894702cfcd9":{"definition":"De l’arabe *must‘arab*. Membre des minorités chrétiennes, toléré par les dirigeants musulmans en tant que tributaires, qui vivait en al-Andalus et conservait sa religion et son organisation ecclésiastique et judiciaire.","spellings":["Mozarabe"]},"9c8d51a2-cb58-59b3-92e4-fecb1ca87eb4":{"definition":"De l’arabe *mudajjan*. Musulmans autorisés à rester parmi leurs conquérants chrétiens sans changer de religion, en échange d’un tribut. L’adjectif “mudéjar” est également utilisé pour décrire un artisanat traditionnel qui débuta sous la domination islamique et se maintint pour les clients chrétiens après la conquête chrétienne.","spellings":["Mudéjar"]},"323fc8b6-ea1a-5717-982f-38123c87161c":{"definition":"Grande écriture cursive associée au *naskhi* utilisé au Moyen Age. Il s’agit d’un des six styles d’écriture de base. Tr. : *muhaqqaq*. Voir également calligraphie.","spellings":["Muhaqqaq"]},"4c8c2130-e69d-5ae6-b03b-7dc72bf78f7a":{"definition":"(“royaume”, “souveraineté”) Mot souvent utilisé dans la décoration calligraphique des luxueux objets de cour.","spellings":["Moulk"]},"afa2f843-fdd4-5a67-9298-c7381518b3c8":{"definition":"Citadelle, forteresse ; ses caractéristiques sont celles de l’architecture défensive  hauts murs imprenables, tours, meurtrières et glacis.","spellings":["Qalaa"]},"c47920b0-c22e-53d0-aa8c-93eb3956ca0e":{"definition":"Palais, château, résidence monumentale. Du latin *castrum*.","spellings":["Ksar","Qasr"]},"c39cd815-3b51-5b89-a4e4-5e9f2c0ca622":{"definition":"(litt. “coupole”)  Par extension, monument élevé sur la tombe d’un saint ou d’un personnage de haut rang et qui est généralement marqué par un dôme ; mausolée.","spellings":["Koubba"]},"30f08fe7-8bb1-504a-aa55-685d583ff5ba":{"definition":"Reconquête de la péninsule Ibérique (Espagne et Portugal) par les chrétiens sur les musulmans, ce qui entraîna un exode massif et mit un terme à huit siècles d’hégémonie arabe.","spellings":["Reconquista"]},"9a8096ea-a204-590a-8744-2ddf28c2b6b8":{"definition":"Construction fortifiée hébergeant les moines-soldats (Maghreb) ; lieu dans lequel on offrait l’hospitalité aux pèlerins (Égypte mamelouke, Palestine, Syrie).","spellings":["Ribat"]},"8f56e049-19ca-5856-9caa-3acff60817b3":{"definition":"Pl. de *rawda* “jardin”. Toujours utilisé sous sa forme plurielle, au Maroc, *riyad* désigne un jardin dans un logement résidentiel.","spellings":["Riyad"]},"63187e27-a423-515a-905c-73fa1d04ccf8":{"definition":"Terme générique désignant les différents styles de stuc, courants dans l’éphémère capitale abbaside de Samarra en Irak. Le style A utilise des motifs naturalistes, le style B utilise des motifs similaires entrelacés avec des motifs abstraits, et le style C utilise un motif végétal très stylisé travaillé au biseau.","spellings":["Samarra (style)"]},"98f32a82-0f8d-523b-b82b-b4c5d2090590":{"definition":"(Pl. *sada*) Descendants du prophète Muhammad. Voir également *chérif*.","spellings":["Sayyid"]},"10021f2a-1ddf-5af4-bb0f-d78adb4a1f5d":{"definition":"Profession de foi musulmane. Tr. : *Şahadet*.","spellings":["Chahada"]},"3d198a73-3a55-5a34-b209-561c8dc2c58e":{"definition":"(Chiat Ali) Le “parti d’Ali” désigne les musulmans qui ont choisi Ali comme successeur du Prophète après la mort de ce dernier et qui, par conséquent, réfutent la légitimité des califes désignés après l’assassinat d’Ali en 50/661.","spellings":["Chia"]},"8d51b0ae-13b3-5a75-acf3-79e63e2bd891":{"definition":"Arc placé en diagonale à chaque coin d’une pièce carrée et emplie de manière décorative selon diverses méthodes, assurant la transition entre la surface carrée et la sphère de la coupole.","spellings":["Pendentifs"]},"aea62142-bf4f-5655-8c52-b1e856151ce7":{"definition":"Titre honorifique utilisé par des souverains indépendants (notamment ottomans et seldjoukides) dont l'autorité ne remet cependant pas en cause la supériorité nominale reconnue au calife en place.","spellings":["Sultan"]},"811580e5-c0b8-5c27-8c10-3a3a36bee143":{"definition":"(litt. “tradition”) Traditions issues des actes et paroles de la vie du Prophète et que revendiquaient les théoriciens du droit comme fondement de la Loi islamique telle qu’écrite dans le Coran.","spellings":["Sunna","Sunnites"]},"08fa434b-cde7-5b8b-be42-9e2217634cd8":{"definition":"Marché. Voir également *arasta*, *bazar*, *bedestan*.","spellings":["Souk"]},"5c212d06-15e4-5918-a02d-bb0ef2c59fe1":{"definition":"Chapitre du Coran. Le Coran compte 114 sourates. Tr. : *Sure*.","spellings":["Sourate"]},"cc2bbcf5-54f0-5959-a72b-231b955a7d9c":{"definition":"Un des six principaux styles de calligraphie développés en Perse au IXe siècle H (XVe siècle J.-C.). Utilisé principalement pour la correspondance officielle, il se caractérise par des lignes fines et sans voyelles. Tr. : *talik*. Voir également *nasta’liq*, calligraphie.","spellings":["Ta‘liq"]},"9b57e731-19ab-55da-8b80-25d31d0f41c3":{"definition":"En arabe : “un tiers”. Style de calligraphie tirant son nom de la taille de la plume utilisée. La prolongation de ses lettres permet des compositions décoratives très complexes. Il était utilisé en calligraphie, dans les livres et dans l’architecture civile et religieuse. A partir du XIIe siècle H (XVIIIe siècle. J.-C.), il était couramment utilisé sur des panneaux spécifiques de l’art ottoman. Tr. : *sülüs*.","spellings":["Thoulouth"]},"a054eff3-ab33-572b-8c6c-47a7d300c111":{"definition":"Initialement utilisé pour désigner les inscriptions brodées sur les textiles, ce terme a ensuite désigné les vêtements de textile portant des inscriptions donnant le nom du souverain et l’atelier dans lequel ces textiles étaient fabriqués. Ces robes étaient présentées par le calife au peuple qu’il voulait honorer. Dar al-Tiraz : ateliers royaux de textile supervisés par la cour.","spellings":["Tiraz"]},"9d699883-6a5a-53ad-8a08-f3b27574c431":{"definition":"Peuple turc situé dans une région à l'est de la mer Caspienne et au sud de la mer d'Aral. Cette région comprend maintenant le Turkménistan et des parties de l'Iran et de l'Afghanistan.","spellings":["Turkmènes"]},"577792e7-dcb2-5783-bc01-836c6f2cded6":{"definition":"Titre honorifique donné aux très hauts fonctionnaires ; ministre.","spellings":["Vizir"]},"76676210-58c4-5de1-89e6-594e4175ceac":{"definition":"Etablissement d’enseignement religieux destiné à la formation des *cheikhs* ; lieu de pèlerinage d’un saint construit à l’endroit où il était né ou vivait. Le terme désigne également en Turquie un petit *tekke*, un hospice pour les derviches et les voyageurs. Voir également *khanqah*, *tekke*, *takiyya*.","spellings":["Zaouïa","Zawiya"]}}

package/translations/glossary.tr.json

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-{"56afd259-0505-5d2d-b7f1-9be15cb0dea2":{"definition":"Abbâsîler, Emevî Hanedanı'ndan sonra başa gelerek İslam Devleti'nin yönetimini ve halifeliği beş asırdan daha uzun bir süre elinde tutan Müslüman Arap hanedanı.","spellings":["Abbasiler"]},"8e22eece-aa71-5c15-9776-799a90bed70e":{"definition":"Tr. abdest. Namazdan önce su ile yapılan ritüel temizlik uygulaması.","spellings":["Abdest"]},"ac325296-5e0b-5e3e-b8c7-d6a3a6d559ca":{"definition":"Genellikle, ‘Levant’ veya ‘Büyük Suriye’ olarak da bilinen, bugünkü Suriye, Ürdün, Lübnan ve Filistin topraklarını kapsayan bölge. Bilad ülke anlamındadır.","spellings":["Biladü’ş-Şam"]},"b3b18f28-32c7-5836-ae64-e0df239443e1":{"definition":"Bizans İmparatorluğu (306 - 1453), Roma İmparatorluğu'ndan önce kurulmuş ve Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun İstanbul fethine kadar hüküm sürmüştür.","spellings":["Bizans"]},"b6c3a09c-964b-5dd3-a091-e608967fe6ff":{"definition":"Ar. khalifa, kelime anlamıyla \"halef\". Müslüman toplumunun en üst düzey yöneticisi. Halifelik: halifenin gücü altındaki bölge.","spellings":["Halife"]},"c2953466-916b-57e9-9f3b-409c9af9afa1":{"definition":"Tr. Kaligrafi. \"Güzel yazı sanatı\" (Yunanca) İslam kültürünün en yüksek sanat formlarından biridir. Arap dili İslam'ın vahyiyle bağlantılı olduğundan, hat sanatı derin manevi anlamlar taşır ve güzellik ile gizemin sembolü olarak değer görür. Döneme, yere ve bağlama göre çeşitlilik gösteren birçok hat sanatı türü vardır. Arap ve Müslüman dünyasından pek çok sanatçı bugün hat sanatını icra etmeye devam etmektedir.","spellings":["Kaligrafi"]},"801f574d-c2f6-52a3-ae7c-6a0074f1c59b":{"definition":"Farsça kökenli bir kelime, Türkçe okunuşu: kervansaray. Yolcuları barındırmak ve mallarını korumak için ana seyahat yolları üzerinde bulunan hosteller. Türkçe'si kervansaraydır."},"90c8aeb0-fee7-5ad8-b2e8-525f87d18e3a":{"definition":"Kale, hisar. Genellikle şehir merkezi olarak da görülen, yerel liderin evi veya kalesi. Kasba terimi genellikle Tunus, Cezayir ve Fas gibi batıdaki İslam ülkelerinde kullanılır.","spellings":["Kasba"]},"f583303a-89d1-5e38-9f75-1188be1c39d3":{"definition":"(veya Kıpti) Temel olarak Mısırlı Hıristiyanlar için kullanılmakla beraber Doğu Afrika’da Etiyopya’ya kadar uzanan ve Hıristiyanlığın en eski formlarından birinin takipçilerini anlatır. Koptların kendilerine ait bir dili ve takvimi vardır.","spellings":["Kopt"]},"44562f82-b0b6-5353-939a-47fccfb7fa3c":{"definition":"Arapça “ikra” (okumak) kökünden gelir.  Baş melek Cebrail Aleyhisselam tarafından Hz. Muhammed’e (sav) Arapça vahyedilen İslam dininin kutsal kitabı.","spellings":["Kur’an","Kuran"]},"61dd2431-5d5a-563f-98ea-305257d3eed8":{"definition":"Kelimenin tam anlamıyla \"kuru kordon\", fırınlama sırasında bir çini üzerindeki farklı renkteki sırları yağlanmış kordonlarla ayırmanın bir yoludur. Bu terim aynı zamanda balmumu veya bitkisel yağ ve manganez oksit karışımıyla bir tasarımın hatlarını belirleme tekniği için de kullanılır. Türk sanatında \"renkli sır tekniği\" olarak da bilinir ve Türkiye'de 15-16. yüzyıllarda görülür.","spellings":["Cuerda seca"]},"f3052f85-4db5-5572-a790-f3dc9a248659":{"definition":"Hadis öğrenimi için bir okul.","spellings":["Darülhadis"]},"a63b6fb1-4ed2-5e10-a649-69af7e23c299":{"definition":"Tr. Elmas."},"8f750e3f-a3f4-5b39-8f9c-97cbf1eb56ec":{"definition":"Tr. Emir. Bir askeri komutan, prens veya üst düzey yetkili; bir emirlik veya prensliğin yöneticisi.","spellings":["Emir"]},"e0e8a76f-5937-523a-b87b-6d2a0c6528d7":{"definition":"Tr. Yaldızlama. Bir sanat eserinin yüzeyine altın uygulanması. Yaldızlama mermer, taş, sıva, ahşap, metal işleri, seramik, cam ve kağıt dahil olmak üzere çoğu malzemeye uygulanabilir. Altını uygulamak için farklı teknikler kullanılır, hafif bir yıkama veya altın yapraklı folyo olarak uygulanabilir. Tr. tombak, yaldızlı bakır tekniği.","spellings":["Yaldızlama"]},"f2b2bdf4-e6b8-5c67-94e3-3fdbc00d8e88":{"definition":"Tr. Sır. Pişirmeden önce seramiğin yüzeyine ince bir cam tabakası uygulanır. Fırınlama sırasında sır kaynaşarak seramiği korur ve onu su geçirmez ve farklı amaçlar için uygun hale getirir. Kurşun sır şeffaf ve yumuşaktır ancak çatlama ve kimyasal deformasyona karşı savunmasızdır. Kalay sır: Kalay içeren opak beyaz bir sırdır, MS. 9. yüzyılda Bağdat'ta Çin porselenine rakip olmak için geliştirilmiş ve oradan Mağribi İspanya'ya ve ardından Avrupa'nın geri kalanına geçmiştir. Fayans, maiolica ve Delft çanak çömlekleri kalay sırlıdır.","spellings":["Sır"]},"fc74d5ab-7517-53a5-9a58-0cb34c65fec8":{"definition":"Tr. Hamam. Kamuya açık veya özel yıkanma evi.","spellings":["Hamam"]},"0ad8de69-3a63-53bc-8e1b-4c6cae853bca":{"definition":"Tr. Sofa also. Bir Türk evinde ortak yaşam alanı.","spellings":["Sofa"]},"0f3fb66d-a491-591b-a0c2-56e11ec481aa":{"definition":"Tr. Hicri. Peygarmber Muhammed'in MS. 622 yılında Mekke'den Medine'ye kaçışı. Bir ay yılını takip eden Müslüman Hicri takviminin başlangıcı.","spellings":["Hicri"]},"dcd58376-8ba5-5488-bec0-53d4cf2fa497":{"definition":"Tr. Hilye. Peygamber Muhammed'in düzyazı bir tasviri. Hilye-i Şerif: Peygamberin asil tasviri, asil tasviri taşıyan bir sanat eseri.","spellings":["Hilye"]},"d741661c-846f-560d-a11c-19720819ac9a":{"definition":"Genellikle isimlerde kullanılan ‘oğul’ anlamında sözcük. Kişinin ait olduğu klanı ifade eder. Çoğul formu ise Benu/Beni’dir.","spellings":["Bin","İbn"]},"ee2f26d8-e2ea-53a3-b764-2204e426e058":{"definition":"Kabaca bugünkü Tunus ve doğu Cezayir’i içeren bölgeye verilen isim.","spellings":["İfrikiye"]},"441e3156-be30-517c-a195-12e2d3486ed8":{"definition":"İslam âleminde sadece namaza öncülük eden bir kişi olarak algılanmaz. Ayrıca bir ruhani lider figürüdür. Saflığı, bilgeliği temsil eder. Kimi zaman bir politik figür olarak da görülür.","spellings":["İmam"]},"dde3bab2-6c93-59de-b512-d4ebe4ea584d":{"definition":"İslam dünyasında yaygın olan, uzun kollu, genellikle pamuklu veya ipekli, ayak bileğine kadar uzanan bir giysi.","spellings":["Kaftan"]},"cf7d3667-7d96-58e6-af31-c5d6fe2c71b8":{"definition":"Yolcular (hacılar ve tüccarlar) için ana kervan yolları üzerinde bulunan ve malların depolanabildiği konaklama yerleri.","spellings":["Han"]},"95fc5a14-1b29-5364-810a-69fc76087256":{"definition":"Tr. Kûfî. Irak’taki Kûfe şehrinden gelir. Açılı stiliyle öne çıkan, en eski hat sanatı formlarından biridir.","spellings":["Kûfi"]},"220ac6c9-5bbb-5494-a7d7-a1992e0113c3":{"definition":"Seramik sanatında metal parlaklığı elde etmek amacıyla, metal oksit boyalarla karmaşık bir pişirme tekniği. İslam’ın erken dönemlerinde Mezopotamya’da geliştirilen teknik bütün İslam dünyasında yaygın olarak kullanılmıştır.","spellings":["Lüster tekniği"]},"e99f9b90-c624-5aa1-815f-a47f478f7da3":{"definition":"Tr. Medine. Kasaba, eski mahalle, kendi kendine yeten şehir merkezi. Ayrıca Suudi Arabistan'da Müslümanların MS 622 yılında göç ettiği ve Muhammed Peygamber'in gömülü olduğu bir şehrin adıdır."},"e7f7d170-9ce3-5eb5-8c00-b201155164d8":{"definition":"Tr. Mihrap. Cami veya bir ibadet mekânında Kıble’nin yönünü gösteren, genellikle içbükey (bazen de düz) olan girintili niş. Mihrap çoğu zaman cami veya mescidin en süslü kısmıdır.","spellings":["Mihrap"]},"323fc8b6-ea1a-5717-982f-38123c87161c":{"definition":"Tr. Muhakkak. Orta Çağ'da kullanılan nesih yazısıyla bağlantılı büyük bir el yazısı. Altı temel yazı stilinden biridir.","spellings":["Muhakkak"]},"4c8c2130-e69d-5ae6-b03b-7dc72bf78f7a":{"definition":"Devlet veya ülke anlamına gelir. Bu sözcük genellikle hat sanatında lüks saray objelerinin dekorasyonunda kullanılmıştır.","spellings":["Mülk"]},"ea9e06ca-7872-5541-9ac2-11302f8890c2":{"definition":"Tr. Paşa. Saygıdeğer.","spellings":["Paşa"]},"c39cd815-3b51-5b89-a4e4-5e9f2c0ca622":{"definition":"Sözlük anlamında yarım-küre biçimli üst örtüdür. Arapçada türbe anlamında kullanılır.","spellings":["Kubbe"]},"30f08fe7-8bb1-504a-aa55-685d583ff5ba":{"definition":"İber Yarımadasının (İspanya ve Portekiz) Hıristiyanlar tarafından yeniden ele geçirilmesi ve 800 yıl süren Arap egemenliğine son verilmesi. Savaş çok büyük kitlelerin göç etmesine neden oldu.","spellings":["Reconquista"]},"9a8096ea-a204-590a-8744-2ddf28c2b6b8":{"definition":"(Kuzey Afrika) Din savaşçılarının müstahkem mevkisi; (Memluk Mısır’ı, Filistin ve Suriye) hacılar için konaklama yeri.","spellings":["Ribat"]},"98f32a82-0f8d-523b-b82b-b4c5d2090590":{"definition":"Tr. Seyyid. Peygamber Muhammed'in soyundan gelen kişiler.","spellings":["Seyyid"]},"3d198a73-3a55-5a34-b209-561c8dc2c58e":{"definition":"(Şiîlik) Doğrusu, ‘Şia-i Ali’dir. Ali’nin yandaşları, takipçileri anlamına gelir. Hz. Muhammed’in ölümünün ardından Hz. Ali’yi lider olarak kabul eden ve Ali’nin öldürülmesi sonrasında gelen halifelerin meşruiyetini reddeden Müslüman grup.","spellings":["Şia"]},"aea62142-bf4f-5655-8c52-b1e856151ce7":{"definition":"Bağımsız hükümdarlar (özellikle Osmanlılar ve Selçuklular) tarafından kullanılan onursal unvan, ancak otoriteleri hüküm süren halifeye tanınan nominal üstünlüğü sorgulamaz.","spellings":["Sultan"]},"811580e5-c0b8-5c27-8c10-3a3a36bee143":{"definition":"(tekil; çoğulu Sünnet) Sünnet’i takip edenler anlamına gelir. Müslüman toplumunun gelenekçi çoğunluğu bu gruba dâhildir.","spellings":["Sünnet","Sünni"]},"08fa434b-cde7-5b8b-be42-9e2217634cd8":{"definition":"Pazar, çarşı. Müslüman şehrin merkezi.","spellings":["Suk"]},"9b57e731-19ab-55da-8b80-25d31d0f41c3":{"definition":"Tr. Sülüs. Arapça: \"üçte bir\". Adını kullanılan kalemin büyüklüğünden alan bir hat sanatı tarzı. Harflerinin uzaması çok karmaşık dekoratif kompozisyonlara izin verir. Hat sanatında, kitaplarda, sivil ve dini mimaride kullanılmıştır. 18. yüzyıldan itibaren Osmanlı sanatına özgü panolarda yaygın olarak kullanılmıştır.","spellings":["Sülüs"]},"5cc4d556-5ce6-575d-a50b-a403e6c59d4f":{"definition":"Tr. Türban.  Başın etrafına sarılan uzun bir eşarptan veya daha küçük, altta yatan bir şapkadan oluşan bir başlık. Türbanlar şekil, renk ve boyut bakımından çeşitlilik gösterir.","spellings":["Türban"]},"577792e7-dcb2-5783-bc01-836c6f2cded6":{"definition":"Bakan, üst düzey yönetici.","spellings":["Vezir"]},"76676210-58c4-5de1-89e6-594e4175ceac":{"definition":"Tr. Zaviye. Gezgin Sufiler veya dervişler için manastır veya pansiyon.","spellings":["Zaviye"]}}
+{"56afd259-0505-5d2d-b7f1-9be15cb0dea2":{"definition":"Abbâsîler, Emevî Hanedanı'ndan sonra başa gelerek İslam Devleti'nin yönetimini ve halifeliği beş asırdan daha uzun bir süre elinde tutan Müslüman Arap hanedanı.","spellings":["Abbasiler"]},"8e22eece-aa71-5c15-9776-799a90bed70e":{"definition":"Tr. abdest. Namazdan önce su ile yapılan ritüel temizlik uygulaması.","spellings":["Abdest"]},"ac325296-5e0b-5e3e-b8c7-d6a3a6d559ca":{"definition":"Genellikle, ‘Levant’ veya ‘Büyük Suriye’ olarak da bilinen, bugünkü Suriye, Ürdün, Lübnan ve Filistin topraklarını kapsayan bölge. Bilad ülke anlamındadır.","spellings":["Biladü’ş-Şam"]},"b3b18f28-32c7-5836-ae64-e0df239443e1":{"definition":"Bizans İmparatorluğu (306 - 1453), Roma İmparatorluğu'ndan önce kurulmuş ve Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun İstanbul fethine kadar hüküm sürmüştür.","spellings":["Bizans"]},"b6c3a09c-964b-5dd3-a091-e608967fe6ff":{"definition":"Ar. khalifa, kelime anlamıyla \"halef\". Müslüman toplumunun en üst düzey yöneticisi. Halifelik: halifenin gücü altındaki bölge.","spellings":["Halife"]},"c2953466-916b-57e9-9f3b-409c9af9afa1":{"definition":"Tr. Kaligrafi. \"Güzel yazı sanatı\" (Yunanca) İslam kültürünün en yüksek sanat formlarından biridir. Arap dili İslam'ın vahyiyle bağlantılı olduğundan, hat sanatı derin manevi anlamlar taşır ve güzellik ile gizemin sembolü olarak değer görür. Döneme, yere ve bağlama göre çeşitlilik gösteren birçok hat sanatı türü vardır. Arap ve Müslüman dünyasından pek çok sanatçı bugün hat sanatını icra etmeye devam etmektedir.","spellings":["Kaligrafi"]},"801f574d-c2f6-52a3-ae7c-6a0074f1c59b":{"definition":"Farsça kökenli bir kelime, Türkçe okunuşu: kervansaray. Yolcuları barındırmak ve mallarını korumak için ana seyahat yolları üzerinde bulunan hosteller. Türkçe'si kervansaraydır."},"90c8aeb0-fee7-5ad8-b2e8-525f87d18e3a":{"definition":"Kale, hisar. Genellikle şehir merkezi olarak da görülen, yerel liderin evi veya kalesi. Kasba terimi genellikle Tunus, Cezayir ve Fas gibi batıdaki İslam ülkelerinde kullanılır.","spellings":["Kasba"]},"f583303a-89d1-5e38-9f75-1188be1c39d3":{"definition":"(veya Kıpti) Temel olarak Mısırlı Hıristiyanlar için kullanılmakla beraber Doğu Afrika’da Etiyopya’ya kadar uzanan ve Hıristiyanlığın en eski formlarından birinin takipçilerini anlatır. Koptların kendilerine ait bir dili ve takvimi vardır.","spellings":["Kopt"]},"44562f82-b0b6-5353-939a-47fccfb7fa3c":{"definition":"Arapça “ikra” (okumak) kökünden gelir.  Baş melek Cebrail Aleyhisselam tarafından Hz. Muhammed’e (sav) Arapça vahyedilen İslam dininin kutsal kitabı.","spellings":["Kur’an","Kuran"]},"61dd2431-5d5a-563f-98ea-305257d3eed8":{"definition":"Kelimenin tam anlamıyla \"kuru kordon\", fırınlama sırasında bir çini üzerindeki farklı renkteki sırları yağlanmış kordonlarla ayırmanın bir yoludur. Bu terim aynı zamanda balmumu veya bitkisel yağ ve manganez oksit karışımıyla bir tasarımın hatlarını belirleme tekniği için de kullanılır. Türk sanatında \"renkli sır tekniği\" olarak da bilinir ve Türkiye'de 15-16. yüzyıllarda görülür.","spellings":["Cuerda seca"]},"f3052f85-4db5-5572-a790-f3dc9a248659":{"definition":"Hadis öğrenimi için bir okul.","spellings":["Darülhadis"]},"a63b6fb1-4ed2-5e10-a649-69af7e23c299":{"definition":"Tr. Elmas."},"8f750e3f-a3f4-5b39-8f9c-97cbf1eb56ec":{"definition":"Tr. Emir. Bir askeri komutan, prens veya üst düzey yetkili; bir emirlik veya prensliğin yöneticisi.","spellings":["Emir"]},"e0e8a76f-5937-523a-b87b-6d2a0c6528d7":{"definition":"Tr. Yaldızlama. Bir sanat eserinin yüzeyine altın uygulanması. Yaldızlama mermer, taş, sıva, ahşap, metal işleri, seramik, cam ve kağıt dahil olmak üzere çoğu malzemeye uygulanabilir. Altını uygulamak için farklı teknikler kullanılır, hafif bir yıkama veya altın yapraklı folyo olarak uygulanabilir. Tr. tombak, yaldızlı bakır tekniği.","spellings":["Yaldızlama"]},"f2b2bdf4-e6b8-5c67-94e3-3fdbc00d8e88":{"definition":"Tr. Sır. Pişirmeden önce seramiğin yüzeyine ince bir cam tabakası uygulanır. Fırınlama sırasında sır kaynaşarak seramiği korur ve onu su geçirmez ve farklı amaçlar için uygun hale getirir. Kurşun sır şeffaf ve yumuşaktır ancak çatlama ve kimyasal deformasyona karşı savunmasızdır. Kalay sır: Kalay içeren opak beyaz bir sırdır, MS. 9. yüzyılda Bağdat'ta Çin porselenine rakip olmak için geliştirilmiş ve oradan Mağribi İspanya'ya ve ardından Avrupa'nın geri kalanına geçmiştir. Fayans, maiolica ve Delft çanak çömlekleri kalay sırlıdır.","spellings":["Sır"]},"fc74d5ab-7517-53a5-9a58-0cb34c65fec8":{"definition":"Tr. Hamam. Kamuya açık veya özel yıkanma evi.","spellings":["Hamam"]},"0ad8de69-3a63-53bc-8e1b-4c6cae853bca":{"definition":"Tr. Sofa also. Bir Türk evinde ortak yaşam alanı.","spellings":["Sofa"]},"0f3fb66d-a491-591b-a0c2-56e11ec481aa":{"definition":"Tr. Hicri. Peygarmber Muhammed'in MS. 622 yılında Mekke'den Medine'ye kaçışı. Bir ay yılını takip eden Müslüman Hicri takviminin başlangıcı.","spellings":["Hicri"]},"dcd58376-8ba5-5488-bec0-53d4cf2fa497":{"definition":"Tr. Hilye. Peygamber Muhammed'in düzyazı bir tasviri. Hilye-i Şerif: Peygamberin asil tasviri, asil tasviri taşıyan bir sanat eseri.","spellings":["Hilye"]},"d741661c-846f-560d-a11c-19720819ac9a":{"definition":"Genellikle isimlerde kullanılan ‘oğul’ anlamında sözcük. Kişinin ait olduğu klanı ifade eder. Çoğul formu ise Benu/Beni’dir.","spellings":["Bin","İbn"]},"ee2f26d8-e2ea-53a3-b764-2204e426e058":{"definition":"Kabaca bugünkü Tunus ve doğu Cezayir’i içeren bölgeye verilen isim.","spellings":["İfrikiye"]},"441e3156-be30-517c-a195-12e2d3486ed8":{"definition":"İslam âleminde sadece namaza öncülük eden bir kişi olarak algılanmaz. Ayrıca bir ruhani lider figürüdür. Saflığı, bilgeliği temsil eder. Kimi zaman bir politik figür olarak da görülür.","spellings":["İmam"]},"dde3bab2-6c93-59de-b512-d4ebe4ea584d":{"definition":"İslam dünyasında yaygın olan, uzun kollu, genellikle pamuklu veya ipekli, ayak bileğine kadar uzanan bir giysi.","spellings":["Kaftan"]},"cf7d3667-7d96-58e6-af31-c5d6fe2c71b8":{"definition":"Yolcular (hacılar ve tüccarlar) için ana kervan yolları üzerinde bulunan ve malların depolanabildiği konaklama yerleri.","spellings":["Han"]},"95fc5a14-1b29-5364-810a-69fc76087256":{"definition":"Tr. Kûfî. Irak’taki Kûfe şehrinden gelir. Açılı stiliyle öne çıkan, en eski hat sanatı formlarından biridir.","spellings":["Kûfi"]},"220ac6c9-5bbb-5494-a7d7-a1992e0113c3":{"definition":"Seramik sanatında metal parlaklığı elde etmek amacıyla, metal oksit boyalarla karmaşık bir pişirme tekniği. İslam’ın erken dönemlerinde Mezopotamya’da geliştirilen teknik bütün İslam dünyasında yaygın olarak kullanılmıştır.","spellings":["Lüster tekniği"]},"e99f9b90-c624-5aa1-815f-a47f478f7da3":{"definition":"Tr. Medine. Kasaba, eski mahalle, kendi kendine yeten şehir merkezi. Ayrıca Suudi Arabistan'da Müslümanların MS 622 yılında göç ettiği ve Muhammed Peygamber'in gömülü olduğu bir şehrin adıdır."},"e7f7d170-9ce3-5eb5-8c00-b201155164d8":{"definition":"Tr. Mihrap. Cami veya bir ibadet mekânında Kıble’nin yönünü gösteren, genellikle içbükey (bazen de düz) olan girintili niş. Mihrap çoğu zaman cami veya mescidin en süslü kısmıdır.","spellings":["Mihrap"]},"323fc8b6-ea1a-5717-982f-38123c87161c":{"definition":"Tr. Muhakkak. Orta Çağ'da kullanılan nesih yazısıyla bağlantılı büyük bir el yazısı. Altı temel yazı stilinden biridir.","spellings":["Muhakkak"]},"4c8c2130-e69d-5ae6-b03b-7dc72bf78f7a":{"definition":"Devlet veya ülke anlamına gelir. Bu sözcük genellikle hat sanatında lüks saray objelerinin dekorasyonunda kullanılmıştır.","spellings":["Mülk"]},"c39cd815-3b51-5b89-a4e4-5e9f2c0ca622":{"definition":"Sözlük anlamında yarım-küre biçimli üst örtüdür. Arapçada türbe anlamında kullanılır.","spellings":["Kubbe"]},"30f08fe7-8bb1-504a-aa55-685d583ff5ba":{"definition":"İber Yarımadasının (İspanya ve Portekiz) Hıristiyanlar tarafından yeniden ele geçirilmesi ve 800 yıl süren Arap egemenliğine son verilmesi. Savaş çok büyük kitlelerin göç etmesine neden oldu.","spellings":["Reconquista"]},"9a8096ea-a204-590a-8744-2ddf28c2b6b8":{"definition":"(Kuzey Afrika) Din savaşçılarının müstahkem mevkisi; (Memluk Mısır’ı, Filistin ve Suriye) hacılar için konaklama yeri.","spellings":["Ribat"]},"98f32a82-0f8d-523b-b82b-b4c5d2090590":{"definition":"Tr. Seyyid. Peygamber Muhammed'in soyundan gelen kişiler.","spellings":["Seyyid"]},"3d198a73-3a55-5a34-b209-561c8dc2c58e":{"definition":"(Şiîlik) Doğrusu, ‘Şia-i Ali’dir. Ali’nin yandaşları, takipçileri anlamına gelir. Hz. Muhammed’in ölümünün ardından Hz. Ali’yi lider olarak kabul eden ve Ali’nin öldürülmesi sonrasında gelen halifelerin meşruiyetini reddeden Müslüman grup.","spellings":["Şia"]},"aea62142-bf4f-5655-8c52-b1e856151ce7":{"definition":"Bağımsız hükümdarlar (özellikle Osmanlılar ve Selçuklular) tarafından kullanılan onursal unvan, ancak otoriteleri hüküm süren halifeye tanınan nominal üstünlüğü sorgulamaz.","spellings":["Sultan"]},"811580e5-c0b8-5c27-8c10-3a3a36bee143":{"definition":"(tekil; çoğulu Sünnet) Sünnet’i takip edenler anlamına gelir. Müslüman toplumunun gelenekçi çoğunluğu bu gruba dâhildir.","spellings":["Sünnet","Sünni"]},"08fa434b-cde7-5b8b-be42-9e2217634cd8":{"definition":"Pazar, çarşı. Müslüman şehrin merkezi.","spellings":["Suk"]},"9b57e731-19ab-55da-8b80-25d31d0f41c3":{"definition":"Tr. Sülüs. Arapça: \"üçte bir\". Adını kullanılan kalemin büyüklüğünden alan bir hat sanatı tarzı. Harflerinin uzaması çok karmaşık dekoratif kompozisyonlara izin verir. Hat sanatında, kitaplarda, sivil ve dini mimaride kullanılmıştır. 18. yüzyıldan itibaren Osmanlı sanatına özgü panolarda yaygın olarak kullanılmıştır.","spellings":["Sülüs"]},"5cc4d556-5ce6-575d-a50b-a403e6c59d4f":{"definition":"Tr. Türban.  Başın etrafına sarılan uzun bir eşarptan veya daha küçük, altta yatan bir şapkadan oluşan bir başlık. Türbanlar şekil, renk ve boyut bakımından çeşitlilik gösterir.","spellings":["Türban"]},"577792e7-dcb2-5783-bc01-836c6f2cded6":{"definition":"Bakan, üst düzey yönetici.","spellings":["Vezir"]},"76676210-58c4-5de1-89e6-594e4175ceac":{"definition":"Tr. Zaviye. Gezgin Sufiler veya dervişler için manastır veya pansiyon.","spellings":["Zaviye"]}}