@mikro-orm/sql 7.0.2-dev.9 → 7.0.2

package/AbstractSqlDriver.js

@@ -1,1998 +1,2123 @@
-import { ALIAS_REPLACEMENT_RE, DatabaseDriver, EntityManagerType, getLoadingStrategy, getOnConflictFields, getOnConflictReturningFields, helper, isRaw, LoadStrategy, parseJsonSafe, PolymorphicRef, QueryFlag, QueryHelper, QueryOrder, raw, RawQueryFragment, ReferenceKind, Utils, } from '@mikro-orm/core';
+import {
+  ALIAS_REPLACEMENT_RE,
+  DatabaseDriver,
+  EntityManagerType,
+  getLoadingStrategy,
+  getOnConflictFields,
+  getOnConflictReturningFields,
+  helper,
+  isRaw,
+  LoadStrategy,
+  parseJsonSafe,
+  PolymorphicRef,
+  QueryFlag,
+  QueryHelper,
+  QueryOrder,
+  raw,
+  RawQueryFragment,
+  ReferenceKind,
+  Utils,
+} from '@mikro-orm/core';
 import { QueryBuilder } from './query/QueryBuilder.js';
 import { JoinType, QueryType } from './query/enums.js';
 import { SqlEntityManager } from './SqlEntityManager.js';
 import { PivotCollectionPersister } from './PivotCollectionPersister.js';
+/** Base class for SQL database drivers, implementing find/insert/update/delete using QueryBuilder. */
 export class AbstractSqlDriver extends DatabaseDriver {
-    [EntityManagerType];
-    connection;
-    replicas = [];
-    platform;
-    constructor(config, platform, connection, connector) {
-        super(config, connector);
-        this.connection = new connection(this.config);
-        this.replicas = this.createReplicas(conf => new connection(this.config, conf, 'read'));
-        this.platform = platform;
-    }
-    getPlatform() {
-        return this.platform;
-    }
-    /** Evaluates a formula callback, handling both string and Raw return values. */
-    evaluateFormula(formula, columns, table) {
-        const result = formula(columns, table);
-        return isRaw(result) ? this.platform.formatQuery(result.sql, result.params) : result;
-    }
-    /** For TPT entities, returns ownProps (columns in this table); otherwise returns all props. */
-    getTableProps(meta) {
-        return meta.inheritanceType === 'tpt' && meta.ownProps ? meta.ownProps : meta.props;
-    }
-    /** Creates a FormulaTable object for use in formula callbacks. */
-    createFormulaTable(alias, meta, schema) {
-        const effectiveSchema = schema ?? (meta.schema !== '*' ? meta.schema : undefined);
-        const qualifiedName = effectiveSchema ? `${effectiveSchema}.${meta.tableName}` : meta.tableName;
-        return { alias, name: meta.tableName, schema: effectiveSchema, qualifiedName, toString: () => alias };
-    }
-    validateSqlOptions(options) {
-        if (options.collation != null && typeof options.collation !== 'string') {
-            throw new Error('Collation option for SQL drivers must be a string (collation name). Use a CollationOptions object only with MongoDB.');
-        }
-        if (options.indexHint != null && typeof options.indexHint !== 'string') {
-            throw new Error("indexHint for SQL drivers must be a string (e.g. 'force index(my_index)'). Use an object only with MongoDB.");
-        }
+  [EntityManagerType];
+  connection;
+  replicas = [];
+  platform;
+  constructor(config, platform, connection, connector) {
+    super(config, connector);
+    this.connection = new connection(this.config);
+    this.replicas = this.createReplicas(conf => new connection(this.config, conf, 'read'));
+    this.platform = platform;
+  }
+  getPlatform() {
+    return this.platform;
+  }
+  /** Evaluates a formula callback, handling both string and Raw return values. */
+  evaluateFormula(formula, columns, table) {
+    const result = formula(columns, table);
+    return isRaw(result) ? this.platform.formatQuery(result.sql, result.params) : result;
+  }
+  /** For TPT entities, returns ownProps (columns in this table); otherwise returns all props. */
+  getTableProps(meta) {
+    return meta.inheritanceType === 'tpt' && meta.ownProps ? meta.ownProps : meta.props;
+  }
+  /** Creates a FormulaTable object for use in formula callbacks. */
+  createFormulaTable(alias, meta, schema) {
+    const effectiveSchema = schema ?? (meta.schema !== '*' ? meta.schema : undefined);
+    const qualifiedName = effectiveSchema ? `${effectiveSchema}.${meta.tableName}` : meta.tableName;
+    return { alias, name: meta.tableName, schema: effectiveSchema, qualifiedName, toString: () => alias };
+  }
+  validateSqlOptions(options) {
+    if (options.collation != null && typeof options.collation !== 'string') {
+      throw new Error(
+        'Collation option for SQL drivers must be a string (collation name). Use a CollationOptions object only with MongoDB.',
+      );
     }
-    createEntityManager(useContext) {
-        const EntityManagerClass = this.config.get('entityManager', SqlEntityManager);
-        return new EntityManagerClass(this.config, this, this.metadata, useContext);
-    }
-    async createQueryBuilderFromOptions(meta, where, options = {}) {
-        const connectionType = this.resolveConnectionType({ ctx: options.ctx, connectionType: options.connectionType });
-        const populate = this.autoJoinOneToOneOwner(meta, options.populate, options.fields);
-        const joinedProps = this.joinedProps(meta, populate, options);
-        const schema = this.getSchemaName(meta, options);
-        const qb = this.createQueryBuilder(meta.class, options.ctx, connectionType, false, options.logging, undefined, options.em).withSchema(schema);
-        const fields = this.buildFields(meta, populate, joinedProps, qb, qb.alias, options, schema);
-        const orderBy = this.buildOrderBy(qb, meta, populate, options);
-        const populateWhere = this.buildPopulateWhere(meta, joinedProps, options);
-        Utils.asArray(options.flags).forEach(flag => qb.setFlag(flag));
-        if (Utils.isPrimaryKey(where, meta.compositePK)) {
-            where = { [Utils.getPrimaryKeyHash(meta.primaryKeys)]: where };
-        }
-        this.validateSqlOptions(options);
-        const { first, last, before, after } = options;
-        const isCursorPagination = [first, last, before, after].some(v => v != null);
-        qb.state.resolvedPopulateWhere = options._populateWhere;
-        qb.select(fields)
-            // only add populateWhere if we are populate-joining, as this will be used to add `on` conditions
-            .populate(populate, joinedProps.length > 0 ? populateWhere : undefined, joinedProps.length > 0 ? options.populateFilter : undefined)
-            .where(where)
-            .groupBy(options.groupBy)
-            .having(options.having)
-            .indexHint(options.indexHint)
-            .collation(options.collation)
-            .comment(options.comments)
-            .hintComment(options.hintComments);
-        if (isCursorPagination) {
-            const { orderBy: newOrderBy, where } = this.processCursorOptions(meta, options, orderBy);
-            qb.andWhere(where).orderBy(newOrderBy);
-        }
-        else {
-            qb.orderBy(orderBy);
-        }
-        if (options.limit != null || options.offset != null) {
-            qb.limit(options.limit, options.offset);
-        }
-        if (options.lockMode) {
-            qb.setLockMode(options.lockMode, options.lockTableAliases);
-        }
-        if (options.em) {
-            await qb.applyJoinedFilters(options.em, options.filters);
-        }
-        return qb;
+    if (options.indexHint != null && typeof options.indexHint !== 'string') {
+      throw new Error(
+        "indexHint for SQL drivers must be a string (e.g. 'force index(my_index)'). Use an object only with MongoDB.",
+      );
     }
-    async find(entityName, where, options = {}) {
-        options = { populate: [], orderBy: [], ...options };
-        const meta = this.metadata.get(entityName);
-        if (meta.virtual) {
-            return this.findVirtual(entityName, where, options);
-        }
-        if (options.unionWhere?.length) {
-            where = await this.applyUnionWhere(meta, where, options);
-        }
-        const qb = await this.createQueryBuilderFromOptions(meta, where, options);
-        const result = await this.rethrow(qb.execute('all'));
-        if (options.last && !options.first) {
-            result.reverse();
-        }
-        return result;
-    }
-    async findOne(entityName, where, options) {
-        const opts = { populate: [], ...options };
-        const meta = this.metadata.find(entityName);
-        const populate = this.autoJoinOneToOneOwner(meta, opts.populate, opts.fields);
-        const joinedProps = this.joinedProps(meta, populate, options);
-        const hasToManyJoins = joinedProps.some(hint => this.hasToManyJoins(hint, meta));
-        if (joinedProps.length === 0 || !hasToManyJoins) {
-            opts.limit = 1;
-        }
-        if (opts.limit > 0 && !opts.flags?.includes(QueryFlag.DISABLE_PAGINATE)) {
-            opts.flags ??= [];
-            opts.flags.push(QueryFlag.DISABLE_PAGINATE);
-        }
-        const res = await this.find(entityName, where, opts);
-        return res[0] || null;
+  }
+  createEntityManager(useContext) {
+    const EntityManagerClass = this.config.get('entityManager', SqlEntityManager);
+    return new EntityManagerClass(this.config, this, this.metadata, useContext);
+  }
+  async createQueryBuilderFromOptions(meta, where, options = {}) {
+    const connectionType = this.resolveConnectionType({ ctx: options.ctx, connectionType: options.connectionType });
+    const populate = this.autoJoinOneToOneOwner(meta, options.populate, options.fields);
+    const joinedProps = this.joinedProps(meta, populate, options);
+    const schema = this.getSchemaName(meta, options);
+    const qb = this.createQueryBuilder(
+      meta.class,
+      options.ctx,
+      connectionType,
+      false,
+      options.logging,
+      undefined,
+      options.em,
+    ).withSchema(schema);
+    const fields = this.buildFields(meta, populate, joinedProps, qb, qb.alias, options, schema);
+    const orderBy = this.buildOrderBy(qb, meta, populate, options);
+    const populateWhere = this.buildPopulateWhere(meta, joinedProps, options);
+    Utils.asArray(options.flags).forEach(flag => qb.setFlag(flag));
+    if (Utils.isPrimaryKey(where, meta.compositePK)) {
+      where = { [Utils.getPrimaryKeyHash(meta.primaryKeys)]: where };
     }
-    hasToManyJoins(hint, meta) {
-        const [propName] = hint.field.split(':', 2);
-        const prop = meta.properties[propName];
-        if (prop && [ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_MANY, ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_MANY].includes(prop.kind)) {
-            return true;
-        }
-        if (hint.children && prop.targetMeta) {
-            return hint.children.some(hint => this.hasToManyJoins(hint, prop.targetMeta));
-        }
-        return false;
+    this.validateSqlOptions(options);
+    const { first, last, before, after } = options;
+    const isCursorPagination = [first, last, before, after].some(v => v != null);
+    qb.state.resolvedPopulateWhere = options._populateWhere;
+    qb.select(fields)
+      // only add populateWhere if we are populate-joining, as this will be used to add `on` conditions
+      .populate(
+        populate,
+        joinedProps.length > 0 ? populateWhere : undefined,
+        joinedProps.length > 0 ? options.populateFilter : undefined,
+      )
+      .where(where)
+      .groupBy(options.groupBy)
+      .having(options.having)
+      .indexHint(options.indexHint)
+      .collation(options.collation)
+      .comment(options.comments)
+      .hintComment(options.hintComments);
+    if (isCursorPagination) {
+      const { orderBy: newOrderBy, where } = this.processCursorOptions(meta, options, orderBy);
+      qb.andWhere(where).orderBy(newOrderBy);
+    } else {
+      qb.orderBy(orderBy);
     }
-    async findVirtual(entityName, where, options) {
-        return this.findFromVirtual(entityName, where, options, QueryType.SELECT);
+    if (options.limit != null || options.offset != null) {
+      qb.limit(options.limit, options.offset);
     }
-    async countVirtual(entityName, where, options) {
-        return this.findFromVirtual(entityName, where, options, QueryType.COUNT);
+    if (options.lockMode) {
+      qb.setLockMode(options.lockMode, options.lockTableAliases);
     }
-    async findFromVirtual(entityName, where, options, type) {
-        const meta = this.metadata.get(entityName);
-        /* v8 ignore next */
-        if (!meta.expression) {
-            return type === QueryType.SELECT ? [] : 0;
-        }
-        if (typeof meta.expression === 'string') {
-            return this.wrapVirtualExpressionInSubquery(meta, meta.expression, where, options, type);
-        }
-        const em = this.createEntityManager();
-        em.setTransactionContext(options.ctx);
-        const res = meta.expression(em, where, options);
-        if (typeof res === 'string') {
-            return this.wrapVirtualExpressionInSubquery(meta, res, where, options, type);
-        }
-        if (res instanceof QueryBuilder) {
-            return this.wrapVirtualExpressionInSubquery(meta, res.getFormattedQuery(), where, options, type);
-        }
-        if (res instanceof RawQueryFragment) {
-            const expr = this.platform.formatQuery(res.sql, res.params);
-            return this.wrapVirtualExpressionInSubquery(meta, expr, where, options, type);
-        }
-        /* v8 ignore next */
-        return res;
+    if (options.em) {
+      await qb.applyJoinedFilters(options.em, options.filters);
     }
-    async *streamFromVirtual(entityName, where, options) {
-        const meta = this.metadata.get(entityName);
-        /* v8 ignore next */
-        if (!meta.expression) {
-            return;
-        }
-        if (typeof meta.expression === 'string') {
-            yield* this.wrapVirtualExpressionInSubqueryStream(meta, meta.expression, where, options, QueryType.SELECT);
-            return;
-        }
-        const em = this.createEntityManager();
-        em.setTransactionContext(options.ctx);
-        const res = meta.expression(em, where, options, true);
-        if (typeof res === 'string') {
-            yield* this.wrapVirtualExpressionInSubqueryStream(meta, res, where, options, QueryType.SELECT);
-            return;
-        }
-        if (res instanceof QueryBuilder) {
-            yield* this.wrapVirtualExpressionInSubqueryStream(meta, res.getFormattedQuery(), where, options, QueryType.SELECT);
-            return;
-        }
-        if (res instanceof RawQueryFragment) {
-            const expr = this.platform.formatQuery(res.sql, res.params);
-            yield* this.wrapVirtualExpressionInSubqueryStream(meta, expr, where, options, QueryType.SELECT);
-            return;
-        }
-        /* v8 ignore next */
-        yield* res;
-    }
-    async wrapVirtualExpressionInSubquery(meta, expression, where, options, type) {
-        const qb = await this.createQueryBuilderFromOptions(meta, where, this.forceBalancedStrategy(options));
-        qb.setFlag(QueryFlag.DISABLE_PAGINATE);
-        const isCursorPagination = [options.first, options.last, options.before, options.after].some(v => v != null);
-        const native = qb.getNativeQuery(false);
-        if (type === QueryType.COUNT) {
-            native.clear('select').clear('limit').clear('offset').count();
-        }
-        const asKeyword = this.platform.usesAsKeyword() ? ' as ' : ' ';
-        native.from(raw(`(${expression})${asKeyword}${this.platform.quoteIdentifier(qb.alias)}`));
-        const query = native.compile();
-        const res = await this.execute(query.sql, query.params, 'all', options.ctx);
-        if (type === QueryType.COUNT) {
-            return res[0].count;
-        }
-        if (isCursorPagination && !options.first && !!options.last) {
-            res.reverse();
-        }
-        return res.map(row => this.mapResult(row, meta));
-    }
-    async *wrapVirtualExpressionInSubqueryStream(meta, expression, where, options, type) {
-        const qb = await this.createQueryBuilderFromOptions(meta, where, this.forceBalancedStrategy(options));
-        qb.unsetFlag(QueryFlag.DISABLE_PAGINATE);
-        const native = qb.getNativeQuery(false);
-        const asKeyword = this.platform.usesAsKeyword() ? ' as ' : ' ';
-        native.from(raw(`(${expression})${asKeyword}${this.platform.quoteIdentifier(qb.alias)}`));
-        const query = native.compile();
-        const connectionType = this.resolveConnectionType({ ctx: options.ctx, connectionType: options.connectionType });
-        const res = this.getConnection(connectionType).stream(query.sql, query.params, options.ctx, options.loggerContext);
-        for await (const row of res) {
-            yield this.mapResult(row, meta);
-        }
+    return qb;
+  }
+  async find(entityName, where, options = {}) {
+    options = { populate: [], orderBy: [], ...options };
+    const meta = this.metadata.get(entityName);
+    if (meta.virtual) {
+      return this.findVirtual(entityName, where, options);
     }
-    /**
-     * Virtual entities have no PKs, so to-many populate joins can't be deduplicated.
-     * Force balanced strategy to load to-many relations via separate queries.
-     */
-    forceBalancedStrategy(options) {
-        const clearStrategy = (hints) => {
-            return hints.map(hint => ({
-                ...hint,
-                strategy: undefined,
-                children: hint.children ? clearStrategy(hint.children) : undefined,
-            }));
-        };
-        const opts = { ...options, strategy: 'balanced' };
-        if (Array.isArray(opts.populate)) {
-            opts.populate = clearStrategy(opts.populate);
-        }
-        return opts;
+    if (options.unionWhere?.length) {
+      where = await this.applyUnionWhere(meta, where, options);
     }
-    mapResult(result, meta, populate = [], qb, map = {}) {
-        // For TPT inheritance, map aliased parent table columns back to their field names
-        if (qb && meta.inheritanceType === 'tpt' && meta.tptParent) {
-            this.mapTPTColumns(result, meta, qb);
-        }
-        // For TPT polymorphic queries (querying a base class), map child table fields
-        if (qb && meta.inheritanceType === 'tpt' && meta.allTPTDescendants?.length) {
-            const mainAlias = qb.mainAlias?.aliasName ?? 'e0';
-            this.mapTPTChildFields(result, meta, mainAlias, qb, result);
-        }
-        const ret = super.mapResult(result, meta);
-        /* v8 ignore next */
-        if (!ret) {
-            return null;
-        }
-        if (qb) {
-            // here we map the aliased results (cartesian product) to an object graph
-            this.mapJoinedProps(ret, meta, populate, qb, ret, map);
-        }
-        return ret;
-    }
-    /**
-     * Maps aliased columns from TPT parent tables back to their original field names.
-     * TPT parent columns are selected with aliases like `parent_alias__column_name`,
-     * and need to be renamed back to `column_name` for the result mapper to work.
-     */
-    mapTPTColumns(result, meta, qb) {
-        const tptAliases = qb.state.tptAlias;
-        // Walk up the TPT hierarchy
-        let parentMeta = meta.tptParent;
-        while (parentMeta) {
-            const parentAlias = tptAliases[parentMeta.className];
-            if (parentAlias) {
-                // Rename columns from this parent table
-                for (const prop of parentMeta.ownProps) {
-                    for (const fieldName of prop.fieldNames) {
-                        const aliasedKey = `${parentAlias}__${fieldName}`;
-                        if (aliasedKey in result) {
-                            // Copy the value to the unaliased field name and remove the aliased key
-                            result[fieldName] = result[aliasedKey];
-                            delete result[aliasedKey];
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-            parentMeta = parentMeta.tptParent;
-        }
+    const qb = await this.createQueryBuilderFromOptions(meta, where, options);
+    const result = await this.rethrow(qb.execute('all'));
+    if (options.last && !options.first) {
+      result.reverse();
     }
-    mapJoinedProps(result, meta, populate, qb, root, map, parentJoinPath) {
-        const joinedProps = this.joinedProps(meta, populate);
-        joinedProps.forEach(hint => {
-            const [propName, ref] = hint.field.split(':', 2);
-            const prop = meta.properties[propName];
-            /* v8 ignore next */
-            if (!prop) {
-                return;
-            }
-            // Polymorphic to-one: iterate targets, find the matching one, build entity from its columns.
-            // Skip :ref hints — no JOINs were created, so the FK reference is already set by the result mapper.
-            if (prop.polymorphic &&
-                prop.polymorphTargets?.length &&
-                !ref &&
-                [ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_ONE, ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_ONE].includes(prop.kind)) {
-                const basePath = parentJoinPath ? `${parentJoinPath}.${prop.name}` : `${meta.name}.${prop.name}`;
-                const pathPrefix = !parentJoinPath ? '[populate]' : '';
-                let matched = false;
-                for (const targetMeta of prop.polymorphTargets) {
-                    const targetPath = `${pathPrefix}${basePath}[${targetMeta.className}]`;
-                    const relationAlias = qb.getAliasForJoinPath(targetPath, { matchPopulateJoins: true });
-                    const meta2 = targetMeta;
-                    const targetProps = meta2.props.filter(p => this.platform.shouldHaveColumn(p, hint.children || []));
-                    const hasPK = meta2
-                        .getPrimaryProps()
-                        .every(pk => pk.fieldNames.every(name => root[`${relationAlias}__${name}`] != null));
-                    if (hasPK && !matched) {
-                        matched = true;
-                        const relationPojo = {};
-                        const tz = this.platform.getTimezone();
-                        for (const p of targetProps) {
-                            this.mapJoinedProp(relationPojo, p, relationAlias, root, tz, meta2);
-                        }
-                        // Inject the entity class constructor so that the factory creates the correct type
-                        Object.defineProperty(relationPojo, 'constructor', {
-                            value: meta2.class,
-                            enumerable: false,
-                            configurable: true,
-                        });
-                        result[prop.name] = relationPojo;
-                        const populateChildren = hint.children || [];
-                        this.mapJoinedProps(relationPojo, meta2, populateChildren, qb, root, map, targetPath);
-                    }
-                    // Clean up aliased columns for ALL targets (even non-matching ones)
-                    for (const p of targetProps) {
-                        for (const name of p.fieldNames) {
-                            delete root[`${relationAlias}__${name}`];
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-                if (!matched) {
-                    result[prop.name] = null;
-                }
-                return;
-            }
-            const pivotRefJoin = prop.kind === ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_MANY && ref;
-            const meta2 = prop.targetMeta;
-            let path = parentJoinPath ? `${parentJoinPath}.${prop.name}` : `${meta.name}.${prop.name}`;
-            if (!parentJoinPath) {
-                path = '[populate]' + path;
-            }
-            if (pivotRefJoin) {
-                path += '[pivot]';
-            }
-            const relationAlias = qb.getAliasForJoinPath(path, { matchPopulateJoins: true });
-            /* v8 ignore next */
-            if (!relationAlias) {
-                return;
-            }
-            // pivot ref joins via joined strategy need to be handled separately here, as they dont join the target entity
-            if (pivotRefJoin) {
-                let item;
-                if (prop.inverseJoinColumns.length > 1) {
-                    // composite keys
-                    item = prop.inverseJoinColumns.map(name => root[`${relationAlias}__${name}`]);
-                }
-                else {
-                    const alias = `${relationAlias}__${prop.inverseJoinColumns[0]}`;
-                    item = root[alias];
-                }
-                prop.joinColumns.forEach(name => delete root[`${relationAlias}__${name}`]);
-                prop.inverseJoinColumns.forEach(name => delete root[`${relationAlias}__${name}`]);
-                result[prop.name] ??= [];
-                if (item) {
-                    result[prop.name].push(item);
-                }
-                return;
-            }
-            const mapToPk = !hint.dataOnly && !!(ref || prop.mapToPk);
-            const targetProps = mapToPk
-                ? meta2.getPrimaryProps()
-                : meta2.props.filter(prop => this.platform.shouldHaveColumn(prop, hint.children || []));
-            // If the primary key value for the relation is null, we know we haven't joined to anything
-            // and therefore we don't return any record (since all values would be null)
-            const hasPK = meta2.getPrimaryProps().every(pk => pk.fieldNames.every(name => {
-                return root[`${relationAlias}__${name}`] != null;
-            }));
-            if (!hasPK) {
-                if ([ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_MANY, ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_MANY].includes(prop.kind)) {
-                    result[prop.name] = [];
-                }
-                if ([ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_ONE, ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_ONE].includes(prop.kind)) {
-                    result[prop.name] = null;
-                }
-                for (const prop of targetProps) {
-                    for (const name of prop.fieldNames) {
-                        delete root[`${relationAlias}__${name}`];
-                    }
-                }
-                return;
-            }
-            let relationPojo = {};
-            meta2.props
-                .filter(prop => !ref && prop.persist === false && prop.fieldNames)
-                .forEach(prop => {
-                /* v8 ignore next */
-                if (prop.fieldNames.length > 1) {
-                    // composite keys
-                    relationPojo[prop.name] = prop.fieldNames.map(name => root[`${relationAlias}__${name}`]);
-                }
-                else {
-                    const alias = `${relationAlias}__${prop.fieldNames[0]}`;
-                    relationPojo[prop.name] = root[alias];
-                }
-            });
+    return result;
+  }
+  async findOne(entityName, where, options) {
+    const opts = { populate: [], ...options };
+    const meta = this.metadata.find(entityName);
+    const populate = this.autoJoinOneToOneOwner(meta, opts.populate, opts.fields);
+    const joinedProps = this.joinedProps(meta, populate, options);
+    const hasToManyJoins = joinedProps.some(hint => this.hasToManyJoins(hint, meta));
+    if (joinedProps.length === 0 || !hasToManyJoins) {
+      opts.limit = 1;
+    }
+    if (opts.limit > 0 && !opts.flags?.includes(QueryFlag.DISABLE_PAGINATE)) {
+      opts.flags ??= [];
+      opts.flags.push(QueryFlag.DISABLE_PAGINATE);
+    }
+    const res = await this.find(entityName, where, opts);
+    return res[0] || null;
+  }
+  hasToManyJoins(hint, meta) {
+    const [propName] = hint.field.split(':', 2);
+    const prop = meta.properties[propName];
+    if (prop && [ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_MANY, ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_MANY].includes(prop.kind)) {
+      return true;
+    }
+    if (hint.children && prop.targetMeta) {
+      return hint.children.some(hint => this.hasToManyJoins(hint, prop.targetMeta));
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+  async findVirtual(entityName, where, options) {
+    return this.findFromVirtual(entityName, where, options, QueryType.SELECT);
+  }
+  async countVirtual(entityName, where, options) {
+    return this.findFromVirtual(entityName, where, options, QueryType.COUNT);
+  }
+  async findFromVirtual(entityName, where, options, type) {
+    const meta = this.metadata.get(entityName);
+    /* v8 ignore next */
+    if (!meta.expression) {
+      return type === QueryType.SELECT ? [] : 0;
+    }
+    if (typeof meta.expression === 'string') {
+      return this.wrapVirtualExpressionInSubquery(meta, meta.expression, where, options, type);
+    }
+    const em = this.createEntityManager();
+    em.setTransactionContext(options.ctx);
+    const res = meta.expression(em, where, options);
+    if (typeof res === 'string') {
+      return this.wrapVirtualExpressionInSubquery(meta, res, where, options, type);
+    }
+    if (res instanceof QueryBuilder) {
+      return this.wrapVirtualExpressionInSubquery(meta, res.getFormattedQuery(), where, options, type);
+    }
+    if (res instanceof RawQueryFragment) {
+      const expr = this.platform.formatQuery(res.sql, res.params);
+      return this.wrapVirtualExpressionInSubquery(meta, expr, where, options, type);
+    }
+    /* v8 ignore next */
+    return res;
+  }
+  async *streamFromVirtual(entityName, where, options) {
+    const meta = this.metadata.get(entityName);
+    /* v8 ignore next */
+    if (!meta.expression) {
+      return;
+    }
+    if (typeof meta.expression === 'string') {
+      yield* this.wrapVirtualExpressionInSubqueryStream(meta, meta.expression, where, options, QueryType.SELECT);
+      return;
+    }
+    const em = this.createEntityManager();
+    em.setTransactionContext(options.ctx);
+    const res = meta.expression(em, where, options, true);
+    if (typeof res === 'string') {
+      yield* this.wrapVirtualExpressionInSubqueryStream(meta, res, where, options, QueryType.SELECT);
+      return;
+    }
+    if (res instanceof QueryBuilder) {
+      yield* this.wrapVirtualExpressionInSubqueryStream(
+        meta,
+        res.getFormattedQuery(),
+        where,
+        options,
+        QueryType.SELECT,
+      );
+      return;
+    }
+    if (res instanceof RawQueryFragment) {
+      const expr = this.platform.formatQuery(res.sql, res.params);
+      yield* this.wrapVirtualExpressionInSubqueryStream(meta, expr, where, options, QueryType.SELECT);
+      return;
+    }
+    /* v8 ignore next */
+    yield* res;
+  }
+  async wrapVirtualExpressionInSubquery(meta, expression, where, options, type) {
+    const qb = await this.createQueryBuilderFromOptions(meta, where, this.forceBalancedStrategy(options));
+    qb.setFlag(QueryFlag.DISABLE_PAGINATE);
+    const isCursorPagination = [options.first, options.last, options.before, options.after].some(v => v != null);
+    const native = qb.getNativeQuery(false);
+    if (type === QueryType.COUNT) {
+      native.clear('select').clear('limit').clear('offset').count();
+    }
+    const asKeyword = this.platform.usesAsKeyword() ? ' as ' : ' ';
+    native.from(raw(`(${expression})${asKeyword}${this.platform.quoteIdentifier(qb.alias)}`));
+    const query = native.compile();
+    const res = await this.execute(query.sql, query.params, 'all', options.ctx);
+    if (type === QueryType.COUNT) {
+      return res[0].count;
+    }
+    if (isCursorPagination && !options.first && !!options.last) {
+      res.reverse();
+    }
+    return res.map(row => this.mapResult(row, meta));
+  }
+  async *wrapVirtualExpressionInSubqueryStream(meta, expression, where, options, type) {
+    const qb = await this.createQueryBuilderFromOptions(meta, where, this.forceBalancedStrategy(options));
+    qb.unsetFlag(QueryFlag.DISABLE_PAGINATE);
+    const native = qb.getNativeQuery(false);
+    const asKeyword = this.platform.usesAsKeyword() ? ' as ' : ' ';
+    native.from(raw(`(${expression})${asKeyword}${this.platform.quoteIdentifier(qb.alias)}`));
+    const query = native.compile();
+    const connectionType = this.resolveConnectionType({ ctx: options.ctx, connectionType: options.connectionType });
+    const res = this.getConnection(connectionType).stream(query.sql, query.params, options.ctx, options.loggerContext);
+    for await (const row of res) {
+      yield this.mapResult(row, meta);
+    }
+  }
+  /**
+   * Virtual entities have no PKs, so to-many populate joins can't be deduplicated.
+   * Force balanced strategy to load to-many relations via separate queries.
+   */
+  forceBalancedStrategy(options) {
+    const clearStrategy = hints => {
+      return hints.map(hint => ({
+        ...hint,
+        strategy: undefined,
+        children: hint.children ? clearStrategy(hint.children) : undefined,
+      }));
+    };
+    const opts = { ...options, strategy: 'balanced' };
+    if (Array.isArray(opts.populate)) {
+      opts.populate = clearStrategy(opts.populate);
+    }
+    return opts;
+  }
+  mapResult(result, meta, populate = [], qb, map = {}) {
+    // For TPT inheritance, map aliased parent table columns back to their field names
+    if (qb && meta.inheritanceType === 'tpt' && meta.tptParent) {
+      this.mapTPTColumns(result, meta, qb);
+    }
+    // For TPT polymorphic queries (querying a base class), map child table fields
+    if (qb && meta.inheritanceType === 'tpt' && meta.allTPTDescendants?.length) {
+      const mainAlias = qb.mainAlias?.aliasName ?? 'e0';
+      this.mapTPTChildFields(result, meta, mainAlias, qb, result);
+    }
+    const ret = super.mapResult(result, meta);
+    /* v8 ignore next */
+    if (!ret) {
+      return null;
+    }
+    if (qb) {
+      // here we map the aliased results (cartesian product) to an object graph
+      this.mapJoinedProps(ret, meta, populate, qb, ret, map);
+    }
+    return ret;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Maps aliased columns from TPT parent tables back to their original field names.
+   * TPT parent columns are selected with aliases like `parent_alias__column_name`,
+   * and need to be renamed back to `column_name` for the result mapper to work.
+   */
+  mapTPTColumns(result, meta, qb) {
+    const tptAliases = qb.state.tptAlias;
+    // Walk up the TPT hierarchy
+    let parentMeta = meta.tptParent;
+    while (parentMeta) {
+      const parentAlias = tptAliases[parentMeta.className];
+      if (parentAlias) {
+        // Rename columns from this parent table
+        for (const prop of parentMeta.ownProps) {
+          for (const fieldName of prop.fieldNames) {
+            const aliasedKey = `${parentAlias}__${fieldName}`;
+            if (aliasedKey in result) {
+              // Copy the value to the unaliased field name and remove the aliased key
+              result[fieldName] = result[aliasedKey];
+              delete result[aliasedKey];
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      parentMeta = parentMeta.tptParent;
+    }
+  }
+  mapJoinedProps(result, meta, populate, qb, root, map, parentJoinPath) {
+    const joinedProps = this.joinedProps(meta, populate);
+    joinedProps.forEach(hint => {
+      const [propName, ref] = hint.field.split(':', 2);
+      const prop = meta.properties[propName];
+      /* v8 ignore next */
+      if (!prop) {
+        return;
+      }
+      // Polymorphic to-one: iterate targets, find the matching one, build entity from its columns.
+      // Skip :ref hints — no JOINs were created, so the FK reference is already set by the result mapper.
+      if (
+        prop.polymorphic &&
+        prop.polymorphTargets?.length &&
+        !ref &&
+        [ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_ONE, ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_ONE].includes(prop.kind)
+      ) {
+        const basePath = parentJoinPath ? `${parentJoinPath}.${prop.name}` : `${meta.name}.${prop.name}`;
+        const pathPrefix = !parentJoinPath ? '[populate]' : '';
+        let matched = false;
+        for (const targetMeta of prop.polymorphTargets) {
+          const targetPath = `${pathPrefix}${basePath}[${targetMeta.className}]`;
+          const relationAlias = qb.getAliasForJoinPath(targetPath, { matchPopulateJoins: true });
+          const meta2 = targetMeta;
+          const targetProps = meta2.props.filter(p => this.platform.shouldHaveColumn(p, hint.children || []));
+          const hasPK = meta2
+            .getPrimaryProps()
+            .every(pk => pk.fieldNames.every(name => root[`${relationAlias}__${name}`] != null));
+          if (hasPK && !matched) {
+            matched = true;
+            const relationPojo = {};
             const tz = this.platform.getTimezone();
-            for (const prop of targetProps) {
-                this.mapJoinedProp(relationPojo, prop, relationAlias, root, tz, meta2);
-            }
-            // Handle TPT polymorphic child fields - map fields from child table aliases
-            this.mapTPTChildFields(relationPojo, meta2, relationAlias, qb, root);
-            // properties can be mapped to multiple places, e.g. when sharing a column in multiple FKs,
-            // so we need to delete them after everything is mapped from given level
-            for (const prop of targetProps) {
-                for (const name of prop.fieldNames) {
-                    delete root[`${relationAlias}__${name}`];
-                }
-            }
-            if (mapToPk) {
-                const tmp = Object.values(relationPojo);
-                /* v8 ignore next */
-                relationPojo = (meta2.compositePK ? tmp : tmp[0]);
-            }
-            if ([ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_MANY, ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_MANY].includes(prop.kind)) {
-                result[prop.name] ??= [];
-                result[prop.name].push(relationPojo);
-            }
-            else {
-                result[prop.name] = relationPojo;
-            }
+            for (const p of targetProps) {
+              this.mapJoinedProp(relationPojo, p, relationAlias, root, tz, meta2);
+            }
+            // Inject the entity class constructor so that the factory creates the correct type
+            Object.defineProperty(relationPojo, 'constructor', {
+              value: meta2.class,
+              enumerable: false,
+              configurable: true,
+            });
+            result[prop.name] = relationPojo;
             const populateChildren = hint.children || [];
-            this.mapJoinedProps(relationPojo, meta2, populateChildren, qb, root, map, path);
-        });
-    }
-    /**
-     * Maps a single property from a joined result row into the relation pojo.
-     * Handles polymorphic FKs, composite keys, Date parsing, and embedded objects.
-     */
-    mapJoinedProp(relationPojo, prop, relationAlias, root, tz, meta, options) {
-        if (prop.fieldNames.every(name => typeof root[`${relationAlias}__${name}`] === 'undefined')) {
-            return;
-        }
-        if (prop.polymorphic) {
-            const discriminatorAlias = `${relationAlias}__${prop.fieldNames[0]}`;
-            const discriminatorValue = root[discriminatorAlias];
-            const pkFieldNames = prop.fieldNames.slice(1);
-            const pkValues = pkFieldNames.map(name => root[`${relationAlias}__${name}`]);
-            const pkValue = pkValues.length === 1 ? pkValues[0] : pkValues;
-            if (discriminatorValue != null && pkValue != null) {
-                relationPojo[prop.name] = new PolymorphicRef(discriminatorValue, pkValue);
-            }
-            else {
-                relationPojo[prop.name] = null;
-            }
-        }
-        else if (prop.fieldNames.length > 1) {
+            this.mapJoinedProps(relationPojo, meta2, populateChildren, qb, root, map, targetPath);
+          }
+          // Clean up aliased columns for ALL targets (even non-matching ones)
+          for (const p of targetProps) {
+            for (const name of p.fieldNames) {
+              delete root[`${relationAlias}__${name}`];
+            }
+          }
+        }
+        if (!matched) {
+          result[prop.name] = null;
+        }
+        return;
+      }
+      const pivotRefJoin = prop.kind === ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_MANY && ref;
+      const meta2 = prop.targetMeta;
+      let path = parentJoinPath ? `${parentJoinPath}.${prop.name}` : `${meta.name}.${prop.name}`;
+      if (!parentJoinPath) {
+        path = '[populate]' + path;
+      }
+      if (pivotRefJoin) {
+        path += '[pivot]';
+      }
+      const relationAlias = qb.getAliasForJoinPath(path, { matchPopulateJoins: true });
+      /* v8 ignore next */
+      if (!relationAlias) {
+        return;
+      }
+      // pivot ref joins via joined strategy need to be handled separately here, as they dont join the target entity
+      if (pivotRefJoin) {
+        let item;
+        if (prop.inverseJoinColumns.length > 1) {
+          // composite keys
+          item = prop.inverseJoinColumns.map(name => root[`${relationAlias}__${name}`]);
+        } else {
+          const alias = `${relationAlias}__${prop.inverseJoinColumns[0]}`;
+          item = root[alias];
+        }
+        prop.joinColumns.forEach(name => delete root[`${relationAlias}__${name}`]);
+        prop.inverseJoinColumns.forEach(name => delete root[`${relationAlias}__${name}`]);
+        result[prop.name] ??= [];
+        if (item) {
+          result[prop.name].push(item);
+        }
+        return;
+      }
+      const mapToPk = !hint.dataOnly && !!(ref || prop.mapToPk);
+      const targetProps = mapToPk
+        ? meta2.getPrimaryProps()
+        : meta2.props.filter(prop => this.platform.shouldHaveColumn(prop, hint.children || []));
+      // If the primary key value for the relation is null, we know we haven't joined to anything
+      // and therefore we don't return any record (since all values would be null)
+      const hasPK = meta2.getPrimaryProps().every(pk =>
+        pk.fieldNames.every(name => {
+          return root[`${relationAlias}__${name}`] != null;
+        }),
+      );
+      if (!hasPK) {
+        if ([ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_MANY, ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_MANY].includes(prop.kind)) {
+          result[prop.name] = [];
+        }
+        if ([ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_ONE, ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_ONE].includes(prop.kind)) {
+          result[prop.name] = null;
+        }
+        for (const prop of targetProps) {
+          for (const name of prop.fieldNames) {
+            delete root[`${relationAlias}__${name}`];
+          }
+        }
+        return;
+      }
+      let relationPojo = {};
+      meta2.props
+        .filter(prop => !ref && prop.persist === false && prop.fieldNames)
+        .forEach(prop => {
+          /* v8 ignore next */
+          if (prop.fieldNames.length > 1) {
             // composite keys
-            const fk = prop.fieldNames.map(name => root[`${relationAlias}__${name}`]);
-            const pk = Utils.mapFlatCompositePrimaryKey(fk, prop);
-            relationPojo[prop.name] = pk.every(val => val != null) ? pk : null;
-        }
-        else if (prop.runtimeType === 'Date') {
-            const alias = `${relationAlias}__${prop.fieldNames[0]}`;
-            const value = root[alias];
-            if (tz &&
-                tz !== 'local' &&
-                typeof value === 'string' &&
-                !value.includes('+') &&
-                value.lastIndexOf('-') < 11 &&
-                !value.endsWith('Z')) {
-                relationPojo[prop.name] = this.platform.parseDate(value + tz);
-            }
-            else if (['string', 'number'].includes(typeof value)) {
-                relationPojo[prop.name] = this.platform.parseDate(value);
-            }
-            else {
-                relationPojo[prop.name] = value;
-            }
-        }
-        else {
+            relationPojo[prop.name] = prop.fieldNames.map(name => root[`${relationAlias}__${name}`]);
+          } else {
             const alias = `${relationAlias}__${prop.fieldNames[0]}`;
             relationPojo[prop.name] = root[alias];
-            if (prop.kind === ReferenceKind.EMBEDDED && (prop.object || meta.embeddable)) {
-                const item = parseJsonSafe(relationPojo[prop.name]);
-                if (Array.isArray(item)) {
-                    relationPojo[prop.name] = item.map(row => row == null ? row : this.comparator.mapResult(prop.targetMeta, row));
-                }
-                else {
-                    relationPojo[prop.name] =
-                        item == null ? item : this.comparator.mapResult(prop.targetMeta, item);
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        if (options?.deleteFromRoot) {
-            for (const name of prop.fieldNames) {
-                delete root[`${relationAlias}__${name}`];
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    async count(entityName, where, options = {}) {
-        const meta = this.metadata.get(entityName);
-        if (meta.virtual) {
-            return this.countVirtual(entityName, where, options);
-        }
-        if (options.unionWhere?.length) {
-            where = await this.applyUnionWhere(meta, where, options);
-        }
-        options = { populate: [], ...options };
-        const populate = options.populate;
-        const joinedProps = this.joinedProps(meta, populate, options);
-        const schema = this.getSchemaName(meta, options);
-        const qb = this.createQueryBuilder(entityName, options.ctx, options.connectionType, false, options.logging);
-        const populateWhere = this.buildPopulateWhere(meta, joinedProps, options);
-        if (meta && !Utils.isEmpty(populate)) {
-            this.buildFields(meta, populate, joinedProps, qb, qb.alias, options, schema);
-        }
-        this.validateSqlOptions(options);
-        qb.state.resolvedPopulateWhere = options._populateWhere;
-        qb.indexHint(options.indexHint)
-            .collation(options.collation)
-            .comment(options.comments)
-            .hintComment(options.hintComments)
-            .groupBy(options.groupBy)
-            .having(options.having)
-            .populate(populate, joinedProps.length > 0 ? populateWhere : undefined, joinedProps.length > 0 ? options.populateFilter : undefined)
-            .withSchema(schema)
-            .where(where);
-        if (options.em) {
-            await qb.applyJoinedFilters(options.em, options.filters);
-        }
-        return this.rethrow(qb.getCount());
-    }
-    async nativeInsert(entityName, data, options = {}) {
-        options.convertCustomTypes ??= true;
-        const meta = this.metadata.get(entityName);
-        const collections = this.extractManyToMany(meta, data);
-        const qb = this.createQueryBuilder(entityName, options.ctx, 'write', options.convertCustomTypes, options.loggerContext).withSchema(this.getSchemaName(meta, options));
-        const res = await this.rethrow(qb.insert(data).execute('run', false));
-        res.row = res.row || {};
-        let pk;
-        if (meta.primaryKeys.length > 1) {
-            // owner has composite pk
-            pk = Utils.getPrimaryKeyCond(data, meta.primaryKeys);
-        }
-        else {
-            /* v8 ignore next */
-            res.insertId = data[meta.primaryKeys[0]] ?? res.insertId ?? res.row[meta.primaryKeys[0]];
-            if (options.convertCustomTypes && meta?.getPrimaryProp().customType) {
-                pk = [meta.getPrimaryProp().customType.convertToDatabaseValue(res.insertId, this.platform)];
-            }
-            else {
-                pk = [res.insertId];
-            }
-        }
-        await this.processManyToMany(meta, pk, collections, false, options);
-        return res;
-    }
-    async nativeInsertMany(entityName, data, options = {}, transform) {
-        options.processCollections ??= true;
-        options.convertCustomTypes ??= true;
-        const entityMeta = this.metadata.get(entityName);
-        const meta = entityMeta.inheritanceType === 'tpt' ? entityMeta : entityMeta.root;
-        const collections = options.processCollections ? data.map(d => this.extractManyToMany(meta, d)) : [];
-        const pks = this.getPrimaryKeyFields(meta);
-        const set = new Set();
-        data.forEach(row => Utils.keys(row).forEach(k => set.add(k)));
-        const props = [...set].map(name => meta.properties[name] ?? { name, fieldNames: [name] });
-        // For STI with conflicting fieldNames, include all alternative columns
-        let fields = Utils.flatten(props.map(prop => prop.stiFieldNames ?? prop.fieldNames));
-        const duplicates = Utils.findDuplicates(fields);
-        const params = [];
-        if (duplicates.length) {
-            fields = Utils.unique(fields);
-        }
-        const tableName = this.getTableName(meta, options);
-        let sql = `insert into ${tableName} `;
-        sql +=
-            fields.length > 0
-                ? '(' + fields.map(k => this.platform.quoteIdentifier(k)).join(', ') + ')'
-                : `(${this.platform.quoteIdentifier(pks[0])})`;
-        if (this.platform.usesOutputStatement()) {
-            const returningProps = this.getTableProps(meta)
-                .filter(prop => (prop.persist !== false && prop.defaultRaw) || prop.autoincrement || prop.generated)
-                .filter(prop => !(prop.name in data[0]) || isRaw(data[0][prop.name]));
-            const returningFields = Utils.flatten(returningProps.map(prop => prop.fieldNames));
-            sql +=
-                returningFields.length > 0
-                    ? ` output ${returningFields.map(field => 'inserted.' + this.platform.quoteIdentifier(field)).join(', ')}`
-                    : '';
-        }
-        if (fields.length > 0 || this.platform.usesDefaultKeyword()) {
-            sql += ' values ';
-        }
-        else {
-            sql += ' ' + data.map(() => `select null as ${this.platform.quoteIdentifier(pks[0])}`).join(' union all ');
-        }
-        const addParams = (prop, row) => {
-            const rowValue = row[prop.name];
-            if (prop.nullable && rowValue === null) {
-                params.push(null);
-                return;
-            }
-            let value = rowValue ?? prop.default;
-            if (prop.kind === ReferenceKind.EMBEDDED && prop.object) {
-                if (prop.array && value) {
-                    value = this.platform.cloneEmbeddable(value);
-                    for (let i = 0; i < value.length; i++) {
-                        const item = value[i];
-                        value[i] = this.mapDataToFieldNames(item, false, prop.embeddedProps, options.convertCustomTypes);
-                    }
-                }
-                else {
-                    value = this.mapDataToFieldNames(value, false, prop.embeddedProps, options.convertCustomTypes);
-                }
-            }
-            if (typeof value === 'undefined' && this.platform.usesDefaultKeyword()) {
-                params.push(raw('default'));
-                return;
-            }
-            if (options.convertCustomTypes && prop.customType) {
-                params.push(prop.customType.convertToDatabaseValue(value, this.platform, { key: prop.name, mode: 'query-data' }));
-                return;
-            }
-            params.push(value);
-        };
-        if (fields.length > 0 || this.platform.usesDefaultKeyword()) {
-            sql += data
-                .map(row => {
-                const keys = [];
-                const usedDups = [];
-                props.forEach(prop => {
-                    // For STI with conflicting fieldNames, use discriminator to determine which field gets value
-                    if (prop.stiFieldNames && prop.stiFieldNameMap && meta.discriminatorColumn) {
-                        const activeField = prop.stiFieldNameMap[row[meta.discriminatorColumn]];
-                        for (const field of prop.stiFieldNames) {
-                            params.push(field === activeField ? row[prop.name] : null);
-                            keys.push('?');
-                        }
-                        return;
-                    }
-                    if (prop.fieldNames.length > 1) {
-                        const newFields = [];
-                        let rawParam;
-                        const target = row[prop.name];
-                        if (prop.polymorphic && target instanceof PolymorphicRef) {
-                            rawParam = target.toTuple();
-                        }
-                        else {
-                            rawParam = Utils.asArray(target) ?? prop.fieldNames.map(() => null);
-                        }
-                        // Deep flatten nested arrays when needed (for deeply nested composite keys like Tag -> Comment -> Post -> User)
-                        const needsFlatten = rawParam.length !== prop.fieldNames.length && rawParam.some(v => Array.isArray(v));
-                        const allParam = needsFlatten ? Utils.flatten(rawParam, true) : rawParam;
-                        // TODO(v7): instead of making this conditional here, the entity snapshot should respect `ownColumns`,
-                        //  but that means changing the compiled PK getters, which might be seen as breaking
-                        const columns = allParam.length > 1 ? prop.fieldNames : prop.ownColumns;
-                        const param = [];
-                        columns.forEach((field, idx) => {
-                            if (usedDups.includes(field)) {
-                                return;
-                            }
-                            newFields.push(field);
-                            param.push(allParam[idx]);
-                        });
-                        newFields.forEach((field, idx) => {
-                            if (!duplicates.includes(field) || !usedDups.includes(field)) {
-                                params.push(param[idx]);
-                                keys.push('?');
-                                usedDups.push(field);
-                            }
-                        });
-                    }
-                    else {
-                        const field = prop.fieldNames[0];
-                        if (!duplicates.includes(field) || !usedDups.includes(field)) {
-                            if (prop.customType &&
-                                !prop.object &&
-                                'convertToDatabaseValueSQL' in prop.customType &&
-                                row[prop.name] != null &&
-                                !isRaw(row[prop.name])) {
-                                keys.push(prop.customType.convertToDatabaseValueSQL('?', this.platform));
-                            }
-                            else {
-                                keys.push('?');
-                            }
-                            addParams(prop, row);
-                            usedDups.push(field);
-                        }
-                    }
-                });
-                return '(' + (keys.join(', ') || 'default') + ')';
-            })
-                .join(', ');
-        }
-        if (meta && this.platform.usesReturningStatement()) {
-            const returningProps = this.getTableProps(meta)
-                .filter(prop => (prop.persist !== false && prop.defaultRaw) || prop.autoincrement || prop.generated)
-                .filter(prop => !(prop.name in data[0]) || isRaw(data[0][prop.name]));
-            const returningFields = Utils.flatten(returningProps.map(prop => prop.fieldNames));
-            /* v8 ignore next */
-            sql +=
-                returningFields.length > 0
-                    ? ` returning ${returningFields.map(field => this.platform.quoteIdentifier(field)).join(', ')}`
-                    : '';
-        }
-        if (transform) {
-            sql = transform(sql);
-        }
-        const res = await this.execute(sql, params, 'run', options.ctx, options.loggerContext);
-        let pk;
+          }
+        });
+      const tz = this.platform.getTimezone();
+      for (const prop of targetProps) {
+        this.mapJoinedProp(relationPojo, prop, relationAlias, root, tz, meta2);
+      }
+      // Handle TPT polymorphic child fields - map fields from child table aliases
+      this.mapTPTChildFields(relationPojo, meta2, relationAlias, qb, root);
+      // properties can be mapped to multiple places, e.g. when sharing a column in multiple FKs,
+      // so we need to delete them after everything is mapped from given level
+      for (const prop of targetProps) {
+        for (const name of prop.fieldNames) {
+          delete root[`${relationAlias}__${name}`];
+        }
+      }
+      if (mapToPk) {
+        const tmp = Object.values(relationPojo);
         /* v8 ignore next */
-        if (pks.length > 1) {
-            // owner has composite pk
-            pk = data.map(d => Utils.getPrimaryKeyCond(d, pks));
-        }
-        else {
-            res.row ??= {};
-            res.rows ??= [];
-            pk = data.map((d, i) => d[pks[0]] ?? res.rows[i]?.[pks[0]]).map(d => [d]);
-            res.insertId = res.insertId || res.row[pks[0]];
-        }
-        for (let i = 0; i < collections.length; i++) {
-            await this.processManyToMany(meta, pk[i], collections[i], false, options);
-        }
-        return res;
-    }
-    async nativeUpdate(entityName, where, data, options = {}) {
-        options.convertCustomTypes ??= true;
-        const meta = this.metadata.get(entityName);
-        const pks = this.getPrimaryKeyFields(meta);
-        const collections = this.extractManyToMany(meta, data);
-        let res = { affectedRows: 0, insertId: 0, row: {} };
-        if (Utils.isPrimaryKey(where) && pks.length === 1) {
-            /* v8 ignore next */
-            where = { [meta.primaryKeys[0] ?? pks[0]]: where };
-        }
-        if (!options.upsert && options.unionWhere?.length) {
-            where = (await this.applyUnionWhere(meta, where, options, true));
-        }
-        if (Utils.hasObjectKeys(data)) {
-            const qb = this.createQueryBuilder(entityName, options.ctx, 'write', options.convertCustomTypes, options.loggerContext).withSchema(this.getSchemaName(meta, options));
-            if (options.upsert) {
-                /* v8 ignore next */
-                const uniqueFields = options.onConflictFields ??
-                    (Utils.isPlainObject(where) ? Utils.keys(where) : meta.primaryKeys);
-                const returning = getOnConflictReturningFields(meta, data, uniqueFields, options);
-                qb.insert(data)
-                    .onConflict(uniqueFields)
-                    .returning(returning);
-                if (!options.onConflictAction || options.onConflictAction === 'merge') {
-                    const fields = getOnConflictFields(meta, data, uniqueFields, options);
-                    qb.merge(fields);
+        relationPojo = meta2.compositePK ? tmp : tmp[0];
+      }
+      if ([ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_MANY, ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_MANY].includes(prop.kind)) {
+        result[prop.name] ??= [];
+        result[prop.name].push(relationPojo);
+      } else {
+        result[prop.name] = relationPojo;
+      }
+      const populateChildren = hint.children || [];
+      this.mapJoinedProps(relationPojo, meta2, populateChildren, qb, root, map, path);
+    });
+  }
+  /**
+   * Maps a single property from a joined result row into the relation pojo.
+   * Handles polymorphic FKs, composite keys, Date parsing, and embedded objects.
+   */
+  mapJoinedProp(relationPojo, prop, relationAlias, root, tz, meta, options) {
+    if (prop.fieldNames.every(name => typeof root[`${relationAlias}__${name}`] === 'undefined')) {
+      return;
+    }
+    if (prop.polymorphic) {
+      const discriminatorAlias = `${relationAlias}__${prop.fieldNames[0]}`;
+      const discriminatorValue = root[discriminatorAlias];
+      const pkFieldNames = prop.fieldNames.slice(1);
+      const pkValues = pkFieldNames.map(name => root[`${relationAlias}__${name}`]);
+      const pkValue = pkValues.length === 1 ? pkValues[0] : pkValues;
+      if (discriminatorValue != null && pkValue != null) {
+        relationPojo[prop.name] = new PolymorphicRef(discriminatorValue, pkValue);
+      } else {
+        relationPojo[prop.name] = null;
+      }
+    } else if (prop.fieldNames.length > 1) {
+      // composite keys
+      const fk = prop.fieldNames.map(name => root[`${relationAlias}__${name}`]);
+      const pk = Utils.mapFlatCompositePrimaryKey(fk, prop);
+      relationPojo[prop.name] = pk.every(val => val != null) ? pk : null;
+    } else if (prop.runtimeType === 'Date') {
+      const alias = `${relationAlias}__${prop.fieldNames[0]}`;
+      const value = root[alias];
+      if (
+        tz &&
+        tz !== 'local' &&
+        typeof value === 'string' &&
+        !value.includes('+') &&
+        value.lastIndexOf('-') < 11 &&
+        !value.endsWith('Z')
+      ) {
+        relationPojo[prop.name] = this.platform.parseDate(value + tz);
+      } else if (['string', 'number'].includes(typeof value)) {
+        relationPojo[prop.name] = this.platform.parseDate(value);
+      } else {
+        relationPojo[prop.name] = value;
+      }
+    } else {
+      const alias = `${relationAlias}__${prop.fieldNames[0]}`;
+      relationPojo[prop.name] = root[alias];
+      if (prop.kind === ReferenceKind.EMBEDDED && (prop.object || meta.embeddable)) {
+        const item = parseJsonSafe(relationPojo[prop.name]);
+        if (Array.isArray(item)) {
+          relationPojo[prop.name] = item.map(row =>
+            row == null ? row : this.comparator.mapResult(prop.targetMeta, row),
+          );
+        } else {
+          relationPojo[prop.name] = item == null ? item : this.comparator.mapResult(prop.targetMeta, item);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    if (options?.deleteFromRoot) {
+      for (const name of prop.fieldNames) {
+        delete root[`${relationAlias}__${name}`];
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  async count(entityName, where, options = {}) {
+    const meta = this.metadata.get(entityName);
+    if (meta.virtual) {
+      return this.countVirtual(entityName, where, options);
+    }
+    if (options.unionWhere?.length) {
+      where = await this.applyUnionWhere(meta, where, options);
+    }
+    options = { populate: [], ...options };
+    const populate = options.populate;
+    const joinedProps = this.joinedProps(meta, populate, options);
+    const schema = this.getSchemaName(meta, options);
+    const qb = this.createQueryBuilder(entityName, options.ctx, options.connectionType, false, options.logging);
+    const populateWhere = this.buildPopulateWhere(meta, joinedProps, options);
+    if (meta && !Utils.isEmpty(populate)) {
+      this.buildFields(meta, populate, joinedProps, qb, qb.alias, options, schema);
+    }
+    this.validateSqlOptions(options);
+    qb.state.resolvedPopulateWhere = options._populateWhere;
+    qb.indexHint(options.indexHint)
+      .collation(options.collation)
+      .comment(options.comments)
+      .hintComment(options.hintComments)
+      .groupBy(options.groupBy)
+      .having(options.having)
+      .populate(
+        populate,
+        joinedProps.length > 0 ? populateWhere : undefined,
+        joinedProps.length > 0 ? options.populateFilter : undefined,
+      )
+      .withSchema(schema)
+      .where(where);
+    if (options.em) {
+      await qb.applyJoinedFilters(options.em, options.filters);
+    }
+    return this.rethrow(qb.getCount());
+  }
+  async nativeInsert(entityName, data, options = {}) {
+    options.convertCustomTypes ??= true;
+    const meta = this.metadata.get(entityName);
+    const collections = this.extractManyToMany(meta, data);
+    const qb = this.createQueryBuilder(
+      entityName,
+      options.ctx,
+      'write',
+      options.convertCustomTypes,
+      options.loggerContext,
+    ).withSchema(this.getSchemaName(meta, options));
+    const res = await this.rethrow(qb.insert(data).execute('run', false));
+    res.row = res.row || {};
+    let pk;
+    if (meta.primaryKeys.length > 1) {
+      // owner has composite pk
+      pk = Utils.getPrimaryKeyCond(data, meta.primaryKeys);
+    } else {
+      /* v8 ignore next */
+      res.insertId = data[meta.primaryKeys[0]] ?? res.insertId ?? res.row[meta.primaryKeys[0]];
+      if (options.convertCustomTypes && meta?.getPrimaryProp().customType) {
+        pk = [meta.getPrimaryProp().customType.convertToDatabaseValue(res.insertId, this.platform)];
+      } else {
+        pk = [res.insertId];
+      }
+    }
+    await this.processManyToMany(meta, pk, collections, false, options);
+    return res;
+  }
+  async nativeInsertMany(entityName, data, options = {}, transform) {
+    options.processCollections ??= true;
+    options.convertCustomTypes ??= true;
+    const entityMeta = this.metadata.get(entityName);
+    const meta = entityMeta.inheritanceType === 'tpt' ? entityMeta : entityMeta.root;
+    const collections = options.processCollections ? data.map(d => this.extractManyToMany(meta, d)) : [];
+    const pks = this.getPrimaryKeyFields(meta);
+    const set = new Set();
+    data.forEach(row => Utils.keys(row).forEach(k => set.add(k)));
+    const props = [...set].map(name => meta.properties[name] ?? { name, fieldNames: [name] });
+    // For STI with conflicting fieldNames, include all alternative columns
+    let fields = Utils.flatten(props.map(prop => prop.stiFieldNames ?? prop.fieldNames));
+    const duplicates = Utils.findDuplicates(fields);
+    const params = [];
+    if (duplicates.length) {
+      fields = Utils.unique(fields);
+    }
+    const tableName = this.getTableName(meta, options);
+    let sql = `insert into ${tableName} `;
+    sql +=
+      fields.length > 0
+        ? '(' + fields.map(k => this.platform.quoteIdentifier(k)).join(', ') + ')'
+        : `(${this.platform.quoteIdentifier(pks[0])})`;
+    if (this.platform.usesOutputStatement()) {
+      const returningProps = this.getTableProps(meta)
+        .filter(prop => (prop.persist !== false && prop.defaultRaw) || prop.autoincrement || prop.generated)
+        .filter(prop => !(prop.name in data[0]) || isRaw(data[0][prop.name]));
+      const returningFields = Utils.flatten(returningProps.map(prop => prop.fieldNames));
+      sql +=
+        returningFields.length > 0
+          ? ` output ${returningFields.map(field => 'inserted.' + this.platform.quoteIdentifier(field)).join(', ')}`
+          : '';
+    }
+    if (fields.length > 0 || this.platform.usesDefaultKeyword()) {
+      sql += ' values ';
+    } else {
+      sql += ' ' + data.map(() => `select null as ${this.platform.quoteIdentifier(pks[0])}`).join(' union all ');
+    }
+    const addParams = (prop, row) => {
+      const rowValue = row[prop.name];
+      if (prop.nullable && rowValue === null) {
+        params.push(null);
+        return;
+      }
+      let value = rowValue ?? prop.default;
+      if (prop.kind === ReferenceKind.EMBEDDED && prop.object) {
+        if (prop.array && value) {
+          value = this.platform.cloneEmbeddable(value);
+          for (let i = 0; i < value.length; i++) {
+            const item = value[i];
+            value[i] = this.mapDataToFieldNames(item, false, prop.embeddedProps, options.convertCustomTypes);
+          }
+        } else {
+          value = this.mapDataToFieldNames(value, false, prop.embeddedProps, options.convertCustomTypes);
+        }
+      }
+      if (typeof value === 'undefined' && this.platform.usesDefaultKeyword()) {
+        params.push(raw('default'));
+        return;
+      }
+      if (options.convertCustomTypes && prop.customType) {
+        params.push(
+          prop.customType.convertToDatabaseValue(value, this.platform, { key: prop.name, mode: 'query-data' }),
+        );
+        return;
+      }
+      params.push(value);
+    };
+    if (fields.length > 0 || this.platform.usesDefaultKeyword()) {
+      sql += data
+        .map(row => {
+          const keys = [];
+          const usedDups = [];
+          props.forEach(prop => {
+            // For STI with conflicting fieldNames, use discriminator to determine which field gets value
+            if (prop.stiFieldNames && prop.stiFieldNameMap && meta.discriminatorColumn) {
+              const activeField = prop.stiFieldNameMap[row[meta.discriminatorColumn]];
+              for (const field of prop.stiFieldNames) {
+                params.push(field === activeField ? row[prop.name] : null);
+                keys.push('?');
+              }
+              return;
+            }
+            if (prop.fieldNames.length > 1) {
+              const newFields = [];
+              let rawParam;
+              const target = row[prop.name];
+              if (prop.polymorphic && target instanceof PolymorphicRef) {
+                rawParam = target.toTuple();
+              } else {
+                rawParam = Utils.asArray(target) ?? prop.fieldNames.map(() => null);
+              }
+              // Deep flatten nested arrays when needed (for deeply nested composite keys like Tag -> Comment -> Post -> User)
+              const needsFlatten = rawParam.length !== prop.fieldNames.length && rawParam.some(v => Array.isArray(v));
+              const allParam = needsFlatten ? Utils.flatten(rawParam, true) : rawParam;
+              // TODO(v7): instead of making this conditional here, the entity snapshot should respect `ownColumns`,
+              //  but that means changing the compiled PK getters, which might be seen as breaking
+              const columns = allParam.length > 1 ? prop.fieldNames : prop.ownColumns;
+              const param = [];
+              columns.forEach((field, idx) => {
+                if (usedDups.includes(field)) {
+                  return;
                 }
-                if (options.onConflictAction === 'ignore') {
-                    qb.ignore();
+                newFields.push(field);
+                param.push(allParam[idx]);
+              });
+              newFields.forEach((field, idx) => {
+                if (!duplicates.includes(field) || !usedDups.includes(field)) {
+                  params.push(param[idx]);
+                  keys.push('?');
+                  usedDups.push(field);
                 }
-                if (options.onConflictWhere) {
-                    qb.where(options.onConflictWhere);
+              });
+            } else {
+              const field = prop.fieldNames[0];
+              if (!duplicates.includes(field) || !usedDups.includes(field)) {
+                if (
+                  prop.customType &&
+                  !prop.object &&
+                  'convertToDatabaseValueSQL' in prop.customType &&
+                  row[prop.name] != null &&
+                  !isRaw(row[prop.name])
+                ) {
+                  keys.push(prop.customType.convertToDatabaseValueSQL('?', this.platform));
+                } else {
+                  keys.push('?');
                 }
-            }
-            else {
-                qb.update(data).where(where);
-                // reload generated columns and version fields
-                const returning = [];
-                meta.props
-                    .filter(prop => (prop.generated && !prop.primary) || prop.version)
-                    .forEach(prop => returning.push(prop.name));
-                qb.returning(returning);
-            }
-            res = await this.rethrow(qb.execute('run', false));
-        }
+                addParams(prop, row);
+                usedDups.push(field);
+              }
+            }
+          });
+          return '(' + (keys.join(', ') || 'default') + ')';
+        })
+        .join(', ');
+    }
+    if (meta && this.platform.usesReturningStatement()) {
+      const returningProps = this.getTableProps(meta)
+        .filter(prop => (prop.persist !== false && prop.defaultRaw) || prop.autoincrement || prop.generated)
+        .filter(prop => !(prop.name in data[0]) || isRaw(data[0][prop.name]));
+      const returningFields = Utils.flatten(returningProps.map(prop => prop.fieldNames));
+      /* v8 ignore next */
+      sql +=
+        returningFields.length > 0
+          ? ` returning ${returningFields.map(field => this.platform.quoteIdentifier(field)).join(', ')}`
+          : '';
+    }
+    if (transform) {
+      sql = transform(sql);
+    }
+    const res = await this.execute(sql, params, 'run', options.ctx, options.loggerContext);
+    let pk;
+    /* v8 ignore next */
+    if (pks.length > 1) {
+      // owner has composite pk
+      pk = data.map(d => Utils.getPrimaryKeyCond(d, pks));
+    } else {
+      res.row ??= {};
+      res.rows ??= [];
+      pk = data.map((d, i) => d[pks[0]] ?? res.rows[i]?.[pks[0]]).map(d => [d]);
+      res.insertId = res.insertId || res.row[pks[0]];
+    }
+    for (let i = 0; i < collections.length; i++) {
+      await this.processManyToMany(meta, pk[i], collections[i], false, options);
+    }
+    return res;
+  }
+  async nativeUpdate(entityName, where, data, options = {}) {
+    options.convertCustomTypes ??= true;
+    const meta = this.metadata.get(entityName);
+    const pks = this.getPrimaryKeyFields(meta);
+    const collections = this.extractManyToMany(meta, data);
+    let res = { affectedRows: 0, insertId: 0, row: {} };
+    if (Utils.isPrimaryKey(where) && pks.length === 1) {
+      /* v8 ignore next */
+      where = { [meta.primaryKeys[0] ?? pks[0]]: where };
+    }
+    if (!options.upsert && options.unionWhere?.length) {
+      where = await this.applyUnionWhere(meta, where, options, true);
+    }
+    if (Utils.hasObjectKeys(data)) {
+      const qb = this.createQueryBuilder(
+        entityName,
+        options.ctx,
+        'write',
+        options.convertCustomTypes,
+        options.loggerContext,
+      ).withSchema(this.getSchemaName(meta, options));
+      if (options.upsert) {
         /* v8 ignore next */
-        const pk = pks.map(pk => Utils.extractPK(data[pk] || where, meta));
-        await this.processManyToMany(meta, pk, collections, true, options);
-        return res;
-    }
-    async nativeUpdateMany(entityName, where, data, options = {}, transform) {
-        options.processCollections ??= true;
-        options.convertCustomTypes ??= true;
-        const meta = this.metadata.get(entityName);
-        if (options.upsert) {
-            const uniqueFields = options.onConflictFields ??
-                (Utils.isPlainObject(where[0])
-                    ? Object.keys(where[0]).flatMap(key => Utils.splitPrimaryKeys(key))
-                    : meta.primaryKeys);
-            const qb = this.createQueryBuilder(entityName, options.ctx, 'write', options.convertCustomTypes, options.loggerContext).withSchema(this.getSchemaName(meta, options));
-            const returning = getOnConflictReturningFields(meta, data[0], uniqueFields, options);
-            qb.insert(data)
-                .onConflict(uniqueFields)
-                .returning(returning);
-            if (!options.onConflictAction || options.onConflictAction === 'merge') {
-                const fields = getOnConflictFields(meta, data[0], uniqueFields, options);
-                qb.merge(fields);
-            }
-            if (options.onConflictAction === 'ignore') {
-                qb.ignore();
-            }
-            if (options.onConflictWhere) {
-                qb.where(options.onConflictWhere);
-            }
-            return this.rethrow(qb.execute('run', false));
-        }
-        const collections = options.processCollections ? data.map(d => this.extractManyToMany(meta, d)) : [];
-        const keys = new Set();
-        const fields = new Set();
-        const returning = new Set();
-        for (const row of data) {
-            for (const k of Utils.keys(row)) {
-                keys.add(k);
-                if (isRaw(row[k])) {
-                    returning.add(k);
-                }
-            }
-        }
+        const uniqueFields =
+          options.onConflictFields ?? (Utils.isPlainObject(where) ? Utils.keys(where) : meta.primaryKeys);
+        const returning = getOnConflictReturningFields(meta, data, uniqueFields, options);
+        qb.insert(data).onConflict(uniqueFields).returning(returning);
+        if (!options.onConflictAction || options.onConflictAction === 'merge') {
+          const fields = getOnConflictFields(meta, data, uniqueFields, options);
+          qb.merge(fields);
+        }
+        if (options.onConflictAction === 'ignore') {
+          qb.ignore();
+        }
+        if (options.onConflictWhere) {
+          qb.where(options.onConflictWhere);
+        }
+      } else {
+        qb.update(data).where(where);
         // reload generated columns and version fields
-        meta.props.filter(prop => prop.generated || prop.version || prop.primary).forEach(prop => returning.add(prop.name));
-        const pkCond = Utils.flatten(meta.primaryKeys.map(pk => meta.properties[pk].fieldNames))
-            .map(pk => `${this.platform.quoteIdentifier(pk)} = ?`)
-            .join(' and ');
-        const params = [];
-        let sql = `update ${this.getTableName(meta, options)} set `;
-        const addParams = (prop, value) => {
-            if (prop.kind === ReferenceKind.EMBEDDED && prop.object) {
-                if (prop.array && value) {
-                    for (let i = 0; i < value.length; i++) {
-                        const item = value[i];
-                        value[i] = this.mapDataToFieldNames(item, false, prop.embeddedProps, options.convertCustomTypes);
-                    }
-                }
-                else {
-                    value = this.mapDataToFieldNames(value, false, prop.embeddedProps, options.convertCustomTypes);
-                }
-            }
-            params.push(value);
-        };
-        for (const key of keys) {
-            const prop = meta.properties[key] ?? meta.root.properties[key];
-            if (prop.polymorphic && prop.fieldNames.length > 1) {
-                for (let idx = 0; idx < data.length; idx++) {
-                    const rowValue = data[idx][key];
-                    if (rowValue instanceof PolymorphicRef) {
-                        data[idx][key] = rowValue.toTuple();
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-            prop.fieldNames.forEach((fieldName, fieldNameIdx) => {
-                if (fields.has(fieldName) || (prop.ownColumns && !prop.ownColumns.includes(fieldName))) {
-                    return;
-                }
-                fields.add(fieldName);
-                sql += `${this.platform.quoteIdentifier(fieldName)} = case`;
-                where.forEach((cond, idx) => {
-                    if (key in data[idx]) {
-                        const pks = Utils.getOrderedPrimaryKeys(cond, meta);
-                        sql += ` when (${pkCond}) then `;
-                        if (prop.customType &&
-                            !prop.object &&
-                            'convertToDatabaseValueSQL' in prop.customType &&
-                            data[idx][prop.name] != null &&
-                            !isRaw(data[idx][key])) {
-                            sql += prop.customType.convertToDatabaseValueSQL('?', this.platform);
-                        }
-                        else {
-                            sql += '?';
-                        }
-                        params.push(...pks);
-                        addParams(prop, prop.fieldNames.length > 1 ? data[idx][key]?.[fieldNameIdx] : data[idx][key]);
-                    }
-                });
-                sql += ` else ${this.platform.quoteIdentifier(fieldName)} end, `;
-                return sql;
-            });
-        }
-        if (meta.versionProperty) {
-            const versionProperty = meta.properties[meta.versionProperty];
-            const quotedFieldName = this.platform.quoteIdentifier(versionProperty.fieldNames[0]);
-            sql += `${quotedFieldName} = `;
-            if (versionProperty.runtimeType === 'Date') {
-                sql += this.platform.getCurrentTimestampSQL(versionProperty.length);
-            }
-            else {
-                sql += `${quotedFieldName} + 1`;
-            }
-            sql += `, `;
-        }
-        sql = sql.substring(0, sql.length - 2) + ' where ';
-        const pkProps = meta.primaryKeys.concat(...meta.concurrencyCheckKeys);
-        const pks = Utils.flatten(pkProps.map(pk => meta.properties[pk].fieldNames));
-        sql +=
-            pks.length > 1
-                ? `(${pks.map(pk => this.platform.quoteIdentifier(pk)).join(', ')})`
-                : this.platform.quoteIdentifier(pks[0]);
-        const conds = where.map(cond => {
-            if (Utils.isPlainObject(cond) && Utils.getObjectKeysSize(cond) === 1) {
-                cond = Object.values(cond)[0];
-            }
-            if (pks.length > 1) {
-                pkProps.forEach(pk => {
-                    if (Array.isArray(cond[pk])) {
-                        params.push(...Utils.flatten(cond[pk]));
-                    }
-                    else {
-                        params.push(cond[pk]);
-                    }
-                });
-                return `(${Array.from({ length: pks.length }).fill('?').join(', ')})`;
-            }
-            params.push(cond);
-            return '?';
+        const returning = [];
+        meta.props
+          .filter(prop => (prop.generated && !prop.primary) || prop.version)
+          .forEach(prop => returning.push(prop.name));
+        qb.returning(returning);
+      }
+      res = await this.rethrow(qb.execute('run', false));
+    }
+    /* v8 ignore next */
+    const pk = pks.map(pk => Utils.extractPK(data[pk] || where, meta));
+    await this.processManyToMany(meta, pk, collections, true, options);
+    return res;
+  }
+  async nativeUpdateMany(entityName, where, data, options = {}, transform) {
+    options.processCollections ??= true;
+    options.convertCustomTypes ??= true;
+    const meta = this.metadata.get(entityName);
+    if (options.upsert) {
+      const uniqueFields =
+        options.onConflictFields ??
+        (Utils.isPlainObject(where[0])
+          ? Object.keys(where[0]).flatMap(key => Utils.splitPrimaryKeys(key))
+          : meta.primaryKeys);
+      const qb = this.createQueryBuilder(
+        entityName,
+        options.ctx,
+        'write',
+        options.convertCustomTypes,
+        options.loggerContext,
+      ).withSchema(this.getSchemaName(meta, options));
+      const returning = getOnConflictReturningFields(meta, data[0], uniqueFields, options);
+      qb.insert(data).onConflict(uniqueFields).returning(returning);
+      if (!options.onConflictAction || options.onConflictAction === 'merge') {
+        const fields = getOnConflictFields(meta, data[0], uniqueFields, options);
+        qb.merge(fields);
+      }
+      if (options.onConflictAction === 'ignore') {
+        qb.ignore();
+      }
+      if (options.onConflictWhere) {
+        qb.where(options.onConflictWhere);
+      }
+      return this.rethrow(qb.execute('run', false));
+    }
+    const collections = options.processCollections ? data.map(d => this.extractManyToMany(meta, d)) : [];
+    const keys = new Set();
+    const fields = new Set();
+    const returning = new Set();
+    for (const row of data) {
+      for (const k of Utils.keys(row)) {
+        keys.add(k);
+        if (isRaw(row[k])) {
+          returning.add(k);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    // reload generated columns and version fields
+    meta.props.filter(prop => prop.generated || prop.version || prop.primary).forEach(prop => returning.add(prop.name));
+    const pkCond = Utils.flatten(meta.primaryKeys.map(pk => meta.properties[pk].fieldNames))
+      .map(pk => `${this.platform.quoteIdentifier(pk)} = ?`)
+      .join(' and ');
+    const params = [];
+    let sql = `update ${this.getTableName(meta, options)} set `;
+    const addParams = (prop, value) => {
+      if (prop.kind === ReferenceKind.EMBEDDED && prop.object) {
+        if (prop.array && value) {
+          for (let i = 0; i < value.length; i++) {
+            const item = value[i];
+            value[i] = this.mapDataToFieldNames(item, false, prop.embeddedProps, options.convertCustomTypes);
+          }
+        } else {
+          value = this.mapDataToFieldNames(value, false, prop.embeddedProps, options.convertCustomTypes);
+        }
+      }
+      params.push(value);
+    };
+    for (const key of keys) {
+      const prop = meta.properties[key] ?? meta.root.properties[key];
+      if (prop.polymorphic && prop.fieldNames.length > 1) {
+        for (let idx = 0; idx < data.length; idx++) {
+          const rowValue = data[idx][key];
+          if (rowValue instanceof PolymorphicRef) {
+            data[idx][key] = rowValue.toTuple();
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      prop.fieldNames.forEach((fieldName, fieldNameIdx) => {
+        if (fields.has(fieldName) || (prop.ownColumns && !prop.ownColumns.includes(fieldName))) {
+          return;
+        }
+        fields.add(fieldName);
+        sql += `${this.platform.quoteIdentifier(fieldName)} = case`;
+        where.forEach((cond, idx) => {
+          if (key in data[idx]) {
+            const pks = Utils.getOrderedPrimaryKeys(cond, meta);
+            sql += ` when (${pkCond}) then `;
+            if (
+              prop.customType &&
+              !prop.object &&
+              'convertToDatabaseValueSQL' in prop.customType &&
+              data[idx][prop.name] != null &&
+              !isRaw(data[idx][key])
+            ) {
+              sql += prop.customType.convertToDatabaseValueSQL('?', this.platform);
+            } else {
+              sql += '?';
+            }
+            params.push(...pks);
+            addParams(prop, prop.fieldNames.length > 1 ? data[idx][key]?.[fieldNameIdx] : data[idx][key]);
+          }
         });
-        sql += ` in (${conds.join(', ')})`;
-        if (this.platform.usesReturningStatement() && returning.size > 0) {
-            const returningFields = Utils.flatten([...returning].map(prop => meta.properties[prop].fieldNames));
-            /* v8 ignore next */
-            sql +=
-                returningFields.length > 0
-                    ? ` returning ${returningFields.map(field => this.platform.quoteIdentifier(field)).join(', ')}`
-                    : '';
-        }
-        if (transform) {
-            sql = transform(sql, params);
-        }
-        const res = await this.rethrow(this.execute(sql, params, 'run', options.ctx, options.loggerContext));
-        for (let i = 0; i < collections.length; i++) {
-            await this.processManyToMany(meta, where[i], collections[i], false, options);
-        }
-        return res;
+        sql += ` else ${this.platform.quoteIdentifier(fieldName)} end, `;
+        return sql;
+      });
     }
-    async nativeDelete(entityName, where, options = {}) {
-        const meta = this.metadata.get(entityName);
-        const pks = this.getPrimaryKeyFields(meta);
-        if (Utils.isPrimaryKey(where) && pks.length === 1) {
-            where = { [pks[0]]: where };
-        }
-        if (options.unionWhere?.length) {
-            where = await this.applyUnionWhere(meta, where, options, true);
-        }
-        const qb = this.createQueryBuilder(entityName, options.ctx, 'write', false, options.loggerContext)
-            .delete(where)
-            .withSchema(this.getSchemaName(meta, options));
-        return this.rethrow(qb.execute('run', false));
-    }
-    /**
-     * Fast comparison for collection snapshots that are represented by PK arrays.
-     * Compares scalars via `===` and fallbacks to Utils.equals()` for more complex types like Buffer.
-     * Always expects the same length of the arrays, since we only compare PKs of the same entity type.
-     */
-    comparePrimaryKeyArrays(a, b) {
-        for (let i = a.length; i-- !== 0;) {
-            if (['number', 'string', 'bigint', 'boolean'].includes(typeof a[i])) {
-                if (a[i] !== b[i]) {
-                    return false;
-                }
-            }
-            else {
-                if (!Utils.equals(a[i], b[i])) {
-                    return false;
-                }
-            }
+    if (meta.versionProperty) {
+      const versionProperty = meta.properties[meta.versionProperty];
+      const quotedFieldName = this.platform.quoteIdentifier(versionProperty.fieldNames[0]);
+      sql += `${quotedFieldName} = `;
+      if (versionProperty.runtimeType === 'Date') {
+        sql += this.platform.getCurrentTimestampSQL(versionProperty.length);
+      } else {
+        sql += `${quotedFieldName} + 1`;
+      }
+      sql += `, `;
+    }
+    sql = sql.substring(0, sql.length - 2) + ' where ';
+    const pkProps = meta.primaryKeys.concat(...meta.concurrencyCheckKeys);
+    const pks = Utils.flatten(pkProps.map(pk => meta.properties[pk].fieldNames));
+    sql +=
+      pks.length > 1
+        ? `(${pks.map(pk => this.platform.quoteIdentifier(pk)).join(', ')})`
+        : this.platform.quoteIdentifier(pks[0]);
+    const conds = where.map(cond => {
+      if (Utils.isPlainObject(cond) && Utils.getObjectKeysSize(cond) === 1) {
+        cond = Object.values(cond)[0];
+      }
+      if (pks.length > 1) {
+        pkProps.forEach(pk => {
+          if (Array.isArray(cond[pk])) {
+            params.push(...Utils.flatten(cond[pk]));
+          } else {
+            params.push(cond[pk]);
+          }
+        });
+        return `(${Array.from({ length: pks.length }).fill('?').join(', ')})`;
+      }
+      params.push(cond);
+      return '?';
+    });
+    sql += ` in (${conds.join(', ')})`;
+    if (this.platform.usesReturningStatement() && returning.size > 0) {
+      const returningFields = Utils.flatten([...returning].map(prop => meta.properties[prop].fieldNames));
+      /* v8 ignore next */
+      sql +=
+        returningFields.length > 0
+          ? ` returning ${returningFields.map(field => this.platform.quoteIdentifier(field)).join(', ')}`
+          : '';
+    }
+    if (transform) {
+      sql = transform(sql, params);
+    }
+    const res = await this.rethrow(this.execute(sql, params, 'run', options.ctx, options.loggerContext));
+    for (let i = 0; i < collections.length; i++) {
+      await this.processManyToMany(meta, where[i], collections[i], false, options);
+    }
+    return res;
+  }
+  async nativeDelete(entityName, where, options = {}) {
+    const meta = this.metadata.get(entityName);
+    const pks = this.getPrimaryKeyFields(meta);
+    if (Utils.isPrimaryKey(where) && pks.length === 1) {
+      where = { [pks[0]]: where };
+    }
+    if (options.unionWhere?.length) {
+      where = await this.applyUnionWhere(meta, where, options, true);
+    }
+    const qb = this.createQueryBuilder(entityName, options.ctx, 'write', false, options.loggerContext)
+      .delete(where)
+      .withSchema(this.getSchemaName(meta, options));
+    return this.rethrow(qb.execute('run', false));
+  }
+  /**
+   * Fast comparison for collection snapshots that are represented by PK arrays.
+   * Compares scalars via `===` and fallbacks to Utils.equals()` for more complex types like Buffer.
+   * Always expects the same length of the arrays, since we only compare PKs of the same entity type.
+   */
+  comparePrimaryKeyArrays(a, b) {
+    for (let i = a.length; i-- !== 0; ) {
+      if (['number', 'string', 'bigint', 'boolean'].includes(typeof a[i])) {
+        if (a[i] !== b[i]) {
+          return false;
+        }
+      } else {
+        if (!Utils.equals(a[i], b[i])) {
+          return false;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+  async syncCollections(collections, options) {
+    const groups = {};
+    for (const coll of collections) {
+      const wrapped = helper(coll.owner);
+      const meta = wrapped.__meta;
+      const pks = wrapped.getPrimaryKeys(true);
+      const snap = coll.getSnapshot();
+      const includes = (arr, item) => !!arr.find(i => this.comparePrimaryKeyArrays(i, item));
+      const snapshot = snap ? snap.map(item => helper(item).getPrimaryKeys(true)) : [];
+      const current = coll.getItems(false).map(item => helper(item).getPrimaryKeys(true));
+      const deleteDiff = snap ? snapshot.filter(item => !includes(current, item)) : true;
+      const insertDiff = current.filter(item => !includes(snapshot, item));
+      const target = snapshot.filter(item => includes(current, item)).concat(...insertDiff);
+      const equals = Utils.equals(current, target);
+      // wrong order if we just delete and insert to the end (only owning sides can have fixed order)
+      if (coll.property.owner && coll.property.fixedOrder && !equals && Array.isArray(deleteDiff)) {
+        deleteDiff.length = insertDiff.length = 0;
+        for (const item of snapshot) {
+          deleteDiff.push(item);
+        }
+        for (const item of current) {
+          insertDiff.push(item);
+        }
+      }
+      if (coll.property.kind === ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_MANY) {
+        const cols = coll.property.referencedColumnNames;
+        const qb = this.createQueryBuilder(coll.property.targetMeta.class, options?.ctx, 'write').withSchema(
+          this.getSchemaName(meta, options),
+        );
+        if (coll.getSnapshot() === undefined) {
+          if (coll.property.orphanRemoval) {
+            const query = qb
+              .delete({ [coll.property.mappedBy]: pks })
+              .andWhere({ [cols.join(Utils.PK_SEPARATOR)]: { $nin: insertDiff } });
+            await this.rethrow(query.execute());
+            continue;
+          }
+          const query = qb
+            .update({ [coll.property.mappedBy]: null })
+            .where({ [coll.property.mappedBy]: pks })
+            .andWhere({ [cols.join(Utils.PK_SEPARATOR)]: { $nin: insertDiff } });
+          await this.rethrow(query.execute());
+          continue;
         }
+        /* v8 ignore next */
+        const query = qb
+          .update({ [coll.property.mappedBy]: pks })
+          .where({ [cols.join(Utils.PK_SEPARATOR)]: { $in: insertDiff } });
+        await this.rethrow(query.execute());
+        continue;
+      }
+      const pivotMeta = this.metadata.find(coll.property.pivotEntity);
+      let schema = pivotMeta.schema;
+      if (schema === '*') {
+        if (coll.property.owner) {
+          schema = wrapped.getSchema() === '*' ? (options?.schema ?? this.config.get('schema')) : wrapped.getSchema();
+        } else {
+          const targetMeta = coll.property.targetMeta;
+          const targetSchema = (coll[0] ?? snap?.[0]) && helper(coll[0] ?? snap?.[0]).getSchema();
+          schema =
+            targetMeta.schema === '*'
+              ? (options?.schema ?? targetSchema ?? this.config.get('schema'))
+              : targetMeta.schema;
+        }
+      } else if (schema == null) {
+        schema = this.config.get('schema');
+      }
+      const tableName = `${schema ?? '_'}.${pivotMeta.tableName}`;
+      const persister = (groups[tableName] ??= new PivotCollectionPersister(
+        pivotMeta,
+        this,
+        options?.ctx,
+        schema,
+        options?.loggerContext,
+      ));
+      persister.enqueueUpdate(coll.property, insertDiff, deleteDiff, pks, coll.isInitialized());
+    }
+    for (const persister of Utils.values(groups)) {
+      await this.rethrow(persister.execute());
+    }
+  }
+  async loadFromPivotTable(prop, owners, where = {}, orderBy, ctx, options, pivotJoin) {
+    /* v8 ignore next */
+    if (owners.length === 0) {
+      return {};
+    }
+    const pivotMeta = this.metadata.get(prop.pivotEntity);
+    if (prop.polymorphic && prop.discriminatorColumn && prop.discriminatorValue) {
+      return this.loadFromPolymorphicPivotTable(prop, owners, where, orderBy, ctx, options, pivotJoin);
+    }
+    const pivotProp1 = pivotMeta.relations[prop.owner ? 1 : 0];
+    const pivotProp2 = pivotMeta.relations[prop.owner ? 0 : 1];
+    const ownerMeta = pivotProp2.targetMeta;
+    // The pivot query builder doesn't convert custom types, so we need to manually
+    // convert owner PKs to DB format for the query and convert result FKs back to
+    // JS format for consistent key hashing in buildPivotResultMap.
+    const pkProp = ownerMeta.properties[ownerMeta.primaryKeys[0]];
+    const needsConversion = pkProp?.customType?.ensureComparable(ownerMeta, pkProp) && !ownerMeta.compositePK;
+    let ownerPks = ownerMeta.compositePK ? owners : owners.map(o => o[0]);
+    if (needsConversion) {
+      ownerPks = ownerPks.map(v => pkProp.customType.convertToDatabaseValue(v, this.platform, { mode: 'query' }));
+    }
+    const cond = {
+      [pivotProp2.name]: { $in: ownerPks },
+    };
+    if (!Utils.isEmpty(where)) {
+      cond[pivotProp1.name] = { ...where };
+    }
+    where = cond;
+    const populateField = pivotJoin ? `${pivotProp1.name}:ref` : pivotProp1.name;
+    const populate = this.autoJoinOneToOneOwner(prop.targetMeta, options?.populate ?? [], options?.fields);
+    const childFields = !Utils.isEmpty(options?.fields) ? options.fields.map(f => `${pivotProp1.name}.${f}`) : [];
+    const childExclude = !Utils.isEmpty(options?.exclude) ? options.exclude.map(f => `${pivotProp1.name}.${f}`) : [];
+    const fields = pivotJoin ? [pivotProp1.name, pivotProp2.name] : [pivotProp1.name, pivotProp2.name, ...childFields];
+    const res = await this.find(pivotMeta.class, where, {
+      ctx,
+      ...options,
+      fields,
+      exclude: childExclude,
+      orderBy: this.getPivotOrderBy(prop, pivotProp1, orderBy, options?.orderBy),
+      populate: [
+        {
+          field: populateField,
+          strategy: LoadStrategy.JOINED,
+          joinType: JoinType.innerJoin,
+          children: populate,
+          dataOnly: pivotProp1.mapToPk && !pivotJoin,
+        },
+      ],
+      populateWhere: undefined,
+      // @ts-ignore
+      _populateWhere: 'infer',
+      populateFilter: this.wrapPopulateFilter(options, pivotProp2.name),
+    });
+    // Convert result FK values back to JS format so key hashing
+    // in buildPivotResultMap is consistent with the owner keys.
+    if (needsConversion) {
+      for (const item of res) {
+        const fk = item[pivotProp2.name];
+        if (fk != null) {
+          item[pivotProp2.name] = pkProp.customType.convertToJSValue(fk, this.platform);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return this.buildPivotResultMap(owners, res, pivotProp2.name, pivotProp1.name);
+  }
+  /**
+   * Load from a polymorphic M:N pivot table.
+   */
+  async loadFromPolymorphicPivotTable(prop, owners, where = {}, orderBy, ctx, options, pivotJoin) {
+    const pivotMeta = this.metadata.get(prop.pivotEntity);
+    // Find the M:1 relation on the pivot pointing to the target entity.
+    // We exclude virtual polymorphic owner relations (persist: false) and non-M:1 relations.
+    const inverseProp = pivotMeta.relations.find(
+      r => r.kind === ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_ONE && r.persist !== false && r.targetMeta === prop.targetMeta,
+    );
+    if (inverseProp) {
+      return this.loadPolymorphicPivotOwnerSide(prop, owners, where, orderBy, ctx, options, pivotJoin, inverseProp);
+    }
+    return this.loadPolymorphicPivotInverseSide(prop, owners, where, orderBy, ctx, options);
+  }
+  /**
+   * Load from owner side of polymorphic M:N (e.g., Post -> Tags)
+   */
+  async loadPolymorphicPivotOwnerSide(prop, owners, where, orderBy, ctx, options, pivotJoin, inverseProp) {
+    const pivotMeta = this.metadata.get(prop.pivotEntity);
+    const targetMeta = prop.targetMeta;
+    // Build condition: discriminator = 'post' AND {discriminator} IN (...)
+    const cond = {
+      [prop.discriminatorColumn]: prop.discriminatorValue,
+      [prop.discriminator]: { $in: owners.length === 1 && owners[0].length === 1 ? owners.map(o => o[0]) : owners },
+    };
+    if (!Utils.isEmpty(where)) {
+      cond[inverseProp.name] = { ...where };
+    }
+    const populateField = pivotJoin ? `${inverseProp.name}:ref` : inverseProp.name;
+    const populate = this.autoJoinOneToOneOwner(targetMeta, options?.populate ?? [], options?.fields);
+    const childFields = !Utils.isEmpty(options?.fields) ? options.fields.map(f => `${inverseProp.name}.${f}`) : [];
+    const childExclude = !Utils.isEmpty(options?.exclude) ? options.exclude.map(f => `${inverseProp.name}.${f}`) : [];
+    const fields = pivotJoin
+      ? [inverseProp.name, prop.discriminator, prop.discriminatorColumn]
+      : [inverseProp.name, prop.discriminator, prop.discriminatorColumn, ...childFields];
+    const res = await this.find(pivotMeta.class, cond, {
+      ctx,
+      ...options,
+      fields,
+      exclude: childExclude,
+      orderBy: this.getPivotOrderBy(prop, inverseProp, orderBy, options?.orderBy),
+      populate: [
+        {
+          field: populateField,
+          strategy: LoadStrategy.JOINED,
+          joinType: JoinType.innerJoin,
+          children: populate,
+          dataOnly: inverseProp.mapToPk && !pivotJoin,
+        },
+      ],
+      populateWhere: undefined,
+      // @ts-ignore
+      _populateWhere: 'infer',
+      populateFilter: this.wrapPopulateFilter(options, inverseProp.name),
+    });
+    return this.buildPivotResultMap(owners, res, prop.discriminator, inverseProp.name);
+  }
+  /**
+   * Load from inverse side of polymorphic M:N (e.g., Tag -> Posts)
+   * Uses single query with join via virtual relation on pivot.
+   */
+  async loadPolymorphicPivotInverseSide(prop, owners, where, orderBy, ctx, options) {
+    const pivotMeta = this.metadata.get(prop.pivotEntity);
+    const targetMeta = prop.targetMeta;
+    // Find the relation to the entity we're starting from (e.g., Tag_inverse -> Tag)
+    // Exclude virtual polymorphic owner relations (persist: false) - we want the actual M:N inverse relation
+    const tagProp = pivotMeta.relations.find(r => r.persist !== false && r.targetMeta !== targetMeta);
+    // Find the virtual relation to the polymorphic owner (e.g., taggable_Post -> Post)
+    const ownerRelationName = `${prop.discriminator}_${targetMeta.tableName}`;
+    const ownerProp = pivotMeta.properties[ownerRelationName];
+    // Build condition: discriminator = 'post' AND Tag_inverse IN (tagIds)
+    const cond = {
+      [prop.discriminatorColumn]: prop.discriminatorValue,
+      [tagProp.name]: { $in: owners.length === 1 && owners[0].length === 1 ? owners.map(o => o[0]) : owners },
+    };
+    if (!Utils.isEmpty(where)) {
+      cond[ownerRelationName] = { ...where };
+    }
+    const populateField = ownerRelationName;
+    const populate = this.autoJoinOneToOneOwner(targetMeta, options?.populate ?? [], options?.fields);
+    const childFields = !Utils.isEmpty(options?.fields) ? options.fields.map(f => `${ownerRelationName}.${f}`) : [];
+    const childExclude = !Utils.isEmpty(options?.exclude) ? options.exclude.map(f => `${ownerRelationName}.${f}`) : [];
+    const fields = [ownerRelationName, tagProp.name, prop.discriminatorColumn, ...childFields];
+    const res = await this.find(pivotMeta.class, cond, {
+      ctx,
+      ...options,
+      fields,
+      exclude: childExclude,
+      orderBy: this.getPivotOrderBy(prop, ownerProp, orderBy, options?.orderBy),
+      populate: [
+        {
+          field: populateField,
+          strategy: LoadStrategy.JOINED,
+          joinType: JoinType.innerJoin,
+          children: populate,
+        },
+      ],
+      populateWhere: undefined,
+      // @ts-ignore
+      _populateWhere: 'infer',
+      populateFilter: this.wrapPopulateFilter(options, ownerRelationName),
+    });
+    return this.buildPivotResultMap(owners, res, tagProp.name, ownerRelationName);
+  }
+  /**
+   * Build a map from owner PKs to their related entities from pivot table results.
+   */
+  buildPivotResultMap(owners, results, keyProp, valueProp) {
+    const map = {};
+    for (const owner of owners) {
+      const key = Utils.getPrimaryKeyHash(owner);
+      map[key] = [];
+    }
+    for (const item of results) {
+      const key = Utils.getPrimaryKeyHash(Utils.asArray(item[keyProp]));
+      const entity = item[valueProp];
+      if (map[key]) {
+        map[key].push(entity);
+      }
+    }
+    return map;
+  }
+  wrapPopulateFilter(options, propName) {
+    if (!Utils.isEmpty(options?.populateFilter) || RawQueryFragment.hasObjectFragments(options?.populateFilter)) {
+      return { [propName]: options?.populateFilter };
+    }
+    return undefined;
+  }
+  getPivotOrderBy(prop, pivotProp, orderBy, parentOrderBy) {
+    if (!Utils.isEmpty(orderBy) || RawQueryFragment.hasObjectFragments(orderBy)) {
+      return Utils.asArray(orderBy).map(o => ({ [pivotProp.name]: o }));
+    }
+    if (prop.kind === ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_MANY && Utils.asArray(parentOrderBy).some(o => o[prop.name])) {
+      return Utils.asArray(parentOrderBy)
+        .filter(o => o[prop.name])
+        .map(o => ({ [pivotProp.name]: o[prop.name] }));
+    }
+    if (!Utils.isEmpty(prop.orderBy) || RawQueryFragment.hasObjectFragments(prop.orderBy)) {
+      return Utils.asArray(prop.orderBy).map(o => ({ [pivotProp.name]: o }));
+    }
+    if (prop.fixedOrder) {
+      return [{ [prop.fixedOrderColumn]: QueryOrder.ASC }];
+    }
+    return [];
+  }
+  async execute(query, params = [], method = 'all', ctx, loggerContext) {
+    return this.rethrow(this.connection.execute(query, params, method, ctx, loggerContext));
+  }
+  async *stream(entityName, where, options) {
+    options = { populate: [], orderBy: [], ...options };
+    const meta = this.metadata.get(entityName);
+    if (meta.virtual) {
+      yield* this.streamFromVirtual(entityName, where, options);
+      return;
+    }
+    const qb = await this.createQueryBuilderFromOptions(meta, where, options);
+    try {
+      const result = qb.stream(options);
+      for await (const item of result) {
+        yield item;
+      }
+    } catch (e) {
+      throw this.convertException(e);
+    }
+  }
+  /**
+   * 1:1 owner side needs to be marked for population so QB auto-joins the owner id
+   */
+  autoJoinOneToOneOwner(meta, populate, fields = []) {
+    if (!this.config.get('autoJoinOneToOneOwner')) {
+      return populate;
+    }
+    const relationsToPopulate = populate.map(({ field }) => field.split(':')[0]);
+    const toPopulate = meta.relations
+      .filter(
+        prop =>
+          prop.kind === ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_ONE &&
+          !prop.owner &&
+          !prop.lazy &&
+          !relationsToPopulate.includes(prop.name),
+      )
+      .filter(prop => fields.length === 0 || fields.some(f => prop.name === f || prop.name.startsWith(`${String(f)}.`)))
+      .map(prop => ({ field: `${prop.name}:ref`, strategy: LoadStrategy.JOINED }));
+    return [...populate, ...toPopulate];
+  }
+  /**
+   * @internal
+   */
+  joinedProps(meta, populate, options) {
+    return populate.filter(hint => {
+      const [propName, ref] = hint.field.split(':', 2);
+      const prop = meta.properties[propName] || {};
+      const strategy = getLoadingStrategy(
+        hint.strategy || prop.strategy || options?.strategy || this.config.get('loadStrategy'),
+        prop.kind,
+      );
+      if (ref && [ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_ONE, ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_ONE].includes(prop.kind)) {
         return true;
+      }
+      // skip redundant joins for 1:1 owner population hints when using `mapToPk`
+      if (prop.kind === ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_ONE && prop.mapToPk && prop.owner) {
+        return false;
+      }
+      if (strategy !== LoadStrategy.JOINED) {
+        // force joined strategy for explicit 1:1 owner populate hint as it would require a join anyway
+        return prop.kind === ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_ONE && !prop.owner;
+      }
+      return ![ReferenceKind.SCALAR, ReferenceKind.EMBEDDED].includes(prop.kind);
+    });
+  }
+  /**
+   * @internal
+   */
+  mergeJoinedResult(rawResults, meta, joinedProps) {
+    if (rawResults.length <= 1) {
+      return rawResults;
     }
-    async syncCollections(collections, options) {
-        const groups = {};
-        for (const coll of collections) {
-            const wrapped = helper(coll.owner);
-            const meta = wrapped.__meta;
-            const pks = wrapped.getPrimaryKeys(true);
-            const snap = coll.getSnapshot();
-            const includes = (arr, item) => !!arr.find(i => this.comparePrimaryKeyArrays(i, item));
-            const snapshot = snap ? snap.map(item => helper(item).getPrimaryKeys(true)) : [];
-            const current = coll.getItems(false).map(item => helper(item).getPrimaryKeys(true));
-            const deleteDiff = snap ? snapshot.filter(item => !includes(current, item)) : true;
-            const insertDiff = current.filter(item => !includes(snapshot, item));
-            const target = snapshot.filter(item => includes(current, item)).concat(...insertDiff);
-            const equals = Utils.equals(current, target);
-            // wrong order if we just delete and insert to the end (only owning sides can have fixed order)
-            if (coll.property.owner && coll.property.fixedOrder && !equals && Array.isArray(deleteDiff)) {
-                deleteDiff.length = insertDiff.length = 0;
-                for (const item of snapshot) {
-                    deleteDiff.push(item);
-                }
-                for (const item of current) {
-                    insertDiff.push(item);
-                }
-            }
-            if (coll.property.kind === ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_MANY) {
-                const cols = coll.property.referencedColumnNames;
-                const qb = this.createQueryBuilder(coll.property.targetMeta.class, options?.ctx, 'write').withSchema(this.getSchemaName(meta, options));
-                if (coll.getSnapshot() === undefined) {
-                    if (coll.property.orphanRemoval) {
-                        const query = qb
-                            .delete({ [coll.property.mappedBy]: pks })
-                            .andWhere({ [cols.join(Utils.PK_SEPARATOR)]: { $nin: insertDiff } });
-                        await this.rethrow(query.execute());
-                        continue;
-                    }
-                    const query = qb
-                        .update({ [coll.property.mappedBy]: null })
-                        .where({ [coll.property.mappedBy]: pks })
-                        .andWhere({ [cols.join(Utils.PK_SEPARATOR)]: { $nin: insertDiff } });
-                    await this.rethrow(query.execute());
-                    continue;
-                }
-                /* v8 ignore next */
-                const query = qb
-                    .update({ [coll.property.mappedBy]: pks })
-                    .where({ [cols.join(Utils.PK_SEPARATOR)]: { $in: insertDiff } });
-                await this.rethrow(query.execute());
-                continue;
-            }
-            const pivotMeta = this.metadata.find(coll.property.pivotEntity);
-            let schema = pivotMeta.schema;
-            if (schema === '*') {
-                if (coll.property.owner) {
-                    schema = wrapped.getSchema() === '*' ? (options?.schema ?? this.config.get('schema')) : wrapped.getSchema();
-                }
-                else {
-                    const targetMeta = coll.property.targetMeta;
-                    const targetSchema = (coll[0] ?? snap?.[0]) && helper(coll[0] ?? snap?.[0]).getSchema();
-                    schema =
-                        targetMeta.schema === '*'
-                            ? (options?.schema ?? targetSchema ?? this.config.get('schema'))
-                            : targetMeta.schema;
-                }
-            }
-            else if (schema == null) {
-                schema = this.config.get('schema');
-            }
-            const tableName = `${schema ?? '_'}.${pivotMeta.tableName}`;
-            const persister = (groups[tableName] ??= new PivotCollectionPersister(pivotMeta, this, options?.ctx, schema, options?.loggerContext));
-            persister.enqueueUpdate(coll.property, insertDiff, deleteDiff, pks, coll.isInitialized());
-        }
-        for (const persister of Utils.values(groups)) {
-            await this.rethrow(persister.execute());
-        }
+    const res = [];
+    const map = {};
+    const collectionsToMerge = {};
+    const hints = joinedProps.map(hint => {
+      const [propName, ref] = hint.field.split(':', 2);
+      return { propName, ref, children: hint.children };
+    });
+    for (const item of rawResults) {
+      const pk = Utils.getCompositeKeyHash(item, meta);
+      if (map[pk]) {
+        for (const { propName } of hints) {
+          if (!item[propName]) {
+            continue;
+          }
+          collectionsToMerge[pk] ??= {};
+          collectionsToMerge[pk][propName] ??= [map[pk][propName]];
+          collectionsToMerge[pk][propName].push(item[propName]);
+        }
+      } else {
+        map[pk] = item;
+        res.push(item);
+      }
     }
-    async loadFromPivotTable(prop, owners, where = {}, orderBy, ctx, options, pivotJoin) {
-        /* v8 ignore next */
-        if (owners.length === 0) {
-            return {};
-        }
-        const pivotMeta = this.metadata.get(prop.pivotEntity);
-        if (prop.polymorphic && prop.discriminatorColumn && prop.discriminatorValue) {
-            return this.loadFromPolymorphicPivotTable(prop, owners, where, orderBy, ctx, options, pivotJoin);
-        }
-        const pivotProp1 = pivotMeta.relations[prop.owner ? 1 : 0];
-        const pivotProp2 = pivotMeta.relations[prop.owner ? 0 : 1];
-        const ownerMeta = pivotProp2.targetMeta;
-        // The pivot query builder doesn't convert custom types, so we need to manually
-        // convert owner PKs to DB format for the query and convert result FKs back to
-        // JS format for consistent key hashing in buildPivotResultMap.
-        const pkProp = ownerMeta.properties[ownerMeta.primaryKeys[0]];
-        const needsConversion = pkProp?.customType?.ensureComparable(ownerMeta, pkProp) && !ownerMeta.compositePK;
-        let ownerPks = ownerMeta.compositePK ? owners : owners.map(o => o[0]);
-        if (needsConversion) {
-            ownerPks = ownerPks.map(v => pkProp.customType.convertToDatabaseValue(v, this.platform, { mode: 'query' }));
-        }
-        const cond = {
-            [pivotProp2.name]: { $in: ownerPks },
-        };
-        if (!Utils.isEmpty(where)) {
-            cond[pivotProp1.name] = { ...where };
-        }
-        where = cond;
-        const populateField = pivotJoin ? `${pivotProp1.name}:ref` : pivotProp1.name;
-        const populate = this.autoJoinOneToOneOwner(prop.targetMeta, options?.populate ?? [], options?.fields);
-        const childFields = !Utils.isEmpty(options?.fields) ? options.fields.map(f => `${pivotProp1.name}.${f}`) : [];
-        const childExclude = !Utils.isEmpty(options?.exclude) ? options.exclude.map(f => `${pivotProp1.name}.${f}`) : [];
-        const fields = pivotJoin
-            ? [pivotProp1.name, pivotProp2.name]
-            : [pivotProp1.name, pivotProp2.name, ...childFields];
-        const res = await this.find(pivotMeta.class, where, {
-            ctx,
-            ...options,
-            fields,
-            exclude: childExclude,
-            orderBy: this.getPivotOrderBy(prop, pivotProp1, orderBy, options?.orderBy),
-            populate: [
-                {
-                    field: populateField,
-                    strategy: LoadStrategy.JOINED,
-                    joinType: JoinType.innerJoin,
-                    children: populate,
-                    dataOnly: pivotProp1.mapToPk && !pivotJoin,
-                },
-            ],
-            populateWhere: undefined,
-            // @ts-ignore
-            _populateWhere: 'infer',
-            populateFilter: this.wrapPopulateFilter(options, pivotProp2.name),
-        });
-        // Convert result FK values back to JS format so key hashing
-        // in buildPivotResultMap is consistent with the owner keys.
-        if (needsConversion) {
-            for (const item of res) {
-                const fk = item[pivotProp2.name];
-                if (fk != null) {
-                    item[pivotProp2.name] = pkProp.customType.convertToJSValue(fk, this.platform);
-                }
-            }
+    for (const pk in collectionsToMerge) {
+      const entity = map[pk];
+      const collections = collectionsToMerge[pk];
+      for (const { propName, ref, children } of hints) {
+        if (!collections[propName]) {
+          continue;
         }
-        return this.buildPivotResultMap(owners, res, pivotProp2.name, pivotProp1.name);
+        const prop = meta.properties[propName];
+        const items = collections[propName].flat();
+        if ([ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_MANY, ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_MANY].includes(prop.kind) && ref) {
+          entity[propName] = items;
+          continue;
+        }
+        switch (prop.kind) {
+          case ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_MANY:
+          case ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_MANY:
+            entity[propName] = this.mergeJoinedResult(items, prop.targetMeta, children ?? []);
+            break;
+          case ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_ONE:
+          case ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_ONE:
+            entity[propName] = this.mergeJoinedResult(items, prop.targetMeta, children ?? [])[0];
+            break;
+        }
+      }
     }
-    /**
-     * Load from a polymorphic M:N pivot table.
-     */
-    async loadFromPolymorphicPivotTable(prop, owners, where = {}, orderBy, ctx, options, pivotJoin) {
-        const pivotMeta = this.metadata.get(prop.pivotEntity);
-        // Find the M:1 relation on the pivot pointing to the target entity.
-        // We exclude virtual polymorphic owner relations (persist: false) and non-M:1 relations.
-        const inverseProp = pivotMeta.relations.find(r => r.kind === ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_ONE && r.persist !== false && r.targetMeta === prop.targetMeta);
-        if (inverseProp) {
-            return this.loadPolymorphicPivotOwnerSide(prop, owners, where, orderBy, ctx, options, pivotJoin, inverseProp);
-        }
-        return this.loadPolymorphicPivotInverseSide(prop, owners, where, orderBy, ctx, options);
+    return res;
+  }
+  shouldHaveColumn(meta, prop, populate, fields, exclude) {
+    if (!this.platform.shouldHaveColumn(prop, populate, exclude)) {
+      return false;
     }
-    /**
-     * Load from owner side of polymorphic M:N (e.g., Post -> Tags)
-     */
-    async loadPolymorphicPivotOwnerSide(prop, owners, where, orderBy, ctx, options, pivotJoin, inverseProp) {
-        const pivotMeta = this.metadata.get(prop.pivotEntity);
-        const targetMeta = prop.targetMeta;
-        // Build condition: discriminator = 'post' AND {discriminator} IN (...)
-        const cond = {
-            [prop.discriminatorColumn]: prop.discriminatorValue,
-            [prop.discriminator]: { $in: owners.length === 1 && owners[0].length === 1 ? owners.map(o => o[0]) : owners },
-        };
-        if (!Utils.isEmpty(where)) {
-            cond[inverseProp.name] = { ...where };
-        }
-        const populateField = pivotJoin ? `${inverseProp.name}:ref` : inverseProp.name;
-        const populate = this.autoJoinOneToOneOwner(targetMeta, options?.populate ?? [], options?.fields);
-        const childFields = !Utils.isEmpty(options?.fields) ? options.fields.map(f => `${inverseProp.name}.${f}`) : [];
-        const childExclude = !Utils.isEmpty(options?.exclude)
-            ? options.exclude.map(f => `${inverseProp.name}.${f}`)
-            : [];
-        const fields = pivotJoin
-            ? [inverseProp.name, prop.discriminator, prop.discriminatorColumn]
-            : [inverseProp.name, prop.discriminator, prop.discriminatorColumn, ...childFields];
-        const res = await this.find(pivotMeta.class, cond, {
-            ctx,
+    if (!fields || fields.includes('*') || prop.primary || meta.root.discriminatorColumn === prop.name) {
+      return true;
+    }
+    return fields.some(f => f === prop.name || f.toString().startsWith(prop.name + '.'));
+  }
+  getFieldsForJoinedLoad(qb, meta, options) {
+    const fields = [];
+    const populate = options.populate ?? [];
+    const joinedProps = this.joinedProps(meta, populate, options);
+    const populateWhereAll = options?._populateWhere === 'all' || Utils.isEmpty(options?._populateWhere);
+    // Ensure TPT joins are applied early so that _tptAlias is available for join resolution
+    // This is needed when populating relations that are inherited from TPT parent entities
+    if (!options.parentJoinPath) {
+      qb.ensureTPTJoins();
+    }
+    // root entity is already handled, skip that
+    if (options.parentJoinPath) {
+      // alias all fields in the primary table
+      meta.props
+        .filter(prop => this.shouldHaveColumn(meta, prop, populate, options.explicitFields, options.exclude))
+        .forEach(prop =>
+          fields.push(
+            ...this.mapPropToFieldNames(
+              qb,
+              prop,
+              options.parentTableAlias,
+              meta,
+              options.schema,
+              options.explicitFields,
+            ),
+          ),
+        );
+    }
+    for (const hint of joinedProps) {
+      const [propName, ref] = hint.field.split(':', 2);
+      const prop = meta.properties[propName];
+      // Polymorphic to-one: create a LEFT JOIN per target type
+      // Skip :ref hints — polymorphic to-one already has FK + discriminator in the row
+      if (
+        prop.polymorphic &&
+        prop.polymorphTargets?.length &&
+        !ref &&
+        [ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_ONE, ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_ONE].includes(prop.kind)
+      ) {
+        const basePath = options.parentJoinPath
+          ? `${options.parentJoinPath}.${prop.name}`
+          : `${meta.name}.${prop.name}`;
+        const pathPrefix =
+          !options.parentJoinPath && populateWhereAll && !basePath.startsWith('[populate]') ? '[populate]' : '';
+        for (const targetMeta of prop.polymorphTargets) {
+          const tableAlias = qb.getNextAlias(targetMeta.className);
+          const targetPath = `${pathPrefix}${basePath}[${targetMeta.className}]`;
+          const schema = targetMeta.schema === '*' ? (options?.schema ?? this.config.get('schema')) : targetMeta.schema;
+          qb.addPolymorphicJoin(
+            prop,
+            targetMeta,
+            options.parentTableAlias,
+            tableAlias,
+            JoinType.leftJoin,
+            targetPath,
+            schema,
+          );
+          // Select fields from each target table
+          fields.push(
+            ...this.getFieldsForJoinedLoad(qb, targetMeta, {
+              ...options,
+              populate: hint.children,
+              parentTableAlias: tableAlias,
+              parentJoinPath: targetPath,
+            }),
+          );
+        }
+        continue;
+      }
+      // ignore ref joins of known FKs unless it's a filter hint
+      if (
+        ref &&
+        !hint.filter &&
+        (prop.kind === ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_ONE || (prop.kind === ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_ONE && prop.owner))
+      ) {
+        continue;
+      }
+      const meta2 = prop.targetMeta;
+      const pivotRefJoin = prop.kind === ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_MANY && ref;
+      const tableAlias = qb.getNextAlias(prop.name);
+      const field = `${options.parentTableAlias}.${prop.name}`;
+      let path = options.parentJoinPath ? `${options.parentJoinPath}.${prop.name}` : `${meta.name}.${prop.name}`;
+      if (!options.parentJoinPath && populateWhereAll && !hint.filter && !path.startsWith('[populate]')) {
+        path = '[populate]' + path;
+      }
+      const mandatoryToOneProperty =
+        [ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_ONE, ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_ONE].includes(prop.kind) && !prop.nullable;
+      const joinType = pivotRefJoin
+        ? JoinType.pivotJoin
+        : hint.joinType
+          ? hint.joinType
+          : (hint.filter && !prop.nullable) || mandatoryToOneProperty
+            ? JoinType.innerJoin
+            : JoinType.leftJoin;
+      const schema =
+        prop.targetMeta.schema === '*' ? (options?.schema ?? this.config.get('schema')) : prop.targetMeta.schema;
+      qb.join(field, tableAlias, {}, joinType, path, schema);
+      // For relations to TPT base classes, add LEFT JOINs for all child tables (polymorphic loading)
+      if (meta2.inheritanceType === 'tpt' && meta2.tptChildren?.length && !ref) {
+        // Use the registry metadata to ensure allTPTDescendants is available
+        const tptMeta = this.metadata.get(meta2.class);
+        this.addTPTPolymorphicJoinsForRelation(qb, tptMeta, tableAlias, fields);
+      }
+      if (pivotRefJoin) {
+        fields.push(
+          ...prop.joinColumns.map(col =>
+            qb.helper.mapper(`${tableAlias}.${col}`, qb.type, undefined, `${tableAlias}__${col}`),
+          ),
+          ...prop.inverseJoinColumns.map(col =>
+            qb.helper.mapper(`${tableAlias}.${col}`, qb.type, undefined, `${tableAlias}__${col}`),
+          ),
+        );
+      }
+      if (prop.kind === ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_MANY && ref) {
+        fields.push(
+          ...this.getFieldsForJoinedLoad(qb, meta2, {
             ...options,
-            fields,
+            explicitFields: prop.referencedColumnNames,
+            exclude: undefined,
+            populate: hint.children,
+            parentTableAlias: tableAlias,
+            parentJoinPath: path,
+          }),
+        );
+      }
+      const childExplicitFields =
+        options.explicitFields?.filter(f => Utils.isPlainObject(f)).map(o => o[prop.name])[0] || [];
+      options.explicitFields?.forEach(f => {
+        if (typeof f === 'string' && f.startsWith(`${prop.name}.`)) {
+          childExplicitFields.push(f.substring(prop.name.length + 1));
+        }
+      });
+      const childExclude = options.exclude ? Utils.extractChildElements(options.exclude, prop.name) : options.exclude;
+      if (!ref && (!prop.mapToPk || hint.dataOnly)) {
+        fields.push(
+          ...this.getFieldsForJoinedLoad(qb, meta2, {
+            ...options,
+            explicitFields: childExplicitFields.length === 0 ? undefined : childExplicitFields,
             exclude: childExclude,
-            orderBy: this.getPivotOrderBy(prop, inverseProp, orderBy, options?.orderBy),
-            populate: [
-                {
-                    field: populateField,
-                    strategy: LoadStrategy.JOINED,
-                    joinType: JoinType.innerJoin,
-                    children: populate,
-                    dataOnly: inverseProp.mapToPk && !pivotJoin,
-                },
-            ],
-            populateWhere: undefined,
-            // @ts-ignore
-            _populateWhere: 'infer',
-            populateFilter: this.wrapPopulateFilter(options, inverseProp.name),
-        });
-        return this.buildPivotResultMap(owners, res, prop.discriminator, inverseProp.name);
+            populate: hint.children,
+            parentTableAlias: tableAlias,
+            parentJoinPath: path,
+          }),
+        );
+      } else if (
+        hint.filter ||
+        (prop.mapToPk && !hint.dataOnly) ||
+        (ref && [ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_ONE, ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_ONE].includes(prop.kind))
+      ) {
+        fields.push(
+          ...prop.referencedColumnNames.map(col =>
+            qb.helper.mapper(`${tableAlias}.${col}`, qb.type, undefined, `${tableAlias}__${col}`),
+          ),
+        );
+      }
+    }
+    return fields;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Adds LEFT JOINs and fields for TPT polymorphic loading when populating a relation to a TPT base class.
+   * @internal
+   */
+  addTPTPolymorphicJoinsForRelation(qb, meta, baseAlias, fields) {
+    // allTPTDescendants is pre-computed during discovery, sorted by depth (deepest first)
+    const descendants = meta.allTPTDescendants;
+    const childAliases = {};
+    // LEFT JOIN each descendant table
+    for (const childMeta of descendants) {
+      const childAlias = qb.getNextAlias(childMeta.className);
+      qb.createAlias(childMeta.class, childAlias);
+      childAliases[childMeta.className] = childAlias;
+      qb.addPropertyJoin(childMeta.tptInverseProp, baseAlias, childAlias, JoinType.leftJoin, `[tpt]${meta.className}`);
+      // Add fields from this child (only ownProps, skip PKs)
+      for (const prop of childMeta.ownProps.filter(p => !p.primary && this.platform.shouldHaveColumn(p, []))) {
+        for (const fieldName of prop.fieldNames) {
+          const field = `${childAlias}.${fieldName}`;
+          const fieldAlias = `${childAlias}__${fieldName}`;
+          fields.push(raw(`${this.platform.quoteIdentifier(field)} as ${this.platform.quoteIdentifier(fieldAlias)}`));
+        }
+      }
     }
-    /**
-     * Load from inverse side of polymorphic M:N (e.g., Tag -> Posts)
-     * Uses single query with join via virtual relation on pivot.
-     */
-    async loadPolymorphicPivotInverseSide(prop, owners, where, orderBy, ctx, options) {
+    // Add computed discriminator (descendants already sorted by depth)
+    if (meta.root.tptDiscriminatorColumn) {
+      fields.push(this.buildTPTDiscriminatorExpression(meta, descendants, childAliases, baseAlias));
+    }
+  }
+  /**
+   * Find the alias for a TPT child table in the query builder.
+   * @internal
+   */
+  findTPTChildAlias(qb, childMeta) {
+    const joins = qb.state.joins;
+    for (const key of Object.keys(joins)) {
+      if (joins[key].table === childMeta.tableName && key.includes('[tpt]')) {
+        return joins[key].alias;
+      }
+    }
+    return undefined;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Builds a CASE WHEN expression for TPT discriminator.
+   * Determines concrete entity type based on which child table has a non-null PK.
+   * @internal
+   */
+  buildTPTDiscriminatorExpression(meta, descendants, aliasMap, baseAlias) {
+    const cases = descendants.map(child => {
+      const childAlias = aliasMap[child.className];
+      const pkFieldName = child.properties[child.primaryKeys[0]].fieldNames[0];
+      return `when ${this.platform.quoteIdentifier(`${childAlias}.${pkFieldName}`)} is not null then '${child.discriminatorValue}'`;
+    });
+    const defaultValue = meta.abstract ? 'null' : `'${meta.discriminatorValue}'`;
+    const caseExpr = `case ${cases.join(' ')} else ${defaultValue} end`;
+    const aliased = this.platform.quoteIdentifier(`${baseAlias}__${meta.root.tptDiscriminatorColumn}`);
+    return raw(`${caseExpr} as ${aliased}`);
+  }
+  /**
+   * Maps TPT child-specific fields during hydration.
+   * When a relation points to a TPT base class, the actual entity might be a child class.
+   * This method reads the discriminator to determine the concrete type and maps child-specific fields.
+   * @internal
+   */
+  mapTPTChildFields(relationPojo, meta, relationAlias, qb, root) {
+    // Check if this is a TPT base with polymorphic children
+    if (meta.inheritanceType !== 'tpt' || !meta.root.tptDiscriminatorColumn) {
+      return;
+    }
+    // Read the discriminator value
+    const discriminatorAlias = `${relationAlias}__${meta.root.tptDiscriminatorColumn}`;
+    const discriminatorValue = root[discriminatorAlias];
+    if (!discriminatorValue) {
+      return;
+    }
+    // Set the discriminator in the pojo for EntityFactory
+    relationPojo[meta.root.tptDiscriminatorColumn] = discriminatorValue;
+    // Find the concrete metadata from discriminator map
+    const concreteClass = meta.root.discriminatorMap?.[discriminatorValue];
+    /* v8 ignore next 3 - defensive check for invalid discriminator values */
+    if (!concreteClass) {
+      return;
+    }
+    const concreteMeta = this.metadata.get(concreteClass);
+    if (concreteMeta === meta) {
+      // Already the concrete type, no child fields to map
+      delete root[discriminatorAlias];
+      return;
+    }
+    // Traverse up from concrete type and map fields from each level's table
+    const tz = this.platform.getTimezone();
+    let currentMeta = concreteMeta;
+    while (currentMeta && currentMeta !== meta) {
+      const childAlias = this.findTPTChildAlias(qb, currentMeta);
+      if (childAlias) {
+        // Map fields using same filtering as joined loading, plus skip PKs
+        for (const prop of currentMeta.ownProps.filter(p => !p.primary && this.platform.shouldHaveColumn(p, []))) {
+          this.mapJoinedProp(relationPojo, prop, childAlias, root, tz, currentMeta, {
+            deleteFromRoot: true,
+          });
+        }
+      }
+      currentMeta = currentMeta.tptParent;
+    }
+    // Clean up the discriminator alias
+    delete root[discriminatorAlias];
+  }
+  /**
+   * @internal
+   */
+  mapPropToFieldNames(qb, prop, tableAlias, meta, schema, explicitFields) {
+    if (prop.kind === ReferenceKind.EMBEDDED && !prop.object) {
+      return Object.entries(prop.embeddedProps).flatMap(([name, childProp]) => {
+        const childFields = explicitFields ? Utils.extractChildElements(explicitFields, prop.name) : [];
+        if (
+          !this.shouldHaveColumn(
+            prop.targetMeta,
+            { ...childProp, name },
+            [],
+            childFields.length > 0 ? childFields : undefined,
+          )
+        ) {
+          return [];
+        }
+        return this.mapPropToFieldNames(qb, childProp, tableAlias, meta, schema, childFields);
+      });
+    }
+    const aliased = this.platform.quoteIdentifier(`${tableAlias}__${prop.fieldNames[0]}`);
+    if (prop.customTypes?.some(type => !!type?.convertToJSValueSQL)) {
+      return prop.fieldNames.map((col, idx) => {
+        if (!prop.customTypes[idx]?.convertToJSValueSQL) {
+          return col;
+        }
+        const prefixed = this.platform.quoteIdentifier(`${tableAlias}.${col}`);
+        const aliased = this.platform.quoteIdentifier(`${tableAlias}__${col}`);
+        return raw(`${prop.customTypes[idx].convertToJSValueSQL(prefixed, this.platform)} as ${aliased}`);
+      });
+    }
+    if (prop.customType?.convertToJSValueSQL) {
+      const prefixed = this.platform.quoteIdentifier(`${tableAlias}.${prop.fieldNames[0]}`);
+      return [raw(`${prop.customType.convertToJSValueSQL(prefixed, this.platform)} as ${aliased}`)];
+    }
+    if (prop.formula) {
+      const quotedAlias = this.platform.quoteIdentifier(tableAlias).toString();
+      const table = this.createFormulaTable(quotedAlias, meta, schema);
+      const columns = meta.createColumnMappingObject(tableAlias);
+      return [raw(`${this.evaluateFormula(prop.formula, columns, table)} as ${aliased}`)];
+    }
+    return prop.fieldNames.map(fieldName => {
+      return raw('?? as ??', [`${tableAlias}.${fieldName}`, `${tableAlias}__${fieldName}`]);
+    });
+  }
+  /** @internal */
+  createQueryBuilder(entityName, ctx, preferredConnectionType, convertCustomTypes, loggerContext, alias, em) {
+    // do not compute the connectionType if EM is provided as it will be computed from it in the QB later on
+    const connectionType = em
+      ? preferredConnectionType
+      : this.resolveConnectionType({ ctx, connectionType: preferredConnectionType });
+    const qb = new QueryBuilder(entityName, this.metadata, this, ctx, alias, connectionType, em, loggerContext);
+    if (!convertCustomTypes) {
+      qb.unsetFlag(QueryFlag.CONVERT_CUSTOM_TYPES);
+    }
+    return qb;
+  }
+  resolveConnectionType(args) {
+    if (args.ctx) {
+      return 'write';
+    }
+    if (args.connectionType) {
+      return args.connectionType;
+    }
+    if (this.config.get('preferReadReplicas')) {
+      return 'read';
+    }
+    return 'write';
+  }
+  extractManyToMany(meta, data) {
+    const ret = {};
+    for (const prop of meta.relations) {
+      if (prop.kind === ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_MANY && data[prop.name]) {
+        ret[prop.name] = data[prop.name].map(item => Utils.asArray(item));
+        delete data[prop.name];
+      }
+    }
+    return ret;
+  }
+  async processManyToMany(meta, pks, collections, clear, options) {
+    for (const prop of meta.relations) {
+      if (collections[prop.name]) {
         const pivotMeta = this.metadata.get(prop.pivotEntity);
+        const persister = new PivotCollectionPersister(
+          pivotMeta,
+          this,
+          options?.ctx,
+          options?.schema,
+          options?.loggerContext,
+        );
+        persister.enqueueUpdate(prop, collections[prop.name], clear, pks);
+        await this.rethrow(persister.execute());
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  async lockPessimistic(entity, options) {
+    const meta = helper(entity).__meta;
+    const qb = this.createQueryBuilder(meta.class, options.ctx, undefined, undefined, options.logging).withSchema(
+      options.schema ?? meta.schema,
+    );
+    const cond = Utils.getPrimaryKeyCond(entity, meta.primaryKeys);
+    qb.select(raw('1')).where(cond).setLockMode(options.lockMode, options.lockTableAliases);
+    await this.rethrow(qb.execute());
+  }
+  buildPopulateWhere(meta, joinedProps, options) {
+    const where = {};
+    for (const hint of joinedProps) {
+      const [propName] = hint.field.split(':', 2);
+      const prop = meta.properties[propName];
+      if (!Utils.isEmpty(prop.where) || RawQueryFragment.hasObjectFragments(prop.where)) {
+        where[prop.name] = Utils.copy(prop.where);
+      }
+      if (hint.children) {
         const targetMeta = prop.targetMeta;
-        // Find the relation to the entity we're starting from (e.g., Tag_inverse -> Tag)
-        // Exclude virtual polymorphic owner relations (persist: false) - we want the actual M:N inverse relation
-        const tagProp = pivotMeta.relations.find(r => r.persist !== false && r.targetMeta !== targetMeta);
-        // Find the virtual relation to the polymorphic owner (e.g., taggable_Post -> Post)
-        const ownerRelationName = `${prop.discriminator}_${targetMeta.tableName}`;
-        const ownerProp = pivotMeta.properties[ownerRelationName];
-        // Build condition: discriminator = 'post' AND Tag_inverse IN (tagIds)
-        const cond = {
-            [prop.discriminatorColumn]: prop.discriminatorValue,
-            [tagProp.name]: { $in: owners.length === 1 && owners[0].length === 1 ? owners.map(o => o[0]) : owners },
-        };
-        if (!Utils.isEmpty(where)) {
-            cond[ownerRelationName] = { ...where };
-        }
-        const populateField = ownerRelationName;
-        const populate = this.autoJoinOneToOneOwner(targetMeta, options?.populate ?? [], options?.fields);
-        const childFields = !Utils.isEmpty(options?.fields) ? options.fields.map(f => `${ownerRelationName}.${f}`) : [];
-        const childExclude = !Utils.isEmpty(options?.exclude)
-            ? options.exclude.map(f => `${ownerRelationName}.${f}`)
-            : [];
-        const fields = [ownerRelationName, tagProp.name, prop.discriminatorColumn, ...childFields];
-        const res = await this.find(pivotMeta.class, cond, {
-            ctx,
-            ...options,
-            fields,
-            exclude: childExclude,
-            orderBy: this.getPivotOrderBy(prop, ownerProp, orderBy, options?.orderBy),
-            populate: [
-                {
-                    field: populateField,
-                    strategy: LoadStrategy.JOINED,
-                    joinType: JoinType.innerJoin,
-                    children: populate,
-                },
-            ],
-            populateWhere: undefined,
-            // @ts-ignore
-            _populateWhere: 'infer',
-            populateFilter: this.wrapPopulateFilter(options, ownerRelationName),
-        });
-        return this.buildPivotResultMap(owners, res, tagProp.name, ownerRelationName);
-    }
-    /**
-     * Build a map from owner PKs to their related entities from pivot table results.
-     */
-    buildPivotResultMap(owners, results, keyProp, valueProp) {
-        const map = {};
-        for (const owner of owners) {
-            const key = Utils.getPrimaryKeyHash(owner);
-            map[key] = [];
-        }
-        for (const item of results) {
-            const key = Utils.getPrimaryKeyHash(Utils.asArray(item[keyProp]));
-            const entity = item[valueProp];
-            if (map[key]) {
-                map[key].push(entity);
-            }
-        }
-        return map;
+        if (targetMeta) {
+          const inner = this.buildPopulateWhere(targetMeta, hint.children, {});
+          if (!Utils.isEmpty(inner) || RawQueryFragment.hasObjectFragments(inner)) {
+            where[prop.name] ??= {};
+            Object.assign(where[prop.name], inner);
+          }
+        }
+      }
     }
-    wrapPopulateFilter(options, propName) {
-        if (!Utils.isEmpty(options?.populateFilter) || RawQueryFragment.hasObjectFragments(options?.populateFilter)) {
-            return { [propName]: options?.populateFilter };
-        }
-        return undefined;
+    if (Utils.isEmpty(options.populateWhere) && !RawQueryFragment.hasObjectFragments(options.populateWhere)) {
+      return where;
     }
-    getPivotOrderBy(prop, pivotProp, orderBy, parentOrderBy) {
-        if (!Utils.isEmpty(orderBy) || RawQueryFragment.hasObjectFragments(orderBy)) {
-            return Utils.asArray(orderBy).map(o => ({ [pivotProp.name]: o }));
-        }
-        if (prop.kind === ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_MANY && Utils.asArray(parentOrderBy).some(o => o[prop.name])) {
-            return Utils.asArray(parentOrderBy)
-                .filter(o => o[prop.name])
-                .map(o => ({ [pivotProp.name]: o[prop.name] }));
-        }
-        if (!Utils.isEmpty(prop.orderBy) || RawQueryFragment.hasObjectFragments(prop.orderBy)) {
-            return Utils.asArray(prop.orderBy).map(o => ({ [pivotProp.name]: o }));
-        }
-        if (prop.fixedOrder) {
-            return [{ [prop.fixedOrderColumn]: QueryOrder.ASC }];
-        }
-        return [];
+    if (Utils.isEmpty(where) && !RawQueryFragment.hasObjectFragments(where)) {
+      return options.populateWhere;
     }
-    async execute(query, params = [], method = 'all', ctx, loggerContext) {
-        return this.rethrow(this.connection.execute(query, params, method, ctx, loggerContext));
+    /* v8 ignore next */
+    return { $and: [options.populateWhere, where] };
+  }
+  /**
+   * Builds a UNION ALL (or UNION) subquery from `unionWhere` branches and merges it
+   * into the main WHERE as `pk IN (branch_1 UNION ALL branch_2 ...)`.
+   * Each branch is planned independently by the database, enabling per-table index usage.
+   */
+  async applyUnionWhere(meta, where, options, forDml = false) {
+    const unionWhere = options.unionWhere;
+    const strategy = options.unionWhereStrategy ?? 'union-all';
+    const schema = this.getSchemaName(meta, options);
+    const connectionType = this.resolveConnectionType({
+      ctx: options.ctx,
+      connectionType: options.connectionType,
+    });
+    const branchQbs = [];
+    for (const branch of unionWhere) {
+      const qb = this.createQueryBuilder(meta.class, options.ctx, connectionType, false, options.logging).withSchema(
+        schema,
+      );
+      const pkFields = meta.primaryKeys.map(pk => {
+        const prop = meta.properties[pk];
+        return `${qb.alias}.${prop.fieldNames[0]}`;
+      });
+      qb.select(pkFields).where(branch);
+      if (options.em) {
+        await qb.applyJoinedFilters(options.em, options.filters);
+      }
+      branchQbs.push(qb);
     }
-    async *stream(entityName, where, options) {
-        options = { populate: [], orderBy: [], ...options };
-        const meta = this.metadata.get(entityName);
-        if (meta.virtual) {
-            yield* this.streamFromVirtual(entityName, where, options);
-            return;
-        }
-        const qb = await this.createQueryBuilderFromOptions(meta, where, options);
-        try {
-            const result = qb.stream(options);
-            for await (const item of result) {
-                yield item;
-            }
-        }
-        catch (e) {
-            throw this.convertException(e);
-        }
+    const [first, ...rest] = branchQbs;
+    const unionQb = strategy === 'union' ? first.union(...rest) : first.unionAll(...rest);
+    const pkHash = Utils.getPrimaryKeyHash(meta.primaryKeys);
+    // MySQL does not allow referencing the target table in a subquery
+    // for UPDATE/DELETE, so we wrap the union in a derived table.
+    if (forDml) {
+      const { sql, params } = unionQb.toQuery();
+      return {
+        $and: [where, { [pkHash]: { $in: raw(`select * from (${sql}) as __u`, params) } }],
+      };
     }
-    /**
-     * 1:1 owner side needs to be marked for population so QB auto-joins the owner id
-     */
-    autoJoinOneToOneOwner(meta, populate, fields = []) {
-        if (!this.config.get('autoJoinOneToOneOwner')) {
-            return populate;
+    return {
+      $and: [where, { [pkHash]: { $in: unionQb.toRaw() } }],
+    };
+  }
+  buildOrderBy(qb, meta, populate, options) {
+    const joinedProps = this.joinedProps(meta, populate, options);
+    // `options._populateWhere` is a copy of the value provided by user with a fallback to the global config option
+    // as `options.populateWhere` will be always recomputed to respect filters
+    const populateWhereAll = options._populateWhere !== 'infer' && !Utils.isEmpty(options._populateWhere);
+    const path = (populateWhereAll ? '[populate]' : '') + meta.className;
+    const optionsOrderBy = Utils.asArray(options.orderBy);
+    const populateOrderBy = this.buildPopulateOrderBy(
+      qb,
+      meta,
+      Utils.asArray(options.populateOrderBy ?? options.orderBy),
+      path,
+      !!options.populateOrderBy,
+    );
+    const joinedPropsOrderBy = this.buildJoinedPropsOrderBy(qb, meta, joinedProps, options, path);
+    return [...optionsOrderBy, ...populateOrderBy, ...joinedPropsOrderBy];
+  }
+  buildPopulateOrderBy(qb, meta, populateOrderBy, parentPath, explicit, parentAlias = qb.alias) {
+    const orderBy = [];
+    for (let i = 0; i < populateOrderBy.length; i++) {
+      const orderHint = populateOrderBy[i];
+      for (const field of Utils.getObjectQueryKeys(orderHint)) {
+        const childOrder = orderHint[field];
+        if (RawQueryFragment.isKnownFragmentSymbol(field)) {
+          const { sql, params } = RawQueryFragment.getKnownFragment(field);
+          const key = raw(sql.replace(new RegExp(ALIAS_REPLACEMENT_RE, 'g'), parentAlias), params);
+          orderBy.push({ [key]: childOrder });
+          continue;
+        }
+        const prop = meta.properties[field];
+        if (!prop) {
+          throw new Error(`Trying to order by not existing property ${meta.className}.${field}`);
+        }
+        let path = parentPath;
+        const meta2 = prop.targetMeta;
+        if (
+          prop.kind !== ReferenceKind.SCALAR &&
+          (![ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_ONE, ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_ONE].includes(prop.kind) ||
+            !prop.owner ||
+            Utils.isPlainObject(childOrder))
+        ) {
+          path += `.${field}`;
+        }
+        if (prop.kind === ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_MANY && typeof childOrder !== 'object') {
+          path += '[pivot]';
         }
-        const relationsToPopulate = populate.map(({ field }) => field.split(':')[0]);
-        const toPopulate = meta.relations
-            .filter(prop => prop.kind === ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_ONE &&
-            !prop.owner &&
-            !prop.lazy &&
-            !relationsToPopulate.includes(prop.name))
-            .filter(prop => fields.length === 0 || fields.some(f => prop.name === f || prop.name.startsWith(`${String(f)}.`)))
-            .map(prop => ({ field: `${prop.name}:ref`, strategy: LoadStrategy.JOINED }));
-        return [...populate, ...toPopulate];
-    }
-    /**
-     * @internal
-     */
-    joinedProps(meta, populate, options) {
-        return populate.filter(hint => {
-            const [propName, ref] = hint.field.split(':', 2);
-            const prop = meta.properties[propName] || {};
-            const strategy = getLoadingStrategy(hint.strategy || prop.strategy || options?.strategy || this.config.get('loadStrategy'), prop.kind);
-            if (ref && [ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_ONE, ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_ONE].includes(prop.kind)) {
-                return true;
-            }
-            // skip redundant joins for 1:1 owner population hints when using `mapToPk`
-            if (prop.kind === ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_ONE && prop.mapToPk && prop.owner) {
-                return false;
-            }
-            if (strategy !== LoadStrategy.JOINED) {
-                // force joined strategy for explicit 1:1 owner populate hint as it would require a join anyway
-                return prop.kind === ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_ONE && !prop.owner;
-            }
-            return ![ReferenceKind.SCALAR, ReferenceKind.EMBEDDED].includes(prop.kind);
-        });
+        const join = qb.getJoinForPath(path, { matchPopulateJoins: true });
+        const propAlias = qb.getAliasForJoinPath(join ?? path, { matchPopulateJoins: true }) ?? parentAlias;
+        if (!join) {
+          continue;
+        }
+        if (
+          join &&
+          ![ReferenceKind.SCALAR, ReferenceKind.EMBEDDED].includes(prop.kind) &&
+          typeof childOrder === 'object'
+        ) {
+          const children = this.buildPopulateOrderBy(qb, meta2, Utils.asArray(childOrder), path, explicit, propAlias);
+          orderBy.push(...children);
+          continue;
+        }
+        if (prop.kind === ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_MANY && join) {
+          if (prop.fixedOrderColumn) {
+            orderBy.push({ [`${join.alias}.${prop.fixedOrderColumn}`]: childOrder });
+          } else {
+            for (const col of prop.inverseJoinColumns) {
+              orderBy.push({ [`${join.ownerAlias}.${col}`]: childOrder });
+            }
+          }
+          continue;
+        }
+        const order = typeof childOrder === 'object' ? childOrder[field] : childOrder;
+        if (order) {
+          orderBy.push({ [`${propAlias}.${field}`]: order });
+        }
+      }
     }
-    /**
-     * @internal
-     */
-    mergeJoinedResult(rawResults, meta, joinedProps) {
-        if (rawResults.length <= 1) {
-            return rawResults;
-        }
-        const res = [];
-        const map = {};
-        const collectionsToMerge = {};
-        const hints = joinedProps.map(hint => {
-            const [propName, ref] = hint.field.split(':', 2);
-            return { propName, ref, children: hint.children };
-        });
-        for (const item of rawResults) {
-            const pk = Utils.getCompositeKeyHash(item, meta);
-            if (map[pk]) {
-                for (const { propName } of hints) {
-                    if (!item[propName]) {
-                        continue;
-                    }
-                    collectionsToMerge[pk] ??= {};
-                    collectionsToMerge[pk][propName] ??= [map[pk][propName]];
-                    collectionsToMerge[pk][propName].push(item[propName]);
-                }
-            }
-            else {
-                map[pk] = item;
-                res.push(item);
-            }
-        }
-        for (const pk in collectionsToMerge) {
-            const entity = map[pk];
-            const collections = collectionsToMerge[pk];
-            for (const { propName, ref, children } of hints) {
-                if (!collections[propName]) {
-                    continue;
-                }
-                const prop = meta.properties[propName];
-                const items = collections[propName].flat();
-                if ([ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_MANY, ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_MANY].includes(prop.kind) && ref) {
-                    entity[propName] = items;
-                    continue;
-                }
-                switch (prop.kind) {
-                    case ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_MANY:
-                    case ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_MANY:
-                        entity[propName] = this.mergeJoinedResult(items, prop.targetMeta, children ?? []);
-                        break;
-                    case ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_ONE:
-                    case ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_ONE:
-                        entity[propName] = this.mergeJoinedResult(items, prop.targetMeta, children ?? [])[0];
-                        break;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        return res;
+    return orderBy;
+  }
+  buildJoinedPropsOrderBy(qb, meta, populate, options, parentPath) {
+    const orderBy = [];
+    const joinedProps = this.joinedProps(meta, populate, options);
+    for (const hint of joinedProps) {
+      const [propName, ref] = hint.field.split(':', 2);
+      const prop = meta.properties[propName];
+      let path = `${parentPath}.${propName}`;
+      if (prop.kind === ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_MANY && ref) {
+        path += '[pivot]';
+      }
+      if ([ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_MANY, ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_MANY].includes(prop.kind)) {
+        this.buildToManyOrderBy(qb, prop, path, ref, orderBy);
+      }
+      if (hint.children) {
+        orderBy.push(...this.buildJoinedPropsOrderBy(qb, prop.targetMeta, hint.children, options, path));
+      }
     }
-    shouldHaveColumn(meta, prop, populate, fields, exclude) {
-        if (!this.platform.shouldHaveColumn(prop, populate, exclude)) {
-            return false;
-        }
-        if (!fields || fields.includes('*') || prop.primary || meta.root.discriminatorColumn === prop.name) {
-            return true;
-        }
-        return fields.some(f => f === prop.name || f.toString().startsWith(prop.name + '.'));
-    }
-    getFieldsForJoinedLoad(qb, meta, options) {
-        const fields = [];
-        const populate = options.populate ?? [];
-        const joinedProps = this.joinedProps(meta, populate, options);
-        const populateWhereAll = options?._populateWhere === 'all' || Utils.isEmpty(options?._populateWhere);
-        // Ensure TPT joins are applied early so that _tptAlias is available for join resolution
-        // This is needed when populating relations that are inherited from TPT parent entities
-        if (!options.parentJoinPath) {
-            qb.ensureTPTJoins();
-        }
-        // root entity is already handled, skip that
-        if (options.parentJoinPath) {
-            // alias all fields in the primary table
-            meta.props
-                .filter(prop => this.shouldHaveColumn(meta, prop, populate, options.explicitFields, options.exclude))
-                .forEach(prop => fields.push(...this.mapPropToFieldNames(qb, prop, options.parentTableAlias, meta, options.schema, options.explicitFields)));
-        }
-        for (const hint of joinedProps) {
-            const [propName, ref] = hint.field.split(':', 2);
-            const prop = meta.properties[propName];
-            // Polymorphic to-one: create a LEFT JOIN per target type
-            // Skip :ref hints — polymorphic to-one already has FK + discriminator in the row
-            if (prop.polymorphic &&
-                prop.polymorphTargets?.length &&
-                !ref &&
-                [ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_ONE, ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_ONE].includes(prop.kind)) {
-                const basePath = options.parentJoinPath
-                    ? `${options.parentJoinPath}.${prop.name}`
-                    : `${meta.name}.${prop.name}`;
-                const pathPrefix = !options.parentJoinPath && populateWhereAll && !basePath.startsWith('[populate]') ? '[populate]' : '';
-                for (const targetMeta of prop.polymorphTargets) {
-                    const tableAlias = qb.getNextAlias(targetMeta.className);
-                    const targetPath = `${pathPrefix}${basePath}[${targetMeta.className}]`;
-                    const schema = targetMeta.schema === '*' ? (options?.schema ?? this.config.get('schema')) : targetMeta.schema;
-                    qb.addPolymorphicJoin(prop, targetMeta, options.parentTableAlias, tableAlias, JoinType.leftJoin, targetPath, schema);
-                    // Select fields from each target table
-                    fields.push(...this.getFieldsForJoinedLoad(qb, targetMeta, {
-                        ...options,
-                        populate: hint.children,
-                        parentTableAlias: tableAlias,
-                        parentJoinPath: targetPath,
-                    }));
-                }
-                continue;
-            }
-            // ignore ref joins of known FKs unless it's a filter hint
-            if (ref &&
-                !hint.filter &&
-                (prop.kind === ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_ONE || (prop.kind === ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_ONE && prop.owner))) {
-                continue;
-            }
-            const meta2 = prop.targetMeta;
-            const pivotRefJoin = prop.kind === ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_MANY && ref;
-            const tableAlias = qb.getNextAlias(prop.name);
-            const field = `${options.parentTableAlias}.${prop.name}`;
-            let path = options.parentJoinPath ? `${options.parentJoinPath}.${prop.name}` : `${meta.name}.${prop.name}`;
-            if (!options.parentJoinPath && populateWhereAll && !hint.filter && !path.startsWith('[populate]')) {
-                path = '[populate]' + path;
-            }
-            const mandatoryToOneProperty = [ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_ONE, ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_ONE].includes(prop.kind) && !prop.nullable;
-            const joinType = pivotRefJoin
-                ? JoinType.pivotJoin
-                : hint.joinType
-                    ? hint.joinType
-                    : (hint.filter && !prop.nullable) || mandatoryToOneProperty
-                        ? JoinType.innerJoin
-                        : JoinType.leftJoin;
-            const schema = prop.targetMeta.schema === '*' ? (options?.schema ?? this.config.get('schema')) : prop.targetMeta.schema;
-            qb.join(field, tableAlias, {}, joinType, path, schema);
-            // For relations to TPT base classes, add LEFT JOINs for all child tables (polymorphic loading)
-            if (meta2.inheritanceType === 'tpt' && meta2.tptChildren?.length && !ref) {
-                // Use the registry metadata to ensure allTPTDescendants is available
-                const tptMeta = this.metadata.get(meta2.class);
-                this.addTPTPolymorphicJoinsForRelation(qb, tptMeta, tableAlias, fields);
-            }
-            if (pivotRefJoin) {
-                fields.push(...prop.joinColumns.map(col => qb.helper.mapper(`${tableAlias}.${col}`, qb.type, undefined, `${tableAlias}__${col}`)), ...prop.inverseJoinColumns.map(col => qb.helper.mapper(`${tableAlias}.${col}`, qb.type, undefined, `${tableAlias}__${col}`)));
-            }
-            if (prop.kind === ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_MANY && ref) {
-                fields.push(...this.getFieldsForJoinedLoad(qb, meta2, {
-                    ...options,
-                    explicitFields: prop.referencedColumnNames,
-                    exclude: undefined,
-                    populate: hint.children,
-                    parentTableAlias: tableAlias,
-                    parentJoinPath: path,
-                }));
-            }
-            const childExplicitFields = options.explicitFields?.filter(f => Utils.isPlainObject(f)).map(o => o[prop.name])[0] || [];
-            options.explicitFields?.forEach(f => {
-                if (typeof f === 'string' && f.startsWith(`${prop.name}.`)) {
-                    childExplicitFields.push(f.substring(prop.name.length + 1));
-                }
-            });
-            const childExclude = options.exclude
-                ? Utils.extractChildElements(options.exclude, prop.name)
-                : options.exclude;
-            if (!ref && (!prop.mapToPk || hint.dataOnly)) {
-                fields.push(...this.getFieldsForJoinedLoad(qb, meta2, {
-                    ...options,
-                    explicitFields: childExplicitFields.length === 0 ? undefined : childExplicitFields,
-                    exclude: childExclude,
-                    populate: hint.children,
-                    parentTableAlias: tableAlias,
-                    parentJoinPath: path,
-                }));
-            }
-            else if (hint.filter ||
-                (prop.mapToPk && !hint.dataOnly) ||
-                (ref && [ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_ONE, ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_ONE].includes(prop.kind))) {
-                fields.push(...prop.referencedColumnNames.map(col => qb.helper.mapper(`${tableAlias}.${col}`, qb.type, undefined, `${tableAlias}__${col}`)));
-            }
-        }
-        return fields;
-    }
-    /**
-     * Adds LEFT JOINs and fields for TPT polymorphic loading when populating a relation to a TPT base class.
-     * @internal
-     */
-    addTPTPolymorphicJoinsForRelation(qb, meta, baseAlias, fields) {
-        // allTPTDescendants is pre-computed during discovery, sorted by depth (deepest first)
-        const descendants = meta.allTPTDescendants;
-        const childAliases = {};
-        // LEFT JOIN each descendant table
-        for (const childMeta of descendants) {
-            const childAlias = qb.getNextAlias(childMeta.className);
-            qb.createAlias(childMeta.class, childAlias);
-            childAliases[childMeta.className] = childAlias;
-            qb.addPropertyJoin(childMeta.tptInverseProp, baseAlias, childAlias, JoinType.leftJoin, `[tpt]${meta.className}`);
-            // Add fields from this child (only ownProps, skip PKs)
-            for (const prop of childMeta.ownProps.filter(p => !p.primary && this.platform.shouldHaveColumn(p, []))) {
-                for (const fieldName of prop.fieldNames) {
-                    const field = `${childAlias}.${fieldName}`;
-                    const fieldAlias = `${childAlias}__${fieldName}`;
-                    fields.push(raw(`${this.platform.quoteIdentifier(field)} as ${this.platform.quoteIdentifier(fieldAlias)}`));
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        // Add computed discriminator (descendants already sorted by depth)
-        if (meta.root.tptDiscriminatorColumn) {
-            fields.push(this.buildTPTDiscriminatorExpression(meta, descendants, childAliases, baseAlias));
-        }
+    return orderBy;
+  }
+  buildToManyOrderBy(qb, prop, path, ref, orderBy) {
+    const join = qb.getJoinForPath(path, { matchPopulateJoins: true });
+    const propAlias = qb.getAliasForJoinPath(join ?? path, { matchPopulateJoins: true });
+    if (prop.kind === ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_MANY && prop.fixedOrder && join) {
+      const alias = ref ? propAlias : join.ownerAlias;
+      orderBy.push({ [`${alias}.${prop.fixedOrderColumn}`]: QueryOrder.ASC });
     }
-    /**
-     * Find the alias for a TPT child table in the query builder.
-     * @internal
-     */
-    findTPTChildAlias(qb, childMeta) {
-        const joins = qb.state.joins;
-        for (const key of Object.keys(joins)) {
-            if (joins[key].table === childMeta.tableName && key.includes('[tpt]')) {
-                return joins[key].alias;
-            }
-        }
-        return undefined;
-    }
-    /**
-     * Builds a CASE WHEN expression for TPT discriminator.
-     * Determines concrete entity type based on which child table has a non-null PK.
-     * @internal
-     */
-    buildTPTDiscriminatorExpression(meta, descendants, aliasMap, baseAlias) {
-        const cases = descendants.map(child => {
-            const childAlias = aliasMap[child.className];
-            const pkFieldName = child.properties[child.primaryKeys[0]].fieldNames[0];
-            return `when ${this.platform.quoteIdentifier(`${childAlias}.${pkFieldName}`)} is not null then '${child.discriminatorValue}'`;
-        });
-        const defaultValue = meta.abstract ? 'null' : `'${meta.discriminatorValue}'`;
-        const caseExpr = `case ${cases.join(' ')} else ${defaultValue} end`;
-        const aliased = this.platform.quoteIdentifier(`${baseAlias}__${meta.root.tptDiscriminatorColumn}`);
-        return raw(`${caseExpr} as ${aliased}`);
-    }
-    /**
-     * Maps TPT child-specific fields during hydration.
-     * When a relation points to a TPT base class, the actual entity might be a child class.
-     * This method reads the discriminator to determine the concrete type and maps child-specific fields.
-     * @internal
-     */
-    mapTPTChildFields(relationPojo, meta, relationAlias, qb, root) {
-        // Check if this is a TPT base with polymorphic children
-        if (meta.inheritanceType !== 'tpt' || !meta.root.tptDiscriminatorColumn) {
-            return;
-        }
-        // Read the discriminator value
-        const discriminatorAlias = `${relationAlias}__${meta.root.tptDiscriminatorColumn}`;
-        const discriminatorValue = root[discriminatorAlias];
-        if (!discriminatorValue) {
-            return;
-        }
-        // Set the discriminator in the pojo for EntityFactory
-        relationPojo[meta.root.tptDiscriminatorColumn] = discriminatorValue;
-        // Find the concrete metadata from discriminator map
-        const concreteClass = meta.root.discriminatorMap?.[discriminatorValue];
-        /* v8 ignore next 3 - defensive check for invalid discriminator values */
-        if (!concreteClass) {
-            return;
-        }
-        const concreteMeta = this.metadata.get(concreteClass);
-        if (concreteMeta === meta) {
-            // Already the concrete type, no child fields to map
-            delete root[discriminatorAlias];
-            return;
-        }
-        // Traverse up from concrete type and map fields from each level's table
-        const tz = this.platform.getTimezone();
-        let currentMeta = concreteMeta;
-        while (currentMeta && currentMeta !== meta) {
-            const childAlias = this.findTPTChildAlias(qb, currentMeta);
-            if (childAlias) {
-                // Map fields using same filtering as joined loading, plus skip PKs
-                for (const prop of currentMeta.ownProps.filter(p => !p.primary && this.platform.shouldHaveColumn(p, []))) {
-                    this.mapJoinedProp(relationPojo, prop, childAlias, root, tz, currentMeta, {
-                        deleteFromRoot: true,
-                    });
-                }
-            }
-            currentMeta = currentMeta.tptParent;
-        }
-        // Clean up the discriminator alias
-        delete root[discriminatorAlias];
-    }
-    /**
-     * @internal
-     */
-    mapPropToFieldNames(qb, prop, tableAlias, meta, schema, explicitFields) {
-        if (prop.kind === ReferenceKind.EMBEDDED && !prop.object) {
-            return Object.entries(prop.embeddedProps).flatMap(([name, childProp]) => {
-                const childFields = explicitFields ? Utils.extractChildElements(explicitFields, prop.name) : [];
-                if (!this.shouldHaveColumn(prop.targetMeta, { ...childProp, name }, [], childFields.length > 0 ? childFields : undefined)) {
-                    return [];
-                }
-                return this.mapPropToFieldNames(qb, childProp, tableAlias, meta, schema, childFields);
-            });
-        }
-        const aliased = this.platform.quoteIdentifier(`${tableAlias}__${prop.fieldNames[0]}`);
-        if (prop.customTypes?.some(type => !!type?.convertToJSValueSQL)) {
-            return prop.fieldNames.map((col, idx) => {
-                if (!prop.customTypes[idx]?.convertToJSValueSQL) {
-                    return col;
-                }
-                const prefixed = this.platform.quoteIdentifier(`${tableAlias}.${col}`);
-                const aliased = this.platform.quoteIdentifier(`${tableAlias}__${col}`);
-                return raw(`${prop.customTypes[idx].convertToJSValueSQL(prefixed, this.platform)} as ${aliased}`);
-            });
-        }
-        if (prop.customType?.convertToJSValueSQL) {
-            const prefixed = this.platform.quoteIdentifier(`${tableAlias}.${prop.fieldNames[0]}`);
-            return [raw(`${prop.customType.convertToJSValueSQL(prefixed, this.platform)} as ${aliased}`)];
-        }
-        if (prop.formula) {
-            const quotedAlias = this.platform.quoteIdentifier(tableAlias).toString();
-            const table = this.createFormulaTable(quotedAlias, meta, schema);
-            const columns = meta.createColumnMappingObject(tableAlias);
-            return [raw(`${this.evaluateFormula(prop.formula, columns, table)} as ${aliased}`)];
-        }
-        return prop.fieldNames.map(fieldName => {
-            return raw('?? as ??', [`${tableAlias}.${fieldName}`, `${tableAlias}__${fieldName}`]);
-        });
+    const effectiveOrderBy = QueryHelper.mergeOrderBy(prop.orderBy, prop.targetMeta?.orderBy);
+    for (const item of effectiveOrderBy) {
+      for (const field of Utils.getObjectQueryKeys(item)) {
+        const order = item[field];
+        if (RawQueryFragment.isKnownFragmentSymbol(field)) {
+          const { sql, params } = RawQueryFragment.getKnownFragment(field);
+          const sql2 = propAlias ? sql.replace(new RegExp(ALIAS_REPLACEMENT_RE, 'g'), propAlias) : sql;
+          const key = raw(sql2, params);
+          orderBy.push({ [key]: order });
+          continue;
+        }
+        orderBy.push({ [`${propAlias}.${field}`]: order });
+      }
     }
-    /** @internal */
-    createQueryBuilder(entityName, ctx, preferredConnectionType, convertCustomTypes, loggerContext, alias, em) {
-        // do not compute the connectionType if EM is provided as it will be computed from it in the QB later on
-        const connectionType = em
-            ? preferredConnectionType
-            : this.resolveConnectionType({ ctx, connectionType: preferredConnectionType });
-        const qb = new QueryBuilder(entityName, this.metadata, this, ctx, alias, connectionType, em, loggerContext);
-        if (!convertCustomTypes) {
-            qb.unsetFlag(QueryFlag.CONVERT_CUSTOM_TYPES);
-        }
-        return qb;
+  }
+  normalizeFields(fields, prefix = '') {
+    const ret = [];
+    for (const field of fields) {
+      if (typeof field === 'string') {
+        ret.push(prefix + field);
+        continue;
+      }
+      if (Utils.isPlainObject(field)) {
+        for (const key of Object.keys(field)) {
+          ret.push(...this.normalizeFields(field[key], key + '.'));
+        }
+      }
     }
-    resolveConnectionType(args) {
-        if (args.ctx) {
-            return 'write';
-        }
-        if (args.connectionType) {
-            return args.connectionType;
-        }
-        if (this.config.get('preferReadReplicas')) {
-            return 'read';
-        }
-        return 'write';
-    }
-    extractManyToMany(meta, data) {
-        const ret = {};
-        for (const prop of meta.relations) {
-            if (prop.kind === ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_MANY && data[prop.name]) {
-                ret[prop.name] = data[prop.name].map((item) => Utils.asArray(item));
-                delete data[prop.name];
-            }
-        }
-        return ret;
-    }
-    async processManyToMany(meta, pks, collections, clear, options) {
-        for (const prop of meta.relations) {
-            if (collections[prop.name]) {
-                const pivotMeta = this.metadata.get(prop.pivotEntity);
-                const persister = new PivotCollectionPersister(pivotMeta, this, options?.ctx, options?.schema, options?.loggerContext);
-                persister.enqueueUpdate(prop, collections[prop.name], clear, pks);
-                await this.rethrow(persister.execute());
-            }
-        }
+    return ret;
+  }
+  processField(meta, prop, field, ret) {
+    if (!prop || (prop.kind === ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_ONE && !prop.owner)) {
+      return;
     }
-    async lockPessimistic(entity, options) {
-        const meta = helper(entity).__meta;
-        const qb = this.createQueryBuilder(meta.class, options.ctx, undefined, undefined, options.logging).withSchema(options.schema ?? meta.schema);
-        const cond = Utils.getPrimaryKeyCond(entity, meta.primaryKeys);
-        qb.select(raw('1'))
-            .where(cond)
-            .setLockMode(options.lockMode, options.lockTableAliases);
-        await this.rethrow(qb.execute());
-    }
-    buildPopulateWhere(meta, joinedProps, options) {
-        const where = {};
-        for (const hint of joinedProps) {
-            const [propName] = hint.field.split(':', 2);
-            const prop = meta.properties[propName];
-            if (!Utils.isEmpty(prop.where) || RawQueryFragment.hasObjectFragments(prop.where)) {
-                where[prop.name] = Utils.copy(prop.where);
-            }
-            if (hint.children) {
-                const targetMeta = prop.targetMeta;
-                if (targetMeta) {
-                    const inner = this.buildPopulateWhere(targetMeta, hint.children, {});
-                    if (!Utils.isEmpty(inner) || RawQueryFragment.hasObjectFragments(inner)) {
-                        where[prop.name] ??= {};
-                        Object.assign(where[prop.name], inner);
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        if (Utils.isEmpty(options.populateWhere) && !RawQueryFragment.hasObjectFragments(options.populateWhere)) {
-            return where;
-        }
-        if (Utils.isEmpty(where) && !RawQueryFragment.hasObjectFragments(where)) {
-            return options.populateWhere;
-        }
-        /* v8 ignore next */
-        return { $and: [options.populateWhere, where] };
-    }
-    /**
-     * Builds a UNION ALL (or UNION) subquery from `unionWhere` branches and merges it
-     * into the main WHERE as `pk IN (branch_1 UNION ALL branch_2 ...)`.
-     * Each branch is planned independently by the database, enabling per-table index usage.
-     */
-    async applyUnionWhere(meta, where, options, forDml = false) {
-        const unionWhere = options.unionWhere;
-        const strategy = options.unionWhereStrategy ?? 'union-all';
-        const schema = this.getSchemaName(meta, options);
-        const connectionType = this.resolveConnectionType({
-            ctx: options.ctx,
-            connectionType: options.connectionType,
-        });
-        const branchQbs = [];
-        for (const branch of unionWhere) {
-            const qb = this.createQueryBuilder(meta.class, options.ctx, connectionType, false, options.logging).withSchema(schema);
-            const pkFields = meta.primaryKeys.map(pk => {
-                const prop = meta.properties[pk];
-                return `${qb.alias}.${prop.fieldNames[0]}`;
-            });
-            qb.select(pkFields).where(branch);
-            if (options.em) {
-                await qb.applyJoinedFilters(options.em, options.filters);
-            }
-            branchQbs.push(qb);
-        }
-        const [first, ...rest] = branchQbs;
-        const unionQb = strategy === 'union' ? first.union(...rest) : first.unionAll(...rest);
-        const pkHash = Utils.getPrimaryKeyHash(meta.primaryKeys);
-        // MySQL does not allow referencing the target table in a subquery
-        // for UPDATE/DELETE, so we wrap the union in a derived table.
-        if (forDml) {
-            const { sql, params } = unionQb.toQuery();
-            return {
-                $and: [where, { [pkHash]: { $in: raw(`select * from (${sql}) as __u`, params) } }],
-            };
-        }
-        return {
-            $and: [where, { [pkHash]: { $in: unionQb.toRaw() } }],
-        };
-    }
-    buildOrderBy(qb, meta, populate, options) {
-        const joinedProps = this.joinedProps(meta, populate, options);
-        // `options._populateWhere` is a copy of the value provided by user with a fallback to the global config option
-        // as `options.populateWhere` will be always recomputed to respect filters
-        const populateWhereAll = options._populateWhere !== 'infer' && !Utils.isEmpty(options._populateWhere);
-        const path = (populateWhereAll ? '[populate]' : '') + meta.className;
-        const optionsOrderBy = Utils.asArray(options.orderBy);
-        const populateOrderBy = this.buildPopulateOrderBy(qb, meta, Utils.asArray(options.populateOrderBy ?? options.orderBy), path, !!options.populateOrderBy);
-        const joinedPropsOrderBy = this.buildJoinedPropsOrderBy(qb, meta, joinedProps, options, path);
-        return [...optionsOrderBy, ...populateOrderBy, ...joinedPropsOrderBy];
-    }
-    buildPopulateOrderBy(qb, meta, populateOrderBy, parentPath, explicit, parentAlias = qb.alias) {
-        const orderBy = [];
-        for (let i = 0; i < populateOrderBy.length; i++) {
-            const orderHint = populateOrderBy[i];
-            for (const field of Utils.getObjectQueryKeys(orderHint)) {
-                const childOrder = orderHint[field];
-                if (RawQueryFragment.isKnownFragmentSymbol(field)) {
-                    const { sql, params } = RawQueryFragment.getKnownFragment(field);
-                    const key = raw(sql.replace(new RegExp(ALIAS_REPLACEMENT_RE, 'g'), parentAlias), params);
-                    orderBy.push({ [key]: childOrder });
-                    continue;
-                }
-                const prop = meta.properties[field];
-                if (!prop) {
-                    throw new Error(`Trying to order by not existing property ${meta.className}.${field}`);
-                }
-                let path = parentPath;
-                const meta2 = prop.targetMeta;
-                if (prop.kind !== ReferenceKind.SCALAR &&
-                    (![ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_ONE, ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_ONE].includes(prop.kind) ||
-                        !prop.owner ||
-                        Utils.isPlainObject(childOrder))) {
-                    path += `.${field}`;
-                }
-                if (prop.kind === ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_MANY && typeof childOrder !== 'object') {
-                    path += '[pivot]';
-                }
-                const join = qb.getJoinForPath(path, { matchPopulateJoins: true });
-                const propAlias = qb.getAliasForJoinPath(join ?? path, { matchPopulateJoins: true }) ?? parentAlias;
-                if (!join) {
-                    continue;
-                }
-                if (join &&
-                    ![ReferenceKind.SCALAR, ReferenceKind.EMBEDDED].includes(prop.kind) &&
-                    typeof childOrder === 'object') {
-                    const children = this.buildPopulateOrderBy(qb, meta2, Utils.asArray(childOrder), path, explicit, propAlias);
-                    orderBy.push(...children);
-                    continue;
-                }
-                if (prop.kind === ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_MANY && join) {
-                    if (prop.fixedOrderColumn) {
-                        orderBy.push({ [`${join.alias}.${prop.fixedOrderColumn}`]: childOrder });
-                    }
-                    else {
-                        for (const col of prop.inverseJoinColumns) {
-                            orderBy.push({ [`${join.ownerAlias}.${col}`]: childOrder });
-                        }
-                    }
-                    continue;
-                }
-                const order = typeof childOrder === 'object' ? childOrder[field] : childOrder;
-                if (order) {
-                    orderBy.push({ [`${propAlias}.${field}`]: order });
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        return orderBy;
-    }
-    buildJoinedPropsOrderBy(qb, meta, populate, options, parentPath) {
-        const orderBy = [];
-        const joinedProps = this.joinedProps(meta, populate, options);
-        for (const hint of joinedProps) {
-            const [propName, ref] = hint.field.split(':', 2);
-            const prop = meta.properties[propName];
-            let path = `${parentPath}.${propName}`;
-            if (prop.kind === ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_MANY && ref) {
-                path += '[pivot]';
-            }
-            if ([ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_MANY, ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_MANY].includes(prop.kind)) {
-                this.buildToManyOrderBy(qb, prop, path, ref, orderBy);
-            }
-            if (hint.children) {
-                orderBy.push(...this.buildJoinedPropsOrderBy(qb, prop.targetMeta, hint.children, options, path));
-            }
-        }
-        return orderBy;
+    if (prop.kind === ReferenceKind.EMBEDDED) {
+      if (prop.object) {
+        ret.push(prop.name);
+        return;
+      }
+      const parts = field.split('.');
+      const top = parts.shift();
+      for (const key of Object.keys(prop.embeddedProps)) {
+        if (!top || key === top) {
+          this.processField(meta, prop.embeddedProps[key], parts.join('.'), ret);
+        }
+      }
+      return;
     }
-    buildToManyOrderBy(qb, prop, path, ref, orderBy) {
-        const join = qb.getJoinForPath(path, { matchPopulateJoins: true });
-        const propAlias = qb.getAliasForJoinPath(join ?? path, { matchPopulateJoins: true });
-        if (prop.kind === ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_MANY && prop.fixedOrder && join) {
-            const alias = ref ? propAlias : join.ownerAlias;
-            orderBy.push({ [`${alias}.${prop.fixedOrderColumn}`]: QueryOrder.ASC });
-        }
-        const effectiveOrderBy = QueryHelper.mergeOrderBy(prop.orderBy, prop.targetMeta?.orderBy);
-        for (const item of effectiveOrderBy) {
-            for (const field of Utils.getObjectQueryKeys(item)) {
-                const order = item[field];
-                if (RawQueryFragment.isKnownFragmentSymbol(field)) {
-                    const { sql, params } = RawQueryFragment.getKnownFragment(field);
-                    const sql2 = propAlias ? sql.replace(new RegExp(ALIAS_REPLACEMENT_RE, 'g'), propAlias) : sql;
-                    const key = raw(sql2, params);
-                    orderBy.push({ [key]: order });
-                    continue;
-                }
-                orderBy.push({ [`${propAlias}.${field}`]: order });
-            }
-        }
+    if (prop.persist === false && !prop.embedded && !prop.formula) {
+      return;
     }
-    normalizeFields(fields, prefix = '') {
-        const ret = [];
-        for (const field of fields) {
-            if (typeof field === 'string') {
-                ret.push(prefix + field);
-                continue;
-            }
-            if (Utils.isPlainObject(field)) {
-                for (const key of Object.keys(field)) {
-                    ret.push(...this.normalizeFields(field[key], key + '.'));
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        return ret;
+    ret.push(prop.name);
+  }
+  buildFields(meta, populate, joinedProps, qb, alias, options, schema) {
+    const lazyProps = meta.props.filter(prop => prop.lazy && !populate.some(p => this.isPopulated(meta, prop, p)));
+    const hasLazyFormulas = meta.props.some(p => p.lazy && p.formula);
+    const requiresSQLConversion = meta.props.some(p => p.customType?.convertToJSValueSQL && p.persist !== false);
+    const hasExplicitFields = !!options.fields;
+    const ret = [];
+    let addFormulas = false;
+    // handle root entity properties first, this is used for both strategies in the same way
+    if (options.fields) {
+      for (const field of this.normalizeFields(options.fields)) {
+        if (field === '*') {
+          ret.push('*');
+          continue;
+        }
+        const parts = field.split('.');
+        const rootPropName = parts.shift(); // first one is the `prop`
+        const prop = QueryHelper.findProperty(rootPropName, {
+          metadata: this.metadata,
+          platform: this.platform,
+          entityName: meta.class,
+          where: {},
+          aliasMap: qb.getAliasMap(),
+        });
+        this.processField(meta, prop, parts.join('.'), ret);
+      }
+      if (!options.fields.includes('*') && !options.fields.includes(`${qb.alias}.*`)) {
+        ret.unshift(...meta.primaryKeys.filter(pk => !options.fields.includes(pk)));
+      }
+      if (
+        meta.root.inheritanceType === 'sti' &&
+        !options.fields.includes(`${qb.alias}.${meta.root.discriminatorColumn}`)
+      ) {
+        ret.push(meta.root.discriminatorColumn);
+      }
+    } else if (!Utils.isEmpty(options.exclude) || lazyProps.some(p => !p.formula && (p.kind !== '1:1' || p.owner))) {
+      const props = meta.props.filter(prop =>
+        this.platform.shouldHaveColumn(prop, populate, options.exclude, false, false),
+      );
+      ret.push(...props.filter(p => !lazyProps.includes(p)).map(p => p.name));
+      addFormulas = true;
+    } else if (hasLazyFormulas || requiresSQLConversion) {
+      ret.push('*');
+      addFormulas = true;
+    } else {
+      ret.push('*');
     }
-    processField(meta, prop, field, ret) {
-        if (!prop || (prop.kind === ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_ONE && !prop.owner)) {
-            return;
+    if (ret.length > 0 && !hasExplicitFields && addFormulas) {
+      // Create formula column mapping with unquoted aliases - quoting should be handled by the user via `quote` helper
+      const quotedAlias = this.platform.quoteIdentifier(alias);
+      const columns = meta.createColumnMappingObject(alias);
+      const effectiveSchema = schema ?? (meta.schema !== '*' ? meta.schema : undefined);
+      for (const prop of meta.props) {
+        if (lazyProps.includes(prop)) {
+          continue;
         }
-        if (prop.kind === ReferenceKind.EMBEDDED) {
-            if (prop.object) {
-                ret.push(prop.name);
-                return;
-            }
-            const parts = field.split('.');
-            const top = parts.shift();
-            for (const key of Object.keys(prop.embeddedProps)) {
-                if (!top || key === top) {
-                    this.processField(meta, prop.embeddedProps[key], parts.join('.'), ret);
-                }
-            }
-            return;
+        if (prop.formula) {
+          const aliased = this.platform.quoteIdentifier(prop.fieldNames[0]);
+          const table = this.createFormulaTable(quotedAlias.toString(), meta, effectiveSchema);
+          ret.push(raw(`${this.evaluateFormula(prop.formula, columns, table)} as ${aliased}`));
         }
-        if (prop.persist === false && !prop.embedded && !prop.formula) {
-            return;
+        if (!prop.object && (prop.hasConvertToDatabaseValueSQL || prop.hasConvertToJSValueSQL)) {
+          ret.push(prop.name);
         }
-        ret.push(prop.name);
+      }
     }
-    buildFields(meta, populate, joinedProps, qb, alias, options, schema) {
-        const lazyProps = meta.props.filter(prop => prop.lazy && !populate.some(p => this.isPopulated(meta, prop, p)));
-        const hasLazyFormulas = meta.props.some(p => p.lazy && p.formula);
-        const requiresSQLConversion = meta.props.some(p => p.customType?.convertToJSValueSQL && p.persist !== false);
-        const hasExplicitFields = !!options.fields;
-        const ret = [];
-        let addFormulas = false;
-        // handle root entity properties first, this is used for both strategies in the same way
-        if (options.fields) {
-            for (const field of this.normalizeFields(options.fields)) {
-                if (field === '*') {
-                    ret.push('*');
-                    continue;
-                }
-                const parts = field.split('.');
-                const rootPropName = parts.shift(); // first one is the `prop`
-                const prop = QueryHelper.findProperty(rootPropName, {
-                    metadata: this.metadata,
-                    platform: this.platform,
-                    entityName: meta.class,
-                    where: {},
-                    aliasMap: qb.getAliasMap(),
-                });
-                this.processField(meta, prop, parts.join('.'), ret);
-            }
-            if (!options.fields.includes('*') && !options.fields.includes(`${qb.alias}.*`)) {
-                ret.unshift(...meta.primaryKeys.filter(pk => !options.fields.includes(pk)));
-            }
-            if (meta.root.inheritanceType === 'sti' &&
-                !options.fields.includes(`${qb.alias}.${meta.root.discriminatorColumn}`)) {
-                ret.push(meta.root.discriminatorColumn);
-            }
-        }
-        else if (!Utils.isEmpty(options.exclude) || lazyProps.some(p => !p.formula && (p.kind !== '1:1' || p.owner))) {
-            const props = meta.props.filter(prop => this.platform.shouldHaveColumn(prop, populate, options.exclude, false, false));
-            ret.push(...props.filter(p => !lazyProps.includes(p)).map(p => p.name));
-            addFormulas = true;
-        }
-        else if (hasLazyFormulas || requiresSQLConversion) {
-            ret.push('*');
-            addFormulas = true;
-        }
-        else {
-            ret.push('*');
-        }
-        if (ret.length > 0 && !hasExplicitFields && addFormulas) {
-            // Create formula column mapping with unquoted aliases - quoting should be handled by the user via `quote` helper
-            const quotedAlias = this.platform.quoteIdentifier(alias);
-            const columns = meta.createColumnMappingObject(alias);
-            const effectiveSchema = schema ?? (meta.schema !== '*' ? meta.schema : undefined);
-            for (const prop of meta.props) {
-                if (lazyProps.includes(prop)) {
-                    continue;
-                }
-                if (prop.formula) {
-                    const aliased = this.platform.quoteIdentifier(prop.fieldNames[0]);
-                    const table = this.createFormulaTable(quotedAlias.toString(), meta, effectiveSchema);
-                    ret.push(raw(`${this.evaluateFormula(prop.formula, columns, table)} as ${aliased}`));
-                }
-                if (!prop.object && (prop.hasConvertToDatabaseValueSQL || prop.hasConvertToJSValueSQL)) {
-                    ret.push(prop.name);
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        // add joined relations after the root entity fields
-        if (joinedProps.length > 0) {
-            ret.push(...this.getFieldsForJoinedLoad(qb, meta, {
-                explicitFields: options.fields,
-                exclude: options.exclude,
-                populate,
-                parentTableAlias: alias,
-                ...options,
-            }));
-        }
-        return Utils.unique(ret);
+    // add joined relations after the root entity fields
+    if (joinedProps.length > 0) {
+      ret.push(
+        ...this.getFieldsForJoinedLoad(qb, meta, {
+          explicitFields: options.fields,
+          exclude: options.exclude,
+          populate,
+          parentTableAlias: alias,
+          ...options,
+        }),
+      );
     }
+    return Utils.unique(ret);
+  }
 }