@minnowdb/core 0.7.10 → 0.9.0

package/dist/engine/query.js

@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+import { encodeQueryIdentity } from "./query-identity.js";
+import { alreadyExternalResults, copyQueryResultExternalization } from "./result-state.js";
+import { copyQueryResultExternalization as copyQueryResultExternalization2, markQueryResultExternal } from "./result-state.js";
 import { civilFromDays, copyDate, dateIsoString, dateMilliseconds, daysFromCivil, epochDays, dateUtcDate, dateUtcFullYear, dateUtcMonth, setDateUtcDate, setDateUtcMonth } from "../date-value.js";
 import { crossJoinPlan } from "../plan/model.js";
 import { assertWellFormedString, wellFormedUtf8ByteLength } from "../block-format/unicode.js";
@@ -5,13 +8,14 @@ import { MAX_SQL_NESTING_DEPTH, MAX_SQL_PARAMETERS, MAX_SQL_SCALAR_RESULT_CHARAC
 import { SqlCompileError } from "./errors.js";
 import { cachedQueryTerms, ftsBm25Row, FtsStatsAccumulator, ftsMatchTruth, renderDocumentValue, tokenize as ftsTokenize, validateFtsQuery } from "./fts.js";
 import { QueryMemoryContext } from "./memory.js";
-import { buildSortKeyColumn, sortKeyIndexes } from "./sort-keys.js";
+import { applyWindowFunctions } from "./windows.js";
+import { applyWindowFunctions as applyWindowFunctions2 } from "./windows.js";
 import { coerceComparisonOperands, coercedComparable, parseSqlTimestampText, stringArgument, readUntypedText } from "./sql-semantics.js";
 import { simpleScalarFunctions } from "./sql-functions.js";
 import { jsonArrowStep, jsonAtPath, jsonConstructor, jsonIsValid, parseJsonPath, jsonDocumentOf } from "./sql-json.js";
 import { optimizePlan, rewriteBoundCalendarEqualities } from "./optimizer.js";
 import { compareSqlValues as compareValues, compileLikePattern, compileSimilarPattern, encodeSqlEqualityValue, roundSqlNumber } from "./sql-semantics.js";
-import { arrayDomainValue, boundedJsonText, collatedDomainValue, concatenatedSqlValue, dateDomainValue, exactNumericAsNumber, exactNumericBinary, exactNumericLiteral, decimalScaleOfNumber, exactNumericRounded, exactNumericUnary, exactNumericValue, externalSqlDomainColumnValue, externalSqlDomainValue, intervalDomainValue, isDateDomainValue, isExactNumeric, isSqlDomainValue, jsonDomainValue, normalizeSqlDomainValue, preservedJsonDomainValue, protectedSqlTextValue, timeDomainValue, uuidDomainValue } from "./sql-domains.js";
+import { arrayDomainValue, boundedJsonText, collatedDomainValue, concatenatedSqlValue, dateDomainValue, exactNumericAsNumber, exactNumericBinary, exactNumericLiteral, decimalScaleOfNumber, exactNumericRounded, exactNumericUnary, exactNumericValue, externalSqlDomainColumnValue, externalSqlDomainValue, intervalDomainValue, temporalDomainPart, isDateDomainValue, isExactNumeric, isSqlDomainValue, jsonDomainValue, normalizeSqlDomainValue, preservedJsonDomainValue, protectedSqlTextValue, timeDomainValue, uuidDomainValue } from "./sql-domains.js";
 import { columnarTableFromRows, prepareVectorQuery } from "./vector.js";
 function unknownColumnDomains(columns) {
   return columns.map(() => null);
@@ -64,6 +68,9 @@ const scalarFunctionNames = /* @__PURE__ */ new Set([
   "TO_JSON",
   "IS_JSON",
   "ARRAY",
+  "MINNOW_ARRAY_AT",
+  "MINNOW_ARRAY_FROM_JSON",
+  "MINNOW_ARRAY_ELEMENT",
   "MINNOW_JSON_GET",
   "MINNOW_JSON_GET_TEXT",
   "MINNOW_TUPLE_KEY",
@@ -90,6 +97,7 @@ const functionSpellings = /* @__PURE__ */ new Map([
   ["CHAR_LENGTH", "LENGTH"],
   ["CHARACTER_LENGTH", "LENGTH"],
   ["POW", "POWER"],
+  ["ARRAY_AGG", "JSON_ARRAYAGG"],
   ["JSON_AGG", "JSON_ARRAYAGG"],
   ["JSONB_AGG", "JSON_ARRAYAGG"],
   ["JSON_BUILD_ARRAY", "JSON_ARRAY"],
@@ -159,6 +167,12 @@ function castValue(value, target) {
     if (value instanceof Date)
       return protectedSqlTextValue(dateIsoString(value));
   }
+  if (target === "number-integer" && isExactNumeric(value)) {
+    const integer = Number(externalSqlDomainValue(exactNumericRounded(value, 0, "round")));
+    if (!Number.isSafeInteger(integer))
+      throw new RangeError("Integer cast is outside the exact safe range");
+    return integer;
+  }
   if (target === "number" || target === "number-integer") {
     const external = externalSqlDomainValue(value);
     let parsed;
@@ -168,6 +182,9 @@ function castValue(value, target) {
       parsed = external ? 1 : 0;
     else if (typeof external === "string") {
       const text = external.trim();
+      if (target === "number-integer" && !/^[+-]?\d+$/.test(text)) {
+        throw new TypeError(`Cannot cast this string to a number: ${text} (expected integer text)`);
+      }
       const candidate = text === "" ? Number.NaN : Number(text);
       if (!Number.isFinite(candidate)) {
         throw new TypeError(`Cannot cast this string to a number: ${text}`);
@@ -197,10 +214,9 @@ function castValue(value, target) {
     if (typeof value === "string") {
       const external = externalSqlDomainValue(value);
       const text = typeof external === "string" ? external.trim().toLowerCase() : "";
-      if (text === "true" || text === "t" || text === "1")
-        return true;
-      if (text === "false" || text === "f" || text === "0")
-        return false;
+      const parsed = readUntypedText("boolean", text);
+      if (typeof parsed === "boolean")
+        return parsed;
       throw new TypeError(`Cannot cast this string to a boolean: ${typeof external === "string" ? external : value}`);
     }
   }
@@ -344,6 +360,32 @@ function scalarFunctionValueGeneric(name, values) {
   }
   if (name === "ARRAY")
     return arrayDomainValue(values);
+  if (name === "MINNOW_ARRAY_ELEMENT") {
+    const value = externalSqlDomainValue(values[0]);
+    return typeof value === "string" ? protectedSqlTextValue(value) : value;
+  }
+  if (name === "MINNOW_ARRAY_FROM_JSON") {
+    if (values[0] === null)
+      return null;
+    return normalizeSqlDomainValue({ kind: "array", element: "TEXT" }, externalSqlDomainValue(values[0]));
+  }
+  if (name === "MINNOW_ARRAY_AT") {
+    if (values[0] === null || values[1] === null)
+      return null;
+    const source = externalSqlDomainValue(values[0]);
+    const index = values[1];
+    if (typeof source !== "string" || typeof index !== "number" || !Number.isSafeInteger(index))
+      throw new TypeError("Array subscripts require an array and an integer position");
+    const array = JSON.parse(source);
+    if (!Array.isArray(array))
+      throw new TypeError("Array subscripts require an array");
+    const selected = array[index - 1] ?? null;
+    if (typeof selected === "string")
+      return protectedSqlTextValue(selected);
+    if (selected === null || typeof selected === "number" || typeof selected === "boolean")
+      return selected;
+    throw new TypeError("Array subscripts currently require one-dimensional scalar arrays");
+  }
   if (name === "MINNOW_COLLATE")
     return collatedDomainValue(values[0], values[1]);
   if (name === "NEXTVAL" || name === "CURRVAL") {
@@ -720,7 +762,7 @@ function dateAddValue(value, months, milliseconds) {
     setDateUtcDate(shifted, Math.min(day, dateUtcDate(lastDay)));
   }
   const result = new Date(dateMilliseconds(shifted) + millisecondCount);
-  return calendarDate && millisecondCount % 864e5 === 0 ? dateDomainValue(dateIsoString(result).slice(0, 10)) : result;
+  return result;
 }
 function dateTruncValue(unit, value) {
   if (typeof unit !== "string" || !dateTruncUnits.has(unit.toLowerCase())) {
@@ -1902,6 +1944,7 @@ function inferBlockSchema(plan, schemas) {
   const wildcardSchema = (source) => (schemas.get(source.table) ?? []).filter((column) => !column.name.startsWith("\0")).map((column) => ({
     name: multipleSources ? `${source.alias}.${column.name}` : column.name,
     type: column.type,
+    ...column.unknown === true ? { unknown: true } : {},
     ...column.integer === true ? { integer: true } : {},
     ...column.sqlDomain === void 0 ? {} : { sqlDomain: column.sqlDomain }
   }));
@@ -1916,9 +1959,9 @@ function inferBlockSchema(plan, schemas) {
       const column = (schemas.get(source.table) ?? []).find(({ name }) => name === parts[1]);
       if (column === void 0)
         throw new TypeError(`Unknown column: ${reference}`);
-      return column.type;
+      return column.unknown === true ? "null" : column.type;
     }
-    const matches = sources.flatMap((source) => (schemas.get(source.table) ?? []).filter(({ name }) => name === parts[0]).map((column) => column.type));
+    const matches = sources.flatMap((source) => (schemas.get(source.table) ?? []).filter(({ name }) => name === parts[0]).map((column) => column.unknown === true ? "null" : column.type));
     if (matches.length !== 1)
       throw new TypeError(`Ambiguous or missing column: ${reference}`);
     return matches[0] ?? "string";
@@ -2007,6 +2050,16 @@ function inferBlockSchema(plan, schemas) {
       return void 0;
     if (expression.name === "CURRENT_DATE")
       return { kind: "date" };
+    if (expression.name === "ARRAY" || expression.name === "MINNOW_ARRAY_FROM_JSON") {
+      let argument = expression.name === "ARRAY" ? expression.arguments[0] : expression.arguments[0]?.kind === "call" ? expression.arguments[0].arguments[0] : void 0;
+      if (argument?.kind === "call" && argument.name === "MINNOW_ARRAY_ELEMENT")
+        argument = argument.arguments[0];
+      const type = argument === void 0 ? "string" : infer(argument);
+      return {
+        kind: "array",
+        element: type === "number" ? "DOUBLE" : type === "boolean" ? "BOOLEAN" : type === "datetime" ? "TIMESTAMP" : "TEXT"
+      };
+    }
     const simple = simpleScalarFunctions.get(expression.name);
     if (simple?.returns === "date")
       return { kind: "date" };
@@ -2040,11 +2093,8 @@ function inferBlockSchema(plan, schemas) {
       const sides = expression.arguments.map((argument) => [argument, inferDomain(argument)]);
       return sides.some(([, domain]) => domain?.kind === "numeric") ? numericResultDomain("%", sides) : void 0;
     }
-    if (expression.name === "DATE_ADD") {
-      const input = inferDomain(expression.arguments[0] ?? { kind: "literal", value: null });
-      const milliseconds = expression.arguments[2];
-      return input?.kind === "date" && milliseconds?.kind === "literal" && typeof milliseconds.value === "number" && milliseconds.value % 864e5 === 0 ? input : void 0;
-    }
+    if (expression.name === "DATE_ADD")
+      return void 0;
     if (expression.name === "SUM" || expression.name === "AVG" || expression.name === "MIN" || expression.name === "MAX" || expression.name === "MINNOW_SINGLE_VALUE" || expression.name === "COALESCE" || expression.name === "NULLIF" || expression.name === "GREATEST" || expression.name === "LEAST") {
       return expression.arguments.map(inferDomain).find((domain) => domain !== void 0);
     }
@@ -2143,7 +2193,12 @@ function inferBlockSchema(plan, schemas) {
     if (expression.name === "LENGTH" || expression.name === "POWER" || expression.name === "SQRT" || expression.name === "INSTR" || expression.name === "EXTRACT" || expression.name === "OCTET_LENGTH" || expression.name === "GROUPING" || expression.name === "NEXTVAL" || expression.name === "CURRVAL" || expression.name === "RANDOM") {
       return "number";
     }
-    if (expression.name === "JSON_ARRAYAGG" || expression.name === "STRING_AGG" || expression.name === "JSON_VALUE" || expression.name === "JSON_QUERY" || expression.name === "JSON_OBJECT" || expression.name === "JSON_ARRAY" || expression.name === "TO_JSON" || expression.name === "ARRAY" || expression.name === "MINNOW_JSON_GET" || expression.name === "MINNOW_JSON_GET_TEXT" || expression.name === "MINNOW_TUPLE_KEY" || expression.name === "MINNOW_COLLATE" || expression.name === "GEN_RANDOM_UUID") {
+    if (expression.name === "MINNOW_ARRAY_AT") {
+      const argument2 = expression.arguments[0];
+      const domain = argument2 === void 0 ? void 0 : inferDomain(argument2);
+      return domain?.kind === "array" ? createTableTypeNames.get(domain.element.toUpperCase()) ?? "string" : "string";
+    }
+    if (expression.name === "MINNOW_ARRAY_FROM_JSON" || expression.name === "JSON_ARRAYAGG" || expression.name === "STRING_AGG" || expression.name === "JSON_VALUE" || expression.name === "JSON_QUERY" || expression.name === "JSON_OBJECT" || expression.name === "JSON_ARRAY" || expression.name === "TO_JSON" || expression.name === "ARRAY" || expression.name === "MINNOW_JSON_GET" || expression.name === "MINNOW_JSON_GET_TEXT" || expression.name === "MINNOW_TUPLE_KEY" || expression.name === "MINNOW_COLLATE" || expression.name === "GEN_RANDOM_UUID") {
       return "string";
     }
     if (expression.name === "JSON_EXISTS" || expression.name === "IS_JSON")
@@ -2161,9 +2216,8 @@ function inferBlockSchema(plan, schemas) {
     }
     if (expression.name === "DATE_TRUNC")
       return "datetime";
-    if (expression.name === "DATE_ADD") {
-      return inferDomain(expression)?.kind === "date" ? "string" : "datetime";
-    }
+    if (expression.name === "DATE_ADD")
+      return "datetime";
     if (expression.name === "CURRENT_DATE")
       return "string";
     if (expression.name === "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP")
@@ -2238,9 +2292,8 @@ function inferBlockSchema(plan, schemas) {
       return wildcardSchema(source);
     }
     const type = infer(item.expression);
-    if (type === "null") {
-      throw new TypeError(`Cannot infer a column type for output ${item.alias}`);
-    }
+    if (type === "null")
+      return [{ name: item.alias, type: "string", unknown: true }];
     const integer = integerTypedExpression(item.expression, resolveColumnInteger);
     const sqlDomain = inferDomain(item.expression);
     return [
@@ -2974,22 +3027,29 @@ function planMayHaveIntegerDivision(plan) {
   return state.found;
 }
 function foldIdentifierCase(plan, tables) {
-  const lowerTables = /* @__PURE__ */ new Map();
-  for (const name of tables.keys()) {
-    const lowered = name.toLowerCase();
-    const bucket = lowerTables.get(lowered);
-    if (bucket === void 0)
-      lowerTables.set(lowered, [name]);
-    else
-      bucket.push(name);
-  }
+  let lowerTables;
+  const caseInsensitiveTables = () => {
+    if (lowerTables !== void 0)
+      return lowerTables;
+    const indexed = /* @__PURE__ */ new Map();
+    for (const name of tables.keys()) {
+      const lowered = name.toLowerCase();
+      const bucket = indexed.get(lowered);
+      if (bucket === void 0)
+        indexed.set(lowered, [name]);
+      else
+        bucket.push(name);
+    }
+    lowerTables = indexed;
+    return indexed;
+  };
   const foldTable = (name) => {
     if (tables.has(name))
       return void 0;
     const lowered = name.toLowerCase();
     if (tables.has(lowered))
       return lowered;
-    const candidates = lowerTables.get(lowered);
+    const candidates = caseInsensitiveTables().get(lowered);
     return candidates?.length === 1 ? candidates[0] : void 0;
   };
   const foldColumn = (columns, name) => {
@@ -3127,16 +3187,7 @@ function expandRowReferences(plan, tableColumns) {
   const sourceColumns = (source) => {
     if (source.columnAliases !== void 0)
       return source.columnAliases;
-    if (source.derived !== void 0)
-      return source.derived.select.map((item) => item.alias);
-    if (source.union !== void 0) {
-      return source.union.blocks[0]?.select.map((item) => item.alias) ?? [];
-    }
-    if (source.windowed !== void 0)
-      return source.windowed.block.select.map((item) => item.alias);
-    if (source.recursive !== void 0)
-      return [];
-    return tableColumns(source.table) ?? [];
+    return sourceWildcardColumns(source, tableColumns) ?? [];
   };
   const rewriteBlock = (block) => {
     if (pass.probing && pass.needed)
@@ -3483,6 +3534,26 @@ function exactConstantFold(expression) {
   return folded === void 0 ? void 0 : { value: folded, seeded };
 }
 function resolveExactNumericConstants(expression) {
+  if (expression.kind === "call" && expression.name === "CAST") {
+    const [source, target] = expression.arguments;
+    if (source !== void 0 && target?.kind === "literal" && target.value === "number-integer") {
+      const exact = exactConstantFold(source);
+      if (exact?.seeded === true && exact.value !== null) {
+        return {
+          ...expression,
+          arguments: [
+            {
+              kind: "literal",
+              value: exactNumericValue(exact.value),
+              internalSqlValue: true,
+              sqlDomain: { kind: "numeric" }
+            },
+            target
+          ]
+        };
+      }
+    }
+  }
   let folded;
   try {
     folded = exactConstantFold(expression);
@@ -3578,296 +3649,6 @@ function resolveStatementExactNumericConstants(statement) {
     }
   }
 }
-function aggregateWindowMembers(window, values, members, avgScale) {
-  const present = members.filter((member) => {
-    const value = values[member];
-    return value !== null && value !== void 0;
-  });
-  if (window.name === "COUNT") {
-    return window.argumentAlias === void 0 ? members.length : present.length;
-  }
-  if (window.name === "FIRST_VALUE")
-    return values[members[0] ?? -1] ?? null;
-  if (window.name === "LAST_VALUE")
-    return values[members[members.length - 1] ?? -1] ?? null;
-  if (window.name === "NTH_VALUE")
-    return values[members[(window.offset ?? 1) - 1] ?? -1] ?? null;
-  if (present.length === 0)
-    return null;
-  if (window.name === "SUM" || window.name === "AVG") {
-    const exact = present.some((member) => isExactNumeric(values[member]));
-    if (exact) {
-      let total2 = exactNumericValue(0);
-      for (const member of present) {
-        const value = values[member];
-        if (!isExactNumeric(value)) {
-          throw new TypeError("Exact NUMERIC window input mixed with an approximate number");
-        }
-        const next = exactNumericBinary("+", total2, value);
-        if (next === null || next === void 0)
-          throw new Error("Exact NUMERIC sum disappeared");
-        total2 = next;
-      }
-      return window.name === "SUM" ? total2 : exactNumericBinary("/", total2, present.length, avgScale);
-    }
-    const total = present.reduce((sum, member) => sum + numeric(values[member]), 0);
-    return window.name === "SUM" ? total : total / present.length;
-  }
-  let best;
-  for (const member of present) {
-    const candidate = values[member];
-    if (best === void 0 || (window.name === "MIN" ? compareValues(candidate, best) < 0 : compareValues(candidate, best) > 0)) {
-      best = candidate;
-    }
-  }
-  return best ?? null;
-}
-function applyAggregateWindow(rows, indexes, window, samePartition, sameOrderKeys, avgScale) {
-  const frame = window.frame ?? {
-    unit: "range",
-    start: { kind: "unbounded-preceding" },
-    end: window.orderAliases.length === 0 ? { kind: "unbounded-following" } : { kind: "current-row" }
-  };
-  let start = 0;
-  while (start < indexes.length) {
-    let end = start + 1;
-    while (end < indexes.length && samePartition(indexes[start] ?? 0, indexes[end] ?? 0)) {
-      end += 1;
-    }
-    applyAggregateWindowPartition(rows, indexes, window, frame, sameOrderKeys, start, end, avgScale);
-    start = end;
-  }
-}
-function applyAggregateWindowPartition(rows, indexes, window, frame, sameOrderKeys, start, end, avgScale) {
-  const size = end - start;
-  const peerStart = new Array(size).fill(0);
-  const peerEnd = new Array(size).fill(size);
-  if (window.orderAliases.length > 0) {
-    let groupBegin = 0;
-    for (let position = 1; position <= size; position += 1) {
-      if (position === size || !sameOrderKeys(indexes[start + groupBegin] ?? 0, indexes[start + position] ?? 0)) {
-        for (let member = groupBegin; member < position; member += 1) {
-          peerStart[member] = groupBegin;
-          peerEnd[member] = position;
-        }
-        groupBegin = position;
-      }
-    }
-  }
-  const values = [];
-  const sums = window.name === "SUM" || window.name === "AVG";
-  for (let position = 0; position < size; position += 1) {
-    const value = window.argumentAlias === void 0 ? void 0 : rows[indexes[start + position] ?? -1]?.[window.argumentAlias] ?? null;
-    values.push(value);
-  }
-  const exactSums = sums && values.some((value) => isExactNumeric(value));
-  const prefixNonNull = new Float64Array(size + 1);
-  const prefixSum = exactSums ? void 0 : new Float64Array(size + 1);
-  const prefixExact = exactSums ? new Array(size + 1) : void 0;
-  const exactZero = exactNumericValue(0);
-  if (exactZero === null)
-    throw new Error("Exact NUMERIC zero disappeared");
-  if (prefixExact !== void 0)
-    prefixExact[0] = exactZero;
-  for (let position = 0; position < size; position += 1) {
-    const value = values[position];
-    const nonNull = window.argumentAlias !== void 0 && value !== null && value !== void 0;
-    prefixNonNull[position + 1] = (prefixNonNull[position] ?? 0) + (nonNull ? 1 : 0);
-    if (prefixExact !== void 0) {
-      if (nonNull && !isExactNumeric(value)) {
-        throw new TypeError("Exact NUMERIC window input mixed with an approximate number");
-      }
-      const previous = prefixExact[position] ?? exactZero;
-      const next = nonNull ? exactNumericBinary("+", previous, value) : previous;
-      if (next === null || next === void 0)
-        throw new Error("Exact NUMERIC sum disappeared");
-      prefixExact[position + 1] = next;
-    } else if (prefixSum !== void 0) {
-      prefixSum[position + 1] = (prefixSum[position] ?? 0) + (sums && nonNull ? numeric(value) : 0);
-    }
-  }
-  const groupOrdinal = new Array(size).fill(0);
-  const groupStarts = [];
-  if (frame.unit === "groups") {
-    for (let position = 0; position < size; position += 1) {
-      if (position === 0 || peerStart[position] !== peerStart[position - 1]) {
-        groupStarts.push(peerStart[position] ?? position);
-      }
-      groupOrdinal[position] = groupStarts.length - 1;
-    }
-  }
-  const groupEdge = (ordinal, isStart) => {
-    if (ordinal < 0)
-      return isStart ? 0 : 0;
-    if (ordinal >= groupStarts.length)
-      return size;
-    return isStart ? groupStarts[ordinal] ?? 0 : groupStarts[ordinal + 1] ?? size;
-  };
-  const bound = (edge, position, isStart) => {
-    switch (edge.kind) {
-      case "unbounded-preceding":
-        return 0;
-      case "unbounded-following":
-        return size;
-      case "preceding":
-        if (frame.unit === "groups") {
-          return groupEdge((groupOrdinal[position] ?? 0) - (edge.offset ?? 0), isStart);
-        }
-        return position - (edge.offset ?? 0) + (isStart ? 0 : 1);
-      case "following":
-        if (frame.unit === "groups") {
-          return groupEdge((groupOrdinal[position] ?? 0) + (edge.offset ?? 0), isStart);
-        }
-        return position + (edge.offset ?? 0) + (isStart ? 0 : 1);
-      case "current-row":
-        if (frame.unit === "range" || frame.unit === "groups") {
-          return (isStart ? peerStart[position] : peerEnd[position]) ?? position;
-        }
-        return position + (isStart ? 0 : 1);
-    }
-  };
-  const excluded = (position) => {
-    switch (frame.exclude) {
-      case "current-row":
-        return { from: position, to: position + 1, keepCurrent: false };
-      case "group":
-        return {
-          from: peerStart[position] ?? position,
-          to: peerEnd[position] ?? position + 1,
-          keepCurrent: false
-        };
-      case "ties":
-        return {
-          from: peerStart[position] ?? position,
-          to: peerEnd[position] ?? position + 1,
-          keepCurrent: true
-        };
-      default:
-        return { from: 0, to: 0, keepCurrent: true };
-    }
-  };
-  for (let position = 0; position < size; position += 1) {
-    const low = Math.max(0, Math.min(size, bound(frame.start, position, true)));
-    const high = Math.max(0, Math.min(size, bound(frame.end, position, false)));
-    let value;
-    if (frame.exclude !== void 0) {
-      const skip = excluded(position);
-      const members = [];
-      for (let member = low; member < high; member += 1) {
-        const dropped = member >= skip.from && member < skip.to && !(skip.keepCurrent && member === position);
-        if (!dropped)
-          members.push(member);
-      }
-      value = aggregateWindowMembers(window, values, members, avgScale);
-      const row2 = rows[indexes[start + position] ?? -1];
-      if (row2 !== void 0)
-        row2[window.alias] = asQueryValue(value);
-      continue;
-    }
-    if (high <= low) {
-      value = window.name === "COUNT" ? 0 : null;
-    } else if (window.name === "FIRST_VALUE") {
-      value = values[low] ?? null;
-    } else if (window.name === "NTH_VALUE") {
-      const position2 = low + (window.offset ?? 1) - 1;
-      value = position2 < high ? values[position2] ?? null : null;
-    } else if (window.name === "LAST_VALUE") {
-      value = values[high - 1] ?? null;
-    } else if (window.name === "COUNT") {
-      value = window.argumentAlias === void 0 ? high - low : (prefixNonNull[high] ?? 0) - (prefixNonNull[low] ?? 0);
-    } else if (sums) {
-      const nonNull = (prefixNonNull[high] ?? 0) - (prefixNonNull[low] ?? 0);
-      if (nonNull === 0) {
-        value = null;
-      } else if (prefixExact !== void 0) {
-        const total = exactNumericBinary("-", prefixExact[high] ?? exactZero, prefixExact[low] ?? exactZero);
-        value = window.name === "SUM" ? total : exactNumericBinary("/", total, nonNull, avgScale);
-      } else {
-        const total = (prefixSum?.[high] ?? 0) - (prefixSum?.[low] ?? 0);
-        value = window.name === "SUM" ? total : total / nonNull;
-      }
-    } else {
-      let best;
-      for (let member = low; member < high; member += 1) {
-        const candidate = values[member];
-        if (candidate === null || candidate === void 0)
-          continue;
-        if (best === void 0 || (window.name === "MIN" ? compareValues(candidate, best) < 0 : compareValues(candidate, best) > 0)) {
-          best = candidate;
-        }
-      }
-      value = best ?? null;
-    }
-    const row = rows[indexes[start + position] ?? -1];
-    if (row !== void 0)
-      row[window.alias] = asQueryValue(value);
-  }
-}
-function applyDistributionWindow(rows, indexes, window, samePartition, sameOrderKeys) {
-  let start = 0;
-  while (start < indexes.length) {
-    let end = start + 1;
-    while (end < indexes.length && samePartition(indexes[start] ?? 0, indexes[end] ?? 0)) {
-      end += 1;
-    }
-    const size = end - start;
-    let groupBegin = 0;
-    const assign = (position, value) => {
-      const row = rows[indexes[start + position] ?? -1];
-      if (row !== void 0)
-        row[window.alias] = value;
-    };
-    for (let position = 1; position <= size; position += 1) {
-      if (position === size || !sameOrderKeys(indexes[start + groupBegin] ?? 0, indexes[start + position] ?? 0)) {
-        for (let member = groupBegin; member < position; member += 1) {
-          if (window.name === "PERCENT_RANK") {
-            assign(member, size === 1 ? 0 : groupBegin / (size - 1));
-          } else if (window.name === "CUME_DIST") {
-            assign(member, position / size);
-          }
-        }
-        groupBegin = position;
-      }
-    }
-    if (window.name === "NTILE") {
-      const buckets = window.offset ?? 1;
-      const bucketSize = Math.floor(size / buckets);
-      const remainder = size % buckets;
-      let position = 0;
-      for (let bucket = 1; bucket <= buckets && position < size; bucket += 1) {
-        const width = bucketSize + (bucket <= remainder ? 1 : 0);
-        for (let member = 0; member < width && position < size; member += 1, position += 1) {
-          assign(position, bucket);
-        }
-      }
-    }
-    start = end;
-  }
-}
-function applyOffsetWindow(rows, indexes, window, samePartition) {
-  const offset = window.offset ?? 1;
-  const fallback = window.fallback ?? null;
-  let start = 0;
-  while (start < indexes.length) {
-    let end = start + 1;
-    while (end < indexes.length && samePartition(indexes[start] ?? 0, indexes[end] ?? 0)) {
-      end += 1;
-    }
-    for (let position = start; position < end; position += 1) {
-      const source = window.name === "LAG" ? position - offset : position + offset;
-      const row = rows[indexes[position] ?? -1];
-      if (row === void 0)
-        continue;
-      if (source < start || source >= end) {
-        row[window.alias] = fallback;
-        continue;
-      }
-      const sourceRow = rows[indexes[source] ?? -1];
-      row[window.alias] = window.argumentAlias === void 0 ? fallback : sourceRow?.[window.argumentAlias] ?? null;
-    }
-    start = end;
-  }
-}
 function containsDistinctCount(expression) {
   if (expression.kind === "call" && expression.distinct === true)
     return true;
@@ -3888,75 +3669,6 @@ function containsFtsExpression(expression) {
     return true;
   return childExpressions(expression).some(containsFtsExpression);
 }
-function applyWindowFunctions(result, windows, options = {}) {
-  const rows = options.copyRows === false ? result.rows : result.rows.map((row) => ({ ...row }));
-  for (const window of windows) {
-    const partitionKeys = window.partitionAliases.map((alias) => rows.map((row) => comparable(row[alias] ?? null)));
-    const orderKeys = window.orderAliases.map(({ alias }) => rows.map((row) => comparable(row[alias] ?? null)));
-    const partitionColumns = partitionKeys.map((keys) => buildSortKeyColumn(keys.length, (index) => keys[index]));
-    const orderColumns = orderKeys.map((keys) => buildSortKeyColumn(keys.length, (index) => keys[index]));
-    const indexes = sortKeyIndexes(rows.length, [
-      ...partitionColumns.map((column) => ({ column, descending: false, nulls: void 0 })),
-      ...orderColumns.map((column, index) => {
-        const term = window.orderAliases[index];
-        return { column, descending: term?.direction === "desc", nulls: term?.nulls };
-      })
-    ]);
-    const samePartition = (left, right) => {
-      for (const column of partitionColumns) {
-        if (column.compare(left, right) !== 0)
-          return false;
-      }
-      return true;
-    };
-    const sameOrderKeys = (left, right) => {
-      for (const column of orderColumns) {
-        if (column.compare(left, right) !== 0)
-          return false;
-      }
-      return true;
-    };
-    if (window.name === "LAG" || window.name === "LEAD") {
-      applyOffsetWindow(rows, indexes, window, samePartition);
-      continue;
-    }
-    if (window.name === "NTILE" || window.name === "PERCENT_RANK" || window.name === "CUME_DIST") {
-      applyDistributionWindow(rows, indexes, window, samePartition, sameOrderKeys);
-      continue;
-    }
-    if (window.name !== "ROW_NUMBER" && window.name !== "RANK" && window.name !== "DENSE_RANK") {
-      const argumentDomain = window.name === "AVG" && window.argumentAlias !== void 0 ? result.columnDomains[result.columns.indexOf(window.argumentAlias)] : void 0;
-      applyAggregateWindow(rows, indexes, window, samePartition, sameOrderKeys, argumentDomain?.kind === "numeric" ? argumentDomain.scale : void 0);
-      continue;
-    }
-    let rowNumber = 0;
-    let rank = 0;
-    let denseRank = 0;
-    for (const [position, index] of indexes.entries()) {
-      const previous = position > 0 ? indexes[position - 1] : void 0;
-      if (previous === void 0 || !samePartition(previous, index)) {
-        rowNumber = 1;
-        rank = 1;
-        denseRank = 1;
-      } else {
-        rowNumber += 1;
-        if (!sameOrderKeys(previous, index)) {
-          rank = rowNumber;
-          denseRank += 1;
-        }
-      }
-      const row = rows[index];
-      if (row === void 0)
-        continue;
-      row[window.alias] = window.name === "ROW_NUMBER" ? rowNumber : window.name === "RANK" ? rank : denseRank;
-    }
-  }
-  return {
-    columns: [...result.columns, ...windows.map((window) => window.alias)],
-    columnDomains: [...result.columnDomains, ...windows.map(() => null)],
-    rows
-  };
-}
 function resolveDerivedRowTables(plan, tables, memory) {
   const sources = [plan.base, ...plan.joins];
   const needsDual = sources.some((source) => source.derived === void 0 && source.table === DUAL_TABLE);
@@ -4541,6 +4253,9 @@ function extractDatePart(field, value) {
   }
   if (value === null || value === void 0)
     return null;
+  const domainPart = temporalDomainPart(normalized, value);
+  if (domainPart !== void 0)
+    return domainPart;
   let milliseconds;
   if (value instanceof Date)
     milliseconds = dateMilliseconds(value);
@@ -4563,7 +4278,7 @@ function extractDatePart(field, value) {
     case "minute":
       return Math.floor(timeOfDay / 6e4) % 60;
     case "second":
-      return Math.floor(timeOfDay / 1e3) % 60;
+      return timeOfDay % 6e4 / 1e3;
     case "milliseconds":
       return timeOfDay % 6e4;
     case "microseconds":
@@ -4863,7 +4578,7 @@ function isAggregateCall(expression) {
   return expression.kind === "call" && aggregateNames.has(expression.name);
 }
 function groupedExpression(expression, grouped) {
-  if (grouped.has(JSON.stringify(expression)))
+  if (grouped.has(encodeQueryIdentity(expression)))
     return true;
   if (expression.kind === "column" || containsFtsExpression(expression))
     return false;
@@ -4876,7 +4591,7 @@ function validateGrouping(plan) {
   const grouped = plan.groupBy.length > 0 || plan.select.some((item) => hasAggregate(item.expression));
   if (!grouped)
     return;
-  const groupExpressions = new Set(plan.groupBy.map((expression) => JSON.stringify(expression)));
+  const groupExpressions = new Set(plan.groupBy.map((expression) => encodeQueryIdentity(expression)));
   for (const item of plan.select) {
     if (hasAggregate(item.expression))
       continue;
@@ -4961,17 +4676,11 @@ function asQueryValue(value) {
     return null;
   throw new TypeError("Query produced an unsupported value");
 }
-const alreadyExternalResults = /* @__PURE__ */ new WeakSet();
 function markExternalizationState(result, outputNeedsExternalization) {
   if (outputNeedsExternalization === false)
     alreadyExternalResults.add(result);
   return result;
 }
-function copyQueryResultExternalization(source, copy) {
-  if (alreadyExternalResults.has(source))
-    alreadyExternalResults.add(copy);
-  return copy;
-}
 function externalizeQueryResult(result) {
   if (alreadyExternalResults.has(result))
     return result;
@@ -6577,7 +6286,7 @@ class Parser {
     const outerOrderBy = [];
     parts.orderBy.forEach((order, index) => {
       const expression = order.expression;
-      const output = expression.kind === "column" && !expression.reference.includes(".") ? parts.select.find((item) => item.alias === expression.reference) : parts.select.find((item) => item.expression.kind !== "wildcard" && JSON.stringify(item.expression) === JSON.stringify(expression));
+      const output = expression.kind === "column" && !expression.reference.includes(".") ? parts.select.find((item) => item.alias === expression.reference) : parts.select.find((item) => item.expression.kind !== "wildcard" && encodeQueryIdentity(item.expression) === encodeQueryIdentity(expression));
       let alias = output?.alias;
       if (alias === void 0) {
         alias = `\0distinct_on_order_${String(index)}`;
@@ -7021,6 +6730,47 @@ class Parser {
     }
     if (this.#peek().text === "(") {
       const upper = table.toUpperCase();
+      if (upper === "UNNEST") {
+        this.#expectPunctuation("(");
+        const array = this.#expression();
+        this.#expectPunctuation(")");
+        if (array.kind !== "call" || array.name !== "ARRAY")
+          throw new TypeError("UNNEST currently requires an ARRAY constructor");
+        if (array.arguments.some((argument) => expressionColumns(argument).length > 0 || hasAggregate(argument) || containsWindow(argument)))
+          throw new TypeError("UNNEST ARRAY members cannot refer to table rows");
+        let ordinality = false;
+        if (this.#isKeyword("WITH")) {
+          this.#keyword("WITH");
+          this.#keyword("ORDINALITY");
+          ordinality = true;
+        }
+        const alias2 = this.#sourceAlias() ?? "unnest";
+        const blocks = (array.arguments.length === 0 ? [{ kind: "literal", value: null }] : array.arguments).map((expression, index) => ({
+          sql: "(unnest row)",
+          base: { table: DUAL_TABLE, alias: DUAL_TABLE },
+          joins: [],
+          select: [
+            { expression, alias: alias2 },
+            ...ordinality ? [
+              {
+                expression: { kind: "literal", value: index + 1 },
+                alias: "ordinality"
+              }
+            ] : []
+          ],
+          predicates: [],
+          groupBy: [],
+          having: [],
+          orderBy: [],
+          ...array.arguments.length === 0 ? { limit: 0 } : {}
+        }));
+        const derived = blocks.length === 1 ? blocks[0] : compoundSelectBlock("(unnest)", blocks, blocks.slice(1).map(() => "union all"), { orderBy: [] }, this.nextDerivedSequence);
+        if (derived === void 0)
+          throw new TypeError("UNNEST requires an ARRAY constructor");
+        if (this.#punctuation("("))
+          this.#applyColumnAliases(derived);
+        return this.#derivedSource(derived, alias2);
+      }
       if (upper === "JSON_TABLE") {
         this.#expectPunctuation("(");
         const document = this.#expression();
@@ -7431,8 +7181,8 @@ class Parser {
       if (this.#isKeyword("ESCAPE")) {
         this.#keyword("ESCAPE");
         const token2 = this.#take("string");
-        if (Array.from(token2.text).length !== 1) {
-          throw new TypeError("LIKE ESCAPE takes a single character");
+        if (Array.from(token2.text).length > 1) {
+          throw new TypeError("LIKE ESCAPE takes at most one character");
         }
         escape = token2.text;
       }
@@ -7508,7 +7258,11 @@ class Parser {
       }
       const operator = this.#peek().text;
       if (operator === "[") {
-        throw new TypeError("Array subscripts are not supported");
+        this.#index += 1;
+        const index = this.#expression();
+        this.#expectPunctuation("]");
+        left = { kind: "call", name: "MINNOW_ARRAY_AT", arguments: [left, index] };
+        continue;
       }
       const regexOperator = operator === "~" || operator === "~*" || operator === "!~" || operator === "!~*";
       const precedence = operator === "::" ? 30 : operator === "^" ? 25 : operator === "*" || operator === "/" || operator === "%" ? 20 : operator === "+" || operator === "-" ? 10 : operator === "||" || operator === "->" || operator === "->>" || regexOperator ? 5 : -1;
@@ -8013,7 +7767,7 @@ class Parser {
         return this.#booleanAggregate(upper);
       }
       const name = upper === "ANY_VALUE" ? "MIN" : functionSpellings.get(upper) ?? upper;
-      if (name === "MINNOW_TUPLE_KEY" || name === "MINNOW_COLLATE" || name === "MINNOW_SINGLE_VALUE" || name === "MINNOW_JSON_GET" || name === "MINNOW_JSON_GET_TEXT" || name === "MINNOW_REGEX_MATCH") {
+      if (name === "MINNOW_TUPLE_KEY" || name === "MINNOW_COLLATE" || name === "MINNOW_ARRAY_AT" || name === "MINNOW_ARRAY_FROM_JSON" || name === "MINNOW_ARRAY_ELEMENT" || name === "MINNOW_SINGLE_VALUE" || name === "MINNOW_JSON_GET" || name === "MINNOW_JSON_GET_TEXT" || name === "MINNOW_REGEX_MATCH") {
         throw new TypeError(`Unsupported function: ${identifier}`);
       }
       if (!aggregateNames.has(name) && !scalarFunctionNames.has(name))
@@ -8176,13 +7930,17 @@ class Parser {
           ...frame === void 0 ? {} : { frame }
         };
       }
-      return {
+      if (upper === "ARRAY_AGG" && args[0] !== void 0) {
+        args[0] = { kind: "call", name: "MINNOW_ARRAY_ELEMENT", arguments: [args[0]] };
+      }
+      const call = {
         kind: "call",
         name,
         arguments: args,
         ...distinct ? { distinct: true } : {},
         ...aggregateOrderBy === void 0 ? {} : { aggregateOrderBy }
       };
+      return upper === "ARRAY_AGG" ? { kind: "call", name: "MINNOW_ARRAY_FROM_JSON", arguments: [call] } : call;
     }
     let reference = identifier;
     if (this.#punctuation(".")) {
@@ -8346,6 +8104,8 @@ class Parser {
       if (unit === "groups" && orderBy.length === 0) {
         throw new TypeError("GROUPS frames require ORDER BY inside OVER (...)");
       }
+      if (unit === "range" && (start.offset !== void 0 || end.offset !== void 0) && orderBy.length !== 1)
+        throw new TypeError("Offset RANGE frames require exactly one ORDER BY expression");
       let exclude;
       if (this.#isKeyword("EXCLUDE")) {
         this.#keyword("EXCLUDE");
@@ -8391,11 +8151,8 @@ class Parser {
       return { kind: "current-row" };
     }
     const offset = Number(this.#take("number").text);
-    if (!Number.isInteger(offset) || offset < 0) {
-      throw new TypeError("Window frame offsets must be non-negative integers");
-    }
-    if (unit === "range") {
-      throw new TypeError("RANGE frames take only UNBOUNDED and CURRENT ROW bounds; use ROWS");
+    if (!Number.isFinite(offset) || offset < 0 || unit !== "range" && !Number.isInteger(offset)) {
+      throw new TypeError("Window frame offsets must be non-negative integers, or numeric RANGE offsets");
     }
     if (this.#isKeyword("PRECEDING")) {
       this.#keyword("PRECEDING");
@@ -8468,7 +8225,7 @@ function desugarGroupingSets(parts, nextSequence) {
       }
     }
   }
-  const signatureOf = (expression) => JSON.stringify(expression);
+  const signatureOf = (expression) => encodeQueryIdentity(expression);
   const universe = new Set(sets.flat().map(signatureOf));
   const members = sets.map((set) => {
     const setSignatures = new Set(set.map(signatureOf));
@@ -8707,6 +8464,108 @@ function unifyPlanGroupedReferences(plan, columnsOf) {
     return owner === void 0 ? void 0 : `${owner}.${reference}`;
   });
 }
+function desugarComposedFullJoin(parts, join, nextSequence) {
+  const marker = `(full marker ${String(nextSequence())})`;
+  const plain = {
+    sql: parts.sql,
+    distinct: false,
+    predicates: [],
+    groupBy: [],
+    having: [],
+    orderBy: []
+  };
+  const marked = derivedTableSource(assembleSelectBlock({
+    ...plain,
+    base: parts.base,
+    joins: [],
+    select: [
+      { expression: { kind: "wildcard", table: parts.base.alias }, alias: "*" },
+      { expression: { kind: "literal", value: 1 }, alias: marker }
+    ]
+  }, nextSequence), parts.base.alias, nextSequence);
+  const columns = /* @__PURE__ */ new Map();
+  const gather = (expression) => {
+    if (expression.kind === "column" && !columns.has(expression.reference))
+      columns.set(expression.reference, `(full column ${String(columns.size)})`);
+    for (const child of childExpressions(expression))
+      gather(child);
+  };
+  for (const item of parts.select)
+    gather(item.expression);
+  for (const expression of parts.groupBy)
+    gather(expression);
+  for (const set of parts.groupingSets ?? [])
+    for (const expression of set)
+      gather(expression);
+  for (const predicate of [...parts.predicates, ...parts.having]) {
+    gather(predicate.left);
+    gather(predicate.right);
+  }
+  const outputs = new Set(parts.select.map((item) => item.alias));
+  for (const order of parts.orderBy)
+    if (order.expression.kind !== "column" || !outputs.has(order.expression.reference))
+      gather(order.expression);
+  const select = [...columns].map(([reference, alias]) => ({
+    expression: { kind: "column", reference },
+    alias
+  }));
+  if (select.length === 0)
+    select.push({ expression: { kind: "literal", value: 1 }, alias: "(full row)" });
+  const { full, kind, left, right, on, ...rightSource } = join;
+  void full;
+  void kind;
+  const matched = assembleSelectBlock({
+    ...plain,
+    base: marked,
+    joins: [{ ...rightSource, kind: "left", left, right, ...on === void 0 ? {} : { on } }],
+    select
+  }, nextSequence);
+  const unmatched = assembleSelectBlock({
+    ...plain,
+    base: rightSource,
+    joins: [{ ...marked, kind: "left", left, right, ...on === void 0 ? {} : { on } }],
+    select,
+    predicates: [
+      {
+        left: { kind: "column", reference: `${marked.alias}.${marker}` },
+        operator: "IS NULL",
+        right: { kind: "literal", value: null }
+      }
+    ]
+  }, nextSequence);
+  const combined = compoundSelectBlock(parts.sql, [matched, unmatched], ["union all"], { orderBy: [] }, nextSequence);
+  const source = derivedTableSource(combined, `(full result ${String(nextSequence())})`, nextSequence);
+  const rewrite = (expression) => {
+    if (expression.kind === "column") {
+      const column = columns.get(expression.reference);
+      if (column !== void 0)
+        return { kind: "column", reference: `${source.alias}.${column}` };
+    }
+    return mapChildExpressions(expression, rewrite);
+  };
+  return assembleSelectBlock({
+    ...parts,
+    base: source,
+    joins: [],
+    select: parts.select.map((item) => ({ ...item, expression: rewrite(item.expression) })),
+    predicates: parts.predicates.map((predicate) => ({
+      ...predicate,
+      left: rewrite(predicate.left),
+      right: rewrite(predicate.right)
+    })),
+    groupBy: parts.groupBy.map(rewrite),
+    having: parts.having.map((predicate) => ({
+      ...predicate,
+      left: rewrite(predicate.left),
+      right: rewrite(predicate.right)
+    })),
+    orderBy: parts.orderBy.map((order) => ({
+      ...order,
+      expression: order.expression.kind === "column" && outputs.has(order.expression.reference) ? order.expression : rewrite(order.expression)
+    })),
+    ...parts.groupingSets === void 0 ? {} : { groupingSets: parts.groupingSets.map((set) => set.map(rewrite)) }
+  }, nextSequence);
+}
 function desugarFullJoin(parts, nextSequence) {
   const join = parts.joins[0];
   if (parts.joins.length !== 1 || join?.full !== true) {
@@ -8716,10 +8575,10 @@ function desugarFullJoin(parts, nextSequence) {
     throw new TypeError("FULL JOIN cannot be combined with SELECT *");
   }
   if (parts.groupBy.length > 0 || parts.having.length > 0 || parts.distinct || parts.select.some((item) => hasAggregate(item.expression) || containsWindow(item.expression))) {
-    throw new TypeError("FULL JOIN cannot be combined with grouping, DISTINCT, or window functions yet");
+    return desugarComposedFullJoin(parts, join, nextSequence);
   }
   if (join.on !== void 0) {
-    throw new TypeError("FULL JOIN requires a single equality ON condition");
+    return desugarComposedFullJoin(parts, join, nextSequence);
   }
   const outputAlias = (reference) => {
     const exact = parts.select.find((item) => item.alias === reference || item.expression.kind === "column" && item.expression.reference === reference);
@@ -8775,9 +8634,6 @@ function desugarFullJoin(parts, nextSequence) {
 }
 function assembleSelectBlock(parts, nextSequence) {
   if (parts.select.some((item) => item.expression.kind === "wildcard")) {
-    if (parts.joins.some((join) => join.full === true)) {
-      throw new TypeError("FULL JOIN cannot be combined with SELECT *");
-    }
     return {
       sql: parts.sql,
       base: parts.base,
@@ -9408,19 +9264,16 @@ function assembleOrderByExpressionBlock(parts, nextSequence) {
   for (const order of parts.orderBy) {
     if (!orderNeedsHiddenColumn(order.expression, parts))
       continue;
-    if (containsWindow(order.expression)) {
-      throw new TypeError("Window functions are only allowed in the select list");
-    }
     if (order.expression.kind === "literal") {
       throw new TypeError("ORDER BY position is outside the select list");
     }
   }
-  const selectSignatures = new Map(parts.select.map((item) => [JSON.stringify(item.expression), item.alias]));
+  const selectSignatures = new Map(parts.select.map((item) => [encodeQueryIdentity(item.expression), item.alias]));
   const hiddenItems = [];
   const rewrittenOrder = parts.orderBy.map((order) => {
     if (!orderNeedsHiddenColumn(order.expression, parts))
       return order;
-    const existingAlias = selectSignatures.get(JSON.stringify(order.expression));
+    const existingAlias = selectSignatures.get(encodeQueryIdentity(order.expression));
     if (existingAlias !== void 0) {
       return {
         ...order,
@@ -9596,16 +9449,24 @@ function validateOffset(offset) {
 }
 function desugarWindows(sql, base, joins, select, predicates, groupBy, having, tail, nextSequence) {
   const grouped = groupBy.length > 0 || select.some((item) => hasAggregate(item.expression));
-  const groupExpressions = new Set(groupBy.map((expression) => JSON.stringify(expression)));
-  const readableWhenGrouped = (expression) => hasAggregate(expression) || expressionColumns(expression).length === 0 || groupExpressions.has(JSON.stringify(expression));
+  const groupExpressions = new Set(groupBy.map((expression) => encodeQueryIdentity(expression)));
+  const readableWhenGrouped = (expression) => hasAggregate(expression) || expressionColumns(expression).length === 0 || groupExpressions.has(encodeQueryIdentity(expression));
   const internalAliases = select.map((item, index) => item.alias.includes(".") ? `(window visible ${String(index + 1)})` : item.alias);
   const innerSelect = select.flatMap((item, index) => containsWindow(item.expression) ? [] : [{ ...item, alias: internalAliases[index] ?? item.alias }]);
   const windows = [];
   let hidden = 0;
+  const hiddenExpressions = /* @__PURE__ */ new Map();
+  const repeatable = (expression) => !(expression.kind === "call" && volatileScalarFunctionNames.has(expression.name)) && childExpressions(expression).every(repeatable);
   const hide = (expression) => {
+    const key = repeatable(expression) ? encodeQueryIdentity(expression) : void 0;
+    const existing = key === void 0 ? void 0 : hiddenExpressions.get(key);
+    if (existing !== void 0)
+      return existing;
     hidden += 1;
     const alias = `(window ${String(hidden)})`;
     innerSelect.push({ expression, alias });
+    if (key !== void 0)
+      hiddenExpressions.set(key, alias);
     return alias;
   };
   const registerWindow = (expression, alias) => {
@@ -10019,7 +9880,7 @@ export {
   annotateAvgArgumentScales,
   annotateIntegerDivision,
   annotatePlanIntegerDivision,
-  applyWindowFunctions,
+  applyWindowFunctions2 as applyWindowFunctions,
   assembleSelectBlock,
   bindPendingSelectShapes,
   bindPlanParameters,
@@ -10035,7 +9896,7 @@ export {
   compileQuery,
   compileStatement,
   compoundSelectBlock,
-  copyQueryResultExternalization,
+  copyQueryResultExternalization2 as copyQueryResultExternalization,
   createPreparedColumnarQuery,
   createPreparedQuery,
   createRecursiveCteState,
@@ -10049,6 +9910,7 @@ export {
   evaluateRowExpression,
   executeQuery,
   executeRowQuery,
+  executeRowQueryInternal,
   expandFtsColumns,
   expandNaturalJoins,
   expandRowReferences,
@@ -10074,6 +9936,7 @@ export {
   likeMatches,
   mapBlockExpressions,
   mapChildExpressions,
+  markQueryResultExternal,
   nullOrder,
   orderOutputName,
   parseQuantified,