@moqtap/codec 0.1.1 → 0.2.0

package/src/drafts/draft16/codec.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,1623 @@
+import { BufferReader } from "../../core/buffer-reader.js";
+import { BufferWriter } from "../../core/buffer-writer.js";
+import type { BaseCodec, DecodeResult } from "../../core/types.js";
+import { DecodeError } from "../../core/types.js";
+import {
+  MESSAGE_ID_MAP,
+  MSG_CLIENT_SETUP,
+  MSG_FETCH,
+  MSG_FETCH_CANCEL,
+  MSG_FETCH_OK,
+  MSG_GOAWAY,
+  MSG_MAX_REQUEST_ID,
+  MSG_NAMESPACE,
+  MSG_NAMESPACE_DONE,
+  MSG_PUBLISH,
+  MSG_PUBLISH_DONE,
+  MSG_PUBLISH_NAMESPACE,
+  MSG_PUBLISH_NAMESPACE_CANCEL,
+  MSG_PUBLISH_NAMESPACE_DONE,
+  MSG_PUBLISH_OK,
+  MSG_REQUEST_ERROR,
+  MSG_REQUEST_OK,
+  MSG_REQUEST_UPDATE,
+  MSG_REQUESTS_BLOCKED,
+  MSG_SERVER_SETUP,
+  MSG_SUBSCRIBE,
+  MSG_SUBSCRIBE_NAMESPACE,
+  MSG_SUBSCRIBE_OK,
+  MSG_TRACK_STATUS,
+  MSG_UNSUBSCRIBE,
+  SETUP_PARAM_AUTHORITY,
+  SETUP_PARAM_MAX_AUTH_TOKEN_CACHE_SIZE,
+  SETUP_PARAM_MAX_REQUEST_ID,
+  SETUP_PARAM_MOQT_IMPLEMENTATION,
+  SETUP_PARAM_PATH,
+} from "./messages.js";
+import type {
+  DatagramObject,
+  DataStreamEvent,
+  Draft16DataStream,
+  Draft16Fetch,
+  Draft16Message,
+  Draft16Params,
+  Draft16SetupParams,
+  FetchObjectPayload,
+  FetchStream,
+  FetchStreamHeader,
+  JoiningFetch,
+  ObjectPayload,
+  StandaloneFetch,
+  SubgroupStream,
+  SubgroupStreamHeader,
+  UnknownParam,
+} from "./types.js";
+
+// ─── Helpers ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+function bytesToHex(bytes: Uint8Array): string {
+  let hex = "";
+  for (let i = 0; i < bytes.byteLength; i++) {
+    hex += (bytes[i] as number).toString(16).padStart(2, "0");
+  }
+  return hex;
+}
+
+function hexToBytes(hex: string): Uint8Array {
+  const bytes = new Uint8Array(hex.length / 2);
+  for (let i = 0; i < hex.length; i += 2) {
+    bytes[i / 2] = parseInt(hex.substring(i, i + 2), 16);
+  }
+  return bytes;
+}
+
+// ─── Setup Parameter Encoding/Decoding ──────────────────────────────────────────
+
+function encodeSetupParams(params: Draft16SetupParams, writer: BufferWriter): void {
+  let count = 0;
+  if (params.path !== undefined) count++;
+  if (params.max_request_id !== undefined) count++;
+  if (params.max_auth_token_cache_size !== undefined) count++;
+  if (params.authority !== undefined) count++;
+  if (params.moqt_implementation !== undefined) count++;
+  if (params.unknown) count += params.unknown.length;
+
+  writer.writeVarInt(count);
+
+  // PATH (0x01) - odd, length-prefixed bytes
+  if (params.path !== undefined) {
+    writer.writeVarInt(SETUP_PARAM_PATH);
+    const encoded = new TextEncoder().encode(params.path);
+    writer.writeVarInt(encoded.byteLength);
+    writer.writeBytes(encoded);
+  }
+
+  // MAX_REQUEST_ID (0x02) - even, varint value
+  if (params.max_request_id !== undefined) {
+    writer.writeVarInt(SETUP_PARAM_MAX_REQUEST_ID);
+    writer.writeVarInt(params.max_request_id);
+  }
+
+  // MAX_AUTH_TOKEN_CACHE_SIZE (0x04) - even, varint value
+  if (params.max_auth_token_cache_size !== undefined) {
+    writer.writeVarInt(SETUP_PARAM_MAX_AUTH_TOKEN_CACHE_SIZE);
+    writer.writeVarInt(params.max_auth_token_cache_size);
+  }
+
+  // AUTHORITY (0x05) - odd, length-prefixed bytes
+  if (params.authority !== undefined) {
+    writer.writeVarInt(SETUP_PARAM_AUTHORITY);
+    const encoded = new TextEncoder().encode(params.authority);
+    writer.writeVarInt(encoded.byteLength);
+    writer.writeBytes(encoded);
+  }
+
+  // MOQT_IMPLEMENTATION (0x07) - odd, length-prefixed bytes
+  if (params.moqt_implementation !== undefined) {
+    writer.writeVarInt(SETUP_PARAM_MOQT_IMPLEMENTATION);
+    const encoded = new TextEncoder().encode(params.moqt_implementation);
+    writer.writeVarInt(encoded.byteLength);
+    writer.writeBytes(encoded);
+  }
+
+  // Unknown params
+  if (params.unknown) {
+    for (const u of params.unknown) {
+      const id = BigInt(u.id);
+      writer.writeVarInt(id);
+      if (id % 2n === 0n) {
+        const raw = hexToBytes(u.raw_hex);
+        const tmpReader = new BufferReader(raw);
+        const value = tmpReader.readVarInt();
+        writer.writeVarInt(value);
+      } else {
+        const raw = hexToBytes(u.raw_hex);
+        writer.writeVarInt(raw.byteLength);
+        writer.writeBytes(raw);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+function decodeSetupParams(reader: BufferReader): Draft16SetupParams {
+  const count = Number(reader.readVarInt());
+  const result: Draft16SetupParams = {};
+  const unknown: UnknownParam[] = [];
+
+  for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+    const paramType = reader.readVarInt();
+
+    if (paramType % 2n === 0n) {
+      const value = reader.readVarInt();
+      if (paramType === SETUP_PARAM_MAX_REQUEST_ID) {
+        result.max_request_id = value;
+      } else if (paramType === SETUP_PARAM_MAX_AUTH_TOKEN_CACHE_SIZE) {
+        result.max_auth_token_cache_size = value;
+      } else {
+        const tmpWriter = new BufferWriter(16);
+        tmpWriter.writeVarInt(value);
+        const raw = tmpWriter.finish();
+        unknown.push({
+          id: `0x${paramType.toString(16)}`,
+          length: raw.byteLength,
+          raw_hex: bytesToHex(raw),
+        });
+      }
+    } else {
+      const length = Number(reader.readVarInt());
+      const bytes = reader.readBytes(length);
+      if (paramType === SETUP_PARAM_PATH) {
+        result.path = new TextDecoder().decode(bytes);
+      } else if (paramType === SETUP_PARAM_AUTHORITY) {
+        result.authority = new TextDecoder().decode(bytes);
+      } else if (paramType === SETUP_PARAM_MOQT_IMPLEMENTATION) {
+        result.moqt_implementation = new TextDecoder().decode(bytes);
+      } else {
+        unknown.push({
+          id: `0x${paramType.toString(16)}`,
+          length,
+          raw_hex: bytesToHex(bytes),
+        });
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (unknown.length > 0) {
+    result.unknown = unknown;
+  }
+
+  return result;
+}
+
+// ─── Version-Specific Parameter Encoding/Decoding ───────────────────────────────
+
+const PARAM_EXPIRES = 0x08n;
+const PARAM_LARGEST_OBJECT = 0x09n;
+const PARAM_SUBSCRIBER_PRIORITY = 0x20n;
+const PARAM_SUBSCRIPTION_FILTER = 0x21n;
+const PARAM_GROUP_ORDER = 0x22n;
+
+function encodeParams(params: Draft16Params, writer: BufferWriter): void {
+  let count = params.unknown ? params.unknown.length : 0;
+  if (params.expires !== undefined) count++;
+  if (params.largest_object !== undefined) count++;
+  if (params.subscriber_priority !== undefined) count++;
+  if (params.subscription_filter !== undefined) count++;
+  if (params.group_order !== undefined) count++;
+  writer.writeVarInt(count);
+
+  if (params.expires !== undefined) {
+    writer.writeVarInt(PARAM_EXPIRES);
+    writer.writeVarInt(params.expires);
+  }
+  if (params.largest_object !== undefined) {
+    writer.writeVarInt(PARAM_LARGEST_OBJECT);
+    const tmpW = new BufferWriter(16);
+    tmpW.writeVarInt(params.largest_object.group);
+    tmpW.writeVarInt(params.largest_object.object);
+    const raw = tmpW.finish();
+    writer.writeVarInt(raw.byteLength);
+    writer.writeBytes(raw);
+  }
+  if (params.subscriber_priority !== undefined) {
+    writer.writeVarInt(PARAM_SUBSCRIBER_PRIORITY);
+    writer.writeVarInt(params.subscriber_priority);
+  }
+  if (params.subscription_filter !== undefined) {
+    writer.writeVarInt(PARAM_SUBSCRIPTION_FILTER);
+    const tmpW = new BufferWriter(32);
+    const f = params.subscription_filter;
+    tmpW.writeVarInt(f.filter_type);
+    if (f.filter_type === 3n || f.filter_type === 4n) {
+      tmpW.writeVarInt(f.start_group!);
+      tmpW.writeVarInt(f.start_object!);
+    }
+    if (f.filter_type === 4n) {
+      tmpW.writeVarInt(f.end_group!);
+    }
+    const raw = tmpW.finish();
+    writer.writeVarInt(raw.byteLength);
+    writer.writeBytes(raw);
+  }
+  if (params.group_order !== undefined) {
+    writer.writeVarInt(PARAM_GROUP_ORDER);
+    writer.writeVarInt(params.group_order);
+  }
+
+  if (params.unknown) {
+    for (const u of params.unknown) {
+      const id = BigInt(u.id);
+      writer.writeVarInt(id);
+      if (id % 2n === 0n) {
+        const raw = hexToBytes(u.raw_hex);
+        const tmpReader = new BufferReader(raw);
+        const value = tmpReader.readVarInt();
+        writer.writeVarInt(value);
+      } else {
+        const raw = hexToBytes(u.raw_hex);
+        writer.writeVarInt(raw.byteLength);
+        writer.writeBytes(raw);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+function decodeParams(reader: BufferReader): Draft16Params {
+  const count = Number(reader.readVarInt());
+  const result: Draft16Params = {};
+  const unknown: UnknownParam[] = [];
+
+  for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+    const paramType = reader.readVarInt();
+
+    if (paramType === PARAM_EXPIRES) {
+      result.expires = reader.readVarInt();
+    } else if (paramType === PARAM_SUBSCRIBER_PRIORITY) {
+      result.subscriber_priority = reader.readVarInt();
+    } else if (paramType === PARAM_GROUP_ORDER) {
+      result.group_order = reader.readVarInt();
+    } else if (paramType === PARAM_LARGEST_OBJECT) {
+      const length = Number(reader.readVarInt());
+      const startOff = reader.offset;
+      const group = reader.readVarInt();
+      const object = reader.readVarInt();
+      const consumed = reader.offset - startOff;
+      if (consumed < length) reader.readBytes(length - consumed);
+      result.largest_object = { group, object };
+    } else if (paramType === PARAM_SUBSCRIPTION_FILTER) {
+      const length = Number(reader.readVarInt());
+      const startOff = reader.offset;
+      const filter_type = reader.readVarInt();
+      const filter: {
+        filter_type: bigint;
+        start_group?: bigint;
+        start_object?: bigint;
+        end_group?: bigint;
+      } = { filter_type };
+      if (filter_type === 3n || filter_type === 4n) {
+        filter.start_group = reader.readVarInt();
+        filter.start_object = reader.readVarInt();
+      }
+      if (filter_type === 4n) {
+        filter.end_group = reader.readVarInt();
+      }
+      const consumed = reader.offset - startOff;
+      if (consumed < length) reader.readBytes(length - consumed);
+      result.subscription_filter = filter;
+    } else if (paramType % 2n === 0n) {
+      const value = reader.readVarInt();
+      const tmpWriter = new BufferWriter(16);
+      tmpWriter.writeVarInt(value);
+      const raw = tmpWriter.finish();
+      unknown.push({
+        id: `0x${paramType.toString(16)}`,
+        length: raw.byteLength,
+        raw_hex: bytesToHex(raw),
+      });
+    } else {
+      const length = Number(reader.readVarInt());
+      const bytes = reader.readBytes(length);
+      unknown.push({
+        id: `0x${paramType.toString(16)}`,
+        length,
+        raw_hex: bytesToHex(bytes),
+      });
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (unknown.length > 0) {
+    result.unknown = unknown;
+  }
+
+  return result;
+}
+
+// ─── Payload Encoders ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+function encodeClientSetupPayload(
+  msg: Draft16Message & { type: "client_setup" },
+  w: BufferWriter,
+): void {
+  encodeSetupParams(msg.parameters, w);
+}
+
+function encodeServerSetupPayload(
+  msg: Draft16Message & { type: "server_setup" },
+  w: BufferWriter,
+): void {
+  encodeSetupParams(msg.parameters, w);
+}
+
+function encodeSubscribePayload(
+  msg: Draft16Message & { type: "subscribe" },
+  w: BufferWriter,
+): void {
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.request_id);
+  w.writeTuple(msg.track_namespace);
+  w.writeString(msg.track_name);
+  encodeParams(msg.parameters, w);
+}
+
+function encodeSubscribeOkPayload(
+  msg: Draft16Message & { type: "subscribe_ok" },
+  w: BufferWriter,
+): void {
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.request_id);
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.track_alias);
+  encodeParams(msg.parameters, w);
+}
+
+function encodeRequestUpdatePayload(
+  msg: Draft16Message & { type: "request_update" },
+  w: BufferWriter,
+): void {
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.request_id);
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.existing_request_id);
+  encodeParams(msg.parameters, w);
+}
+
+function encodeUnsubscribePayload(
+  msg: Draft16Message & { type: "unsubscribe" },
+  w: BufferWriter,
+): void {
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.request_id);
+}
+
+function encodePublishPayload(msg: Draft16Message & { type: "publish" }, w: BufferWriter): void {
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.request_id);
+  w.writeTuple(msg.track_namespace);
+  w.writeString(msg.track_name);
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.track_alias);
+  encodeParams(msg.parameters, w);
+}
+
+function encodePublishOkPayload(
+  msg: Draft16Message & { type: "publish_ok" },
+  w: BufferWriter,
+): void {
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.request_id);
+  encodeParams(msg.parameters, w);
+}
+
+function encodePublishDonePayload(
+  msg: Draft16Message & { type: "publish_done" },
+  w: BufferWriter,
+): void {
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.request_id);
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.status_code);
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.stream_count);
+  w.writeString(msg.reason_phrase);
+}
+
+function encodePublishNamespacePayload(
+  msg: Draft16Message & { type: "publish_namespace" },
+  w: BufferWriter,
+): void {
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.request_id);
+  w.writeTuple(msg.track_namespace);
+  encodeParams(msg.parameters, w);
+}
+
+// Draft-16: simplified to just request_id
+function encodePublishNamespaceDonePayload(
+  msg: Draft16Message & { type: "publish_namespace_done" },
+  w: BufferWriter,
+): void {
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.request_id);
+}
+
+// Draft-16: changed to request_id + error_code + reason_phrase
+function encodePublishNamespaceCancelPayload(
+  msg: Draft16Message & { type: "publish_namespace_cancel" },
+  w: BufferWriter,
+): void {
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.request_id);
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.error_code);
+  w.writeString(msg.reason_phrase);
+}
+
+// Draft-16: added subscribe_options
+function encodeSubscribeNamespacePayload(
+  msg: Draft16Message & { type: "subscribe_namespace" },
+  w: BufferWriter,
+): void {
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.request_id);
+  w.writeTuple(msg.namespace_prefix);
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.subscribe_options);
+  encodeParams(msg.parameters, w);
+}
+
+// New in draft-16
+function encodeNamespacePayload(
+  msg: Draft16Message & { type: "namespace" },
+  w: BufferWriter,
+): void {
+  w.writeTuple(msg.namespace_suffix);
+}
+
+// New in draft-16
+function encodeNamespaceDonePayload(
+  msg: Draft16Message & { type: "namespace_done" },
+  w: BufferWriter,
+): void {
+  w.writeTuple(msg.namespace_suffix);
+}
+
+function encodeFetchPayload(msg: Draft16Message & { type: "fetch" }, w: BufferWriter): void {
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.request_id);
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.fetch_type);
+  const ft = Number(msg.fetch_type);
+  if (ft === 1 && msg.standalone) {
+    w.writeTuple(msg.standalone.track_namespace);
+    w.writeString(msg.standalone.track_name);
+    w.writeVarInt(msg.standalone.start_group);
+    w.writeVarInt(msg.standalone.start_object);
+    w.writeVarInt(msg.standalone.end_group);
+    w.writeVarInt(msg.standalone.end_object);
+  } else if ((ft === 2 || ft === 3) && msg.joining) {
+    w.writeVarInt(msg.joining.joining_request_id);
+    w.writeVarInt(msg.joining.joining_start);
+  }
+  encodeParams(msg.parameters, w);
+}
+
+function encodeFetchOkPayload(msg: Draft16Message & { type: "fetch_ok" }, w: BufferWriter): void {
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.request_id);
+  w.writeUint8(msg.end_of_track);
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.end_group);
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.end_object);
+  encodeParams(msg.parameters, w);
+}
+
+function encodeFetchCancelPayload(
+  msg: Draft16Message & { type: "fetch_cancel" },
+  w: BufferWriter,
+): void {
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.request_id);
+}
+
+function encodeTrackStatusPayload(
+  msg: Draft16Message & { type: "track_status" },
+  w: BufferWriter,
+): void {
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.request_id);
+  w.writeTuple(msg.track_namespace);
+  w.writeString(msg.track_name);
+  encodeParams(msg.parameters, w);
+}
+
+function encodeRequestOkPayload(
+  msg: Draft16Message & { type: "request_ok" },
+  w: BufferWriter,
+): void {
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.request_id);
+  encodeParams(msg.parameters, w);
+}
+
+// Draft-16: added retry_interval
+function encodeRequestErrorPayload(
+  msg: Draft16Message & { type: "request_error" },
+  w: BufferWriter,
+): void {
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.request_id);
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.error_code);
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.retry_interval);
+  w.writeString(msg.reason_phrase);
+}
+
+function encodeGoAwayPayload(msg: Draft16Message & { type: "goaway" }, w: BufferWriter): void {
+  w.writeString(msg.new_session_uri);
+}
+
+function encodeMaxRequestIdPayload(
+  msg: Draft16Message & { type: "max_request_id" },
+  w: BufferWriter,
+): void {
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.max_request_id);
+}
+
+function encodeRequestsBlockedPayload(
+  msg: Draft16Message & { type: "requests_blocked" },
+  w: BufferWriter,
+): void {
+  w.writeVarInt(msg.maximum_request_id);
+}
+
+// ─── Payload Decoders ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+function decodeClientSetupPayload(r: BufferReader): Draft16Message {
+  const parameters = decodeSetupParams(r);
+  return { type: "client_setup", parameters };
+}
+
+function decodeServerSetupPayload(r: BufferReader): Draft16Message {
+  const parameters = decodeSetupParams(r);
+  return { type: "server_setup", parameters };
+}
+
+function decodeSubscribePayload(r: BufferReader): Draft16Message {
+  const request_id = r.readVarInt();
+  const track_namespace = r.readTuple();
+  const track_name = r.readString();
+  const parameters = decodeParams(r);
+  return { type: "subscribe", request_id, track_namespace, track_name, parameters };
+}
+
+function decodeSubscribeOkPayload(r: BufferReader): Draft16Message {
+  const request_id = r.readVarInt();
+  const track_alias = r.readVarInt();
+  const parameters = decodeParams(r);
+  return { type: "subscribe_ok", request_id, track_alias, parameters };
+}
+
+function decodeRequestUpdatePayload(r: BufferReader): Draft16Message {
+  const request_id = r.readVarInt();
+  const existing_request_id = r.readVarInt();
+  const parameters = decodeParams(r);
+  return { type: "request_update", request_id, existing_request_id, parameters };
+}
+
+function decodeUnsubscribePayload(r: BufferReader): Draft16Message {
+  const request_id = r.readVarInt();
+  return { type: "unsubscribe", request_id };
+}
+
+function decodePublishPayload(r: BufferReader): Draft16Message {
+  const request_id = r.readVarInt();
+  const track_namespace = r.readTuple();
+  const track_name = r.readString();
+  const track_alias = r.readVarInt();
+  const parameters = decodeParams(r);
+  return { type: "publish", request_id, track_namespace, track_name, track_alias, parameters };
+}
+
+function decodePublishOkPayload(r: BufferReader): Draft16Message {
+  const request_id = r.readVarInt();
+  const parameters = decodeParams(r);
+  return { type: "publish_ok", request_id, parameters };
+}
+
+function decodePublishDonePayload(r: BufferReader): Draft16Message {
+  const request_id = r.readVarInt();
+  const status_code = r.readVarInt();
+  const stream_count = r.readVarInt();
+  const reason_phrase = r.readString();
+  return { type: "publish_done", request_id, status_code, stream_count, reason_phrase };
+}
+
+function decodePublishNamespacePayload(r: BufferReader): Draft16Message {
+  const request_id = r.readVarInt();
+  const track_namespace = r.readTuple();
+  const parameters = decodeParams(r);
+  return { type: "publish_namespace", request_id, track_namespace, parameters };
+}
+
+// Draft-16: simplified to just request_id
+function decodePublishNamespaceDonePayload(r: BufferReader): Draft16Message {
+  const request_id = r.readVarInt();
+  return { type: "publish_namespace_done", request_id };
+}
+
+// Draft-16: changed to request_id + error_code + reason_phrase
+function decodePublishNamespaceCancelPayload(r: BufferReader): Draft16Message {
+  const request_id = r.readVarInt();
+  const error_code = r.readVarInt();
+  const reason_phrase = r.readString();
+  return { type: "publish_namespace_cancel", request_id, error_code, reason_phrase };
+}
+
+// Draft-16: added subscribe_options
+function decodeSubscribeNamespacePayload(r: BufferReader): Draft16Message {
+  const request_id = r.readVarInt();
+  const namespace_prefix = r.readTuple();
+  const subscribe_options = r.readVarInt();
+  const parameters = decodeParams(r);
+  return {
+    type: "subscribe_namespace",
+    request_id,
+    namespace_prefix,
+    subscribe_options,
+    parameters,
+  };
+}
+
+// New in draft-16
+function decodeNamespacePayload(r: BufferReader): Draft16Message {
+  const namespace_suffix = r.readTuple();
+  return { type: "namespace", namespace_suffix };
+}
+
+// New in draft-16
+function decodeNamespaceDonePayload(r: BufferReader): Draft16Message {
+  const namespace_suffix = r.readTuple();
+  return { type: "namespace_done", namespace_suffix };
+}
+
+function decodeFetchPayload(r: BufferReader): Draft16Message {
+  const request_id = r.readVarInt();
+  const fetch_type = r.readVarInt();
+  const ft = Number(fetch_type);
+
+  if (ft < 1 || ft > 3) {
+    throw new DecodeError("CONSTRAINT_VIOLATION", `Invalid fetch_type: ${ft}`, r.offset);
+  }
+
+  let standalone: StandaloneFetch | undefined;
+  let joining: JoiningFetch | undefined;
+
+  if (ft === 1) {
+    const track_namespace = r.readTuple();
+    const track_name = r.readString();
+    const start_group = r.readVarInt();
+    const start_object = r.readVarInt();
+    const end_group = r.readVarInt();
+    const end_object = r.readVarInt();
+    standalone = { track_namespace, track_name, start_group, start_object, end_group, end_object };
+  } else {
+    const joining_request_id = r.readVarInt();
+    const joining_start = r.readVarInt();
+    joining = { joining_request_id, joining_start };
+  }
+
+  const parameters = decodeParams(r);
+
+  return {
+    type: "fetch",
+    request_id,
+    fetch_type,
+    standalone,
+    joining,
+    parameters,
+  } as Draft16Fetch;
+}
+
+function decodeFetchOkPayload(r: BufferReader): Draft16Message {
+  const request_id = r.readVarInt();
+  const end_of_track = r.readUint8();
+  const end_group = r.readVarInt();
+  const end_object = r.readVarInt();
+  const parameters = decodeParams(r);
+  return { type: "fetch_ok", request_id, end_of_track, end_group, end_object, parameters };
+}
+
+function decodeFetchCancelPayload(r: BufferReader): Draft16Message {
+  const request_id = r.readVarInt();
+  return { type: "fetch_cancel", request_id };
+}
+
+function decodeTrackStatusPayload(r: BufferReader): Draft16Message {
+  const request_id = r.readVarInt();
+  const track_namespace = r.readTuple();
+  const track_name = r.readString();
+  const parameters = decodeParams(r);
+  return { type: "track_status", request_id, track_namespace, track_name, parameters };
+}
+
+function decodeRequestOkPayload(r: BufferReader): Draft16Message {
+  const request_id = r.readVarInt();
+  const parameters = decodeParams(r);
+  return { type: "request_ok", request_id, parameters };
+}
+
+// Draft-16: added retry_interval
+function decodeRequestErrorPayload(r: BufferReader): Draft16Message {
+  const request_id = r.readVarInt();
+  const error_code = r.readVarInt();
+  const retry_interval = r.readVarInt();
+  const reason_phrase = r.readString();
+  return { type: "request_error", request_id, error_code, retry_interval, reason_phrase };
+}
+
+function decodeGoAwayPayload(r: BufferReader): Draft16Message {
+  const new_session_uri = r.readString();
+  return { type: "goaway", new_session_uri };
+}
+
+function decodeMaxRequestIdPayload(r: BufferReader): Draft16Message {
+  const max_request_id = r.readVarInt();
+  return { type: "max_request_id", max_request_id };
+}
+
+function decodeRequestsBlockedPayload(r: BufferReader): Draft16Message {
+  const maximum_request_id = r.readVarInt();
+  return { type: "requests_blocked", maximum_request_id };
+}
+
+// ─── Payload dispatch tables ───────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+const payloadDecoders: ReadonlyMap<bigint, (r: BufferReader) => Draft16Message> = new Map([
+  [MSG_CLIENT_SETUP, decodeClientSetupPayload],
+  [MSG_SERVER_SETUP, decodeServerSetupPayload],
+  [MSG_SUBSCRIBE, decodeSubscribePayload],
+  [MSG_SUBSCRIBE_OK, decodeSubscribeOkPayload],
+  [MSG_REQUEST_UPDATE, decodeRequestUpdatePayload],
+  [MSG_UNSUBSCRIBE, decodeUnsubscribePayload],
+  [MSG_PUBLISH, decodePublishPayload],
+  [MSG_PUBLISH_OK, decodePublishOkPayload],
+  [MSG_PUBLISH_DONE, decodePublishDonePayload],
+  [MSG_PUBLISH_NAMESPACE, decodePublishNamespacePayload],
+  [MSG_PUBLISH_NAMESPACE_DONE, decodePublishNamespaceDonePayload],
+  [MSG_PUBLISH_NAMESPACE_CANCEL, decodePublishNamespaceCancelPayload],
+  [MSG_SUBSCRIBE_NAMESPACE, decodeSubscribeNamespacePayload],
+  [MSG_NAMESPACE, decodeNamespacePayload],
+  [MSG_NAMESPACE_DONE, decodeNamespaceDonePayload],
+  [MSG_FETCH, decodeFetchPayload],
+  [MSG_FETCH_OK, decodeFetchOkPayload],
+  [MSG_FETCH_CANCEL, decodeFetchCancelPayload],
+  [MSG_TRACK_STATUS, decodeTrackStatusPayload],
+  [MSG_REQUEST_OK, decodeRequestOkPayload],
+  [MSG_REQUEST_ERROR, decodeRequestErrorPayload],
+  [MSG_GOAWAY, decodeGoAwayPayload],
+  [MSG_MAX_REQUEST_ID, decodeMaxRequestIdPayload],
+  [MSG_REQUESTS_BLOCKED, decodeRequestsBlockedPayload],
+]);
+
+// ─── Public API ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+/**
+ * Encode a draft-16 control message with type(varint) + length(uint16 BE) + payload.
+ */
+export function encodeMessage(message: Draft16Message): Uint8Array {
+  const typeId = MESSAGE_ID_MAP.get(message.type);
+  if (typeId === undefined) {
+    throw new Error(`Unknown message type: ${message.type}`);
+  }
+
+  const payloadWriter = new BufferWriter();
+  encodePayload(message, payloadWriter);
+  const payload = payloadWriter.finish();
+
+  if (payload.byteLength > 0xffff) {
+    throw new Error(`Payload too large for 16-bit length: ${payload.byteLength}`);
+  }
+
+  const writer = new BufferWriter();
+  writer.writeVarInt(typeId);
+  writer.writeUint8((payload.byteLength >> 8) & 0xff);
+  writer.writeUint8(payload.byteLength & 0xff);
+  writer.writeBytes(payload);
+
+  return writer.finish();
+}
+
+function encodePayload(msg: Draft16Message, w: BufferWriter): void {
+  switch (msg.type) {
+    case "client_setup":
+      return encodeClientSetupPayload(msg, w);
+    case "server_setup":
+      return encodeServerSetupPayload(msg, w);
+    case "subscribe":
+      return encodeSubscribePayload(msg, w);
+    case "subscribe_ok":
+      return encodeSubscribeOkPayload(msg, w);
+    case "request_update":
+      return encodeRequestUpdatePayload(msg, w);
+    case "unsubscribe":
+      return encodeUnsubscribePayload(msg, w);
+    case "publish":
+      return encodePublishPayload(msg, w);
+    case "publish_ok":
+      return encodePublishOkPayload(msg, w);
+    case "publish_done":
+      return encodePublishDonePayload(msg, w);
+    case "publish_namespace":
+      return encodePublishNamespacePayload(msg, w);
+    case "publish_namespace_done":
+      return encodePublishNamespaceDonePayload(msg, w);
+    case "publish_namespace_cancel":
+      return encodePublishNamespaceCancelPayload(msg, w);
+    case "subscribe_namespace":
+      return encodeSubscribeNamespacePayload(msg, w);
+    case "namespace":
+      return encodeNamespacePayload(msg, w);
+    case "namespace_done":
+      return encodeNamespaceDonePayload(msg, w);
+    case "fetch":
+      return encodeFetchPayload(msg, w);
+    case "fetch_ok":
+      return encodeFetchOkPayload(msg, w);
+    case "fetch_cancel":
+      return encodeFetchCancelPayload(msg, w);
+    case "track_status":
+      return encodeTrackStatusPayload(msg, w);
+    case "request_ok":
+      return encodeRequestOkPayload(msg, w);
+    case "request_error":
+      return encodeRequestErrorPayload(msg, w);
+    case "goaway":
+      return encodeGoAwayPayload(msg, w);
+    case "max_request_id":
+      return encodeMaxRequestIdPayload(msg, w);
+    case "requests_blocked":
+      return encodeRequestsBlockedPayload(msg, w);
+    default: {
+      const _exhaustive: never = msg;
+      throw new Error(`Unhandled message type: ${(_exhaustive as Draft16Message).type}`);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Decode a draft-16 control message from bytes (type + uint16 length + payload).
+ */
+export function decodeMessage(bytes: Uint8Array): DecodeResult<Draft16Message> {
+  try {
+    const reader = new BufferReader(bytes);
+    const typeId = reader.readVarInt();
+
+    const lenHi = reader.readUint8();
+    const lenLo = reader.readUint8();
+    const payloadLength = (lenHi << 8) | lenLo;
+
+    const payloadBytes = reader.readBytes(payloadLength);
+    const payloadReader = new BufferReader(payloadBytes);
+
+    const decoder = payloadDecoders.get(typeId);
+    if (!decoder) {
+      return {
+        ok: false,
+        error: new DecodeError(
+          "UNKNOWN_MESSAGE_TYPE",
+          `Unknown message type ID: 0x${typeId.toString(16)}`,
+          0,
+        ),
+      };
+    }
+
+    const message = decoder(payloadReader);
+    return { ok: true, value: message, bytesRead: reader.offset };
+  } catch (e) {
+    if (e instanceof DecodeError) {
+      return { ok: false, error: e };
+    }
+    throw e;
+  }
+}
+
+// ─── Data Stream Encoding/Decoding ─────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+const FETCH_STREAM_TYPE = 0x05n;
+
+/**
+ * Encode a subgroup stream header + objects.
+ */
+export function encodeSubgroupStream(stream: SubgroupStream): Uint8Array {
+  const w = new BufferWriter();
+  const streamType = stream.headerType;
+  w.writeVarInt(BigInt(streamType));
+
+  const hasSubgroupField = (streamType & 0x04) !== 0;
+  const hasPriority = streamType < 0x30;
+
+  w.writeVarInt(stream.trackAlias);
+  w.writeVarInt(stream.groupId);
+  if (hasSubgroupField) {
+    w.writeVarInt(stream.subgroupId);
+  }
+  if (hasPriority) {
+    w.writeUint8(stream.publisherPriority);
+  }
+  let prevObjectId = -1n;
+  for (const obj of stream.objects) {
+    const delta = prevObjectId < 0n ? obj.objectId : obj.objectId - prevObjectId - 1n;
+    w.writeVarInt(delta);
+    w.writeVarInt(obj.payloadLength);
+    if (obj.payloadLength === 0) {
+      w.writeVarInt(obj.status ?? 0n);
+    } else {
+      w.writeBytes(obj.payload);
+    }
+    prevObjectId = obj.objectId;
+  }
+  return w.finish();
+}
+
+/**
+ * Encode a datagram object.
+ */
+export function encodeDatagram(dg: DatagramObject): Uint8Array {
+  const w = new BufferWriter();
+  const dgType = dg.datagramType;
+  w.writeVarInt(BigInt(dgType));
+  w.writeVarInt(dg.trackAlias);
+  w.writeVarInt(dg.groupId);
+
+  const objectIdAbsent = (dgType & 0x04) !== 0;
+  const isStatus = (dgType & 0x20) !== 0;
+
+  if (!objectIdAbsent) {
+    w.writeVarInt(dg.objectId);
+  }
+  w.writeUint8(dg.publisherPriority);
+
+  if (isStatus) {
+    w.writeVarInt(dg.objectStatus ?? 0n);
+  } else {
+    w.writeBytes(dg.payload);
+  }
+  return w.finish();
+}
+
+/**
+ * Encode a fetch stream header + objects.
+ */
+export function encodeFetchStream(stream: FetchStream): Uint8Array {
+  const w = new BufferWriter();
+  w.writeVarInt(FETCH_STREAM_TYPE);
+  w.writeVarInt(stream.requestId);
+  for (const obj of stream.objects) {
+    w.writeUint8(obj.serializationFlags);
+    const flags = obj.serializationFlags;
+    if (flags & 0x08) w.writeVarInt(obj.groupId);
+    const subgroupEncoding = flags & 0x03;
+    if (subgroupEncoding === 0x03) w.writeVarInt(obj.subgroupId);
+    if (flags & 0x04) w.writeVarInt(obj.objectId);
+    if (flags & 0x10) w.writeUint8(obj.publisherPriority);
+    w.writeVarInt(obj.payloadLength);
+    if (obj.payloadLength === 0) {
+      w.writeVarInt(obj.status ?? 0n);
+    } else {
+      w.writeBytes(obj.payload);
+    }
+  }
+  return w.finish();
+}
+
+/**
+ * Decode a subgroup data stream from raw bytes.
+ */
+export function decodeSubgroupStream(bytes: Uint8Array): DecodeResult<SubgroupStream> {
+  try {
+    const r = new BufferReader(bytes);
+    const streamType = Number(r.readVarInt());
+
+    if (
+      !((streamType >= 0x10 && streamType <= 0x1d) || (streamType >= 0x30 && streamType <= 0x3d))
+    ) {
+      return {
+        ok: false,
+        error: new DecodeError(
+          "CONSTRAINT_VIOLATION",
+          `Expected subgroup stream type 0x10-0x1D or 0x30-0x3D, got 0x${streamType.toString(16)}`,
+          0,
+        ),
+      };
+    }
+
+    const hasSubgroupField = (streamType & 0x04) !== 0;
+    const subgroupIsFirstObjId = (streamType & 0x02) !== 0 && !hasSubgroupField;
+    const hasPriority = streamType < 0x30;
+
+    const trackAlias = r.readVarInt();
+    const groupId = r.readVarInt();
+
+    let subgroupId = 0n;
+    if (hasSubgroupField) {
+      subgroupId = r.readVarInt();
+    }
+
+    let publisherPriority = 128;
+    if (hasPriority) {
+      publisherPriority = r.readUint8();
+    }
+
+    const objects: ObjectPayload[] = [];
+    let prevObjectId = -1n;
+    let firstObject = true;
+
+    while (r.remaining > 0) {
+      const delta = r.readVarInt();
+      let objectId: bigint;
+      if (firstObject) {
+        objectId = delta;
+        if (subgroupIsFirstObjId && firstObject) {
+          subgroupId = objectId;
+        }
+        firstObject = false;
+      } else {
+        objectId = prevObjectId + 1n + delta;
+      }
+      const payloadLength = Number(r.readVarInt());
+      let payload: Uint8Array;
+      let status: bigint | undefined;
+      if (payloadLength === 0) {
+        status = r.readVarInt();
+        payload = new Uint8Array(0);
+      } else {
+        payload = r.readBytes(payloadLength);
+      }
+      const obj: ObjectPayload = { type: "object", objectId, payloadLength, payload };
+      if (status !== undefined) (obj as unknown as Record<string, unknown>).status = status;
+      objects.push(obj);
+      prevObjectId = objectId;
+    }
+
+    return {
+      ok: true,
+      value: {
+        type: "subgroup",
+        headerType: streamType,
+        trackAlias,
+        groupId,
+        subgroupId,
+        publisherPriority,
+        objects,
+      },
+      bytesRead: r.offset,
+    };
+  } catch (e) {
+    if (e instanceof DecodeError) return { ok: false, error: e };
+    throw e;
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Decode a datagram object from raw bytes.
+ */
+export function decodeDatagram(bytes: Uint8Array): DecodeResult<DatagramObject> {
+  try {
+    const r = new BufferReader(bytes);
+    const dgType = Number(r.readVarInt());
+
+    const objectIdAbsent = (dgType & 0x04) !== 0;
+    const endOfGroup = (dgType & 0x02) !== 0;
+    const isStatus = (dgType & 0x20) !== 0;
+
+    const trackAlias = r.readVarInt();
+    const groupId = r.readVarInt();
+    let objectId = 0n;
+    if (!objectIdAbsent) {
+      objectId = r.readVarInt();
+    }
+    const publisherPriority = r.readUint8();
+
+    let objectStatus: bigint | undefined;
+    let payload: Uint8Array;
+    if (isStatus) {
+      objectStatus = r.readVarInt();
+      payload = new Uint8Array(0);
+    } else {
+      payload = r.readBytes(r.remaining);
+    }
+    const payloadLength = payload.byteLength;
+
+    const result: DatagramObject = {
+      type: "datagram",
+      datagramType: dgType,
+      trackAlias,
+      groupId,
+      objectId,
+      publisherPriority,
+      payloadLength,
+      payload,
+    };
+
+    if (endOfGroup) (result as unknown as Record<string, unknown>).endOfGroup = true;
+    if (objectStatus !== undefined)
+      (result as unknown as Record<string, unknown>).objectStatus = objectStatus;
+
+    return { ok: true, value: result, bytesRead: r.offset };
+  } catch (e) {
+    if (e instanceof DecodeError) return { ok: false, error: e };
+    throw e;
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Decode a fetch data stream from raw bytes.
+ */
+export function decodeFetchStream(bytes: Uint8Array): DecodeResult<FetchStream> {
+  try {
+    const r = new BufferReader(bytes);
+    const streamType = r.readVarInt();
+    if (streamType !== FETCH_STREAM_TYPE) {
+      return {
+        ok: false,
+        error: new DecodeError(
+          "CONSTRAINT_VIOLATION",
+          `Expected fetch stream type 0x05, got 0x${streamType.toString(16)}`,
+          0,
+        ),
+      };
+    }
+    const requestId = r.readVarInt();
+    const objects: FetchObjectPayload[] = [];
+
+    let prevGroupId = 0n;
+    let prevSubgroupId = 0n;
+    let prevObjectId = 0n;
+    let prevPriority = 128;
+    let first = true;
+
+    while (r.remaining > 0) {
+      const flags = r.readUint8();
+      const subgroupEncoding = flags & 0x03;
+      const objectIdPresent = (flags & 0x04) !== 0;
+      const groupIdPresent = (flags & 0x08) !== 0;
+      const priorityPresent = (flags & 0x10) !== 0;
+      const extensionsPresent = (flags & 0x20) !== 0;
+
+      if (flags & 0xc0) {
+        return {
+          ok: false,
+          error: new DecodeError(
+            "CONSTRAINT_VIOLATION",
+            "Reserved bits set in fetch object flags",
+            r.offset,
+          ),
+        };
+      }
+
+      let groupId = prevGroupId;
+      if (groupIdPresent) {
+        groupId = r.readVarInt();
+      } else if (first) {
+        return {
+          ok: false,
+          error: new DecodeError(
+            "CONSTRAINT_VIOLATION",
+            "First fetch object must include groupId",
+            r.offset,
+          ),
+        };
+      }
+
+      let subgroupId = prevSubgroupId;
+      if (subgroupEncoding === 0x03) {
+        subgroupId = r.readVarInt();
+      }
+
+      let objectId = prevObjectId + 1n;
+      if (objectIdPresent) {
+        objectId = r.readVarInt();
+      } else if (first) {
+        return {
+          ok: false,
+          error: new DecodeError(
+            "CONSTRAINT_VIOLATION",
+            "First fetch object must include objectId",
+            r.offset,
+          ),
+        };
+      }
+
+      if (priorityPresent) {
+        prevPriority = r.readUint8();
+      }
+
+      if (extensionsPresent) {
+        const extLen = Number(r.readVarInt());
+        if (extLen > 0) {
+          r.readBytes(extLen);
+        }
+      }
+
+      const payloadLength = Number(r.readVarInt());
+      let payload: Uint8Array;
+      let status: bigint | undefined;
+      if (payloadLength > 0) {
+        payload = r.readBytes(payloadLength);
+      } else {
+        status = r.readVarInt();
+        payload = new Uint8Array(0);
+      }
+
+      const obj: FetchObjectPayload = {
+        type: "object",
+        serializationFlags: flags,
+        groupId,
+        subgroupId,
+        objectId,
+        publisherPriority: prevPriority,
+        payloadLength,
+        payload,
+      };
+      if (status !== undefined) (obj as unknown as Record<string, unknown>).status = status;
+      objects.push(obj);
+
+      prevGroupId = groupId;
+      prevSubgroupId = subgroupId;
+      prevObjectId = objectId;
+      first = false;
+    }
+
+    return {
+      ok: true,
+      value: { type: "fetch", requestId, objects },
+      bytesRead: r.offset,
+    };
+  } catch (e) {
+    if (e instanceof DecodeError) return { ok: false, error: e };
+    throw e;
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Decode a data stream, dispatching by stream type.
+ */
+export function decodeDataStream(
+  streamType: "subgroup" | "datagram" | "fetch",
+  bytes: Uint8Array,
+): DecodeResult<Draft16DataStream> {
+  switch (streamType) {
+    case "subgroup":
+      return decodeSubgroupStream(bytes);
+    case "datagram":
+      return decodeDatagram(bytes);
+    case "fetch":
+      return decodeFetchStream(bytes);
+    default: {
+      const _exhaustive: never = streamType;
+      throw new Error(`Unknown stream type: ${_exhaustive}`);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+// ─── Stream Decoders ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+export function createStreamDecoder(): TransformStream<Uint8Array, Draft16Message> {
+  let buffer = new Uint8Array(0);
+
+  return new TransformStream<Uint8Array, Draft16Message>({
+    transform(chunk, controller) {
+      const newBuffer = new Uint8Array(buffer.length + chunk.length);
+      newBuffer.set(buffer, 0);
+      newBuffer.set(chunk, buffer.length);
+      buffer = newBuffer;
+
+      while (buffer.length > 0) {
+        const result = decodeMessage(buffer);
+        if (!result.ok) {
+          if (result.error.code === "UNEXPECTED_END") {
+            break;
+          }
+          controller.error(result.error);
+          return;
+        }
+        controller.enqueue(result.value);
+        buffer = buffer.slice(result.bytesRead);
+      }
+    },
+
+    flush(controller) {
+      if (buffer.length > 0) {
+        controller.error(
+          new DecodeError("UNEXPECTED_END", "Stream ended with incomplete message data", 0),
+        );
+      }
+    },
+  });
+}
+
+export function createSubgroupStreamDecoder(): TransformStream<
+  Uint8Array,
+  SubgroupStreamHeader | ObjectPayload
+> {
+  let buffer = new Uint8Array(0);
+  let headerEmitted = false;
+  let prevObjectId = -1n;
+  let firstObject = true;
+  let _subgroupIsFirstObjId = false;
+
+  return new TransformStream<Uint8Array, SubgroupStreamHeader | ObjectPayload>({
+    transform(chunk, controller) {
+      const newBuffer = new Uint8Array(buffer.length + chunk.length);
+      newBuffer.set(buffer, 0);
+      newBuffer.set(chunk, buffer.length);
+      buffer = newBuffer;
+
+      if (!headerEmitted) {
+        try {
+          const r = new BufferReader(buffer);
+          const streamType = Number(r.readVarInt());
+
+          if (
+            !(
+              (streamType >= 0x10 && streamType <= 0x1d) ||
+              (streamType >= 0x30 && streamType <= 0x3d)
+            )
+          ) {
+            controller.error(
+              new DecodeError(
+                "CONSTRAINT_VIOLATION",
+                `Expected subgroup stream type, got 0x${streamType.toString(16)}`,
+                0,
+              ),
+            );
+            return;
+          }
+
+          const hasSubgroupField = (streamType & 0x04) !== 0;
+          _subgroupIsFirstObjId = (streamType & 0x02) !== 0 && !hasSubgroupField;
+          const hasPriority = streamType < 0x30;
+
+          const trackAlias = r.readVarInt();
+          const groupId = r.readVarInt();
+
+          let subgroupId = 0n;
+          if (hasSubgroupField) {
+            subgroupId = r.readVarInt();
+          }
+
+          let publisherPriority = 128;
+          if (hasPriority) {
+            publisherPriority = r.readUint8();
+          }
+
+          controller.enqueue({
+            type: "subgroup_header",
+            trackAlias,
+            groupId,
+            subgroupId,
+            publisherPriority,
+          });
+          headerEmitted = true;
+          buffer = buffer.slice(r.offset);
+        } catch (e) {
+          if (e instanceof DecodeError && e.code === "UNEXPECTED_END") {
+            return;
+          }
+          controller.error(e);
+          return;
+        }
+      }
+
+      while (buffer.length > 0) {
+        try {
+          const r = new BufferReader(buffer);
+          const delta = r.readVarInt();
+          let objectId: bigint;
+          if (firstObject) {
+            objectId = delta;
+            firstObject = false;
+          } else {
+            objectId = prevObjectId + 1n + delta;
+          }
+          const payloadLength = Number(r.readVarInt());
+          const payload = payloadLength > 0 ? r.readBytes(payloadLength) : new Uint8Array(0);
+          controller.enqueue({ type: "object", objectId, payloadLength, payload });
+          buffer = buffer.slice(r.offset);
+          prevObjectId = objectId;
+        } catch (e) {
+          if (e instanceof DecodeError && e.code === "UNEXPECTED_END") {
+            break;
+          }
+          controller.error(e);
+          return;
+        }
+      }
+    },
+
+    flush(controller) {
+      if (buffer.length > 0) {
+        controller.error(new DecodeError("UNEXPECTED_END", "Stream ended with incomplete data", 0));
+      }
+    },
+  });
+}
+
+export function createFetchStreamDecoder(): TransformStream<
+  Uint8Array,
+  FetchStreamHeader | ObjectPayload
+> {
+  let buffer = new Uint8Array(0);
+  let headerEmitted = false;
+
+  return new TransformStream<Uint8Array, FetchStreamHeader | ObjectPayload>({
+    transform(chunk, controller) {
+      const newBuffer = new Uint8Array(buffer.length + chunk.length);
+      newBuffer.set(buffer, 0);
+      newBuffer.set(chunk, buffer.length);
+      buffer = newBuffer;
+
+      if (!headerEmitted) {
+        try {
+          const r = new BufferReader(buffer);
+          const streamType = r.readVarInt();
+          if (streamType !== FETCH_STREAM_TYPE) {
+            controller.error(
+              new DecodeError(
+                "CONSTRAINT_VIOLATION",
+                `Expected fetch stream type 0x05, got 0x${streamType.toString(16)}`,
+                0,
+              ),
+            );
+            return;
+          }
+          const requestId = r.readVarInt();
+          controller.enqueue({ type: "fetch_header", requestId });
+          headerEmitted = true;
+          buffer = buffer.slice(r.offset);
+        } catch (e) {
+          if (e instanceof DecodeError && e.code === "UNEXPECTED_END") {
+            return;
+          }
+          controller.error(e);
+          return;
+        }
+      }
+
+      while (buffer.length > 0) {
+        try {
+          const r = new BufferReader(buffer);
+          const flags = r.readUint8();
+          const objectIdPresent = (flags & 0x04) !== 0;
+          const groupIdPresent = (flags & 0x08) !== 0;
+          const priorityPresent = (flags & 0x10) !== 0;
+          const extensionsPresent = (flags & 0x20) !== 0;
+          const subgroupEncoding = flags & 0x03;
+
+          if (groupIdPresent) r.readVarInt();
+          if (subgroupEncoding === 0x03) r.readVarInt();
+          let objectId = 0n;
+          if (objectIdPresent) objectId = r.readVarInt();
+          if (priorityPresent) r.readUint8();
+          if (extensionsPresent) {
+            const extLen = Number(r.readVarInt());
+            if (extLen > 0) r.readBytes(extLen);
+          }
+          const payloadLength = Number(r.readVarInt());
+          const payload = payloadLength > 0 ? r.readBytes(payloadLength) : new Uint8Array(0);
+          controller.enqueue({ type: "object", objectId, payloadLength, payload });
+          buffer = buffer.slice(r.offset);
+        } catch (e) {
+          if (e instanceof DecodeError && e.code === "UNEXPECTED_END") {
+            break;
+          }
+          controller.error(e);
+          return;
+        }
+      }
+    },
+
+    flush(controller) {
+      if (buffer.length > 0) {
+        controller.error(new DecodeError("UNEXPECTED_END", "Stream ended with incomplete data", 0));
+      }
+    },
+  });
+}
+
+export function createDataStreamDecoder(): TransformStream<Uint8Array, DataStreamEvent> {
+  let buffer = new Uint8Array(0);
+  let inner: TransformStream<Uint8Array, DataStreamEvent> | null = null;
+
+  return new TransformStream<Uint8Array, DataStreamEvent>({
+    transform(chunk, controller) {
+      const newBuffer = new Uint8Array(buffer.length + chunk.length);
+      newBuffer.set(buffer, 0);
+      newBuffer.set(chunk, buffer.length);
+      buffer = newBuffer;
+
+      if (inner === null) {
+        if (buffer.length === 0) return;
+        const firstByte = buffer[0]!;
+
+        if ((firstByte >= 0x10 && firstByte <= 0x1d) || (firstByte >= 0x30 && firstByte <= 0x3d)) {
+          const decoder = createSubgroupStreamDecoder();
+          inner = decoder as unknown as TransformStream<Uint8Array, DataStreamEvent>;
+        } else if (firstByte === 0x05) {
+          const decoder = createFetchStreamDecoder();
+          inner = decoder as unknown as TransformStream<Uint8Array, DataStreamEvent>;
+        } else {
+          controller.error(
+            new DecodeError(
+              "CONSTRAINT_VIOLATION",
+              `Unknown data stream type: 0x${firstByte.toString(16)}`,
+              0,
+            ),
+          );
+          return;
+        }
+      }
+    },
+
+    flush(controller) {
+      if (buffer.length === 0) return;
+
+      const firstByte = buffer[0]!;
+      let result: DecodeResult<Draft16DataStream>;
+
+      if ((firstByte >= 0x10 && firstByte <= 0x1d) || (firstByte >= 0x30 && firstByte <= 0x3d)) {
+        result = decodeSubgroupStream(buffer);
+      } else if (firstByte === 0x05) {
+        result = decodeFetchStream(buffer);
+      } else {
+        controller.error(
+          new DecodeError(
+            "CONSTRAINT_VIOLATION",
+            `Unknown data stream type: 0x${firstByte.toString(16)}`,
+            0,
+          ),
+        );
+        return;
+      }
+
+      if (!result.ok) {
+        controller.error(result.error);
+        return;
+      }
+
+      const stream = result.value;
+      if (stream.type === "subgroup") {
+        controller.enqueue({
+          type: "subgroup_header",
+          trackAlias: stream.trackAlias,
+          groupId: stream.groupId,
+          subgroupId: stream.subgroupId,
+          publisherPriority: stream.publisherPriority,
+        });
+        for (const obj of stream.objects) {
+          controller.enqueue(obj);
+        }
+      } else if (stream.type === "fetch") {
+        controller.enqueue({
+          type: "fetch_header",
+          requestId: stream.requestId,
+        });
+        for (const obj of stream.objects) {
+          controller.enqueue(obj);
+        }
+      }
+    },
+  });
+}
+
+// ─── Codec Factory ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+export interface Draft16Codec extends BaseCodec<Draft16Message> {
+  readonly draft: "draft-ietf-moq-transport-16";
+  encodeSubgroupStream(stream: SubgroupStream): Uint8Array;
+  encodeDatagram(dg: DatagramObject): Uint8Array;
+  encodeFetchStream(stream: FetchStream): Uint8Array;
+  decodeSubgroupStream(bytes: Uint8Array): DecodeResult<SubgroupStream>;
+  decodeDatagram(bytes: Uint8Array): DecodeResult<DatagramObject>;
+  decodeFetchStream(bytes: Uint8Array): DecodeResult<FetchStream>;
+  decodeDataStream(
+    streamType: "subgroup" | "datagram" | "fetch",
+    bytes: Uint8Array,
+  ): DecodeResult<Draft16DataStream>;
+  createStreamDecoder(): TransformStream<Uint8Array, Draft16Message>;
+  createSubgroupStreamDecoder(): TransformStream<Uint8Array, SubgroupStreamHeader | ObjectPayload>;
+  createFetchStreamDecoder(): TransformStream<Uint8Array, FetchStreamHeader | ObjectPayload>;
+  createDataStreamDecoder(): TransformStream<Uint8Array, DataStreamEvent>;
+}
+
+export function createDraft16Codec(): Draft16Codec {
+  return {
+    draft: "draft-ietf-moq-transport-16",
+    encodeMessage,
+    decodeMessage,
+    encodeSubgroupStream,
+    encodeDatagram,
+    encodeFetchStream,
+    decodeSubgroupStream,
+    decodeDatagram,
+    decodeFetchStream,
+    decodeDataStream,
+    createStreamDecoder,
+    createSubgroupStreamDecoder,
+    createFetchStreamDecoder,
+    createDataStreamDecoder,
+  };
+}