@minnowdb/core 0.0.1 → 0.1.0

package/dist/engine/vector.js

@@ -0,0 +1,4227 @@
+import { cachedListMembership, distinctFromComparison, explicitNullOrder, isScalarFunctionName, likeMatches, orderOutputName, parseQuantified, quantifiedComparison, scalarFunctionValue, } from "./query.js";
+import { bm25DocumentScore, cachedQueryTerms, FtsStatsAccumulator, fullTermsMask, renderDocumentValue, termFrequencies, termsMask, tokenize, } from "./fts.js";
+import { ByteGroupIndex } from "./group-index.js";
+import { ByteJoinIndex } from "./join-index.js";
+import { QueryMemoryBudgetError, QueryMemoryContext, } from "./memory.js";
+import { compareSqlStrings, defineSqlResultProperty } from "./sql-semantics.js";
+import { buildSortKeyColumn } from "./sort-keys.js";
+const DEFAULT_BATCH_ROWS = 2_048;
+/** Above this, locating each IN member separately costs more than scanning between them. */
+const MAX_SPLIT_LIST_MEMBERS = 64;
+/**
+ * Upper bound on the direct-address slot space for compound dictionary-code grouping: 65,536
+ * slots reserve 512 KiB of references, small against the default budget while covering typical
+ * categorical column combinations.
+ */
+const MULTI_CODE_GROUP_SLOT_CAP = 65_536;
+const HASH_SPILL_SCAN_CHUNK_ROWS = 512;
+const NULL_STRING_CODE = 0xffffffff;
+const QUERY_REFERENCE_BYTES = 8;
+const QUERY_VALUE_TAG_BYTES = 1;
+const AGGREGATE_ACCUMULATOR_BYTES = 24;
+/** Modeled sparse-map bookkeeping for one packed compound dictionary-code group. */
+const PACKED_GROUP_ENTRY_BYTES = 24;
+const SPILL_PAGE_MAGIC = 0x5350494c;
+const SPILL_PAGE_HEADER_BYTES = 8;
+const vectorTextEncoder = new TextEncoder();
+export function createColumnarTable(name, columns, uniqueKey) {
+    const first = columns.values().next().value;
+    const rowCount = first?.values.length ?? 0;
+    const vectors = new Map();
+    for (const [columnName, column] of columns) {
+        if (column.values.length !== rowCount) {
+            throw new Error(`Column row count mismatch: ${name}.${columnName}`);
+        }
+        vectors.set(columnName, createVector(column));
+    }
+    if (uniqueKey !== undefined && !vectors.has(uniqueKey)) {
+        throw new Error(`Unique-key vector is missing: ${name}.${uniqueKey}`);
+    }
+    return {
+        name,
+        rowCount,
+        columns: vectors,
+        ...(uniqueKey === undefined ? {} : { uniqueKey }),
+    };
+}
+export function columnarTableFromRows(name, rows, projectedColumnNames) {
+    const columnNameSet = new Set(projectedColumnNames);
+    if (projectedColumnNames === undefined) {
+        for (const row of rows) {
+            for (const columnName of Object.keys(row))
+                columnNameSet.add(columnName);
+        }
+    }
+    const columnNames = [...columnNameSet];
+    if (columnNames.length === 0)
+        return { name, rowCount: rows.length, columns: new Map() };
+    const columns = new Map();
+    for (const columnName of columnNames) {
+        const values = rows.map((row) => row[columnName] ?? null);
+        columns.set(columnName, { type: inferVectorType(values), values });
+    }
+    return createColumnarTable(name, columns);
+}
+export function prepareVectorQuery(plan, inputTables, options = {}) {
+    const rootMemory = options.memoryContext ?? new QueryMemoryContext();
+    const ownsRootMemory = options.memoryContext === undefined;
+    const retainedMemory = rootMemory.createChild();
+    try {
+        for (const table of new Set(inputTables.values())) {
+            retainedMemory.reserve(columnarTablePayloadBytes(table), `Columnar table ${table.name}`);
+        }
+        const bound = bindPlan(plan, inputTables, retainedMemory, options.ftsStats);
+        let closed = false;
+        return {
+            get memoryUsage() {
+                return rootMemory.usage;
+            },
+            execute() {
+                if (closed)
+                    throw new Error("Prepared vector query is closed");
+                const executionMemory = retainedMemory.createChild();
+                try {
+                    return executeBoundPlan(bound, executionMemory);
+                }
+                finally {
+                    executionMemory.close();
+                }
+            },
+            async executeAsync(executionOptions = {}) {
+                if (closed)
+                    throw new Error("Prepared vector query is closed");
+                const canSpillSort = bound.orderBy.length > 0 && !bound.grouped;
+                // An unordered grouped plan spills too: the empty ordering makes the pairwise merge a
+                // stable concatenation, and partition-wise accumulation bounds peak group state.
+                const canSpillHash = bound.grouped && bound.groupBy.length > 0;
+                if (executionOptions.spillStore === undefined || (!canSpillSort && !canSpillHash)) {
+                    if (executionOptions.loadScanWindow === undefined)
+                        return this.execute();
+                    const executionMemory = retainedMemory.createChild();
+                    try {
+                        return await executeBoundPlanAsync(bound, executionMemory, executionOptions);
+                    }
+                    finally {
+                        executionMemory.close();
+                    }
+                }
+                const executionMemory = retainedMemory.createChild();
+                try {
+                    return canSpillHash
+                        ? await executeBoundPlanWithHashSpill(bound, executionMemory, executionOptions)
+                        : await executeBoundPlanWithSortSpill(bound, executionMemory, executionOptions);
+                }
+                finally {
+                    executionMemory.close();
+                }
+            },
+            close() {
+                if (closed)
+                    return;
+                closed = true;
+                retainedMemory.close();
+                if (ownsRootMemory)
+                    rootMemory.close();
+            },
+        };
+    }
+    catch (error) {
+        retainedMemory.close();
+        if (ownsRootMemory)
+            rootMemory.close();
+        throw error;
+    }
+}
+function createVector(input) {
+    validateVectorType(input.type);
+    const length = input.values.length;
+    const validity = new Uint8Array(Math.ceil(length / 8));
+    if (input.type === "string") {
+        const dictionary = [];
+        const dictionaryIndex = new Map();
+        const codes = new Uint32Array(length);
+        codes.fill(NULL_STRING_CODE);
+        for (let index = 0; index < length; index += 1) {
+            const value = input.values[index];
+            if (value === null)
+                continue;
+            if (typeof value !== "string")
+                throw vectorTypeError(input.type, value);
+            setValid(validity, index);
+            let code = dictionaryIndex.get(value);
+            if (code === undefined) {
+                code = dictionary.length;
+                dictionary.push(value);
+                dictionaryIndex.set(value, code);
+            }
+            codes[index] = code;
+        }
+        return { kind: "string", length, validity, codes, dictionary };
+    }
+    if (input.type === "boolean") {
+        const values = new Uint8Array(length);
+        for (let index = 0; index < length; index += 1) {
+            const value = input.values[index];
+            if (value === null)
+                continue;
+            if (typeof value !== "boolean")
+                throw vectorTypeError(input.type, value);
+            setValid(validity, index);
+            values[index] = value ? 1 : 0;
+        }
+        return { kind: "boolean", length, validity, values };
+    }
+    const values = new Float64Array(length);
+    for (let index = 0; index < length; index += 1) {
+        const value = input.values[index];
+        if (value === null)
+            continue;
+        const numericValue = input.type === "datetime"
+            ? value instanceof Date
+                ? value.getTime()
+                : Number.NaN
+            : typeof value === "number"
+                ? value
+                : Number.NaN;
+        if (!Number.isFinite(numericValue))
+            throw vectorTypeError(input.type, value);
+        setValid(validity, index);
+        values[index] = numericValue;
+    }
+    return input.type === "datetime"
+        ? { kind: "datetime", length, validity, values }
+        : { kind: "number", length, validity, values };
+}
+function validateVectorType(type) {
+    if (type !== "boolean" && type !== "number" && type !== "string" && type !== "datetime") {
+        throw new TypeError(`Unsupported vector type: ${String(type)}`);
+    }
+}
+function vectorTypeError(type, value) {
+    return new TypeError(`Invalid ${type} vector value: ${String(value)}`);
+}
+function inferVectorType(values) {
+    const value = values.find((candidate) => candidate !== null);
+    if (typeof value === "boolean")
+        return "boolean";
+    if (typeof value === "number")
+        return "number";
+    if (value instanceof Date)
+        return "datetime";
+    return "string";
+}
+function setValid(bitmap, index) {
+    const byte = index >>> 3;
+    bitmap[byte] = (bitmap[byte] ?? 0) | (1 << (index & 7));
+}
+function isValid(bitmap, index) {
+    return ((bitmap[index >>> 3] ?? 0) & (1 << (index & 7))) !== 0;
+}
+export function vectorValue(vector, rowIndex) {
+    if (rowIndex < 0 || rowIndex >= vector.length)
+        return null;
+    const window = vector.window;
+    let slot = rowIndex;
+    if (window !== undefined) {
+        slot = rowIndex - window.start;
+        if (slot < 0 || slot >= window.length) {
+            throw new RangeError(`Streamed vector row ${String(rowIndex)} is outside the resident window ${String(window.start)}..${String(window.start + window.length)}`);
+        }
+    }
+    if (!isValid(vector.validity, slot))
+        return null;
+    if (vector.kind === "boolean")
+        return vector.values[slot] === 1;
+    if (vector.kind === "number")
+        return vector.values[slot] ?? 0;
+    if (vector.kind === "datetime")
+        return new Date(vector.values[slot] ?? 0);
+    const code = vector.codes[slot] ?? NULL_STRING_CODE;
+    return code === NULL_STRING_CODE ? null : (vector.dictionary[code] ?? null);
+}
+function columnarTablePayloadBytes(table) {
+    let total = 0;
+    for (const vector of table.columns.values()) {
+        total = safeMemorySum(total, vector.validity.byteLength, "Column vector payload");
+        if (vector.kind === "string") {
+            total = safeMemorySum(total, vector.codes.byteLength, "Column vector payload");
+            // One byte per UTF-16 code unit, matching queryValuePayloadBytes: exact for Latin-1
+            // and O(1) per entry instead of a throwaway UTF-8 encode of the whole dictionary.
+            for (const value of vector.dictionary) {
+                total = safeMemorySum(total, value.length, "String dictionary payload");
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            total = safeMemorySum(total, vector.values.byteLength, "Column vector payload");
+        }
+    }
+    return total;
+}
+/** One conjunction of a disjunction: plain conditions only, or undefined if any leaf is not. */
+function conjunctionLeaves(expression, output) {
+    if (expression.kind === "logical" && expression.operator === "and") {
+        return (conjunctionLeaves(expression.left, output) && conjunctionLeaves(expression.right, output));
+    }
+    if (expression.kind !== "condition")
+        return false;
+    // A quantified comparison or a subquery leaf carries evaluation rules of its own; leaving it
+    // to the generic evaluator is always correct, just slower.
+    if (expression.left.kind === "subquery" || expression.right.kind === "subquery")
+        return false;
+    output.push({
+        left: expression.left,
+        operator: expression.operator,
+        right: expression.right,
+        ...(expression.escape === undefined ? {} : { escape: expression.escape }),
+    });
+    return true;
+}
+/**
+ * Reads a predicate as an OR of AND-groups. Only a bare boolean expression -- one the parser
+ * wrapped in IS TRUE -- can be a disjunction, and every leaf must be a plain condition, so the
+ * branches evaluate under the same three-valued rules the whole expression did: a branch is
+ * taken only where it is true, and false and unknown are both simply not taken.
+ */
+function disjunctiveNormalForm(predicate) {
+    if (predicate.operator !== "IS TRUE")
+        return undefined;
+    if (predicate.left.kind !== "logical" || predicate.left.operator !== "or")
+        return undefined;
+    const branches = [];
+    const visit = (node) => {
+        if (node.kind === "logical" && node.operator === "or") {
+            return visit(node.left) && visit(node.right);
+        }
+        const group = [];
+        if (!conjunctionLeaves(node, group))
+            return false;
+        branches.push(group);
+        return true;
+    };
+    return visit(predicate.left) && branches.length > 1 ? branches : undefined;
+}
+function bindPlan(plan, tables, memory, ftsStats) {
+    const sources = [plan.base, ...plan.joins];
+    const sourceTables = sources.map((source) => {
+        const table = tables.get(source.table);
+        if (table === undefined)
+            throw new TypeError(`Unknown table: ${source.table}`);
+        return table;
+    });
+    const sourceAliases = sources.map((source) => source.alias);
+    if (new Set(sourceAliases).size !== sourceAliases.length)
+        throw new TypeError("Table aliases must be unique");
+    const aggregateSpecs = [];
+    const aggregateIndexes = new Map();
+    const ftsBySignature = new Map();
+    const bind = (expression) => bindExpression(expression, sources.map((source, index) => ({ alias: source.alias, table: sourceTables[index] })), aggregateSpecs, aggregateIndexes, memory, ftsBySignature, ftsStats);
+    const select = plan.select.map((item) => ({
+        expression: bind(item.expression),
+        alias: item.alias,
+    }));
+    const groupBy = plan.groupBy.map(bind);
+    const groupIndexBySignature = new Map(groupBy.map((expression, index) => [expression.signature, index]));
+    const bindPredicate = (predicate) => {
+        const bound = {
+            left: bind(predicate.left),
+            operator: predicate.operator,
+            right: bind(predicate.right),
+            ...(predicate.escape === undefined ? {} : { escape: predicate.escape }),
+        };
+        const dictionaryEquality = detectDictionaryEquality(bound);
+        if (dictionaryEquality !== undefined)
+            return { ...bound, dictionaryEquality };
+        const dictionaryLike = detectDictionaryLike(bound);
+        if (dictionaryLike !== undefined)
+            return { ...bound, dictionaryLike };
+        const primitive = detectPrimitiveComparison(bound);
+        if (primitive !== undefined)
+            return { ...bound, primitive };
+        const primitiveIn = detectPrimitiveInList(bound);
+        return primitiveIn === undefined ? bound : { ...bound, primitiveIn };
+    };
+    const predicates = plan.predicates.map((predicate) => {
+        const bound = bindPredicate(predicate);
+        if (bound.primitive !== undefined || bound.primitiveIn !== undefined)
+            return bound;
+        if (bound.dictionaryEquality !== undefined || bound.dictionaryLike !== undefined)
+            return bound;
+        const branches = disjunctiveNormalForm(predicate);
+        if (branches === undefined)
+            return bound;
+        return {
+            ...bound,
+            disjunction: { branches: branches.map((group) => group.map(bindPredicate)) },
+        };
+    });
+    const having = plan.having.map((predicate) => ({
+        left: bind(predicate.left),
+        operator: predicate.operator,
+        right: bind(predicate.right),
+    }));
+    const standardJoins = plan.joins.map((join, joinIndex) => {
+        const source = joinIndex + 1;
+        if (join.on !== undefined) {
+            const condition = bind(join.on);
+            if ([...expressionSources(condition)].some((used) => used > source)) {
+                throw new TypeError(`JOIN condition for ${join.alias} references a later table`);
+            }
+            const table = required(sourceTables[source], `JOIN table is missing: ${join.table}`);
+            const placeholder = { kind: "literal", value: null, signature: "" };
+            return {
+                kind: join.kind,
+                buildSource: source,
+                probe: placeholder,
+                build: placeholder,
+                lookup: { unique: false, firstRow: () => -1, nextRow: () => -1 },
+                loop: { condition, rowCount: table.rowCount },
+            };
+        }
+        const left = bind(join.left);
+        const right = bind(join.right);
+        const rightUsesBuild = expressionSources(right).has(source);
+        const leftUsesBuild = expressionSources(left).has(source);
+        if (leftUsesBuild === rightUsesBuild) {
+            throw new TypeError(`JOIN condition must reference the new alias ${join.alias} on one side`);
+        }
+        const build = rightUsesBuild ? right : left;
+        const probe = rightUsesBuild ? left : right;
+        const buildSources = expressionSources(build);
+        if (buildSources.size !== 1 || !buildSources.has(source)) {
+            throw new TypeError(`JOIN build expression for ${join.alias} must reference only that table`);
+        }
+        if ([...expressionSources(probe)].some((probeSource) => probeSource >= source)) {
+            throw new TypeError(`JOIN probe expression for ${join.alias} references a later table`);
+        }
+        return createBoundJoin(join.kind, source, probe, build, required(sourceTables[source], `JOIN table is missing: ${join.table}`), memory);
+    });
+    // A wildcard select projects the materialized columns of each source, so ORDER BY resolves
+    // against those same names.
+    const orderSources = sources.map((source, index) => ({
+        alias: source.alias,
+        columns: [...(sourceTables[index]?.columns.keys() ?? [])],
+    }));
+    const orderBy = plan.orderBy.map(({ expression, direction, nulls }) => ({
+        outputName: orderOutputName(expression, plan.select, orderSources),
+        direction,
+        ...(nulls === undefined ? {} : { nulls }),
+    }));
+    const grouped = groupBy.length > 0 || aggregateSpecs.length > 0;
+    // A single bare string-column GROUP BY can group on dictionary codes: identical values share a
+    // code within one vector, so a code-indexed slot table replaces per-row hashing. Streamed
+    // vectors swap dictionaries per window; the accumulator remaps its slot table by value on
+    // each swap, so windowed vectors qualify too.
+    const groupColumn = groupBy.length === 1 ? groupBy[0] : undefined;
+    const codeGrouping = grouped && groupColumn?.kind === "column" && groupColumn.vector.kind === "string"
+        ? { source: groupColumn.source, vector: groupColumn.vector }
+        : undefined;
+    return {
+        sourceTables,
+        sourceAliases,
+        scanSource: 0,
+        joins: standardJoins,
+        predicates,
+        having,
+        groupBy,
+        groupIndexBySignature,
+        aggregates: aggregateSpecs,
+        select,
+        orderBy,
+        grouped,
+        ...(codeGrouping === undefined ? {} : { codeGrouping }),
+        wildcard: plan.select[0]?.expression.kind === "wildcard",
+        ...(plan.limit === undefined ? {} : { limit: plan.limit }),
+        ...(plan.offset === undefined ? {} : { offset: plan.offset }),
+    };
+}
+function bindExpression(expression, sources, aggregateSpecs, aggregateIndexes, memory, ftsBySignature, ftsStats) {
+    const signature = JSON.stringify(expression);
+    if (expression.kind === "subquery") {
+        throw new TypeError("Subqueries are only supported in WHERE, HAVING, SELECT, and IN");
+    }
+    if (expression.kind === "parameter") {
+        throw new TypeError(`Placeholder $${String(expression.index + 1)} is unbound; pass parameters when executing`);
+    }
+    if (expression.kind === "fts") {
+        // The canonical search shape evaluates the same node in WHERE, SELECT, and ORDER BY;
+        // sharing one bound node by signature means one set of dictionary tables, one corpus
+        // pass, and one budget reservation instead of three.
+        const shared = ftsBySignature?.get(signature);
+        if (shared !== undefined)
+            return shared;
+        if (expression.op === "bm25" && sources.length > 1) {
+            throw new TypeError("BM25 requires a single-table query");
+        }
+        // Every engine entry expands "*" against its catalog before plans reach the executors.
+        if (expression.columns === "*") {
+            throw new TypeError("Full-text search columns must be expanded before binding");
+        }
+        const columns = expression.columns.map((columnExpression) => {
+            if (columnExpression.kind !== "column") {
+                throw new TypeError("Full-text search takes column references");
+            }
+            const bound = bindExpression(columnExpression, sources, aggregateSpecs, aggregateIndexes, memory, ftsBySignature, ftsStats);
+            if (bound.kind !== "column") {
+                throw new TypeError("Full-text search takes column references");
+            }
+            if (bound.vector.kind === "boolean") {
+                throw new TypeError(`Full-text search cannot search a boolean column: ${columnExpression.reference}`);
+            }
+            return bound;
+        });
+        const servedStats = ftsStats?.get(signature);
+        // `.search()` evaluates a MATCH and a BM25 node over the same columns and query; the
+        // per-dictionary term tables depend only on columns + query, so the twin ops share one
+        // cache array (scoring fields upgrade lazily on the first scored use).
+        const sibling = ftsBySignature?.get(JSON.stringify({ ...expression, op: expression.op === "match" ? "bm25" : "match" }));
+        const bound = {
+            kind: "fts",
+            op: expression.op,
+            columns,
+            terms: cachedQueryTerms(expression.query),
+            caches: sibling?.caches ?? columns.map(() => null),
+            ...(servedStats === undefined ? {} : { stats: servedStats }),
+            ...(memory === undefined ? {} : { memory }),
+            signature,
+        };
+        ftsBySignature?.set(signature, bound);
+        return bound;
+    }
+    if (expression.kind === "window") {
+        throw new TypeError("Window functions are only allowed in the select list");
+    }
+    if (expression.kind === "list") {
+        return {
+            kind: "list",
+            items: expression.items.map((item) => bindExpression(item, sources, aggregateSpecs, aggregateIndexes, memory, ftsBySignature, ftsStats)),
+            signature,
+        };
+    }
+    if (expression.kind === "literal" || expression.kind === "wildcard") {
+        return { ...expression, signature };
+    }
+    if (expression.kind === "column") {
+        const parts = expression.reference.split(".");
+        let matches;
+        if (parts.length === 2) {
+            const source = sources.findIndex(({ alias }) => alias === parts[0]);
+            if (source < 0)
+                throw new TypeError(`Unknown table alias: ${parts[0] ?? ""}`);
+            matches = [{ source, column: parts[1] ?? "" }];
+        }
+        else {
+            const column = parts[0] ?? "";
+            matches = sources.flatMap(({ table }, source) => table?.columns.has(column) === true ? [{ source, column }] : []);
+        }
+        const match = matches.length === 1 ? matches[0] : undefined;
+        if (match === undefined || sources[match.source]?.table?.columns.has(match.column) !== true) {
+            throw new TypeError(`Ambiguous or missing column: ${expression.reference}`);
+        }
+        return {
+            kind: "column",
+            source: match.source,
+            column: match.column,
+            vector: required(sources[match.source]?.table?.columns.get(match.column), `Bound vector is missing: ${expression.reference}`),
+            signature,
+        };
+    }
+    if (expression.kind === "exists") {
+        throw new TypeError("EXISTS subqueries must be resolved before execution");
+    }
+    if (expression.kind === "binary" || expression.kind === "condition") {
+        return {
+            kind: expression.kind,
+            operator: expression.operator,
+            left: bindExpression(expression.left, sources, aggregateSpecs, aggregateIndexes, memory, ftsBySignature, ftsStats),
+            right: bindExpression(expression.right, sources, aggregateSpecs, aggregateIndexes, memory, ftsBySignature, ftsStats),
+            ...(expression.kind === "condition" && expression.escape !== undefined
+                ? { escape: expression.escape }
+                : {}),
+            signature,
+        };
+    }
+    if (expression.kind === "logical") {
+        return {
+            kind: "logical",
+            operator: expression.operator,
+            left: bindExpression(expression.left, sources, aggregateSpecs, aggregateIndexes, memory, ftsBySignature, ftsStats),
+            right: bindExpression(expression.right, sources, aggregateSpecs, aggregateIndexes, memory, ftsBySignature, ftsStats),
+            signature,
+        };
+    }
+    if (expression.kind === "not") {
+        return {
+            kind: "not",
+            operand: bindExpression(expression.operand, sources, aggregateSpecs, aggregateIndexes, memory, ftsBySignature, ftsStats),
+            signature,
+        };
+    }
+    if (expression.kind === "case") {
+        const otherwise = expression.otherwise === undefined
+            ? undefined
+            : bindExpression(expression.otherwise, sources, aggregateSpecs, aggregateIndexes, memory, ftsBySignature, ftsStats);
+        return {
+            kind: "case",
+            branches: expression.branches.map((branch) => ({
+                when: bindExpression(branch.when, sources, aggregateSpecs, aggregateIndexes, memory, ftsBySignature, ftsStats),
+                then: bindExpression(branch.then, sources, aggregateSpecs, aggregateIndexes, memory, ftsBySignature, ftsStats),
+            })),
+            ...(otherwise === undefined ? {} : { otherwise }),
+            signature,
+        };
+    }
+    const arguments_ = expression.arguments.map((argument) => bindExpression(argument, sources, aggregateSpecs, aggregateIndexes, memory, ftsBySignature, ftsStats));
+    if (isScalarFunctionName(expression.name)) {
+        return { kind: "call", name: expression.name, arguments: arguments_, signature };
+    }
+    let aggregateIndex = aggregateIndexes.get(signature);
+    if (aggregateIndex === undefined) {
+        aggregateIndex = aggregateSpecs.length;
+        aggregateIndexes.set(signature, aggregateIndex);
+        const argument = required(arguments_[0], `${expression.name} argument is missing`);
+        const rawDatetime = (expression.name === "MIN" || expression.name === "MAX" || expression.name === "COUNT") &&
+            argument.kind === "column" &&
+            argument.vector.kind === "datetime"
+            ? { source: argument.source, vector: argument.vector }
+            : undefined;
+        const rawNumber = argument.kind === "column" && argument.vector.kind === "number"
+            ? { source: argument.source, vector: argument.vector }
+            : undefined;
+        aggregateSpecs.push({
+            name: expression.name,
+            argument,
+            // The signature this slot was keyed by is the JSON of the compiled call, which carries the
+            // flag — so COUNT(x) and COUNT(DISTINCT x) in one select land in separate slots.
+            ...(expression.distinct === true ? { distinct: true } : {}),
+            ...(rawDatetime === undefined ? {} : { rawDatetime }),
+            ...(rawNumber === undefined ? {} : { rawNumber }),
+        });
+    }
+    return {
+        kind: "call",
+        name: expression.name,
+        arguments: arguments_,
+        aggregateIndex,
+        signature,
+    };
+}
+function boundChildren(expression) {
+    if (expression.kind === "binary" || expression.kind === "condition") {
+        return [expression.left, expression.right];
+    }
+    if (expression.kind === "logical")
+        return [expression.left, expression.right];
+    if (expression.kind === "not")
+        return [expression.operand];
+    if (expression.kind === "call")
+        return [...expression.arguments];
+    if (expression.kind === "list")
+        return [...expression.items];
+    if (expression.kind === "case") {
+        return [
+            ...expression.branches.flatMap((branch) => [branch.when, branch.then]),
+            ...(expression.otherwise === undefined ? [] : [expression.otherwise]),
+        ];
+    }
+    if (expression.kind === "fts")
+        return [...expression.columns];
+    return [];
+}
+/**
+ * Rebuilds one string column's per-dictionary term table when the resident dictionary changes
+ * (streamed vectors swap dictionaries per window). Each dictionary entry tokenizes exactly once;
+ * rows then combine per-code masks. The table is real retained memory — one Uint32 per
+ * dictionary entry — so it reserves against the query budget, releasing the previous window's
+ * reservation on swap.
+ */
+function ensureFtsDictionaryCache(expression, columnIndex, vector, scoring) {
+    let cache = expression.caches[columnIndex];
+    if (cache === null || cache === undefined) {
+        cache = { dictionary: undefined, termMask: new Uint32Array(0) };
+        expression.caches[columnIndex] = cache;
+    }
+    // A cache built for matching upgrades in place when scoring first needs the same
+    // dictionary's token counts and frequencies (twin MATCH/BM25 nodes share cache arrays).
+    // Scoring demand is sticky: once a scored read upgrades, later window rebuilds tokenize
+    // once and build both tables instead of a mask-only pass plus an immediate upgrade.
+    if (cache.dictionary !== vector.dictionary || (scoring && cache.termTf === undefined)) {
+        const withScores = scoring || cache.scoring === true;
+        const termCount = expression.terms.length;
+        // Match tables cost one Uint32 per entry; scoring adds a token count and per-term
+        // frequencies, all part of the modeled query memory.
+        const bytesPerEntry = 4 * (withScores ? termCount + 2 : 1);
+        cache.reservation?.release();
+        delete cache.reservation;
+        const reservation = expression.memory?.reserve(vector.dictionary.length * bytesPerEntry, "Full-text dictionary match table");
+        if (reservation !== undefined)
+            cache.reservation = reservation;
+        const masks = new Uint32Array(vector.dictionary.length);
+        const tokenCount = withScores ? new Uint32Array(vector.dictionary.length) : undefined;
+        const termTf = withScores ? new Uint32Array(vector.dictionary.length * termCount) : undefined;
+        for (let code = 0; code < vector.dictionary.length; code += 1) {
+            const tokens = tokenize(vector.dictionary[code] ?? "");
+            masks[code] = termsMask(tokens, expression.terms);
+            if (tokenCount !== undefined)
+                tokenCount[code] = tokens.length;
+            if (termTf !== undefined) {
+                const frequencies = termFrequencies(tokens, expression.terms);
+                for (let index = 0; index < termCount; index += 1) {
+                    termTf[code * termCount + index] = frequencies[index] ?? 0;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        cache.dictionary = vector.dictionary;
+        cache.termMask = masks;
+        // A mask-only rebuild must not leave a previous dictionary's scoring tables behind: the
+        // next scored read checks `termTf === undefined` to decide whether to upgrade.
+        if (tokenCount !== undefined)
+            cache.tokenCount = tokenCount;
+        else
+            delete cache.tokenCount;
+        if (termTf !== undefined)
+            cache.termTf = termTf;
+        else
+            delete cache.termTf;
+        cache.scoring = withScores;
+    }
+    return cache;
+}
+/**
+ * Resolves one column's row index for the three evaluation shapes without a per-row closure:
+ * batch evaluation carries per-source row arrays, join-loop evaluation one row index per
+ * source, and the statistics pass addresses vectors by absolute row.
+ */
+function ftsRowIndex(column, batch, rowsBySource, row) {
+    if (batch !== null)
+        return batch.rowsBySource[column.source]?.[row] ?? -1;
+    if (rowsBySource !== null)
+        return rowsBySource[column.source] ?? -1;
+    return row;
+}
+/**
+ * One row's document accumulated over the bound columns — the single owner of the per-column
+ * rule (dictionary tables for strings, render-and-tokenize for numbers and datetimes) shared
+ * by matching, scoring, and the statistics pass, so the three can never drift. Writes into the
+ * node's reusable scratch (zero allocations per row for string columns) and returns it.
+ * `wantScores` additionally gathers token length and per-term frequencies, and only bm25
+ * nodes carry the dictionary tables for those; match-only accumulation may stop early once
+ * every term is covered.
+ */
+function accumulateFtsRow(expression, batch, rowsBySource, row, wantScores) {
+    const terms = expression.terms;
+    const into = (expression.scratchRow ??= {
+        present: false,
+        mask: 0,
+        length: 0,
+        frequencies: new Array(terms.length).fill(0),
+    });
+    const fullMask = fullTermsMask(terms.length);
+    into.present = false;
+    into.mask = 0;
+    into.length = 0;
+    if (wantScores)
+        into.frequencies.fill(0);
+    for (let index = 0; index < expression.columns.length; index += 1) {
+        const column = expression.columns[index];
+        if (column === undefined)
+            continue;
+        const rowIndex = ftsRowIndex(column, batch, rowsBySource, row);
+        if (column.vector.kind === "string") {
+            const code = stringCodeAt(column.vector, rowIndex);
+            if (code === undefined)
+                continue;
+            into.present = true;
+            if (terms.length === 0 && !wantScores)
+                continue;
+            const cache = ensureFtsDictionaryCache(expression, index, column.vector, wantScores);
+            into.mask |= cache.termMask[code] ?? 0;
+            if (wantScores) {
+                into.length += cache.tokenCount?.[code] ?? 0;
+                const termTf = cache.termTf;
+                if (termTf !== undefined) {
+                    for (let term = 0; term < terms.length; term += 1) {
+                        into.frequencies[term] =
+                            (into.frequencies[term] ?? 0) + (termTf[code * terms.length + term] ?? 0);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            const rendered = renderDocumentValue(vectorValue(column.vector, rowIndex));
+            if (rendered === undefined)
+                continue;
+            into.present = true;
+            if (terms.length === 0 && !wantScores)
+                continue;
+            const tokens = tokenize(rendered);
+            if (wantScores) {
+                into.length += tokens.length;
+                const partial = termFrequencies(tokens, terms);
+                for (let term = 0; term < terms.length; term += 1) {
+                    const tf = partial[term] ?? 0;
+                    into.frequencies[term] = (into.frequencies[term] ?? 0) + tf;
+                    if (tf > 0)
+                        into.mask |= 1 << term;
+                }
+            }
+            else {
+                into.mask |= termsMask(tokens, terms);
+            }
+        }
+        if (!wantScores && terms.length > 0 && (into.mask & fullMask) === fullMask)
+            return into;
+    }
+    return into;
+}
+/**
+ * One whole-scan pass computing BM25 corpus statistics for a bound scoring node, feeding the
+ * shared accumulator so its definition (every row is a document; all-null rows have length 0)
+ * stays identical across producers. Requires a fully materialized scan; streamed scoring plans
+ * carry index-served statistics instead.
+ */
+function computeBoundFtsStats(expression) {
+    for (const column of expression.columns) {
+        if (column.vector.window !== undefined) {
+            throw new TypeError("BM25 requires a materialized scan");
+        }
+    }
+    const rowCount = expression.columns[0]?.vector.length ?? 0;
+    const accumulator = new FtsStatsAccumulator(expression.terms);
+    for (let row = 0; row < rowCount; row += 1) {
+        const document = accumulateFtsRow(expression, null, null, row, true);
+        accumulator.addDocumentCounts(document.mask, document.length);
+    }
+    const stats = accumulator.stats;
+    expression.stats = stats;
+    return stats;
+}
+/** Document-level BM25 score for one row; null when every column is null. */
+function ftsBm25BatchValue(expression, batch, rowsBySource, row) {
+    const stats = expression.stats ?? computeBoundFtsStats(expression);
+    const document = accumulateFtsRow(expression, batch, rowsBySource, row, true);
+    if (!document.present)
+        return null;
+    return bm25DocumentScore(document.frequencies, document.length, stats);
+}
+/** Document-level MATCH over the bound columns of one row; null when every column is null. */
+function ftsBatchTruth(expression, batch, rowsBySource, row) {
+    const document = accumulateFtsRow(expression, batch, rowsBySource, row, false);
+    if (!document.present)
+        return null;
+    const fullMask = fullTermsMask(expression.terms.length);
+    return expression.terms.length > 0 && (document.mask & fullMask) === fullMask;
+}
+function expressionSources(expression) {
+    if (expression.kind === "column")
+        return new Set([expression.source]);
+    return new Set(boundChildren(expression).flatMap((child) => [...expressionSources(child)]));
+}
+function createBoundJoin(kind, buildSource, probe, build, table, memory) {
+    return {
+        kind,
+        buildSource,
+        probe,
+        build,
+        lookup: createJoinLookup(table, build, buildSource, memory),
+    };
+}
+function createJoinLookup(table, expression, source, memory) {
+    if (expression.kind === "column" &&
+        expression.source === source &&
+        expression.column === table.uniqueKey) {
+        const vector = table.columns.get(expression.column);
+        const direct = vector === undefined ? undefined : createDirectLookup(vector, memory);
+        if (direct !== undefined)
+            return direct;
+    }
+    const index = new ByteJoinIndex(memory, table.rowCount);
+    const buildScratch = memory.reserve(safeMemoryProduct(source + 1, Int32Array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT, "Hash join bind scratch"), `Hash join ${table.name} bind scratch`);
+    try {
+        const rowBySource = new Int32Array(source + 1);
+        rowBySource.fill(-1);
+        for (let rowIndex = 0; rowIndex < table.rowCount; rowIndex += 1) {
+            rowBySource[source] = rowIndex;
+            index.add(evaluateExpression(expression, rowBySource), rowIndex);
+        }
+    }
+    finally {
+        buildScratch.release();
+    }
+    return {
+        get unique() {
+            return index.unique;
+        },
+        firstRow: (key) => index.firstRow(key),
+        nextRow: (row) => index.nextRow(row),
+    };
+}
+function createDirectLookup(vector, memory) {
+    if (vector.kind !== "number")
+        return undefined;
+    let minimum = Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY;
+    let maximum = Number.NEGATIVE_INFINITY;
+    for (let index = 0; index < vector.length; index += 1) {
+        if (!isValid(vector.validity, index))
+            continue;
+        const value = vector.values[index] ?? 0;
+        if (!Number.isSafeInteger(value))
+            return undefined;
+        minimum = Math.min(minimum, value);
+        maximum = Math.max(maximum, value);
+    }
+    if (!Number.isFinite(minimum)) {
+        return { unique: true, firstRow: () => -1, nextRow: () => -1 };
+    }
+    const range = maximum - minimum + 1;
+    if (range > Math.max(1_024, vector.length * 4) || range > 10_000_000)
+        return undefined;
+    const reservation = memory.reserve(safeMemoryProduct(range, Int32Array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT, "Direct join lookup"), "Direct join lookup");
+    const rowByKey = new Int32Array(range);
+    rowByKey.fill(-1);
+    for (let index = 0; index < vector.length; index += 1) {
+        if (!isValid(vector.validity, index))
+            continue;
+        const slot = (vector.values[index] ?? 0) - minimum;
+        if ((rowByKey[slot] ?? -1) !== -1) {
+            reservation.release();
+            return undefined;
+        }
+        rowByKey[slot] = index;
+    }
+    return {
+        unique: true,
+        firstRow(key) {
+            if (typeof key !== "number" || !Number.isSafeInteger(key))
+                return -1;
+            const slot = key - minimum;
+            return slot < 0 || slot >= rowByKey.length ? -1 : (rowByKey[slot] ?? -1);
+        },
+        nextRow: () => -1,
+    };
+}
+function runScanBatch(plan, start, length, groups, output, memory) {
+    const batchMemory = memory.createChild();
+    try {
+        batchMemory.reserve(safeMemoryProduct(safeMemoryProduct(plan.sourceTables.length, length, "Scan batch row-index count"), Int32Array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT, "Scan batch row indexes"), "Scan batch row indexes");
+        const sourceRows = plan.sourceTables.map(() => new Int32Array(length).fill(-1));
+        const scan = sourceRows[plan.scanSource];
+        if (scan === undefined)
+            return false;
+        for (let index = 0; index < length; index += 1)
+            scan[index] = start + index;
+        const batch = { length, rowsBySource: sourceRows, memory: batchMemory };
+        return consumeJoinedBatches(plan, batch, 0, groups, output, memory);
+    }
+    finally {
+        batchMemory.close();
+    }
+}
+function executeBoundPlan(plan, memory) {
+    const metadataCount = executeMetadataCount(plan, memory);
+    if (metadataCount !== undefined)
+        return metadataCount;
+    const groups = new GroupAccumulator(plan, memory);
+    const output = new ResultSink(plan, memory, true);
+    const scanRows = plan.sourceTables[plan.scanSource]?.rowCount ?? 0;
+    const narrowed = ascendingScanRange(plan, 0, scanRows);
+    const ranges = narrowed?.ranges ?? [
+        { begin: narrowed?.begin ?? 0, end: narrowed?.end ?? scanRows },
+    ];
+    scan: for (const range of ranges) {
+        for (let start = range.begin; start < range.end; start += DEFAULT_BATCH_ROWS) {
+            const length = Math.min(DEFAULT_BATCH_ROWS, range.end - start);
+            if (runScanBatch(plan, start, length, groups, output, memory))
+                break scan;
+        }
+    }
+    const rows = plan.grouped ? finishGroups(plan, groups.values(), memory) : output.finish();
+    return finishResult(plan, rows, memory);
+}
+async function executeBoundPlanAsync(plan, memory, options) {
+    const metadataCount = executeMetadataCount(plan, memory);
+    if (metadataCount !== undefined)
+        return metadataCount;
+    const groups = new GroupAccumulator(plan, memory);
+    const output = new ResultSink(plan, memory, options.loadScanWindow === undefined);
+    const scanRows = plan.sourceTables[plan.scanSource]?.rowCount ?? 0;
+    for (let start = 0; start < scanRows;) {
+        let length = Math.min(DEFAULT_BATCH_ROWS, scanRows - start);
+        // The loader answers synchronously when the batch is already resident — the common case,
+        // every batch but the first per block — so the scan loop only pays await on real slides.
+        const loaded = options.loadScanWindow?.(start, length);
+        const residentEnd = typeof loaded === "number" || loaded === undefined ? loaded : await loaded;
+        if (typeof residentEnd === "number" && residentEnd > start) {
+            length = Math.min(length, residentEnd - start);
+        }
+        // Narrowing runs against the resident window, so a streamed scan skips the batches this
+        // window cannot answer instead of stepping through them. `windowEnd` is where the loader
+        // stopped, which is the block boundary — exactly the span the ordering check covers.
+        const windowEnd = typeof residentEnd === "number" && residentEnd > start ? residentEnd : start + length;
+        const narrowed = ascendingScanRange(plan, start, windowEnd);
+        if (narrowed === undefined) {
+            if (runScanBatch(plan, start, length, groups, output, memory))
+                break;
+            start += length;
+            continue;
+        }
+        // The window is consumed to its end before the loader is asked for anything else: loaders
+        // are forward-only, so re-entering with a start part-way into a resident window would ask
+        // one to serve ground it has already passed.
+        let stopped = false;
+        const ranges = narrowed.ranges ?? [{ begin: narrowed.begin, end: narrowed.end }];
+        for (const range of ranges) {
+            for (let row = range.begin; row < range.end; row += DEFAULT_BATCH_ROWS) {
+                const rows = Math.min(DEFAULT_BATCH_ROWS, range.end - row);
+                if (runScanBatch(plan, row, rows, groups, output, memory)) {
+                    stopped = true;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            if (stopped)
+                break;
+        }
+        if (stopped)
+            break;
+        start = windowEnd;
+    }
+    const rows = plan.grouped ? finishGroups(plan, groups.values(), memory) : output.finish();
+    return finishResult(plan, rows, memory);
+}
+function createSpillOwnerId() {
+    return `query-${globalThis.crypto.randomUUID()}`;
+}
+async function executeBoundPlanWithSortSpill(plan, memory, options) {
+    const store = required(options.spillStore, "Query spill store is missing");
+    const pageRows = options.spillPageRows ?? DEFAULT_BATCH_ROWS;
+    if (!Number.isSafeInteger(pageRows) || pageRows <= 0) {
+        throw new RangeError("Query spill page rows must be a positive whole number");
+    }
+    const columns = plan.wildcard ? wildcardColumnNames(plan) : plan.select.map((item) => item.alias);
+    const ownerId = createSpillOwnerId();
+    const runs = [];
+    let runSequence = 0;
+    try {
+        const scanRows = plan.sourceTables[plan.scanSource]?.rowCount ?? 0;
+        const scanBatchRows = Math.min(DEFAULT_BATCH_ROWS, pageRows);
+        for (let start = 0; start < scanRows;) {
+            let length = Math.min(scanBatchRows, scanRows - start);
+            const loadedSort = options.loadScanWindow?.(start, length);
+            const residentEnd = typeof loadedSort === "number" || loadedSort === undefined ? loadedSort : await loadedSort;
+            if (typeof residentEnd === "number" && residentEnd > start) {
+                length = Math.min(length, residentEnd - start);
+            }
+            const batchMemory = memory.createChild();
+            try {
+                batchMemory.reserve(safeMemoryProduct(safeMemoryProduct(plan.sourceTables.length, length, "Scan batch row-index count"), Int32Array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT, "Scan batch row indexes"), "Scan batch row indexes");
+                const sourceRows = plan.sourceTables.map(() => new Int32Array(length).fill(-1));
+                const scan = sourceRows[plan.scanSource];
+                if (scan === undefined) {
+                    start += length;
+                    continue;
+                }
+                for (let index = 0; index < length; index += 1)
+                    scan[index] = start + index;
+                await spillJoinedBatches(plan, { length, rowsBySource: sourceRows, memory: batchMemory }, 0, memory, async (batch) => {
+                    const outputMemory = memory.createChild();
+                    try {
+                        const rows = [];
+                        projectFilteredBatch(plan, batch, rows, outputMemory);
+                        if (rows.length === 0)
+                            return;
+                        const ordering = outputMemory.reserve(safeMemoryProduct(rows.length, Uint32Array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT * 2 + Uint8Array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT, "Spill ordering typed scratch"), "Spill ordering typed scratch");
+                        try {
+                            stableSortRows(rows, plan.orderBy);
+                        }
+                        finally {
+                            ordering.release();
+                        }
+                        const runId = `run-${String(runSequence++)}`;
+                        await store.putPage(ownerId, runId, 0, encodeSpillRows(columns, rows));
+                        runs.push({ id: runId, pageCount: 1 });
+                    }
+                    finally {
+                        outputMemory.close();
+                    }
+                });
+            }
+            finally {
+                batchMemory.close();
+            }
+            start += length;
+        }
+        if (runs.length === 0)
+            return { columns, rows: [] };
+        let active = runs;
+        while (active.length > 1) {
+            const merged = [];
+            for (let index = 0; index < active.length; index += 2) {
+                const left = required(active[index], "Left spill run is missing");
+                const right = active[index + 1];
+                if (right === undefined) {
+                    merged.push(left);
+                    continue;
+                }
+                const outputId = `merge-${String(runSequence++)}`;
+                merged.push(await mergeSpillRuns(store, ownerId, left, right, outputId, columns, plan.orderBy, pageRows, memory));
+                await store.removeRun(ownerId, left.id);
+                await store.removeRun(ownerId, right.id);
+            }
+            active = merged;
+        }
+        const finalRun = required(active[0], "Final spill run is missing");
+        const rows = [];
+        const offset = plan.offset ?? 0;
+        const limit = plan.limit === undefined ? Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER : plan.limit + offset;
+        for (let pageIndex = 0; pageIndex < finalRun.pageCount && rows.length < limit; pageIndex += 1) {
+            const bytes = await store.getPage(ownerId, finalRun.id, pageIndex);
+            if (bytes === undefined)
+                throw new Error("Query spill page is missing");
+            for (const row of decodeSpillRows(columns, bytes)) {
+                if (rows.length === limit)
+                    break;
+                rows.push(row);
+            }
+        }
+        if (offset > 0)
+            rows.splice(0, Math.min(offset, rows.length));
+        return { columns, rows };
+    }
+    finally {
+        await store.removeOwner(ownerId);
+    }
+}
+async function executeBoundPlanWithHashSpill(plan, memory, options) {
+    const store = required(options.spillStore, "Query spill store is missing");
+    const pageRows = options.spillPageRows ?? DEFAULT_BATCH_ROWS;
+    if (!Number.isSafeInteger(pageRows) || pageRows <= 0) {
+        throw new RangeError("Query spill page rows must be a positive whole number");
+    }
+    const partitionCount = 64;
+    const columns = plan.select.map((item) => item.alias);
+    const groupColumnNames = plan.groupBy.map((_, index) => `g${String(index)}`);
+    const aggregateColumnNames = plan.aggregates.map((_, index) => `a${String(index)}`);
+    const spillColumns = [...groupColumnNames, ...aggregateColumnNames];
+    const ownerId = createSpillOwnerId();
+    const partitionPages = new Uint32Array(partitionCount);
+    let runSequence = 0;
+    try {
+        const scanRows = plan.sourceTables[plan.scanSource]?.rowCount ?? 0;
+        // A fixed chunk bounds buffered evaluated values per flush independently of the configured
+        // page size while staying coarse enough to amortize partition-page write transactions.
+        const scanChunkRows = Math.min(DEFAULT_BATCH_ROWS, HASH_SPILL_SCAN_CHUNK_ROWS);
+        for (let start = 0; start < scanRows;) {
+            let length = Math.min(scanChunkRows, scanRows - start);
+            const loadedHash = options.loadScanWindow?.(start, length);
+            const residentEnd = typeof loadedHash === "number" || loadedHash === undefined ? loadedHash : await loadedHash;
+            if (typeof residentEnd === "number" && residentEnd > start) {
+                length = Math.min(length, residentEnd - start);
+            }
+            const batchMemory = memory.createChild();
+            try {
+                batchMemory.reserve(safeMemoryProduct(safeMemoryProduct(plan.sourceTables.length, length, "Scan batch row-index count"), Int32Array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT, "Scan batch row indexes"), "Scan batch row indexes");
+                const scanRowsBySource = plan.sourceTables.map(() => new Int32Array(length).fill(-1));
+                const scan = scanRowsBySource[plan.scanSource];
+                if (scan === undefined) {
+                    start += length;
+                    continue;
+                }
+                for (let index = 0; index < length; index += 1)
+                    scan[index] = start + index;
+                const partitionBuffers = new Map();
+                await spillJoinedBatches(plan, { length, rowsBySource: scanRowsBySource, memory: batchMemory }, 0, memory, 
+                // Each surviving row spills its evaluated group keys and aggregate arguments, so the
+                // partition phase never re-reads source vectors and the scan source may be windowed.
+                async (batch) => {
+                    for (let row = 0; row < batch.length; row += 1) {
+                        if (!plan.predicates.every((predicate) => evaluateBatchPredicate(plan, predicate, batch, row))) {
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                        const groupValues = plan.groupBy.map((expression) => asQueryValue(evaluateBatchExpression(plan, expression, batch, row)));
+                        const spillRow = {};
+                        for (let index = 0; index < groupValues.length; index += 1) {
+                            spillRow[`g${String(index)}`] = groupValues[index] ?? null;
+                        }
+                        for (let index = 0; index < plan.aggregates.length; index += 1) {
+                            const spec = required(plan.aggregates[index], "Aggregate specification is missing");
+                            const raw = spec.argument.kind === "wildcard"
+                                ? 1
+                                : evaluateBatchExpression(plan, spec.argument, batch, row);
+                            spillRow[`a${String(index)}`] =
+                                raw === null || raw === undefined ? null : asQueryValue(raw);
+                        }
+                        batchMemory.tally(queryRowPayloadBytes(spillRow), "Hash spill value row");
+                        const partition = hashQueryValues(groupValues) & (partitionCount - 1);
+                        const rows = partitionBuffers.get(partition) ?? [];
+                        rows.push(spillRow);
+                        partitionBuffers.set(partition, rows);
+                    }
+                });
+                for (const [partition, rows] of partitionBuffers) {
+                    const pageIndex = partitionPages[partition] ?? 0;
+                    await store.putPage(ownerId, `partition-${String(partition)}`, pageIndex, encodeSpillRows(spillColumns, rows));
+                    partitionPages[partition] = pageIndex + 1;
+                }
+            }
+            finally {
+                batchMemory.close();
+            }
+            start += length;
+        }
+        const runs = [];
+        for (let partition = 0; partition < partitionCount; partition += 1) {
+            const sourcePageCount = partitionPages[partition] ?? 0;
+            if (sourcePageCount === 0)
+                continue;
+            const partitionMemory = memory.createChild();
+            try {
+                const groups = new ByteGroupIndex(partitionMemory);
+                for (let pageIndex = 0; pageIndex < sourcePageCount; pageIndex += 1) {
+                    const bytes = await store.getPage(ownerId, `partition-${String(partition)}`, pageIndex);
+                    if (bytes === undefined)
+                        throw new Error("Query hash spill page is missing");
+                    const pageMemory = partitionMemory.createChild();
+                    try {
+                        pageMemory.reserve(spillRowsModeledBytes(bytes), "Hash spill value rows");
+                        for (const spillRow of decodeSpillRows(spillColumns, bytes)) {
+                            const groupValues = groupColumnNames.map((name) => spillRow[name] ?? null);
+                            const state = groupValues.length === 1
+                                ? groups.getOrInsertOne(groupKey(groupValues[0] ?? null), () => createGroupState([groupValues[0] ?? null], plan, partitionMemory))
+                                : groups.getOrInsert(groupValues.map(groupKey), () => createGroupState(groupValues, plan, partitionMemory));
+                            updateAggregatesFromValues(plan, state, aggregateColumnNames.map((name) => spillRow[name] ?? null), partitionMemory);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    finally {
+                        pageMemory.close();
+                    }
+                }
+                const rows = finishGroups(plan, groups.values(), partitionMemory);
+                if (plan.orderBy.length > 0) {
+                    const ordering = partitionMemory.reserve(safeMemoryProduct(rows.length, Uint32Array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT * 2 + Uint8Array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT, "Hash spill ordering typed scratch"), "Hash spill ordering typed scratch");
+                    try {
+                        stableSortRows(rows, plan.orderBy);
+                    }
+                    finally {
+                        ordering.release();
+                    }
+                }
+                const runId = `group-${String(runSequence++)}`;
+                let outputPage = 0;
+                for (let start = 0; start < rows.length; start += pageRows) {
+                    await store.putPage(ownerId, runId, outputPage, encodeSpillRows(columns, rows.slice(start, start + pageRows)));
+                    outputPage += 1;
+                }
+                runs.push({ id: runId, pageCount: outputPage });
+            }
+            finally {
+                partitionMemory.close();
+                await store.removeRun(ownerId, `partition-${String(partition)}`);
+            }
+        }
+        if (runs.length === 0)
+            return { columns, rows: [] };
+        const finalRun = await mergeAllSpillRuns(store, ownerId, runs, columns, plan.orderBy, pageRows, () => `merge-${String(runSequence++)}`, memory);
+        const spillOffset = plan.offset ?? 0;
+        const result = await readFinalSpillRun(store, ownerId, finalRun, columns, plan.limit === undefined ? undefined : plan.limit + spillOffset);
+        if (spillOffset > 0)
+            result.rows.splice(0, Math.min(spillOffset, result.rows.length));
+        return result;
+    }
+    finally {
+        await store.removeOwner(ownerId);
+    }
+}
+async function mergeAllSpillRuns(store, ownerId, runs, columns, orderBy, pageRows, nextRunId, memory) {
+    let active = [...runs];
+    while (active.length > 1) {
+        const merged = [];
+        for (let index = 0; index < active.length; index += 2) {
+            const left = required(active[index], "Left spill run is missing");
+            const right = active[index + 1];
+            if (right === undefined) {
+                merged.push(left);
+                continue;
+            }
+            const outputId = nextRunId();
+            merged.push(await mergeSpillRuns(store, ownerId, left, right, outputId, columns, orderBy, pageRows, memory));
+            await store.removeRun(ownerId, left.id);
+            await store.removeRun(ownerId, right.id);
+        }
+        active = merged;
+    }
+    return required(active[0], "Final spill run is missing");
+}
+async function readFinalSpillRun(store, ownerId, run, columns, requestedLimit) {
+    const rows = [];
+    const limit = requestedLimit ?? Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER;
+    for (let pageIndex = 0; pageIndex < run.pageCount && rows.length < limit; pageIndex += 1) {
+        const bytes = await store.getPage(ownerId, run.id, pageIndex);
+        if (bytes === undefined) {
+            throw new Error(`Query spill page is missing: ${run.id}/${String(pageIndex)}`);
+        }
+        for (const row of decodeSpillRows(columns, bytes)) {
+            if (rows.length === limit)
+                break;
+            rows.push(row);
+        }
+    }
+    return { columns: [...columns], rows };
+}
+const hashScratch = new DataView(new ArrayBuffer(8));
+/**
+ * Allocation-free FNV-1a over tagged canonical group-key bytes. Only per-execution partition
+ * routing depends on this hash, so it never needs cross-version stability; -0 keeps its sign bit
+ * and hashes apart from 0, matching the group index's key distinction.
+ */
+function hashQueryValues(values) {
+    let hash = 0x811c9dc5;
+    for (const rawValue of values) {
+        const value = groupKey(rawValue);
+        if (value === null) {
+            hash = Math.imul(hash ^ 0x01, 0x01000193) >>> 0;
+        }
+        else if (typeof value === "boolean") {
+            hash = Math.imul(hash ^ (value ? 0x03 : 0x02), 0x01000193) >>> 0;
+        }
+        else if (typeof value === "number") {
+            hash = Math.imul(hash ^ 0x04, 0x01000193) >>> 0;
+            hashScratch.setFloat64(0, value, true);
+            for (let byte = 0; byte < 8; byte += 1) {
+                hash = Math.imul(hash ^ hashScratch.getUint8(byte), 0x01000193) >>> 0;
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            hash = Math.imul(hash ^ 0x05, 0x01000193) >>> 0;
+            for (let index = 0; index < value.length; index += 1) {
+                const code = value.charCodeAt(index);
+                hash = Math.imul(hash ^ (code & 0xff), 0x01000193) >>> 0;
+                hash = Math.imul(hash ^ (code >>> 8), 0x01000193) >>> 0;
+            }
+        }
+        hash = Math.imul(hash ^ 0xff, 0x01000193) >>> 0;
+    }
+    return hash;
+}
+async function spillJoinedBatches(plan, batch, joinIndex, memory, consume) {
+    const join = plan.joins[joinIndex];
+    if (join === undefined) {
+        await consume(batch);
+        return;
+    }
+    for (const joined of joinBatches(plan, batch, join, memory)) {
+        try {
+            await spillJoinedBatches(plan, joined, joinIndex + 1, memory, consume);
+        }
+        finally {
+            joined.memory?.close();
+        }
+    }
+}
+function projectFilteredBatch(plan, batch, output, memory) {
+    for (let row = 0; row < batch.length; row += 1) {
+        if (!passesPredicates(plan, batch, row))
+            continue;
+        const resultRow = projectBatchRow(plan, batch, row);
+        memory.tally(queryRowPayloadBytes(resultRow), "Spill result row");
+        output.push(resultRow);
+    }
+}
+/**
+ * Applies a plan's WHERE predicates to one row. This runs once per scanned row, so it iterates
+ * directly rather than through `every`, which allocates a capturing closure per call.
+ */
+function passesPredicates(plan, batch, row) {
+    for (const predicate of plan.predicates) {
+        if (!evaluateBatchPredicate(plan, predicate, batch, row))
+            return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+async function mergeSpillRuns(store, ownerId, left, right, outputId, columns, orderBy, pageRows, memory) {
+    const mergeMemory = memory.createChild();
+    const leftReader = createSpillRunReader(store, ownerId, left, columns, mergeMemory);
+    const rightReader = createSpillRunReader(store, ownerId, right, columns, mergeMemory);
+    let outputPage = [];
+    let outputMemory = mergeMemory.createChild();
+    let pageIndex = 0;
+    const flush = async () => {
+        if (outputPage.length === 0)
+            return;
+        await store.putPage(ownerId, outputId, pageIndex, encodeSpillRows(columns, outputPage));
+        outputPage = [];
+        outputMemory.close();
+        outputMemory = mergeMemory.createChild();
+        pageIndex += 1;
+    };
+    try {
+        let leftRow = await leftReader.next();
+        let rightRow = await rightReader.next();
+        while (leftRow !== undefined || rightRow !== undefined) {
+            if (rightRow === undefined ||
+                (leftRow !== undefined && compareOrderedRows(leftRow, rightRow, orderBy) <= 0)) {
+                const row = required(leftRow, "Left spill row is missing");
+                outputMemory.tally(queryRowPayloadBytes(row), "Spill merge output row");
+                outputPage.push(row);
+                leftRow = await leftReader.next();
+            }
+            else {
+                outputMemory.tally(queryRowPayloadBytes(rightRow), "Spill merge output row");
+                outputPage.push(rightRow);
+                rightRow = await rightReader.next();
+            }
+            if (outputPage.length === pageRows)
+                await flush();
+        }
+        await flush();
+        return { id: outputId, pageCount: pageIndex };
+    }
+    finally {
+        outputMemory.close();
+        leftReader.close();
+        rightReader.close();
+        mergeMemory.close();
+    }
+}
+function createSpillRunReader(store, ownerId, run, columns, memory) {
+    let pageIndex = 0;
+    let rows = [];
+    let rowIndex = 0;
+    let pageReservation;
+    return {
+        async next() {
+            while (rowIndex >= rows.length) {
+                if (pageIndex >= run.pageCount)
+                    return undefined;
+                const bytes = await store.getPage(ownerId, run.id, pageIndex);
+                if (bytes === undefined)
+                    throw new Error("Query spill page is missing");
+                pageReservation?.release();
+                pageReservation = memory.reserve(spillRowsModeledBytes(bytes), "Spill input page");
+                rows = decodeSpillRows(columns, bytes);
+                rowIndex = 0;
+                pageIndex += 1;
+            }
+            const row = rows[rowIndex];
+            rowIndex += 1;
+            return row;
+        },
+        close() {
+            pageReservation?.release();
+            pageReservation = undefined;
+            rows = [];
+        },
+    };
+}
+function compareOrderedRows(left, right, orderBy) {
+    for (const order of orderBy) {
+        const placed = explicitNullOrder(left[order.outputName], right[order.outputName], order.nulls);
+        if (placed !== undefined && placed !== 0)
+            return placed;
+        const comparison = compareValues(left[order.outputName], right[order.outputName]);
+        if (comparison !== 0)
+            return order.direction === "desc" ? -comparison : comparison;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+function encodeSpillRows(columns, rows) {
+    const encoded = rows.map((row) => columns.map((column) => encodeSpillValue(row[column] ?? null)));
+    const payload = vectorTextEncoder.encode(JSON.stringify(encoded));
+    const modeledBytes = rows.reduce((total, row) => safeMemorySum(total, queryRowPayloadBytes(row), "Spill page rows"), 0);
+    if (modeledBytes > 0xffffffff)
+        throw new RangeError("Spill page modeled bytes exceed uint32");
+    const bytes = new Uint8Array(SPILL_PAGE_HEADER_BYTES + payload.byteLength);
+    const header = new DataView(bytes.buffer);
+    header.setUint32(0, SPILL_PAGE_MAGIC, true);
+    header.setUint32(4, modeledBytes, true);
+    bytes.set(payload, SPILL_PAGE_HEADER_BYTES);
+    return bytes;
+}
+function decodeSpillRows(columns, bytes) {
+    spillRowsModeledBytes(bytes);
+    const value = JSON.parse(new TextDecoder().decode(bytes.subarray(SPILL_PAGE_HEADER_BYTES)));
+    if (!Array.isArray(value))
+        throw new Error("Query spill page is invalid");
+    return value.map((encodedRow) => {
+        if (!Array.isArray(encodedRow) || encodedRow.length !== columns.length) {
+            throw new Error("Query spill row is invalid");
+        }
+        return Object.fromEntries(columns.map((column, index) => [column, decodeSpillValue(encodedRow[index])]));
+    });
+}
+function spillRowsModeledBytes(bytes) {
+    if (bytes.byteLength < SPILL_PAGE_HEADER_BYTES)
+        throw new Error("Query spill page is invalid");
+    const header = new DataView(bytes.buffer, bytes.byteOffset, SPILL_PAGE_HEADER_BYTES);
+    if (header.getUint32(0, true) !== SPILL_PAGE_MAGIC) {
+        throw new Error("Query spill page header is invalid");
+    }
+    return header.getUint32(4, true);
+}
+function encodeSpillValue(value) {
+    if (value === null)
+        return [0];
+    if (typeof value === "boolean")
+        return [1, value];
+    if (typeof value === "number")
+        return [2, Object.is(value, -0) ? "-0" : String(value)];
+    if (typeof value === "string")
+        return [3, value];
+    return [4, value.getTime()];
+}
+function decodeSpillValue(value) {
+    if (!Array.isArray(value))
+        throw new Error("Query spill value is invalid");
+    const tag = value[0];
+    if (tag === 0)
+        return null;
+    if (tag === 1 && typeof value[1] === "boolean")
+        return value[1];
+    if (tag === 2 && typeof value[1] === "string")
+        return Number(value[1]);
+    if (tag === 3 && typeof value[1] === "string")
+        return value[1];
+    if (tag === 4 && typeof value[1] === "number")
+        return new Date(value[1]);
+    throw new Error("Query spill value is invalid");
+}
+function executeMetadataCount(plan, memory) {
+    if (!plan.grouped ||
+        plan.groupBy.length > 0 ||
+        plan.joins.length > 0 ||
+        plan.predicates.length > 0 ||
+        plan.having.length > 0 ||
+        plan.aggregates.length === 0 ||
+        plan.aggregates.some((aggregate) => aggregate.name !== "COUNT" || aggregate.argument.kind !== "wildcard")) {
+        return undefined;
+    }
+    const state = createGroupState([], plan, memory);
+    const rowCount = plan.sourceTables[plan.scanSource]?.rowCount ?? 0;
+    state.counts.fill(rowCount);
+    return finishResult(plan, finishGroups(plan, [state], memory), memory);
+}
+function finishResult(plan, inputRows, memory) {
+    const rows = inputRows;
+    if (plan.orderBy.length > 0) {
+        const ordering = memory.reserve(safeMemoryProduct(rows.length, Uint32Array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT * 2 +
+            Uint8Array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT +
+            // Per extracted sort key: one slot, plus the null mask a numeric column adds beside
+            // its Float64Array. Modeled for every term, since which columns specialize is only
+            // known once the values are read.
+            plan.orderBy.length * (QUERY_REFERENCE_BYTES + Uint8Array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT), "Ordering typed scratch"), "Ordering typed scratch");
+        try {
+            stableSortRows(rows, plan.orderBy);
+        }
+        finally {
+            ordering.release();
+        }
+    }
+    const start = plan.offset ?? 0;
+    if (start > 0)
+        rows.splice(0, Math.min(start, rows.length));
+    if (plan.limit !== undefined) {
+        rows.length = Math.min(plan.limit, rows.length);
+    }
+    const columns = plan.wildcard ? wildcardColumnNames(plan) : plan.select.map((item) => item.alias);
+    return { columns, rows };
+}
+/** Source indexes a bound expression reads, for pre-join predicate placement. */
+function prefilterSources(expression, into) {
+    if (expression.kind === "column") {
+        into.add(expression.source);
+        return true;
+    }
+    // FTS and aggregate-bearing expressions stay at the final stage.
+    if (expression.kind === "fts")
+        return false;
+    if (expression.kind === "call" && expression.aggregateIndex !== undefined)
+        return false;
+    for (const child of boundChildren(expression)) {
+        if (!prefilterSources(child, into))
+            return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+/**
+ * Remembers which value buffers hold an ascending, null-free run. The key is the buffer
+ * itself, not the vector: a streamed window that covers one block aliases that block's
+ * decoded array, and decoded blocks live in the buffer pool, so a repeated keyed query pays
+ * the ordering check once per block rather than once per scan. A window stitched from several
+ * blocks gets a freshly allocated buffer and so a fresh entry, which is correct because that
+ * buffer describes exactly one window.
+ */
+const ascendingValueBuffers = new WeakMap();
+/**
+ * True when every slot of the vector's resident window carries a value and those values never
+ * decrease. Non-ascending columns bail at the first violation, so the check costs a couple of
+ * iterations for the columns it cannot help.
+ */
+function windowIsAscending(vector) {
+    const values = vector.values;
+    const cached = ascendingValueBuffers.get(values);
+    if (cached !== undefined)
+        return cached;
+    const length = vector.window?.length ?? Math.min(vector.length, values.length);
+    const validity = vector.validity;
+    let ascending = true;
+    let previous = Number.NEGATIVE_INFINITY;
+    for (let slot = 0; slot < length; slot += 1) {
+        // A null has no position in the ordering, and NaN compares false against everything, so
+        // either one puts the window outside what a binary search can answer.
+        if (((validity[slot >>> 3] ?? 0) & (1 << (slot & 7))) === 0) {
+            ascending = false;
+            break;
+        }
+        const value = values[slot] ?? 0;
+        if (!(value >= previous)) {
+            ascending = false;
+            break;
+        }
+        previous = value;
+    }
+    ascendingValueBuffers.set(values, ascending);
+    return ascending;
+}
+/** First slot in [begin, end) whose value is at least `target`, over an ascending run. */
+function lowerBoundSlot(values, begin, end, target) {
+    let low = begin;
+    let high = end;
+    while (low < high) {
+        const middle = (low + high) >>> 1;
+        if ((values[middle] ?? 0) < target)
+            low = middle + 1;
+        else
+            high = middle;
+    }
+    return low;
+}
+/** First slot in [begin, end) whose value is greater than `target`, over an ascending run. */
+function upperBoundSlot(values, begin, end, target) {
+    let low = begin;
+    let high = end;
+    while (low < high) {
+        const middle = (low + high) >>> 1;
+        if ((values[middle] ?? 0) <= target)
+            low = middle + 1;
+        else
+            high = middle;
+    }
+    return low;
+}
+/**
+ * Narrows a scan over [begin, end) to the rows a comparison against an ascending column can
+ * still satisfy — the shape a generated key has, and the one a keyed lookup needs to stop
+ * costing a block scan. Returns undefined when no predicate qualifies.
+ *
+ * This only removes rows that provably fail a predicate the scan was going to apply anyway,
+ * so every predicate loop downstream runs unchanged: narrowing subtracts work, never a check.
+ */
+function ascendingScanRange(plan, begin, end) {
+    if (end - begin < DEFAULT_BATCH_ROWS)
+        return undefined;
+    let low = begin;
+    let high = end;
+    let narrowed = false;
+    for (const predicate of plan.predicates) {
+        const primitive = predicate.primitive ?? predicate.primitiveIn;
+        if (primitive?.source !== plan.scanSource)
+            continue;
+        const vector = primitive.vector;
+        if (vector.kind !== "number" && vector.kind !== "datetime")
+            continue;
+        const windowStart = vector.window?.start ?? 0;
+        const slotBegin = low - windowStart;
+        const slotEnd = high - windowStart;
+        // The range has to sit inside the resident window for the search to read real values.
+        if (slotBegin < 0 || slotEnd > vector.values.length)
+            continue;
+        if (!windowIsAscending(vector))
+            continue;
+        const values = vector.values;
+        if (!("operator" in primitive)) {
+            // NOT IN is satisfied by exactly the rows outside the member span, so the span narrows
+            // nothing -- restricting to it would drop every row the predicate keeps.
+            if (primitive.negated)
+                continue;
+            // A literal list restricts the scan to the span between its smallest and largest member;
+            // the membership test still runs, and decides the rows inside that span.
+            low = lowerBoundSlot(values, slotBegin, slotEnd, primitive.minimum) + windowStart;
+            high = upperBoundSlot(values, low - windowStart, slotEnd, primitive.maximum) + windowStart;
+            narrowed = true;
+            if (low >= high)
+                return { begin: low, end: low };
+            continue;
+        }
+        const target = primitive.value;
+        switch (primitive.operator) {
+            case "=": {
+                const first = lowerBoundSlot(values, slotBegin, slotEnd, target);
+                high = upperBoundSlot(values, first, slotEnd, target) + windowStart;
+                low = first + windowStart;
+                break;
+            }
+            case ">":
+                low = upperBoundSlot(values, slotBegin, slotEnd, target) + windowStart;
+                break;
+            case ">=":
+                low = lowerBoundSlot(values, slotBegin, slotEnd, target) + windowStart;
+                break;
+            case "<":
+                high = lowerBoundSlot(values, slotBegin, slotEnd, target) + windowStart;
+                break;
+            case "<=":
+                high = upperBoundSlot(values, slotBegin, slotEnd, target) + windowStart;
+                break;
+            // `!=` keeps rows on both sides of the target, which is not a range.
+            default:
+                continue;
+        }
+        narrowed = true;
+        if (low >= high)
+            return { begin: low, end: low };
+    }
+    if (low >= high)
+        return narrowed ? { begin: low, end: low } : undefined;
+    const split = splitByListMembers(plan, low, high);
+    if (split !== undefined)
+        return { begin: low, end: high, ranges: split };
+    return narrowed ? { begin: low, end: high } : undefined;
+}
+/**
+ * The span between a list's smallest and largest member is only useful when the members sit
+ * close together; for keys spread across the table it is the whole table. On an ascending
+ * column each member can instead be located on its own, turning `key IN (5 scattered values)`
+ * into five binary searches over five tiny ranges rather than one scan of everything between
+ * them. Returns undefined when no list qualifies, or when the split would not pay for itself.
+ */
+function splitByListMembers(plan, low, high) {
+    for (const predicate of plan.predicates) {
+        const list = predicate.primitiveIn;
+        if (list === undefined || list.negated || list.source !== plan.scanSource)
+            continue;
+        // Each member costs a binary search and yields a batch of its own, so the split only pays
+        // while the member count stays far below the rows it is skipping.
+        if (list.members.size > MAX_SPLIT_LIST_MEMBERS)
+            continue;
+        const vector = list.vector;
+        const windowStart = vector.window?.start ?? 0;
+        const slotBegin = low - windowStart;
+        const slotEnd = high - windowStart;
+        if (slotBegin < 0 || slotEnd > vector.values.length)
+            continue;
+        if (!windowIsAscending(vector))
+            continue;
+        const values = vector.values;
+        const ranges = [];
+        // Ascending members keep the ranges ascending, which the forward-only streamed scan needs.
+        for (const member of [...list.members].sort((left, right) => left - right)) {
+            const first = lowerBoundSlot(values, slotBegin, slotEnd, member);
+            const last = upperBoundSlot(values, first, slotEnd, member);
+            if (first >= last)
+                continue;
+            const previous = ranges[ranges.length - 1];
+            // Adjacent members land in adjacent runs; merging them keeps the batch count down.
+            if (previous !== undefined && previous.end >= first + windowStart) {
+                previous.end = last + windowStart;
+                continue;
+            }
+            ranges.push({ begin: first + windowStart, end: last + windowStart });
+        }
+        let covered = 0;
+        for (const range of ranges)
+            covered += range.end - range.begin;
+        // A split that still visits most of the span saves nothing and costs extra batches.
+        if (covered * 2 > high - low)
+            continue;
+        return ranges;
+    }
+    return undefined;
+}
+/** Compacts the selection in place to rows where the primitive comparison holds. */
+function filterPrimitive(primitive, batch, selection, survivors) {
+    const vector = primitive.vector;
+    const values = vector.values;
+    const validity = vector.validity;
+    const windowStart = vector.window?.start ?? 0;
+    const slots = values.length;
+    const vectorLength = vector.length;
+    const rows = batch.rowsBySource[primitive.source];
+    const target = primitive.value;
+    // Any comparison operator is three independent outcomes: below, equal, above the target.
+    const operator = primitive.operator;
+    const passBelow = operator === "<" || operator === "<=" || operator === "!=" || operator === "<>";
+    const passEqual = operator === "=" || operator === "<=" || operator === ">=";
+    const passAbove = operator === ">" || operator === ">=" || operator === "!=" || operator === "<>";
+    let kept = 0;
+    for (let index = 0; index < survivors; index += 1) {
+        const row = selection[index] ?? 0;
+        const sourceRow = rows?.[row] ?? -1;
+        if (sourceRow < 0 || sourceRow >= vectorLength)
+            continue;
+        const slot = sourceRow - windowStart;
+        if (slot < 0 || slot >= slots) {
+            throw new RangeError("Streamed vector row is outside the resident window");
+        }
+        if (((validity[slot >>> 3] ?? 0) & (1 << (slot & 7))) === 0)
+            continue;
+        const value = values[slot] ?? 0;
+        if (!(value < target ? passBelow : value > target ? passAbove : passEqual))
+            continue;
+        selection[kept] = row;
+        kept += 1;
+    }
+    return kept;
+}
+/** Compacts the selection in place to rows whose value is a member of the literal list. */
+function filterPrimitiveInList(primitive, batch, selection, survivors) {
+    const vector = primitive.vector;
+    const values = vector.values;
+    const validity = vector.validity;
+    const windowStart = vector.window?.start ?? 0;
+    const slots = values.length;
+    const vectorLength = vector.length;
+    const rows = batch.rowsBySource[primitive.source];
+    const members = primitive.members;
+    const negated = primitive.negated;
+    let kept = 0;
+    for (let index = 0; index < survivors; index += 1) {
+        const row = selection[index] ?? 0;
+        const sourceRow = rows?.[row] ?? -1;
+        if (sourceRow < 0 || sourceRow >= vectorLength)
+            continue;
+        const slot = sourceRow - windowStart;
+        if (slot < 0 || slot >= slots) {
+            throw new RangeError("Streamed vector row is outside the resident window");
+        }
+        if (((validity[slot >>> 3] ?? 0) & (1 << (slot & 7))) === 0)
+            continue;
+        if (members.has(values[slot] ?? 0) === negated)
+            continue;
+        selection[kept] = row;
+        kept += 1;
+    }
+    return kept;
+}
+/** Compacts the selection to rows where the dictionary-equality comparison holds. */
+function filterDictionaryEquality(fast, batch, selection, survivors) {
+    const vector = fast.vector;
+    if (fast.cache.dictionary !== vector.dictionary) {
+        fast.cache.dictionary = vector.dictionary;
+        fast.cache.code = vector.dictionary.indexOf(fast.value);
+    }
+    const target = fast.cache.code;
+    const negated = fast.negated;
+    const rows = batch.rowsBySource[fast.source];
+    const codes = vector.codes;
+    const validity = vector.validity;
+    const windowStart = vector.window?.start ?? 0;
+    const slots = codes.length;
+    const vectorLength = vector.length;
+    let kept = 0;
+    for (let index = 0; index < survivors; index += 1) {
+        const row = selection[index] ?? 0;
+        const sourceRow = rows?.[row] ?? -1;
+        if (sourceRow < 0 || sourceRow >= vectorLength)
+            continue;
+        const slot = sourceRow - windowStart;
+        if (slot < 0 || slot >= slots) {
+            throw new RangeError("Streamed vector row is outside the resident window");
+        }
+        if (((validity[slot >>> 3] ?? 0) & (1 << (slot & 7))) === 0)
+            continue;
+        const code = codes[slot] ?? NULL_STRING_CODE;
+        if (code === NULL_STRING_CODE)
+            continue;
+        const matches = target >= 0 && code === target;
+        if (negated ? matches : !matches)
+            continue;
+        selection[kept] = row;
+        kept += 1;
+    }
+    return kept;
+}
+/** Compacts the selection to rows where the dictionary LIKE comparison holds. */
+function filterDictionaryLike(fast, batch, selection, survivors) {
+    const vector = fast.vector;
+    if (fast.cache.dictionary !== vector.dictionary) {
+        fast.cache.dictionary = vector.dictionary;
+        fast.cache.matches = dictionaryLikeMatches(vector.dictionary, fast.pattern, fast.caseInsensitive, fast.escape);
+    }
+    const matches = fast.cache.matches;
+    const negated = fast.negated;
+    const rows = batch.rowsBySource[fast.source];
+    const codes = vector.codes;
+    const validity = vector.validity;
+    const windowStart = vector.window?.start ?? 0;
+    const slots = codes.length;
+    const vectorLength = vector.length;
+    let kept = 0;
+    for (let index = 0; index < survivors; index += 1) {
+        const row = selection[index] ?? 0;
+        const sourceRow = rows?.[row] ?? -1;
+        if (sourceRow < 0 || sourceRow >= vectorLength)
+            continue;
+        const slot = sourceRow - windowStart;
+        if (slot < 0 || slot >= slots) {
+            throw new RangeError("Streamed vector row is outside the resident window");
+        }
+        if (((validity[slot >>> 3] ?? 0) & (1 << (slot & 7))) === 0)
+            continue;
+        const code = codes[slot] ?? NULL_STRING_CODE;
+        if (code === NULL_STRING_CODE)
+            continue;
+        const matched = matches[code] === 1;
+        if (negated ? matched : !matched)
+            continue;
+        selection[kept] = row;
+        kept += 1;
+    }
+    return kept;
+}
+// The per-batch selection scratch: batches are bounded by DEFAULT_BATCH_ROWS, spills may use
+// larger pages, so the scratch grows to the largest batch seen and is trivially small.
+let selectionScratch = new Uint32Array(DEFAULT_BATCH_ROWS);
+/**
+ * Compacts the selection with whatever unboxed kernel a predicate compiled to, or returns
+ * undefined when it has none and the caller should fall back to the per-row evaluator.
+ */
+function applyPredicateKernel(plan, predicate, batch, selection, survivors) {
+    if (predicate.primitive !== undefined) {
+        return filterPrimitive(predicate.primitive, batch, selection, survivors);
+    }
+    if (predicate.primitiveIn !== undefined) {
+        return filterPrimitiveInList(predicate.primitiveIn, batch, selection, survivors);
+    }
+    if (predicate.dictionaryEquality !== undefined) {
+        return filterDictionaryEquality(predicate.dictionaryEquality, batch, selection, survivors);
+    }
+    if (predicate.dictionaryLike !== undefined) {
+        return filterDictionaryLike(predicate.dictionaryLike, batch, selection, survivors);
+    }
+    if (predicate.disjunction !== undefined) {
+        return filterDisjunction(plan, predicate.disjunction, batch, selection, survivors);
+    }
+    return undefined;
+}
+// Scratch for the disjunction kernel. Branch predicates are always plain conditions, so a
+// branch never carries a disjunction of its own and these buffers are never reentered.
+let disjunctionCandidates = new Uint32Array(DEFAULT_BATCH_ROWS);
+let disjunctionWork = new Uint32Array(DEFAULT_BATCH_ROWS);
+let disjunctionMask = new Uint8Array(DEFAULT_BATCH_ROWS);
+/**
+ * The union kernel: each branch narrows its own copy of the incoming rows, and a row survives
+ * the disjunction if any branch kept it. Marking hits in a byte mask keeps the result in the
+ * original ascending order and costs one pass per branch plus one to compact, instead of
+ * walking the whole boolean tree once per row.
+ */
+function filterDisjunction(plan, disjunction, batch, selection, survivors) {
+    if (disjunctionCandidates.length < survivors) {
+        disjunctionCandidates = new Uint32Array(survivors);
+        disjunctionWork = new Uint32Array(survivors);
+    }
+    if (disjunctionMask.length < batch.length)
+        disjunctionMask = new Uint8Array(batch.length);
+    const candidates = disjunctionCandidates;
+    const work = disjunctionWork;
+    const mask = disjunctionMask;
+    for (let index = 0; index < survivors; index += 1)
+        candidates[index] = selection[index] ?? 0;
+    for (const branch of disjunction.branches) {
+        for (let index = 0; index < survivors; index += 1)
+            work[index] = candidates[index] ?? 0;
+        let kept = survivors;
+        for (const predicate of branch) {
+            if (kept === 0)
+                break;
+            const compacted = applyPredicateKernel(plan, predicate, batch, work, kept);
+            if (compacted !== undefined) {
+                kept = compacted;
+                continue;
+            }
+            let generic = 0;
+            for (let index = 0; index < kept; index += 1) {
+                const row = work[index] ?? 0;
+                if (!evaluateBatchPredicate(plan, predicate, batch, row))
+                    continue;
+                work[generic] = row;
+                generic += 1;
+            }
+            kept = generic;
+        }
+        for (let index = 0; index < kept; index += 1)
+            mask[work[index] ?? 0] = 1;
+    }
+    let kept = 0;
+    for (let index = 0; index < survivors; index += 1) {
+        const row = candidates[index] ?? 0;
+        if (mask[row] !== 1)
+            continue;
+        mask[row] = 0;
+        selection[kept] = row;
+        kept += 1;
+    }
+    return kept;
+}
+/**
+ * The no-join predicate kernel: primitive comparisons and dictionary equality/LIKE compact a
+ * shared selection in tight unboxed loops, and only rows surviving those reach the generic
+ * per-row evaluator for whatever predicates remain. Batches with no predicates skip it.
+ */
+function filterScanBatch(plan, batch) {
+    if (selectionScratch.length < batch.length)
+        selectionScratch = new Uint32Array(batch.length);
+    const selection = selectionScratch;
+    for (let row = 0; row < batch.length; row += 1)
+        selection[row] = row;
+    let survivors = batch.length;
+    let generic;
+    for (const predicate of plan.predicates) {
+        if (survivors === 0)
+            return { selection, survivors };
+        const compacted = applyPredicateKernel(plan, predicate, batch, selection, survivors);
+        if (compacted === undefined)
+            (generic ??= []).push(predicate);
+        else
+            survivors = compacted;
+    }
+    if (generic !== undefined) {
+        for (const predicate of generic) {
+            if (survivors === 0)
+                break;
+            let kept = 0;
+            for (let index = 0; index < survivors; index += 1) {
+                const row = selection[index] ?? 0;
+                if (!evaluateBatchPredicate(plan, predicate, batch, row))
+                    continue;
+                selection[kept] = row;
+                kept += 1;
+            }
+            survivors = kept;
+        }
+    }
+    return { selection, survivors };
+}
+/**
+ * Predicates whose sources are all materialized before the given join filter the batch first,
+ * so the join and everything downstream never see rows the WHERE clause was going to discard.
+ * Filters are idempotent, so applying one early is pure savings; when every predicate applies
+ * here the result is marked complete and the final pass skips re-checking.
+ */
+function prefilterBatch(plan, batch, join) {
+    let applicable;
+    for (const predicate of plan.predicates) {
+        const sources = new Set();
+        if (!prefilterSources(predicate.left, sources) || !prefilterSources(predicate.right, sources)) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        let available = true;
+        for (let later = plan.joins.indexOf(join); later < plan.joins.length; later += 1) {
+            if (sources.has(plan.joins[later]?.buildSource ?? -1)) {
+                available = false;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        if (available)
+            (applicable ??= []).push(predicate);
+    }
+    if (applicable === undefined)
+        return undefined;
+    const complete = applicable.length === plan.predicates.length;
+    const selection = new Uint32Array(batch.length);
+    for (let row = 0; row < batch.length; row += 1)
+        selection[row] = row;
+    let survivors = batch.length;
+    for (const predicate of applicable) {
+        if (survivors === 0)
+            break;
+        const primitive = predicate.primitive;
+        if (primitive !== undefined) {
+            survivors = filterPrimitive(primitive, batch, selection, survivors);
+            continue;
+        }
+        let kept = 0;
+        for (let index = 0; index < survivors; index += 1) {
+            const row = selection[index] ?? 0;
+            if (!evaluateBatchPredicate(plan, predicate, batch, row))
+                continue;
+            selection[kept] = row;
+            kept += 1;
+        }
+        survivors = kept;
+    }
+    return { selection, survivors, complete };
+}
+/** Copies the surviving rows into a compact batch, for joins that cannot take a selection. */
+function materializeSelection(batch, selection, survivors, memory) {
+    const batchMemory = memory.createChild();
+    try {
+        batchMemory.reserve(safeMemoryProduct(safeMemoryProduct(batch.rowsBySource.length, survivors, "Prefiltered row-index count"), Int32Array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT, "Prefiltered row indexes"), "Prefiltered row indexes");
+        const rowsBySource = batch.rowsBySource.map((inputRows) => {
+            const outputRows = new Int32Array(survivors);
+            for (let output = 0; output < survivors; output += 1) {
+                outputRows[output] = inputRows[selection[output] ?? 0] ?? -1;
+            }
+            return outputRows;
+        });
+        return { length: survivors, rowsBySource, memory: batchMemory };
+    }
+    catch (error) {
+        batchMemory.close();
+        throw error;
+    }
+}
+function consumeJoinedBatches(plan, batch, joinIndex, groups, output, memory, prefiltered = false) {
+    const join = plan.joins[joinIndex];
+    if (join === undefined) {
+        consumeBatch(plan, batch, groups, output, memory, prefiltered);
+        return reachedEarlyLimit(plan, output.size);
+    }
+    let working = batch;
+    let complete = prefiltered;
+    let owned;
+    if (joinIndex === 0 && !prefiltered) {
+        const filtered = prefilterBatch(plan, batch, join);
+        if (filtered !== undefined) {
+            complete = filtered.complete;
+            if (filtered.survivors === 0)
+                return false;
+            if (filtered.survivors < batch.length) {
+                // Compacting up front measured faster than threading the selection into the join:
+                // the probe loop stays dense and the all-match shortcut skips the second copy.
+                working = materializeSelection(batch, filtered.selection, filtered.survivors, memory);
+                owned = working.memory;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    try {
+        for (const joined of joinBatches(plan, working, join, memory)) {
+            try {
+                if (consumeJoinedBatches(plan, joined, joinIndex + 1, groups, output, memory, complete)) {
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+            finally {
+                joined.memory?.close();
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+    finally {
+        owned?.close();
+    }
+}
+function reachedEarlyLimit(plan, outputRows) {
+    // Early termination must still produce the rows the trailing OFFSET will discard.
+    return (!plan.grouped &&
+        plan.orderBy.length === 0 &&
+        plan.limit !== undefined &&
+        outputRows >= plan.limit + (plan.offset ?? 0));
+}
+function* joinBatches(plan, input, join, memory) {
+    if (join.loop !== undefined) {
+        yield* loopJoinBatches(plan, input, join, join.loop, memory);
+        return;
+    }
+    if (join.lookup.unique) {
+        yield joinUniqueBatch(plan, input, join, memory);
+        return;
+    }
+    let outputMemory;
+    try {
+        let outputRows;
+        let outputLength = 0;
+        const ensureOutput = () => {
+            if (outputRows !== undefined)
+                return outputRows;
+            outputMemory = memory.createChild();
+            outputMemory.reserve(safeMemoryProduct(safeMemoryProduct(plan.sourceTables.length, DEFAULT_BATCH_ROWS, "Join fan-out row-index count"), Int32Array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT, "Join fan-out row indexes"), "Join fan-out row indexes");
+            outputRows = plan.sourceTables.map(() => new Int32Array(DEFAULT_BATCH_ROWS));
+            return outputRows;
+        };
+        const emit = function* () {
+            if (outputRows === undefined || outputMemory === undefined || outputLength === 0)
+                return;
+            const batch = {
+                length: outputLength,
+                rowsBySource: outputRows,
+                memory: outputMemory,
+            };
+            outputRows = undefined;
+            outputMemory = undefined;
+            outputLength = 0;
+            yield batch;
+        };
+        for (let row = 0; row < input.length; row += 1) {
+            const probeKey = evaluateBatchExpression(plan, join.probe, input, row);
+            let buildRow = probeKey === null ? -1 : join.lookup.firstRow(probeKey);
+            if (buildRow < 0) {
+                if (join.kind === "left") {
+                    appendJoinedRow(ensureOutput(), outputLength, input, row, join.buildSource, -1);
+                    outputLength += 1;
+                }
+            }
+            else {
+                while (buildRow >= 0) {
+                    appendJoinedRow(ensureOutput(), outputLength, input, row, join.buildSource, buildRow);
+                    outputLength += 1;
+                    if (outputLength === DEFAULT_BATCH_ROWS)
+                        yield* emit();
+                    buildRow = join.lookup.nextRow(buildRow);
+                }
+            }
+            if (outputLength === DEFAULT_BATCH_ROWS)
+                yield* emit();
+        }
+        yield* emit();
+    }
+    finally {
+        outputMemory?.close();
+    }
+}
+/**
+ * Nested-loop join for general ON conditions: every probe row scans the whole build table and
+ * keeps the pairs whose condition evaluates true under three-valued logic. Output batches reuse
+ * the hash-join fan-out format, so downstream consumption is identical; cost is probe x build.
+ */
+function* loopJoinBatches(plan, input, join, loop, memory) {
+    let outputMemory;
+    const scratchReservation = memory.reserve(safeMemoryProduct(plan.sourceTables.length, Int32Array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT, "Loop join scratch row indexes"), "Loop join scratch row indexes");
+    try {
+        const scratch = new Int32Array(plan.sourceTables.length);
+        scratch.fill(-1);
+        let outputRows;
+        let outputLength = 0;
+        const ensureOutput = () => {
+            if (outputRows !== undefined)
+                return outputRows;
+            outputMemory = memory.createChild();
+            outputMemory.reserve(safeMemoryProduct(safeMemoryProduct(plan.sourceTables.length, DEFAULT_BATCH_ROWS, "Join fan-out row-index count"), Int32Array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT, "Join fan-out row indexes"), "Join fan-out row indexes");
+            outputRows = plan.sourceTables.map(() => new Int32Array(DEFAULT_BATCH_ROWS));
+            return outputRows;
+        };
+        const emit = function* () {
+            if (outputRows === undefined || outputMemory === undefined || outputLength === 0)
+                return;
+            const batch = {
+                length: outputLength,
+                rowsBySource: outputRows,
+                memory: outputMemory,
+            };
+            outputRows = undefined;
+            outputMemory = undefined;
+            outputLength = 0;
+            yield batch;
+        };
+        for (let row = 0; row < input.length; row += 1) {
+            for (let source = 0; source < join.buildSource; source += 1) {
+                scratch[source] = input.rowsBySource[source]?.[row] ?? -1;
+            }
+            let matched = false;
+            for (let buildRow = 0; buildRow < loop.rowCount; buildRow += 1) {
+                scratch[join.buildSource] = buildRow;
+                const holds = booleanTruth(loop.condition, (nested) => evaluateExpression(nested, scratch)) === true;
+                if (!holds)
+                    continue;
+                matched = true;
+                appendJoinedRow(ensureOutput(), outputLength, input, row, join.buildSource, buildRow);
+                outputLength += 1;
+                if (outputLength === DEFAULT_BATCH_ROWS)
+                    yield* emit();
+            }
+            if (!matched && join.kind === "left") {
+                appendJoinedRow(ensureOutput(), outputLength, input, row, join.buildSource, -1);
+                outputLength += 1;
+                if (outputLength === DEFAULT_BATCH_ROWS)
+                    yield* emit();
+            }
+        }
+        yield* emit();
+    }
+    finally {
+        scratchReservation.release();
+        outputMemory?.close();
+    }
+}
+function joinUniqueBatch(plan, input, join, memory) {
+    const batchMemory = memory.createChild();
+    try {
+        const selectedReservation = batchMemory.reserve(safeMemoryProduct(input.length, Uint32Array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT, "Join selection vector"), "Join selection vector");
+        const buildReservation = batchMemory.reserve(safeMemoryProduct(input.length, Int32Array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT, "Join build rows"), "Join build rows");
+        const selectedRows = new Uint32Array(input.length);
+        const buildRows = new Int32Array(input.length);
+        let outputLength = 0;
+        const probe = join.probe;
+        // Windowed probes qualify: stringCodeAt is window-aware and the code cache re-resolves
+        // whenever the resident window's dictionary object changes.
+        const dictProbe = probe.kind === "column" && probe.vector.kind === "string"
+            ? { source: probe.source, vector: probe.vector }
+            : undefined;
+        if (dictProbe !== undefined) {
+            const vector = dictProbe.vector;
+            if (join.codeLookup?.dictionary !== vector.dictionary) {
+                // -2 marks "not resolved yet"; -1 is a genuine miss.
+                join.codeLookup = {
+                    dictionary: vector.dictionary,
+                    rows: new Int32Array(vector.dictionary.length).fill(-2),
+                };
+            }
+            const cache = join.codeLookup.rows;
+            const probeRows = input.rowsBySource[dictProbe.source];
+            for (let row = 0; row < input.length; row += 1) {
+                const sourceRow = probeRows?.[row] ?? -1;
+                const code = stringCodeAt(vector, sourceRow);
+                let buildRow = -1;
+                if (code !== undefined) {
+                    buildRow = cache[code] ?? -2;
+                    if (buildRow === -2) {
+                        buildRow = join.lookup.firstRow(vector.dictionary[code] ?? "");
+                        cache[code] = buildRow;
+                    }
+                }
+                if (buildRow < 0 && join.kind === "inner")
+                    continue;
+                selectedRows[outputLength] = row;
+                buildRows[outputLength] = buildRow;
+                outputLength += 1;
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            for (let row = 0; row < input.length; row += 1) {
+                const probeKey = evaluateBatchExpression(plan, join.probe, input, row);
+                const buildRow = probeKey === null ? -1 : join.lookup.firstRow(probeKey);
+                if (buildRow < 0 && join.kind === "inner")
+                    continue;
+                selectedRows[outputLength] = row;
+                buildRows[outputLength] = buildRow;
+                outputLength += 1;
+            }
+        }
+        if (outputLength === input.length) {
+            selectedReservation.release();
+            const rowsBySource = [...input.rowsBySource];
+            rowsBySource[join.buildSource] = buildRows;
+            return { length: outputLength, rowsBySource, memory: batchMemory };
+        }
+        batchMemory.reserve(safeMemoryProduct(safeMemoryProduct(plan.sourceTables.length, outputLength, "Filtered join row-index count"), Int32Array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT, "Filtered join row indexes"), "Filtered join row indexes");
+        const rowsBySource = input.rowsBySource.map((inputRows, source) => {
+            const outputRows = new Int32Array(outputLength);
+            for (let output = 0; output < outputLength; output += 1) {
+                outputRows[output] =
+                    source === join.buildSource
+                        ? (buildRows[output] ?? -1)
+                        : (inputRows[selectedRows[output] ?? 0] ?? -1);
+            }
+            return outputRows;
+        });
+        selectedReservation.release();
+        buildReservation.release();
+        return { length: outputLength, rowsBySource, memory: batchMemory };
+    }
+    catch (error) {
+        batchMemory.close();
+        throw error;
+    }
+}
+function appendJoinedRow(output, outputRow, input, row, buildSource, buildRow) {
+    for (let source = 0; source < output.length; source += 1) {
+        const rows = output[source];
+        if (rows !== undefined) {
+            rows[outputRow] =
+                source === buildSource ? buildRow : (input.rowsBySource[source]?.[row] ?? -1);
+        }
+    }
+}
+const DEFERRED_SELECTION_BYTES = 2 * QUERY_REFERENCE_BYTES;
+/**
+ * Accumulates ungrouped result rows. With ORDER BY and LIMIT the sink keeps only the best
+ * `limit + offset` rows instead of materializing every scanned row for one full sort, so memory
+ * stays bounded by the limit rather than the table. Retention matches a stable sort exactly:
+ * ties resolve by arrival order, so the retained set is precisely the slice a full stable sort
+ * would have produced.
+ *
+ * Two bounded strategies:
+ * - Deferred selection (single-source plans whose order keys resolve to select expressions and
+ *   whose scan vectors outlive the scan): rows are tracked as (keys, arrival, source row) and
+ *   compacted by sort once the selection buffer reaches twice the capacity; only the final
+ *   survivors are projected. A losing row never allocates a result object, so even the
+ *   adversarial ascending-input/descending-order case stays allocation-free per row.
+ * - Eager heap (joins, wildcard selects, or windowed scans): each retained row is projected into
+ *   a worst-at-root heap; a candidate that cannot beat the current worst is rejected before
+ *   projection whenever the order keys are resolvable.
+ */
+class ResultSink {
+    #plan;
+    #memory;
+    #capacity;
+    #keyExpressions;
+    #deferred;
+    #rows = [];
+    #heap = [];
+    #selection = [];
+    #keyScratch = [];
+    #threshold;
+    /** The threshold's first order key as an unboxed float, when the fast reject applies. */
+    #thresholdFirst;
+    #fastFirstKey;
+    #selectionBytes = 0;
+    #selectionReservedBytes = 0;
+    #seq = 0;
+    constructor(plan, memory, stableScan) {
+        this.#plan = plan;
+        this.#memory = memory;
+        const bounded = !plan.grouped && plan.orderBy.length > 0 && plan.limit !== undefined;
+        this.#capacity = bounded ? (plan.limit ?? 0) + (plan.offset ?? 0) : undefined;
+        let keyExpressions;
+        if (bounded && !plan.wildcard) {
+            keyExpressions = [];
+            for (const order of plan.orderBy) {
+                const item = plan.select.find((selected) => selected.alias === order.outputName);
+                if (item === undefined) {
+                    keyExpressions = undefined;
+                    break;
+                }
+                keyExpressions.push(item.expression);
+            }
+        }
+        this.#keyExpressions = keyExpressions;
+        this.#deferred =
+            bounded && keyExpressions !== undefined && plan.joins.length === 0 && stableScan;
+        // A bare numeric/datetime first order key rejects most rows with one unboxed comparison
+        // against the current cut line, before any generic key evaluation or allocation. NULLs and
+        // explicit NULLS placement fall through to the full comparison, so semantics are untouched.
+        // Windowed scan vectors qualify too: the batch loop re-reads the resident window per batch.
+        const firstKey = keyExpressions?.[0];
+        const firstOrder = plan.orderBy[0];
+        this.#fastFirstKey =
+            firstKey !== undefined &&
+                firstOrder !== undefined &&
+                firstOrder.nulls === undefined &&
+                firstKey.kind === "column" &&
+                (firstKey.vector.kind === "number" || firstKey.vector.kind === "datetime")
+                ? {
+                    vector: firstKey.vector,
+                    source: firstKey.source,
+                    desc: firstOrder.direction === "desc",
+                }
+                : undefined;
+    }
+    /** Rows accepted so far; only meaningful for the unbounded early-limit check. */
+    get size() {
+        return this.#capacity === undefined ? this.#rows.length : 0;
+    }
+    /**
+     * The bounded-order batch loop: with an unboxed first key and an established cut line, a
+     * whole batch scans in one pass and strictly-worse rows die on a single float comparison.
+     * Returns false when the sink shape needs the per-row path.
+     */
+    tryAddBatch(batch) {
+        const fast = this.#fastFirstKey;
+        if (this.#capacity === undefined || fast === undefined)
+            return false;
+        const rows = batch.rowsBySource[fast.source];
+        const vector = fast.vector;
+        // Window and arrays re-read per batch: a streamed scan replaces them on every window slide.
+        const values = vector.values;
+        const validity = vector.validity;
+        const window = vector.window;
+        const windowStart = window?.start ?? 0;
+        const windowLength = window?.length ?? vector.length;
+        const desc = fast.desc;
+        for (let row = 0; row < batch.length; row += 1) {
+            const threshold = this.#thresholdFirst;
+            if (threshold === undefined || threshold === null) {
+                this.#addSlow(batch, row);
+                continue;
+            }
+            const sourceRow = rows?.[row] ?? -1;
+            const slot = sourceRow - windowStart;
+            if (sourceRow >= 0 && sourceRow < vector.length && slot >= 0 && slot < windowLength) {
+                if (isValid(validity, slot)) {
+                    const value = values[slot] ?? 0;
+                    if ((desc ? threshold - value : value - threshold) > 0) {
+                        this.#seq += 1;
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            this.#addSlow(batch, row);
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+    #addSlow(batch, row) {
+        if (this.#deferred)
+            this.#addDeferred(batch, row);
+        else
+            this.#addEager(batch, row);
+    }
+    add(batch, row) {
+        if (this.#capacity === undefined) {
+            const resultRow = projectBatchRow(this.#plan, batch, row);
+            this.#memory.tally(queryRowPayloadBytes(resultRow), "Accumulated result row");
+            this.#rows.push(resultRow);
+            return;
+        }
+        if (this.#capacity === 0)
+            return;
+        if (this.#deferred) {
+            this.#addDeferred(batch, row);
+            return;
+        }
+        this.#addEager(batch, row);
+    }
+    /** Returns accepted rows in arrival order, ready for the shared stable sort and trim. */
+    finish() {
+        if (this.#capacity === undefined)
+            return this.#rows;
+        if (!this.#deferred) {
+            return this.#heap.sort((left, right) => left.seq - right.seq).map((entry) => entry.row);
+        }
+        this.#compactSelection();
+        this.#selection.sort((left, right) => left.seq - right.seq);
+        const scanIndex = new Int32Array(1);
+        const rowsBySource = [scanIndex];
+        const batch = { length: 1, rowsBySource };
+        const rows = [];
+        for (const entry of this.#selection) {
+            scanIndex[0] = entry.sourceRow;
+            const resultRow = projectBatchRow(this.#plan, batch, 0);
+            this.#memory.tally(queryRowPayloadBytes(resultRow), "Accumulated result row");
+            rows.push(resultRow);
+        }
+        return rows;
+    }
+    #addDeferred(batch, row) {
+        const fast = this.#fastFirstKey;
+        if (fast !== undefined && this.#thresholdFirst !== undefined && this.#thresholdFirst !== null) {
+            const value = rawFloat64Value(fast.vector, batch.rowsBySource[fast.source]?.[row] ?? -1);
+            if (value !== null) {
+                const comparison = fast.desc ? this.#thresholdFirst - value : value - this.#thresholdFirst;
+                // Strictly worse on the first key is strictly worse overall; the row cannot survive.
+                if (comparison > 0) {
+                    this.#seq += 1;
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        this.#evaluateKeys(batch, row);
+        const seq = this.#seq;
+        this.#seq += 1;
+        // The candidate arrived after every retained row, so an order-key tie keeps the retained
+        // row — only a strictly better key survives the current cut line.
+        if (this.#threshold !== undefined &&
+            this.#compareKeys(this.#keyScratch, this.#threshold.keys) >= 0) {
+            return;
+        }
+        let bytes = DEFERRED_SELECTION_BYTES;
+        for (let index = 0; index < this.#plan.orderBy.length; index += 1) {
+            bytes = safeMemorySum(bytes, queryValuePayloadBytes(this.#keyScratch[index] ?? null), "Top-N selection entry");
+        }
+        this.#selection.push({
+            keys: this.#keyScratch.slice(0, this.#plan.orderBy.length),
+            seq,
+            sourceRow: batch.rowsBySource[this.#plan.scanSource]?.[row] ?? -1,
+            bytes,
+        });
+        this.#reserveSelectionBytes(bytes);
+        if (this.#selection.length >= (this.#capacity ?? 0) * 2)
+            this.#compactSelection();
+    }
+    /**
+     * Reserves selection-buffer growth at its high-water mark: the buffer is bounded by twice the
+     * limit, so reservations grow monotonically instead of churning a release per evicted entry.
+     */
+    #reserveSelectionBytes(bytes) {
+        this.#selectionBytes += bytes;
+        if (this.#selectionBytes <= this.#selectionReservedBytes)
+            return;
+        this.#memory.reserve(this.#selectionBytes - this.#selectionReservedBytes, "Top-N selection");
+        this.#selectionReservedBytes = this.#selectionBytes;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Trims the selection to the best `capacity` entries and advances the cut line.
+     *
+     * Partition, not sort: which rows survive is all that matters here, because `finish` hands
+     * them back in arrival order for the query's own ORDER BY to sort. Quickselect puts the
+     * capacity-th best entry at its final index with everything better ahead of it, in linear
+     * comparisons rather than n log n. The retained set is identical to what sorting and
+     * truncating produced — the comparator is the same, ties included — and so is the memory,
+     * which is the point: a deep page keeps its bound and stops paying a full sort for it.
+     */
+    #compactSelection() {
+        const capacity = this.#capacity ?? 0;
+        if (this.#selection.length <= capacity)
+            return;
+        this.#selectBest(capacity);
+        this.#selection.length = capacity;
+        let retainedBytes = 0;
+        for (const entry of this.#selection)
+            retainedBytes += entry.bytes;
+        this.#selectionBytes = retainedBytes;
+        // Quickselect leaves the capacity-th best entry at the last retained index, which is the
+        // worst of what survived and therefore the new cut line.
+        this.#threshold = this.#selection[capacity - 1];
+        const first = this.#threshold?.keys[0];
+        this.#thresholdFirst =
+            first === undefined
+                ? undefined
+                : first === null
+                    ? null
+                    : typeof first === "number"
+                        ? first
+                        : first instanceof Date
+                            ? first.getTime()
+                            : undefined;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Quickselect over the selection buffer: after it returns, the first `count` entries are the
+     * `count` best in some order and index `count - 1` holds the worst of them, which is the cut
+     * line. Median-of-three pivots keep the already-sorted input — the common case, since scans
+     * arrive in key order often enough — off the quadratic path.
+     */
+    #selectBest(count) {
+        const entries = this.#selection;
+        const worse = (left, right) => {
+            const comparison = this.#compareKeys(left.keys, right.keys);
+            return comparison !== 0 ? comparison > 0 : left.seq > right.seq;
+        };
+        const swap = (left, right) => {
+            const held = required(entries[left], "Selection entry is missing");
+            entries[left] = required(entries[right], "Selection entry is missing");
+            entries[right] = held;
+        };
+        let low = 0;
+        let high = entries.length - 1;
+        const target = count - 1;
+        while (low < high) {
+            // Median of three, moved to the front as the pivot.
+            const middle = (low + high) >> 1;
+            if (worse(required(entries[low], "Selection entry is missing"), required(entries[middle], "Selection entry is missing")))
+                swap(low, middle);
+            if (worse(required(entries[low], "Selection entry is missing"), required(entries[high], "Selection entry is missing")))
+                swap(low, high);
+            if (worse(required(entries[middle], "Selection entry is missing"), required(entries[high], "Selection entry is missing")))
+                swap(middle, high);
+            swap(low, middle);
+            const pivot = required(entries[low], "Selection entry is missing");
+            let left = low;
+            let right = high + 1;
+            for (;;) {
+                do
+                    left += 1;
+                while (left <= high && worse(pivot, required(entries[left], "Selection entry is missing")));
+                do
+                    right -= 1;
+                while (worse(required(entries[right], "Selection entry is missing"), pivot));
+                if (left >= right)
+                    break;
+                swap(left, right);
+            }
+            swap(low, right);
+            if (right === target)
+                return;
+            if (right > target)
+                high = right - 1;
+            else
+                low = right + 1;
+        }
+    }
+    #addEager(batch, row) {
+        let projected;
+        if (this.#keyExpressions === undefined) {
+            projected = projectBatchRow(this.#plan, batch, row);
+            for (let index = 0; index < this.#plan.orderBy.length; index += 1) {
+                const order = required(this.#plan.orderBy[index], "Order term is missing");
+                this.#keyScratch[index] = projected[order.outputName] ?? null;
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            this.#evaluateKeys(batch, row);
+        }
+        const seq = this.#seq;
+        this.#seq += 1;
+        const capacity = this.#capacity ?? 0;
+        if (this.#heap.length >= capacity) {
+            const worst = required(this.#heap[0], "Top-N heap root is missing");
+            // An order-key tie keeps the earlier-arriving retained row.
+            if (this.#compareKeys(this.#keyScratch, worst.keys) >= 0)
+                return;
+            const resultRow = projected ?? projectBatchRow(this.#plan, batch, row);
+            const reservation = this.#memory.reserve(this.#entryPayloadBytes(resultRow), "Top-N result row");
+            worst.reservation.release();
+            this.#heap[0] = {
+                row: resultRow,
+                keys: this.#keyScratch.slice(0, this.#plan.orderBy.length),
+                seq,
+                reservation,
+            };
+            this.#siftDown(0);
+            this.#updateEagerThreshold();
+            return;
+        }
+        const resultRow = projected ?? projectBatchRow(this.#plan, batch, row);
+        const reservation = this.#memory.reserve(this.#entryPayloadBytes(resultRow), "Top-N result row");
+        this.#heap.push({
+            row: resultRow,
+            keys: this.#keyScratch.slice(0, this.#plan.orderBy.length),
+            seq,
+            reservation,
+        });
+        this.#siftUp(this.#heap.length - 1);
+        this.#updateEagerThreshold();
+    }
+    /**
+     * The eager cut line for the unboxed batch loop: once the heap is full, its root's first
+     * order key as a float. Non-numeric keys leave the threshold null, which sends every row
+     * through the full comparison.
+     */
+    #updateEagerThreshold() {
+        if (this.#fastFirstKey === undefined)
+            return;
+        if (this.#heap.length < (this.#capacity ?? 0))
+            return;
+        const first = this.#heap[0]?.keys[0];
+        this.#thresholdFirst =
+            typeof first === "number" ? first : first instanceof Date ? first.getTime() : null;
+    }
+    #evaluateKeys(batch, row) {
+        const expressions = required(this.#keyExpressions, "Order keys are missing");
+        for (let index = 0; index < expressions.length; index += 1) {
+            const expression = required(expressions[index], "Order key is missing");
+            this.#keyScratch[index] = asQueryValue(evaluateBatchExpression(this.#plan, expression, batch, row));
+        }
+    }
+    #entryPayloadBytes(row) {
+        let bytes = queryRowPayloadBytes(row);
+        for (let index = 0; index < this.#plan.orderBy.length; index += 1) {
+            bytes = safeMemorySum(bytes, queryValuePayloadBytes(this.#keyScratch[index] ?? null), "Top-N order keys");
+        }
+        return bytes;
+    }
+    #compareKeys(left, right) {
+        const orderBy = this.#plan.orderBy;
+        for (let index = 0; index < orderBy.length; index += 1) {
+            const order = required(orderBy[index], "Order term is missing");
+            const placed = explicitNullOrder(left[index], right[index], order.nulls);
+            if (placed !== undefined && placed !== 0)
+                return placed;
+            const comparison = compareValues(left[index], right[index]);
+            if (comparison !== 0)
+                return order.direction === "desc" ? -comparison : comparison;
+        }
+        return 0;
+    }
+    /** Entry `left` loses to `right` when it sorts later under (keys, arrival). */
+    #isWorse(left, right) {
+        const comparison = this.#compareKeys(left.keys, right.keys);
+        if (comparison !== 0)
+            return comparison > 0;
+        return left.seq > right.seq;
+    }
+    #siftUp(index) {
+        let child = index;
+        while (child > 0) {
+            const parent = (child - 1) >> 1;
+            const childEntry = required(this.#heap[child], "Heap entry is missing");
+            const parentEntry = required(this.#heap[parent], "Heap entry is missing");
+            if (!this.#isWorse(childEntry, parentEntry))
+                break;
+            this.#heap[child] = parentEntry;
+            this.#heap[parent] = childEntry;
+            child = parent;
+        }
+    }
+    #siftDown(index) {
+        let parent = index;
+        for (;;) {
+            let worst = parent;
+            let worstEntry = required(this.#heap[worst], "Heap entry is missing");
+            const left = parent * 2 + 1;
+            const right = left + 1;
+            const leftEntry = this.#heap[left];
+            if (leftEntry !== undefined && this.#isWorse(leftEntry, worstEntry)) {
+                worst = left;
+                worstEntry = leftEntry;
+            }
+            const rightEntry = this.#heap[right];
+            if (rightEntry !== undefined && this.#isWorse(rightEntry, worstEntry)) {
+                worst = right;
+                worstEntry = rightEntry;
+            }
+            if (worst === parent)
+                return;
+            const parentEntry = required(this.#heap[parent], "Heap entry is missing");
+            this.#heap[parent] = worstEntry;
+            this.#heap[worst] = parentEntry;
+            parent = worst;
+        }
+    }
+}
+/**
+ * Insertion-ordered group-state store. A single bare string-column GROUP BY resolves each row
+ * through a slot table indexed by the column's dictionary code — no key bytes, no hashing —
+ * while every other shape goes through the byte-keyed group index. Both modes surface states in
+ * first-seen order, matching the row oracle's grouping order.
+ */
+class GroupAccumulator {
+    #plan;
+    #memory;
+    #index;
+    #codeStates;
+    /** The dictionary #codeStates is laid out for; a streamed window slide swaps it. */
+    #codeDictionary;
+    /** Value-keyed group states so a new window's dictionary remaps to existing groups. */
+    #codeStateByValue = new Map();
+    #nullCodeState;
+    #codeSlotsReserved = 0;
+    #ordered;
+    #codeColumns;
+    #multiCodeColumns;
+    #multiCodeStates;
+    #multiCodeScratch = [];
+    #keyScratch = [];
+    // The miss factories live on the accumulator and read the pending row through these fields, so
+    // the per-row lookup never allocates a capturing closure; execution is synchronous, so the
+    // pending row cannot change while a factory runs.
+    #pendingBatch;
+    #pendingRow = 0;
+    #pendingSingleValue = null;
+    #createPendingSingle = () => createGroupState([this.#pendingSingleValue], this.#plan, this.#memory);
+    #createPendingCompound = () => createGroupState(this.#plan.groupBy.map((expression) => asQueryValue(evaluateBatchExpression(this.#plan, expression, required(this.#pendingBatch, "Pending group batch is missing"), this.#pendingRow))), this.#plan, this.#memory);
+    #fastAggregatesCache;
+    constructor(plan, memory) {
+        this.#plan = plan;
+        this.#memory = memory;
+        this.#index = new ByteGroupIndex(memory);
+        this.#fastAggregatesCache = plan.grouped ? this.#fastAggregates() : undefined;
+        if (plan.grouped && plan.groupBy.length === 0) {
+            this.#index.setEmpty(createGroupState([], plan, memory));
+        }
+        if (plan.codeGrouping !== undefined) {
+            const slots = plan.codeGrouping.vector.dictionary.length + 1;
+            memory.reserve(safeMemoryProduct(slots, QUERY_REFERENCE_BYTES, "Group code slots"), "Group code slots");
+            this.#codeStates = new Array(slots).fill(undefined);
+            this.#codeDictionary = plan.codeGrouping.vector.dictionary;
+            this.#codeSlotsReserved = slots;
+            this.#ordered = [];
+        }
+        // Compound keys substitute the dictionary code for each bare unwindowed string column: codes
+        // are stable and value-unique within one execution, so the key encodes a fixed-width number
+        // instead of re-encoding the string's UTF-8 on every row. Types are stable per position, so
+        // a code can never collide with a genuine number from the same expression.
+        this.#codeColumns =
+            plan.groupBy.length > 1
+                ? plan.groupBy.map((expression) => expression.kind === "column" &&
+                    expression.vector.kind === "string" &&
+                    expression.vector.window === undefined
+                    ? { source: expression.source, vector: expression.vector }
+                    : undefined)
+                : [];
+        // When every compound key column is dictionary-coded and the combined code space is small,
+        // group lookup packs codes into one exact integer. Small domains use a direct array; large,
+        // sparse domains use a numeric Map instead of byte-encoding and hashing each compound key.
+        // Each column contributes (dictionary size + 1) slots, the extra one for NULL.
+        if (this.#codeColumns.length > 1 && this.#codeColumns.every((column) => column !== undefined)) {
+            const columns = this.#codeColumns;
+            let slots = 1;
+            for (const column of columns)
+                slots *= column.vector.dictionary.length + 1;
+            if (Number.isSafeInteger(slots) && slots <= MULTI_CODE_GROUP_SLOT_CAP) {
+                try {
+                    memory.reserve(safeMemoryProduct(slots, QUERY_REFERENCE_BYTES, "Group code slots"), "Group code slots");
+                }
+                catch (error) {
+                    if (!(error instanceof QueryMemoryBudgetError))
+                        throw error;
+                    return;
+                }
+                this.#multiCodeColumns = columns;
+                this.#codeStates = new Array(slots).fill(undefined);
+                this.#ordered = [];
+            }
+            else if (Number.isSafeInteger(slots)) {
+                this.#multiCodeColumns = columns;
+                this.#multiCodeStates = new Map();
+                this.#ordered = [];
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    /**
+     * Fast aggregate specs for the batch kernel: every aggregate is COUNT(*) or a bare numeric
+     * column under COUNT/SUM/AVG. MIN/MAX keep the generic path for its comparison and memory
+     * accounting semantics. Undefined when any aggregate needs the generic path.
+     */
+    #fastAggregates() {
+        const specs = [];
+        for (const spec of this.#plan.aggregates) {
+            // The kernel counts every row it is given; deduplication needs the per-row path.
+            if (spec.distinct === true)
+                return undefined;
+            if (spec.argument.kind === "wildcard" && spec.name === "COUNT") {
+                specs.push({ kind: "star", sums: false });
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (spec.rawNumber !== undefined &&
+                (spec.name === "COUNT" || spec.name === "SUM" || spec.name === "AVG")) {
+                specs.push({ kind: "column", sums: spec.name !== "COUNT" });
+                continue;
+            }
+            return undefined;
+        }
+        return specs;
+    }
+    /**
+     * The batch kernel for dictionary-coded single-column grouping (or the global group) over
+     * COUNT/SUM/AVG aggregates: one pass with unboxed reads and no per-row dispatch. Returns false
+     * when the plan shape needs the generic per-row path.
+     */
+    consumeFast(batch, passes, hasPredicates) {
+        const plan = this.#plan;
+        const codeGrouping = plan.codeGrouping;
+        const globalGroup = plan.groupBy.length === 0;
+        if (!globalGroup && (codeGrouping === undefined || this.#codeStates === undefined)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        const specs = this.#fastAggregatesCache;
+        if (specs === undefined)
+            return false;
+        // The purest shape — global COUNT(*) with no predicates — needs no row loop at all.
+        if (globalGroup && !hasPredicates && specs.every((spec) => spec.kind === "star")) {
+            const state = required(this.#index.getEmpty(), "Grouped query state is missing");
+            for (let index = 0; index < specs.length; index += 1) {
+                state.counts[index] = (state.counts[index] ?? 0) + batch.length;
+            }
+            return true;
+        }
+        const groupRows = codeGrouping === undefined ? undefined : batch.rowsBySource[codeGrouping.source];
+        const groupVector = codeGrouping?.vector;
+        if (groupVector !== undefined)
+            this.#ensureCodeStates(groupVector.dictionary);
+        const states = this.#codeStates;
+        const nullCode = groupVector?.dictionary.length ?? 0;
+        const globalState = globalGroup
+            ? required(this.#index.getEmpty(), "Grouped query state is missing")
+            : undefined;
+        // Hoisted per-column reads: the row loop touches only local typed arrays and numbers.
+        const columns = [];
+        let stars = 0;
+        for (let index = 0; index < specs.length; index += 1) {
+            const spec = specs[index];
+            if (spec === undefined || spec.kind === "star") {
+                stars += 1;
+                continue;
+            }
+            const raw = plan.aggregates[index]?.rawNumber;
+            if (raw === undefined)
+                return false;
+            columns.push({
+                index,
+                sums: spec.sums,
+                rows: batch.rowsBySource[raw.source],
+                values: raw.vector.values,
+                validity: raw.vector.validity,
+                windowStart: raw.vector.window?.start ?? 0,
+                length: raw.vector.length,
+                slots: raw.vector.values.length,
+            });
+        }
+        const grouping = groupVector === undefined
+            ? undefined
+            : {
+                codes: groupVector.codes,
+                validity: groupVector.validity,
+                length: groupVector.length,
+                dictionary: groupVector.dictionary,
+                windowStart: groupVector.window?.start ?? 0,
+                slots: groupVector.codes.length,
+            };
+        for (let row = 0; row < batch.length; row += 1) {
+            if (hasPredicates && !passes(row))
+                continue;
+            let state = globalState;
+            if (state === undefined && grouping !== undefined && states !== undefined) {
+                const sourceRow = groupRows?.[row] ?? -1;
+                let code = nullCode;
+                if (sourceRow >= 0 && sourceRow < grouping.length) {
+                    const slot = sourceRow - grouping.windowStart;
+                    if (slot < 0 || slot >= grouping.slots) {
+                        throw new RangeError("Streamed vector row is outside the resident window");
+                    }
+                    if (isValid(grouping.validity, slot)) {
+                        const rawCode = grouping.codes[slot] ?? NULL_STRING_CODE;
+                        if (rawCode !== NULL_STRING_CODE)
+                            code = rawCode;
+                    }
+                }
+                state = states[code];
+                if (state === undefined) {
+                    const value = code === nullCode ? null : (grouping.dictionary[code] ?? null);
+                    state = createGroupState([value], plan, this.#memory);
+                    states[code] = state;
+                    this.#registerCodeState(value, state);
+                    this.#ordered?.push(state);
+                }
+            }
+            if (state === undefined)
+                return false;
+            const counts = state.counts;
+            if (stars > 0) {
+                for (let index = 0; index < specs.length; index += 1) {
+                    if (specs[index]?.kind === "star")
+                        counts[index] = (counts[index] ?? 0) + 1;
+                }
+            }
+            for (const column of columns) {
+                const sourceRow = column.rows?.[row] ?? -1;
+                if (sourceRow < 0 || sourceRow >= column.length)
+                    continue;
+                const slot = sourceRow - column.windowStart;
+                if (slot < 0 || slot >= column.slots) {
+                    throw new RangeError("Streamed vector row is outside the resident window");
+                }
+                if (!isValid(column.validity, slot))
+                    continue;
+                counts[column.index] = (counts[column.index] ?? 0) + 1;
+                if (column.sums) {
+                    state.sums[column.index] = (state.sums[column.index] ?? 0) + (column.values[slot] ?? 0);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+    get fastAggregatesCache() {
+        return this.#fastAggregatesCache;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Re-lays the code-slot table for a new window dictionary. Existing groups carry over by
+     * value, so a group's state is shared across every window that mentions its value; the cost
+     * is one map lookup per distinct value per window, never per row. Only used for the
+     * single-column code grouping — compound code keys stay unwindowed.
+     */
+    #ensureCodeStates(dictionary) {
+        if (this.#codeDictionary === dictionary || this.#codeStates === undefined)
+            return;
+        const slots = dictionary.length + 1;
+        if (slots > this.#codeSlotsReserved) {
+            this.#memory.reserve(safeMemoryProduct(slots - this.#codeSlotsReserved, QUERY_REFERENCE_BYTES, "Group code slots"), "Group code slots");
+            this.#codeSlotsReserved = slots;
+        }
+        const next = new Array(slots).fill(undefined);
+        for (let code = 0; code < dictionary.length; code += 1) {
+            const state = this.#codeStateByValue.get(dictionary[code] ?? "");
+            if (state !== undefined)
+                next[code] = state;
+        }
+        next[dictionary.length] = this.#nullCodeState;
+        this.#codeStates = next;
+        this.#codeDictionary = dictionary;
+    }
+    /** Registers a freshly created code-grouped state so later windows can find it by value. */
+    #registerCodeState(value, state) {
+        if (value === null)
+            this.#nullCodeState = state;
+        else
+            this.#codeStateByValue.set(value, state);
+    }
+    /** Resolves the group state for one row, creating it on first touch. */
+    stateFor(batch, row) {
+        const plan = this.#plan;
+        const codeGrouping = plan.codeGrouping;
+        if (codeGrouping !== undefined && this.#codeStates !== undefined) {
+            const sourceRow = batch.rowsBySource[codeGrouping.source]?.[row] ?? -1;
+            const vector = codeGrouping.vector;
+            this.#ensureCodeStates(vector.dictionary);
+            const states = required(this.#codeStates, "Group code slots are missing");
+            let code = vector.dictionary.length;
+            if (sourceRow >= 0 && sourceRow < vector.length) {
+                const windowStart = vector.window?.start ?? 0;
+                const slot = sourceRow - windowStart;
+                if (slot < 0 || slot >= vector.codes.length) {
+                    throw new RangeError("Streamed vector row is outside the resident window");
+                }
+                if (isValid(vector.validity, slot)) {
+                    const rawCode = vector.codes[slot] ?? NULL_STRING_CODE;
+                    if (rawCode !== NULL_STRING_CODE)
+                        code = rawCode;
+                }
+            }
+            let state = states[code];
+            if (state === undefined) {
+                const value = code === vector.dictionary.length ? null : (vector.dictionary[code] ?? null);
+                state = createGroupState([value], plan, this.#memory);
+                states[code] = state;
+                this.#registerCodeState(value, state);
+                this.#ordered?.push(state);
+            }
+            return state;
+        }
+        if (plan.groupBy.length === 0) {
+            return required(this.#index.getEmpty(), "Grouped query state is missing");
+        }
+        const multiCode = this.#multiCodeColumns;
+        if (multiCode !== undefined &&
+            (this.#codeStates !== undefined || this.#multiCodeStates !== undefined)) {
+            let slot = 0;
+            for (let index = 0; index < multiCode.length; index += 1) {
+                const column = required(multiCode[index], "Group code column is missing");
+                const vector = column.vector;
+                const sourceRow = batch.rowsBySource[column.source]?.[row] ?? -1;
+                let code = vector.dictionary.length;
+                if (sourceRow >= 0 && sourceRow < vector.length && isValid(vector.validity, sourceRow)) {
+                    const rawCode = vector.codes[sourceRow] ?? NULL_STRING_CODE;
+                    if (rawCode !== NULL_STRING_CODE)
+                        code = rawCode;
+                }
+                this.#multiCodeScratch[index] = code;
+                slot = slot * (vector.dictionary.length + 1) + code;
+            }
+            let state = this.#codeStates?.[slot] ?? this.#multiCodeStates?.get(slot);
+            if (state === undefined) {
+                const groupValues = [];
+                for (let index = 0; index < multiCode.length; index += 1) {
+                    const vector = required(multiCode[index], "Group code column is missing").vector;
+                    const code = this.#multiCodeScratch[index] ?? vector.dictionary.length;
+                    groupValues.push(code === vector.dictionary.length ? null : (vector.dictionary[code] ?? null));
+                }
+                state = createGroupState(groupValues, plan, this.#memory);
+                if (this.#codeStates !== undefined)
+                    this.#codeStates[slot] = state;
+                else {
+                    this.#memory.tally(PACKED_GROUP_ENTRY_BYTES, "Packed group index entry");
+                    this.#multiCodeStates?.set(slot, state);
+                }
+                this.#ordered?.push(state);
+            }
+            return state;
+        }
+        if (plan.groupBy.length === 1) {
+            const groupValue = asQueryValue(evaluateBatchExpression(plan, required(plan.groupBy[0], "Group expression is missing"), batch, row));
+            this.#pendingSingleValue = groupValue;
+            return this.#index.getOrInsertOne(groupKey(groupValue), this.#createPendingSingle);
+        }
+        // The scratch array carries this row's keys without a per-row allocation; the create callback
+        // re-evaluates the group expressions, which runs once per distinct group.
+        for (let index = 0; index < plan.groupBy.length; index += 1) {
+            const codeColumn = this.#codeColumns[index];
+            if (codeColumn !== undefined) {
+                const sourceRow = batch.rowsBySource[codeColumn.source]?.[row] ?? -1;
+                let key = null;
+                if (sourceRow >= 0 &&
+                    sourceRow < codeColumn.vector.length &&
+                    isValid(codeColumn.vector.validity, sourceRow)) {
+                    const rawCode = codeColumn.vector.codes[sourceRow] ?? NULL_STRING_CODE;
+                    if (rawCode !== NULL_STRING_CODE)
+                        key = rawCode;
+                }
+                this.#keyScratch[index] = key;
+                continue;
+            }
+            const expression = required(plan.groupBy[index], "Group expression is missing");
+            this.#keyScratch[index] = groupKey(asQueryValue(evaluateBatchExpression(plan, expression, batch, row)));
+        }
+        this.#keyScratch.length = plan.groupBy.length;
+        this.#pendingBatch = batch;
+        this.#pendingRow = row;
+        return this.#index.getOrInsert(this.#keyScratch, this.#createPendingCompound);
+    }
+    values() {
+        return this.#ordered ?? this.#index.values();
+    }
+}
+function consumeBatch(plan, batch, groups, output, memory, prefiltered = false) {
+    const checkPredicates = plan.predicates.length > 0 && !prefiltered;
+    if (checkPredicates) {
+        // Selection-first: unboxed predicate loops compact the batch before any per-row work.
+        const { selection, survivors } = filterScanBatch(plan, batch);
+        if (survivors === 0)
+            return;
+        if (plan.grouped) {
+            // Group over the compacted survivors so the unboxed aggregate kernel still applies.
+            const working = survivors < batch.length
+                ? materializeSelection(batch, selection, survivors, memory)
+                : batch;
+            try {
+                consumeBatch(plan, working, groups, output, memory, true);
+            }
+            finally {
+                if (working !== batch)
+                    working.memory?.close();
+            }
+            return;
+        }
+        for (let index = 0; index < survivors; index += 1) {
+            output.add(batch, selection[index] ?? 0);
+            if (reachedEarlyLimit(plan, output.size))
+                return;
+        }
+        return;
+    }
+    if (plan.grouped && groups.consumeFast(batch, () => true, false))
+        return;
+    if (!plan.grouped && output.tryAddBatch(batch))
+        return;
+    for (let row = 0; row < batch.length; row += 1) {
+        if (plan.grouped) {
+            updateAggregates(plan, groups.stateFor(batch, row), batch, row, memory);
+        }
+        else {
+            output.add(batch, row);
+            if (reachedEarlyLimit(plan, output.size))
+                return;
+        }
+    }
+}
+/**
+ * Shared accumulator arrays for groups in a plan with no aggregates — a `GROUP BY` that only
+ * produces its keys, which is exactly the inner block `COUNT(DISTINCT x)` desugars into. That
+ * block makes one group per distinct (key, x) pair, so allocating five per-group accumulators
+ * that nothing can ever write costs five allocations per distinct value. Every writer is bounded
+ * by the aggregate count, so with none there is nothing to write; the plain arrays are frozen so
+ * a future writer that ignores that bound fails loudly instead of corrupting every group.
+ */
+const EMPTY_ACCUMULATOR = new Float64Array(0);
+const EMPTY_VALUES = Object.freeze([]);
+const EMPTY_RESERVATIONS = Object.freeze([]);
+function createGroupState(groupValues, plan, memory) {
+    let payloadBytes = QUERY_REFERENCE_BYTES;
+    for (const value of groupValues) {
+        payloadBytes = safeMemorySum(payloadBytes, queryValuePayloadBytes(value), "Group state");
+    }
+    payloadBytes = safeMemorySum(payloadBytes, safeMemoryProduct(plan.aggregates.length, AGGREGATE_ACCUMULATOR_BYTES, "Aggregate accumulator state"), "Group state");
+    // tally, not reserve: a group state lives until the context closes and is never released
+    // on its own, so a per-group QueryMemoryReservation object — retained in the context's Set
+    // for the whole query — is pure overhead at one per distinct group.
+    memory.tally(payloadBytes, "Group state");
+    if (plan.aggregates.length === 0) {
+        return {
+            groupValues,
+            counts: EMPTY_ACCUMULATOR,
+            sums: EMPTY_ACCUMULATOR,
+            values: EMPTY_VALUES,
+            valueReservations: EMPTY_RESERVATIONS,
+            valueReservationBytes: EMPTY_ACCUMULATOR,
+            distincts: undefined,
+        };
+    }
+    // Only DISTINCT slots get a set, and only when the plan has one at all — an ordinary grouped
+    // query allocates nothing extra for a feature it does not use.
+    let distincts;
+    for (let index = 0; index < plan.aggregates.length; index += 1) {
+        if (plan.aggregates[index]?.distinct !== true)
+            continue;
+        distincts ??= new Array(plan.aggregates.length);
+        distincts[index] = new Set();
+    }
+    return {
+        groupValues,
+        counts: new Float64Array(plan.aggregates.length),
+        sums: new Float64Array(plan.aggregates.length),
+        values: new Array(plan.aggregates.length),
+        valueReservations: new Array(plan.aggregates.length),
+        valueReservationBytes: new Float64Array(plan.aggregates.length),
+        distincts,
+    };
+}
+/**
+ * A Set member standing for one aggregate input. Primitives are their own key — a Set separates
+ * `1` from `"1"` on its own — while a Date has to become its instant, since two Dates for the
+ * same moment are different objects. The NUL prefix keeps that instant from colliding with a
+ * string a row genuinely holds.
+ */
+function distinctKey(value) {
+    return value instanceof Date ? `d${String(value.getTime())}` : value;
+}
+/**
+ * Whether this value is the first of its kind for the slot, folding it into the set when it is.
+ * Growth is tallied rather than reserved for the same reason group state is: the set lives until
+ * the query's memory context closes, so a per-value reservation object would cost more than the
+ * value it tracks.
+ */
+function firstOfItsKind(state, index, value, memory) {
+    const seen = state.distincts?.[index];
+    if (seen === undefined)
+        return true;
+    const key = distinctKey(value);
+    if (seen.has(key))
+        return false;
+    seen.add(key);
+    memory.tally(safeMemorySum(QUERY_REFERENCE_BYTES, queryValuePayloadBytes(asQueryValue(key)), "Distinct aggregate value"), "Distinct aggregate value");
+    return true;
+}
+function updateAggregates(plan, state, batch, row, memory) {
+    for (let index = 0; index < plan.aggregates.length; index += 1) {
+        const spec = required(plan.aggregates[index], "Aggregate specification is missing");
+        // MIN/MAX/COUNT over a bare datetime column track raw epoch milliseconds: boxing a Date per
+        // row only to unbox it in the comparison would dominate the scan. The final read re-boxes
+        // the single surviving value.
+        if (spec.rawDatetime !== undefined) {
+            const sourceRow = batch.rowsBySource[spec.rawDatetime.source]?.[row] ?? -1;
+            applyAggregateValue(spec, state, index, rawFloat64Value(spec.rawDatetime.vector, sourceRow), memory);
+            continue;
+        }
+        // A bare number column reads its Float64Array slot directly and accumulates SUM/AVG into
+        // the typed sums array, so the per-row value never crosses an interpreter dispatch and the
+        // common accumulation path stays unboxed. MIN/MAX keep applyAggregateValue's comparison
+        // semantics (including NaN ordering) through compareValues.
+        // A DISTINCT slot always takes the generic path below: the unboxed branch writes straight
+        // into the accumulators, with no place to ask whether this value has been seen before.
+        if (spec.rawNumber !== undefined && spec.distinct !== true) {
+            const sourceRow = batch.rowsBySource[spec.rawNumber.source]?.[row] ?? -1;
+            const value = rawFloat64Value(spec.rawNumber.vector, sourceRow);
+            if (value !== null) {
+                state.counts[index] = (state.counts[index] ?? 0) + 1;
+                if (spec.name === "SUM" || spec.name === "AVG") {
+                    state.sums[index] = (state.sums[index] ?? 0) + value;
+                }
+                else if (spec.name === "MIN") {
+                    const current = state.values[index];
+                    if (current === undefined || compareValues(value, current) < 0) {
+                        replaceAggregateValue(state, index, value, "MIN aggregate value", memory);
+                    }
+                }
+                else if (spec.name === "MAX") {
+                    const current = state.values[index];
+                    if (current === undefined || compareValues(value, current) > 0) {
+                        replaceAggregateValue(state, index, value, "MAX aggregate value", memory);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            continue;
+        }
+        const value = spec.argument.kind === "wildcard"
+            ? 1
+            : evaluateBatchExpression(plan, spec.argument, batch, row);
+        applyAggregateValue(spec, state, index, value, memory);
+    }
+}
+/** Reads a float64 slot (number value or raw epoch milliseconds) unboxed, or null when invalid. */
+function rawFloat64Value(vector, rowIndex) {
+    if (rowIndex < 0 || rowIndex >= vector.length)
+        return null;
+    const window = vector.window;
+    let slot = rowIndex;
+    if (window !== undefined) {
+        slot = rowIndex - window.start;
+        if (slot < 0 || slot >= window.length) {
+            throw new RangeError("Streamed vector row is outside the resident window");
+        }
+    }
+    if (!isValid(vector.validity, slot))
+        return null;
+    return vector.values[slot] ?? 0;
+}
+function updateAggregatesFromValues(plan, state, values, memory) {
+    for (let index = 0; index < plan.aggregates.length; index += 1) {
+        const spec = required(plan.aggregates[index], "Aggregate specification is missing");
+        applyAggregateValue(spec, state, index, values[index], memory);
+    }
+}
+function applyAggregateValue(spec, state, index, value, memory) {
+    if (value === null || value === undefined)
+        return;
+    // One gate for every path that accumulates: the generic per-row path, the raw datetime path,
+    // and the re-accumulation of spilled rows.
+    if (spec.distinct === true && !firstOfItsKind(state, index, value, memory))
+        return;
+    state.counts[index] = (state.counts[index] ?? 0) + 1;
+    if (spec.name === "SUM" || spec.name === "AVG") {
+        state.sums[index] = (state.sums[index] ?? 0) + numeric(value);
+    }
+    else if (spec.name === "MIN" &&
+        (state.values[index] === undefined || compareValues(value, state.values[index]) < 0)) {
+        replaceAggregateValue(state, index, asQueryValue(value), "MIN aggregate value", memory);
+    }
+    else if (spec.name === "MAX" &&
+        (state.values[index] === undefined || compareValues(value, state.values[index]) > 0)) {
+        replaceAggregateValue(state, index, asQueryValue(value), "MAX aggregate value", memory);
+    }
+}
+/**
+ * Installs a MIN/MAX replacement value. The retained reservation only changes when the payload
+ * size does: monotone inputs replace the extreme on nearly every row, and fixed-width values
+ * (numbers, datetimes) would otherwise churn a reserve/release pair per row for the same bytes.
+ */
+function replaceAggregateValue(state, index, value, label, memory) {
+    const bytes = queryValuePayloadBytes(value);
+    if (bytes !== state.valueReservationBytes[index]) {
+        const replacement = memory.reserve(bytes, label);
+        state.valueReservations[index]?.release();
+        state.valueReservations[index] = replacement;
+        state.valueReservationBytes[index] = bytes;
+    }
+    state.values[index] = value;
+}
+function finishGroups(plan, groups, memory) {
+    const rows = [];
+    for (const group of groups) {
+        if (!plan.having.every((predicate) => predicateTruth(predicate, (nested) => evaluateFinalExpression(plan, nested, group)))) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        const row = {};
+        for (const item of plan.select) {
+            row[item.alias] = asQueryValue(evaluateFinalExpression(plan, item.expression, group));
+        }
+        memory.tally(queryRowPayloadBytes(row), "Accumulated grouped result row");
+        rows.push(row);
+    }
+    return rows;
+}
+function evaluateFinalExpression(plan, expression, group) {
+    const groupIndex = plan.groupIndexBySignature.get(expression.signature);
+    if (groupIndex !== undefined)
+        return group.groupValues[groupIndex] ?? null;
+    if (expression.kind === "literal")
+        return expression.value;
+    if (expression.kind === "wildcard")
+        return 1;
+    if (expression.kind === "list")
+        throw new TypeError("Value lists are only supported with IN");
+    if (expression.kind === "condition" ||
+        expression.kind === "logical" ||
+        expression.kind === "not") {
+        return booleanTruth(expression, (nested) => evaluateFinalExpression(plan, nested, group));
+    }
+    if (expression.kind === "case") {
+        for (const branch of expression.branches) {
+            const matched = booleanTruth(branch.when, (nested) => evaluateFinalExpression(plan, nested, group));
+            if (matched === true)
+                return evaluateFinalExpression(plan, branch.then, group);
+        }
+        return expression.otherwise === undefined
+            ? null
+            : evaluateFinalExpression(plan, expression.otherwise, group);
+    }
+    if (expression.kind === "column") {
+        throw new TypeError("Selected column must appear in GROUP BY");
+    }
+    if (expression.kind === "fts") {
+        throw new TypeError("Selected full-text expression must appear in GROUP BY");
+    }
+    if (expression.kind === "binary") {
+        return binaryValue(expression.operator, evaluateFinalExpression(plan, expression.left, group), evaluateFinalExpression(plan, expression.right, group));
+    }
+    if (expression.name === "COALESCE") {
+        for (const argument of expression.arguments) {
+            const candidate = evaluateFinalExpression(plan, argument, group);
+            if (candidate !== null && candidate !== undefined)
+                return candidate;
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+    if (isScalarFunctionName(expression.name)) {
+        return scalarFunctionValue(expression.name, expression.arguments.map((argument) => evaluateFinalExpression(plan, argument, group)));
+    }
+    const aggregateIndex = expression.aggregateIndex ?? -1;
+    const count = group.counts[aggregateIndex];
+    if (count === undefined)
+        throw new Error("Aggregate state is missing");
+    if (expression.name === "COUNT")
+        return count;
+    if (count === 0)
+        return null;
+    const sum = group.sums[aggregateIndex] ?? 0;
+    if (expression.name === "SUM")
+        return sum;
+    if (expression.name === "AVG")
+        return sum / count;
+    const value = group.values[aggregateIndex] ?? null;
+    // Raw-millisecond datetime extremes re-box into a Date only here, once per surviving group.
+    if (typeof value === "number" && plan.aggregates[aggregateIndex]?.rawDatetime !== undefined) {
+        return new Date(value);
+    }
+    return value;
+}
+/**
+ * Builds one result row by direct property assignment in stable select order: every projected
+ * row shares one hidden class and the per-row tuple/array churn of an entries-based build never
+ * exists. This runs once per surviving row, so it is the hottest allocation site of a query.
+ */
+function projectBatchRow(plan, batch, row) {
+    const result = {};
+    if (!plan.wildcard) {
+        for (const item of plan.select) {
+            const value = asQueryValue(evaluateBatchExpression(plan, item.expression, batch, row));
+            if (item.alias === "__proto__")
+                defineSqlResultProperty(result, item.alias, value);
+            else
+                result[item.alias] = value;
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+    const multiple = plan.sourceTables.length > 1;
+    for (let source = 0; source < plan.sourceTables.length; source += 1) {
+        const table = required(plan.sourceTables[source], "Wildcard source table is missing");
+        const rowIndex = batch.rowsBySource[source]?.[row] ?? -1;
+        const prefix = multiple ? `${plan.sourceAliases[source] ?? ""}.` : "";
+        for (const [name, vector] of table.columns) {
+            const outputName = multiple ? prefix + name : name;
+            const value = vectorValue(vector, rowIndex);
+            if (outputName === "__proto__")
+                defineSqlResultProperty(result, outputName, value);
+            else
+                result[outputName] = value;
+        }
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+function wildcardColumnNames(plan) {
+    const multiple = plan.sourceTables.length > 1;
+    return plan.sourceTables.flatMap((table, source) => [...table.columns.keys()].map((name) => multiple ? `${plan.sourceAliases[source] ?? ""}.${name}` : name));
+}
+/** Detects `stringColumn = 'literal'` (or !=) so batches compare dictionary codes per row. */
+function detectDictionaryEquality(predicate) {
+    if (!["=", "!=", "<>"].includes(predicate.operator))
+        return undefined;
+    const sides = [
+        { column: predicate.left, literal: predicate.right },
+        { column: predicate.right, literal: predicate.left },
+    ];
+    for (const { column, literal } of sides) {
+        if (column.kind === "column" &&
+            column.vector.kind === "string" &&
+            literal.kind === "literal" &&
+            typeof literal.value === "string") {
+            return {
+                source: column.source,
+                vector: column.vector,
+                value: literal.value,
+                negated: predicate.operator !== "=",
+                cache: { dictionary: undefined, code: -1 },
+            };
+        }
+    }
+    return undefined;
+}
+const primitiveOperators = new Set(["=", "!=", "<>", ">", ">=", "<", "<="]);
+/** Detects `column <op> literal` over numeric/datetime/boolean columns for unboxed evaluation. */
+function detectPrimitiveComparison(predicate) {
+    if (!primitiveOperators.has(predicate.operator))
+        return undefined;
+    const comparison = predicate.operator;
+    const sides = [
+        { column: predicate.left, literal: predicate.right, operator: comparison },
+        {
+            column: predicate.right,
+            literal: predicate.left,
+            operator: reverseComparisonOperator(comparison),
+        },
+    ];
+    for (const { column, literal, operator } of sides) {
+        if (column.kind !== "column" || literal.kind !== "literal")
+            continue;
+        const vector = column.vector;
+        const value = literal.value;
+        if (vector.kind === "number" && typeof value === "number") {
+            return { source: column.source, vector, operator, value };
+        }
+        if (vector.kind === "datetime" && value instanceof Date) {
+            return { source: column.source, vector, operator, value: value.getTime() };
+        }
+        if (vector.kind === "boolean" &&
+            typeof value === "boolean" &&
+            (operator === "=" || operator === "!=" || operator === "<>")) {
+            return { source: column.source, vector, operator, value: value ? 1 : 0 };
+        }
+    }
+    return undefined;
+}
+/**
+ * Detects `column IN (literal, ...)` over a numeric/datetime column. NULL members are dropped:
+ * a value can never equal NULL, so they add nothing to the membership test — but a list that
+ * is entirely NULL is left to the general path, where `IN (NULL)` keeps its three-valued
+ * answer instead of becoming a plain false.
+ */
+function detectPrimitiveInList(predicate) {
+    const negated = predicate.operator === "NOT IN";
+    if (predicate.operator !== "IN" && !negated)
+        return undefined;
+    if (predicate.left.kind !== "column" || predicate.right.kind !== "list")
+        return undefined;
+    const vector = predicate.left.vector;
+    if (vector.kind !== "number" && vector.kind !== "datetime")
+        return undefined;
+    const members = new Set();
+    let minimum = Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY;
+    let maximum = Number.NEGATIVE_INFINITY;
+    for (const item of predicate.right.items) {
+        if (item.kind !== "literal")
+            return undefined;
+        const value = item.value;
+        if (value === null) {
+            // A NULL member only ever turns a non-match into unknown, which the filter discards
+            // exactly as it discards false -- so IN may ignore it. NOT IN cannot: with a NULL in
+            // the list it is never true, and a kernel over the remaining members would keep rows.
+            if (negated)
+                return undefined;
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (vector.kind === "number") {
+            if (typeof value !== "number" || !Number.isFinite(value))
+                return undefined;
+            members.add(value);
+        }
+        else {
+            if (!(value instanceof Date))
+                return undefined;
+            members.add(value.getTime());
+        }
+    }
+    if (members.size === 0)
+        return undefined;
+    for (const member of members) {
+        if (member < minimum)
+            minimum = member;
+        if (member > maximum)
+            maximum = member;
+    }
+    return { source: predicate.left.source, vector, members, minimum, maximum, negated };
+}
+function reverseComparisonOperator(operator) {
+    if (operator === ">")
+        return "<";
+    if (operator === ">=")
+        return "<=";
+    if (operator === "<")
+        return ">";
+    if (operator === "<=")
+        return ">=";
+    return operator;
+}
+/** Reads a numeric/datetime/boolean slot as an unboxed float, or null when invalid. */
+function rawPrimitiveValue(vector, rowIndex) {
+    if (rowIndex < 0 || rowIndex >= vector.length)
+        return null;
+    const window = vector.window;
+    let slot = rowIndex;
+    if (window !== undefined) {
+        slot = rowIndex - window.start;
+        if (slot < 0 || slot >= window.length) {
+            throw new RangeError("Streamed vector row is outside the resident window");
+        }
+    }
+    if (!isValid(vector.validity, slot))
+        return null;
+    return vector.values[slot] ?? 0;
+}
+function primitiveComparisonHolds(primitive, value) {
+    switch (primitive.operator) {
+        case "=":
+            return value === primitive.value;
+        case "!=":
+        case "<>":
+            return value !== primitive.value;
+        case ">":
+            return value > primitive.value;
+        case ">=":
+            return value >= primitive.value;
+        case "<":
+            return value < primitive.value;
+        default:
+            return value <= primitive.value;
+    }
+}
+/** Detects `stringColumn LIKE 'literal'` (and NOT/ILIKE) for dictionary-level matching. */
+function detectDictionaryLike(predicate) {
+    const operator = predicate.operator;
+    if (operator !== "LIKE" &&
+        operator !== "NOT LIKE" &&
+        operator !== "ILIKE" &&
+        operator !== "NOT ILIKE") {
+        return undefined;
+    }
+    const column = predicate.left;
+    const literal = predicate.right;
+    if (column.kind !== "column" ||
+        column.vector.kind !== "string" ||
+        literal.kind !== "literal" ||
+        typeof literal.value !== "string") {
+        return undefined;
+    }
+    return {
+        source: column.source,
+        vector: column.vector,
+        pattern: literal.value,
+        caseInsensitive: operator === "ILIKE" || operator === "NOT ILIKE",
+        ...(predicate.escape === undefined ? {} : { escape: predicate.escape }),
+        negated: operator === "NOT LIKE" || operator === "NOT ILIKE",
+        cache: { dictionary: undefined, matches: new Uint8Array(0) },
+    };
+}
+/**
+ * Match table for one (dictionary, pattern) pair, cached across queries on the dictionary's
+ * identity: repeated LIKE scans over a cached columnar table pay the per-entry match once ever.
+ */
+const dictionaryLikeCache = new WeakMap();
+function dictionaryLikeMatches(dictionary, pattern, caseInsensitive, escape) {
+    let patterns = dictionaryLikeCache.get(dictionary);
+    if (patterns === undefined) {
+        patterns = new Map();
+        dictionaryLikeCache.set(dictionary, patterns);
+    }
+    const key = `${caseInsensitive ? "i" : "s"}${escape ?? ""} ${pattern}`;
+    let matches = patterns.get(key);
+    if (matches === undefined) {
+        matches = new Uint8Array(dictionary.length);
+        for (let index = 0; index < dictionary.length; index += 1) {
+            matches[index] = likeMatches(pattern, dictionary[index] ?? "", caseInsensitive, escape)
+                ? 1
+                : 0;
+        }
+        if (patterns.size >= 32)
+            patterns.clear();
+        patterns.set(key, matches);
+    }
+    return matches;
+}
+function stringCodeAt(vector, rowIndex) {
+    if (rowIndex < 0 || rowIndex >= vector.length)
+        return undefined;
+    const window = vector.window;
+    let slot = rowIndex;
+    if (window !== undefined) {
+        slot = rowIndex - window.start;
+        if (slot < 0 || slot >= window.length) {
+            throw new RangeError(`Streamed vector row ${String(rowIndex)} is outside the resident window ${String(window.start)}..${String(window.start + window.length)}`);
+        }
+    }
+    if (!isValid(vector.validity, slot))
+        return undefined;
+    const code = vector.codes[slot] ?? NULL_STRING_CODE;
+    return code === NULL_STRING_CODE ? undefined : code;
+}
+/**
+ * SQL three-valued logic over bound boolean trees; mirrors evaluateBooleanExpression in query.ts
+ * with bound leaves. Only the caller collapses unknown (null) to false.
+ */
+function booleanTruth(expression, evaluateValue) {
+    if (expression.kind === "logical") {
+        const left = booleanTruth(expression.left, evaluateValue);
+        if (expression.operator === "and") {
+            if (left === false)
+                return false;
+            const right = booleanTruth(expression.right, evaluateValue);
+            if (right === false)
+                return false;
+            return left === null || right === null ? null : true;
+        }
+        if (left === true)
+            return true;
+        const right = booleanTruth(expression.right, evaluateValue);
+        if (right === true)
+            return true;
+        return left === null || right === null ? null : false;
+    }
+    if (expression.kind === "not") {
+        const value = booleanTruth(expression.operand, evaluateValue);
+        return value === null ? null : !value;
+    }
+    if (expression.kind === "condition") {
+        const operator = expression.operator;
+        if (operator === "IS TRUE")
+            return booleanTruth(expression.left, evaluateValue);
+        if (operator === "IS NULL" || operator === "IS NOT NULL") {
+            const value = evaluateValue(expression.left);
+            const isNull = value === null || value === undefined;
+            return operator === "IS NULL" ? isNull : !isNull;
+        }
+        if (operator === "IN" || operator === "NOT IN") {
+            if (expression.right.kind !== "list")
+                throw new TypeError("IN requires a value list");
+            const probe = evaluateValue(expression.left);
+            if (probe === null || probe === undefined)
+                return null;
+            const membership = cachedListMembership(expression.right, expression.right.items);
+            if (membership !== null) {
+                if (membership.set.has(comparable(probe)))
+                    return operator === "IN";
+                if (membership.hasNull)
+                    return null;
+                return operator === "NOT IN";
+            }
+            let sawNull = false;
+            for (const item of expression.right.items) {
+                const value = evaluateValue(item);
+                if (value === null || value === undefined) {
+                    sawNull = true;
+                    continue;
+                }
+                if (comparable(value) === comparable(probe))
+                    return operator === "IN";
+            }
+            if (sawNull)
+                return null;
+            return operator === "NOT IN";
+        }
+        {
+            const quantified = parseQuantified(operator);
+            if (quantified !== undefined) {
+                if (expression.right.kind !== "list") {
+                    throw new TypeError("ANY/ALL subqueries must be resolved before evaluation");
+                }
+                return quantifiedComparison(quantified.comparison, quantified.quantifier, evaluateValue(expression.left), expression.right.items.map((item) => evaluateValue(item)));
+            }
+        }
+        if (operator === "LIKE" ||
+            operator === "NOT LIKE" ||
+            operator === "ILIKE" ||
+            operator === "NOT ILIKE") {
+            const value = evaluateValue(expression.left);
+            const pattern = evaluateValue(expression.right);
+            if (value === null || value === undefined || pattern === null || pattern === undefined) {
+                return null;
+            }
+            if (typeof value !== "string" || typeof pattern !== "string") {
+                throw new TypeError("LIKE requires string operands");
+            }
+            const matched = likeMatches(pattern, value, operator === "ILIKE" || operator === "NOT ILIKE", expression.escape);
+            return operator === "LIKE" || operator === "ILIKE" ? matched : !matched;
+        }
+        if (operator === "IS DISTINCT FROM" || operator === "IS NOT DISTINCT FROM") {
+            const distinct = distinctFromComparison(evaluateValue(expression.left), evaluateValue(expression.right));
+            return operator === "IS DISTINCT FROM" ? distinct : !distinct;
+        }
+        const left = evaluateValue(expression.left);
+        const right = evaluateValue(expression.right);
+        if (left === null || left === undefined || right === null || right === undefined)
+            return null;
+        const a = comparable(left);
+        const b = comparable(right);
+        if (operator === "=")
+            return a === b;
+        if (operator === "!=" || operator === "<>")
+            return a !== b;
+        const comparison = compareValues(a, b);
+        if (operator === ">")
+            return comparison > 0;
+        if (operator === ">=")
+            return comparison >= 0;
+        if (operator === "<")
+            return comparison < 0;
+        return comparison <= 0;
+    }
+    const value = evaluateValue(expression);
+    if (value === null || value === undefined)
+        return null;
+    if (typeof value === "boolean")
+        return value;
+    throw new TypeError("Boolean conditions require boolean operands");
+}
+function predicateTruth(predicate, evaluateValue) {
+    if (predicate.operator === "IS TRUE") {
+        return booleanTruth(predicate.left, evaluateValue) === true;
+    }
+    return (booleanTruth({
+        kind: "condition",
+        operator: predicate.operator,
+        left: predicate.left,
+        right: predicate.right,
+        ...(predicate.escape === undefined ? {} : { escape: predicate.escape }),
+        signature: "",
+    }, evaluateValue) === true);
+}
+function evaluateBatchPredicate(plan, predicate, batch, row) {
+    const fast = predicate.dictionaryEquality;
+    if (fast !== undefined) {
+        const code = stringCodeAt(fast.vector, batch.rowsBySource[fast.source]?.[row] ?? -1);
+        if (code === undefined)
+            return false;
+        if (fast.cache.dictionary !== fast.vector.dictionary) {
+            fast.cache.dictionary = fast.vector.dictionary;
+            fast.cache.code = fast.vector.dictionary.indexOf(fast.value);
+        }
+        const matches = fast.cache.code >= 0 && code === fast.cache.code;
+        return fast.negated ? !matches : matches;
+    }
+    const primitive = predicate.primitive;
+    if (primitive !== undefined) {
+        const value = rawPrimitiveValue(primitive.vector, batch.rowsBySource[primitive.source]?.[row] ?? -1);
+        return value === null ? false : primitiveComparisonHolds(primitive, value);
+    }
+    const like = predicate.dictionaryLike;
+    if (like !== undefined) {
+        const code = stringCodeAt(like.vector, batch.rowsBySource[like.source]?.[row] ?? -1);
+        if (code === undefined)
+            return false;
+        if (like.cache.dictionary !== like.vector.dictionary) {
+            like.cache.dictionary = like.vector.dictionary;
+            like.cache.matches = dictionaryLikeMatches(like.vector.dictionary, like.pattern, like.caseInsensitive, like.escape);
+        }
+        const matched = like.cache.matches[code] === 1;
+        return like.negated ? !matched : matched;
+    }
+    if (predicate.operator === "IS TRUE" ||
+        predicate.operator === "LIKE" ||
+        predicate.operator === "NOT LIKE" ||
+        predicate.operator === "ILIKE" ||
+        predicate.operator === "NOT ILIKE" ||
+        parseQuantified(predicate.operator) !== undefined) {
+        return predicateTruth(predicate, (nested) => evaluateBatchExpression(plan, nested, batch, row));
+    }
+    if (predicate.operator === "IN" || predicate.operator === "NOT IN") {
+        if (predicate.right.kind !== "list")
+            throw new TypeError("IN requires a value list");
+        const membership = cachedListMembership(predicate.right, predicate.right.items);
+        if (membership !== null) {
+            const value = evaluateBatchExpression(plan, predicate.left, batch, row);
+            if (value === null || value === undefined)
+                return false;
+            if (membership.set.has(comparable(value)))
+                return predicate.operator === "IN";
+            return predicate.operator === "NOT IN" && !membership.hasNull;
+        }
+        return inListHolds(predicate.operator, evaluateBatchExpression(plan, predicate.left, batch, row), predicate.right.items.map((item) => evaluateBatchExpression(plan, item, batch, row)));
+    }
+    return comparisonValue(predicate.operator, evaluateBatchExpression(plan, predicate.left, batch, row), evaluateBatchExpression(plan, predicate.right, batch, row));
+}
+/**
+ * SQL membership semantics: a NULL probe never matches, and NOT IN cannot be satisfied when the
+ * list contains NULL because the comparison is unknown rather than false.
+ */
+function inListHolds(operator, value, items) {
+    if (value === null || value === undefined)
+        return false;
+    let hasNull = false;
+    for (const item of items) {
+        if (item === null || item === undefined) {
+            hasNull = true;
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (comparable(value) === comparable(item))
+            return operator === "IN";
+    }
+    return operator === "NOT IN" && !hasNull;
+}
+function evaluateBatchExpression(plan, expression, batch, row) {
+    if (expression.kind === "literal")
+        return expression.value;
+    if (expression.kind === "wildcard")
+        return 1;
+    if (expression.kind === "list")
+        throw new TypeError("Value lists are only supported with IN");
+    if (expression.kind === "condition" ||
+        expression.kind === "logical" ||
+        expression.kind === "not") {
+        return booleanTruth(expression, (nested) => evaluateBatchExpression(plan, nested, batch, row));
+    }
+    if (expression.kind === "case") {
+        for (const branch of expression.branches) {
+            const matched = booleanTruth(branch.when, (nested) => evaluateBatchExpression(plan, nested, batch, row));
+            if (matched === true)
+                return evaluateBatchExpression(plan, branch.then, batch, row);
+        }
+        return expression.otherwise === undefined
+            ? null
+            : evaluateBatchExpression(plan, expression.otherwise, batch, row);
+    }
+    if (expression.kind === "column") {
+        return vectorValue(expression.vector, batch.rowsBySource[expression.source]?.[row] ?? -1);
+    }
+    if (expression.kind === "fts") {
+        return expression.op === "match"
+            ? ftsBatchTruth(expression, batch, null, row)
+            : ftsBm25BatchValue(expression, batch, null, row);
+    }
+    if (expression.kind === "binary") {
+        return binaryValue(expression.operator, evaluateBatchExpression(plan, expression.left, batch, row), evaluateBatchExpression(plan, expression.right, batch, row));
+    }
+    if (expression.name === "COALESCE") {
+        for (const argument of expression.arguments) {
+            const candidate = evaluateBatchExpression(plan, argument, batch, row);
+            if (candidate !== null && candidate !== undefined)
+                return candidate;
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+    if (!isScalarFunctionName(expression.name))
+        throw new TypeError(`${expression.name} requires grouped execution`);
+    return scalarFunctionValue(expression.name, expression.arguments.map((argument) => evaluateBatchExpression(plan, argument, batch, row)));
+}
+function evaluateExpression(expression, rowsBySource) {
+    if (expression.kind === "literal")
+        return expression.value;
+    if (expression.kind === "wildcard")
+        return 1;
+    if (expression.kind === "list")
+        throw new TypeError("Value lists are only supported with IN");
+    if (expression.kind === "condition" ||
+        expression.kind === "logical" ||
+        expression.kind === "not") {
+        return booleanTruth(expression, (nested) => evaluateExpression(nested, rowsBySource));
+    }
+    if (expression.kind === "case") {
+        for (const branch of expression.branches) {
+            const matched = booleanTruth(branch.when, (nested) => evaluateExpression(nested, rowsBySource));
+            if (matched === true)
+                return evaluateExpression(branch.then, rowsBySource);
+        }
+        return expression.otherwise === undefined
+            ? null
+            : evaluateExpression(expression.otherwise, rowsBySource);
+    }
+    if (expression.kind === "column") {
+        return vectorValue(expression.vector, rowsBySource[expression.source] ?? -1);
+    }
+    if (expression.kind === "fts") {
+        return expression.op === "match"
+            ? ftsBatchTruth(expression, null, rowsBySource, 0)
+            : ftsBm25BatchValue(expression, null, rowsBySource, 0);
+    }
+    if (expression.kind === "binary") {
+        return binaryValue(expression.operator, evaluateExpression(expression.left, rowsBySource), evaluateExpression(expression.right, rowsBySource));
+    }
+    if (expression.name === "COALESCE") {
+        for (const argument of expression.arguments) {
+            const candidate = evaluateExpression(argument, rowsBySource);
+            if (candidate !== null && candidate !== undefined)
+                return candidate;
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+    if (!isScalarFunctionName(expression.name))
+        throw new TypeError(`${expression.name} requires grouped execution`);
+    return scalarFunctionValue(expression.name, expression.arguments.map((argument) => evaluateExpression(argument, rowsBySource)));
+}
+function binaryValue(operator, left, right) {
+    if (left === null || left === undefined || right === null || right === undefined)
+        return null;
+    if (operator === "||") {
+        if (typeof left !== "string" || typeof right !== "string") {
+            throw new TypeError("|| requires string operands");
+        }
+        return left + right;
+    }
+    const a = numeric(left);
+    const b = numeric(right);
+    if (operator === "+")
+        return a + b;
+    if (operator === "-")
+        return a - b;
+    if (operator === "*")
+        return a * b;
+    // Division and remainder by zero are NULL, matching SQLite, not Infinity/NaN.
+    if (b === 0)
+        return null;
+    return operator === "%" ? a % b : a / b;
+}
+function comparisonValue(operator, leftValue, rightValue) {
+    if (operator === "IS NULL")
+        return leftValue === null || leftValue === undefined;
+    if (operator === "IS NOT NULL")
+        return leftValue !== null && leftValue !== undefined;
+    if (operator === "IN" || operator === "NOT IN") {
+        throw new TypeError("IN is only supported in WHERE predicates");
+    }
+    if (operator === "IS DISTINCT FROM")
+        return distinctFromComparison(leftValue, rightValue);
+    if (operator === "IS NOT DISTINCT FROM")
+        return !distinctFromComparison(leftValue, rightValue);
+    if (operator === "LIKE" ||
+        operator === "NOT LIKE" ||
+        operator === "ILIKE" ||
+        operator === "NOT ILIKE") {
+        if (leftValue === null ||
+            leftValue === undefined ||
+            rightValue === null ||
+            rightValue === undefined) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (typeof leftValue !== "string" || typeof rightValue !== "string") {
+            throw new TypeError("LIKE requires string operands");
+        }
+        const matched = likeMatches(rightValue, leftValue, operator === "ILIKE" || operator === "NOT ILIKE");
+        return operator === "LIKE" || operator === "ILIKE" ? matched : !matched;
+    }
+    if (leftValue === null ||
+        leftValue === undefined ||
+        rightValue === null ||
+        rightValue === undefined) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    const left = comparable(leftValue);
+    const right = comparable(rightValue);
+    if (operator === "=")
+        return left === right;
+    if (operator === "!=" || operator === "<>")
+        return left !== right;
+    const comparison = compareValues(left, right);
+    if (operator === ">")
+        return comparison > 0;
+    if (operator === ">=")
+        return comparison >= 0;
+    if (operator === "<")
+        return comparison < 0;
+    return comparison <= 0;
+}
+function comparable(value) {
+    return value instanceof Date ? value.getTime() : value;
+}
+function groupKey(value) {
+    const comparableValue = comparable(value);
+    if (typeof comparableValue === "number" && !Number.isFinite(comparableValue))
+        return null;
+    if (comparableValue === null ||
+        typeof comparableValue === "boolean" ||
+        typeof comparableValue === "number" ||
+        typeof comparableValue === "string") {
+        return comparableValue;
+    }
+    throw new TypeError("Group keys must be SQL scalar values");
+}
+function stableSortRows(rows, orderBy) {
+    if (rows.length > 0xffffffff)
+        throw new RangeError("Too many rows to order");
+    const indexes = new Uint32Array(rows.length);
+    const scratch = new Uint32Array(rows.length);
+    for (let index = 0; index < indexes.length; index += 1)
+        indexes[index] = index;
+    let source = indexes;
+    let target = scratch;
+    // One prepared column per term, extracted once; see sort-keys.ts for why the comparison
+    // rather than the merge is what a sort costs. Direction and explicit NULL placement are
+    // resolved here, outside the comparison, because they never vary row to row.
+    const termCount = orderBy.length;
+    const terms = orderBy.map((order) => ({
+        /** Signed placement for an explicit NULLS FIRST/LAST, or 0 when the default applies. */
+        nullPlacement: order.nulls === undefined ? 0 : order.nulls === "first" ? 1 : -1,
+        descending: order.direction === "desc",
+    }));
+    const columns = orderBy.map((order) => buildSortKeyColumn(rows.length, (index) => required(rows[index], "Ordering row is missing")[order.outputName]));
+    const compareIndexes = (leftIndex, rightIndex) => {
+        for (let term = 0; term < termCount; term += 1) {
+            const column = required(columns[term], "Order keys are missing");
+            const { nullPlacement, descending } = required(terms[term], "Order term is missing");
+            if (nullPlacement !== 0) {
+                // An explicit placement is absolute: direction must not negate it.
+                const leftNull = column.isNull(leftIndex);
+                const rightNull = column.isNull(rightIndex);
+                if (leftNull || rightNull) {
+                    if (leftNull && rightNull)
+                        continue;
+                    return (leftNull ? -1 : 1) * nullPlacement;
+                }
+            }
+            const comparison = column.compare(leftIndex, rightIndex);
+            if (comparison !== 0)
+                return descending ? -comparison : comparison;
+        }
+        return 0;
+    };
+    for (let width = 1; width < rows.length; width *= 2) {
+        for (let start = 0; start < rows.length; start += width * 2) {
+            const middle = Math.min(start + width, rows.length);
+            const end = Math.min(start + width * 2, rows.length);
+            let left = start;
+            let right = middle;
+            for (let output = start; output < end; output += 1) {
+                if (right >= end ||
+                    (left < middle && compareIndexes(source[left] ?? 0, source[right] ?? 0) <= 0)) {
+                    target[output] = source[left] ?? 0;
+                    left += 1;
+                }
+                else {
+                    target[output] = source[right] ?? 0;
+                    right += 1;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        [source, target] = [target, source];
+    }
+    if (source !== indexes)
+        indexes.set(source);
+    const visited = new Uint8Array(rows.length);
+    for (let start = 0; start < rows.length; start += 1) {
+        if (visited[start] === 1)
+            continue;
+        const first = required(rows[start], "Ordering row is missing");
+        let output = start;
+        let input = indexes[output] ?? start;
+        while (input !== start) {
+            visited[output] = 1;
+            rows[output] = required(rows[input], "Ordering row is missing");
+            output = input;
+            input = indexes[output] ?? start;
+        }
+        visited[output] = 1;
+        rows[output] = first;
+    }
+}
+function compareValues(left, right) {
+    const a = left instanceof Date ? left.getTime() : left;
+    const b = right instanceof Date ? right.getTime() : right;
+    if (a === b)
+        return 0;
+    if (a === null || a === undefined)
+        return -1;
+    if (b === null || b === undefined)
+        return 1;
+    if (typeof a === "number" && typeof b === "number") {
+        if (Number.isNaN(a))
+            return Number.isNaN(b) ? 0 : 1;
+        if (Number.isNaN(b))
+            return -1;
+        return a - b;
+    }
+    if (typeof a === "string" && typeof b === "string")
+        return compareSqlStrings(a, b);
+    if (typeof a === "boolean" && typeof b === "boolean")
+        return Number(a) - Number(b);
+    throw new TypeError("Values must have comparable SQL types");
+}
+function numeric(value) {
+    if (typeof value !== "number")
+        throw new TypeError("Arithmetic and numeric aggregates require numbers");
+    return value;
+}
+function asQueryValue(value) {
+    if (value === null ||
+        typeof value === "boolean" ||
+        typeof value === "number" ||
+        typeof value === "string" ||
+        value instanceof Date) {
+        return value;
+    }
+    if (value === undefined)
+        return null;
+    throw new TypeError("Query produced an unsupported value");
+}
+function required(value, message) {
+    if (value === undefined)
+        throw new Error(message);
+    return value;
+}
+function queryRowPayloadBytes(row) {
+    // for-in rather than Object.values: this runs once per result row, and Object.values
+    // allocates a throwaway array of every value each time. Every term is non-negative, so one
+    // range check at the end is equivalent to checking each addition.
+    let total = QUERY_REFERENCE_BYTES;
+    for (const key in row)
+        total += queryValuePayloadBytes(row[key] ?? null);
+    if (!Number.isSafeInteger(total) || total < 0) {
+        throw new RangeError("Result row payload exceeds the safe integer range");
+    }
+    return total;
+}
+function queryValuePayloadBytes(value) {
+    if (value === null)
+        return QUERY_VALUE_TAG_BYTES;
+    if (typeof value === "boolean")
+        return QUERY_VALUE_TAG_BYTES + 1;
+    if (typeof value === "number" || value instanceof Date) {
+        return QUERY_VALUE_TAG_BYTES + Float64Array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT;
+    }
+    // Accounted as one byte per UTF-16 code unit: exact for the dominant Latin-1 case, O(1)
+    // instead of a per-value UTF-8 encode that allocates a throwaway buffer per string.
+    return safeMemorySum(QUERY_VALUE_TAG_BYTES, value.length, "String query value payload");
+}
+function safeMemorySum(left, right, label) {
+    const total = left + right;
+    if (!Number.isSafeInteger(total) || total < 0) {
+        throw new RangeError(`${label} exceeds the safe integer range`);
+    }
+    return total;
+}
+function safeMemoryProduct(left, right, label) {
+    const product = left * right;
+    if (!Number.isSafeInteger(product) || product < 0) {
+        throw new RangeError(`${label} exceeds the safe integer range`);
+    }
+    return product;
+}
+//# sourceMappingURL=vector.js.map