@mikro-orm/sql 7.0.15 → 7.0.16-dev.0

package/AbstractSqlDriver.js

@@ -1,2162 +1,2034 @@
-import {
-  ALIAS_REPLACEMENT_RE,
-  DatabaseDriver,
-  EntityManagerType,
-  getLoadingStrategy,
-  getOnConflictFields,
-  getOnConflictReturningFields,
-  helper,
-  isRaw,
-  LoadStrategy,
-  parseJsonSafe,
-  PolymorphicRef,
-  QueryFlag,
-  QueryHelper,
-  QueryOrder,
-  raw,
-  RawQueryFragment,
-  ReferenceKind,
-  Utils,
-} from '@mikro-orm/core';
+import { ALIAS_REPLACEMENT_RE, DatabaseDriver, EntityManagerType, getLoadingStrategy, getOnConflictFields, getOnConflictReturningFields, helper, isRaw, LoadStrategy, parseJsonSafe, PolymorphicRef, QueryFlag, QueryHelper, QueryOrder, raw, RawQueryFragment, ReferenceKind, Utils, } from '@mikro-orm/core';
 import { QueryBuilder } from './query/QueryBuilder.js';
 import { JoinType, QueryType } from './query/enums.js';
 import { SqlEntityManager } from './SqlEntityManager.js';
 import { PivotCollectionPersister } from './PivotCollectionPersister.js';
 /** Base class for SQL database drivers, implementing find/insert/update/delete using QueryBuilder. */
 export class AbstractSqlDriver extends DatabaseDriver {
-  [EntityManagerType];
-  connection;
-  replicas = [];
-  platform;
-  constructor(config, platform, connection, connector) {
-    super(config, connector);
-    this.connection = new connection(this.config);
-    this.replicas = this.createReplicas(conf => new connection(this.config, conf, 'read'));
-    this.platform = platform;
-  }
-  getPlatform() {
-    return this.platform;
-  }
-  /** Evaluates a formula callback, handling both string and Raw return values. */
-  evaluateFormula(formula, columns, table) {
-    const result = formula(columns, table);
-    return isRaw(result) ? this.platform.formatQuery(result.sql, result.params) : result;
-  }
-  /** For TPT entities, returns ownProps (columns in this table); otherwise returns all props. */
-  getTableProps(meta) {
-    return meta.inheritanceType === 'tpt' && meta.ownProps ? meta.ownProps : meta.props;
-  }
-  /** Creates a FormulaTable object for use in formula callbacks. */
-  createFormulaTable(alias, meta, schema) {
-    const effectiveSchema = schema ?? (meta.schema !== '*' ? meta.schema : undefined);
-    const qualifiedName = effectiveSchema ? `${effectiveSchema}.${meta.tableName}` : meta.tableName;
-    return { alias, name: meta.tableName, schema: effectiveSchema, qualifiedName, toString: () => alias };
-  }
-  validateSqlOptions(options) {
-    if (options.collation != null && typeof options.collation !== 'string') {
-      throw new Error(
-        'Collation option for SQL drivers must be a string (collation name). Use a CollationOptions object only with MongoDB.',
-      );
-    }
-    if (options.indexHint != null && typeof options.indexHint !== 'string') {
-      throw new Error(
-        "indexHint for SQL drivers must be a string (e.g. 'force index(my_index)'). Use an object only with MongoDB.",
-      );
-    }
-  }
-  createEntityManager(useContext) {
-    const EntityManagerClass = this.config.get('entityManager', SqlEntityManager);
-    return new EntityManagerClass(this.config, this, this.metadata, useContext);
-  }
-  async createQueryBuilderFromOptions(meta, where, options = {}) {
-    const connectionType = this.resolveConnectionType({ ctx: options.ctx, connectionType: options.connectionType });
-    const populate = this.autoJoinOneToOneOwner(meta, options.populate, options.fields);
-    const joinedProps = this.joinedProps(meta, populate, options);
-    const schema = this.getSchemaName(meta, options);
-    const qb = this.createQueryBuilder(
-      meta.class,
-      options.ctx,
-      connectionType,
-      false,
-      options.logging,
-      undefined,
-      options.em,
-    )
-      .withSchema(schema)
-      .cache(false);
-    const fields = this.buildFields(meta, populate, joinedProps, qb, qb.alias, options, schema);
-    const orderBy = this.buildOrderBy(qb, meta, populate, options);
-    const populateWhere = this.buildPopulateWhere(meta, joinedProps, options);
-    Utils.asArray(options.flags).forEach(flag => qb.setFlag(flag));
-    if (Utils.isPrimaryKey(where, meta.compositePK)) {
-      where = { [Utils.getPrimaryKeyHash(meta.primaryKeys)]: where };
-    }
-    this.validateSqlOptions(options);
-    const { first, last, before, after } = options;
-    const isCursorPagination = [first, last, before, after].some(v => v != null);
-    qb.state.resolvedPopulateWhere = options._populateWhere;
-    qb.select(fields)
-      // only add populateWhere if we are populate-joining, as this will be used to add `on` conditions
-      .populate(
-        populate,
-        joinedProps.length > 0 ? populateWhere : undefined,
-        joinedProps.length > 0 ? options.populateFilter : undefined,
-      )
-      .where(where)
-      .groupBy(options.groupBy)
-      .having(options.having)
-      .indexHint(options.indexHint)
-      .collation(options.collation)
-      .comment(options.comments)
-      .hintComment(options.hintComments);
-    if (isCursorPagination) {
-      const { orderBy: newOrderBy, where } = this.processCursorOptions(meta, options, orderBy);
-      qb.andWhere(where).orderBy(newOrderBy);
-    } else {
-      qb.orderBy(orderBy);
-    }
-    if (options.limit != null || options.offset != null) {
-      qb.limit(options.limit, options.offset);
-    }
-    if (options.lockMode) {
-      qb.setLockMode(options.lockMode, options.lockTableAliases);
-    }
-    if (options.em) {
-      await qb.applyJoinedFilters(options.em, options.filters);
-    }
-    return qb;
-  }
-  async find(entityName, where, options = {}) {
-    options = { populate: [], orderBy: [], ...options };
-    const meta = this.metadata.get(entityName);
-    if (meta.virtual) {
-      return this.findVirtual(entityName, where, options);
-    }
-    if (options.unionWhere?.length) {
-      where = await this.applyUnionWhere(meta, where, options);
-    }
-    const qb = await this.createQueryBuilderFromOptions(meta, where, options);
-    const result = await this.rethrow(qb.execute('all'));
-    if (options.last && !options.first) {
-      result.reverse();
-    }
-    return result;
-  }
-  async findOne(entityName, where, options) {
-    const opts = { populate: [], ...options };
-    const meta = this.metadata.find(entityName);
-    const populate = this.autoJoinOneToOneOwner(meta, opts.populate, opts.fields);
-    const joinedProps = this.joinedProps(meta, populate, options);
-    const hasToManyJoins = joinedProps.some(hint => this.hasToManyJoins(hint, meta));
-    if (joinedProps.length === 0 || !hasToManyJoins) {
-      opts.limit = 1;
-    }
-    if (opts.limit > 0 && !opts.flags?.includes(QueryFlag.DISABLE_PAGINATE)) {
-      opts.flags ??= [];
-      opts.flags.push(QueryFlag.DISABLE_PAGINATE);
-    }
-    const res = await this.find(entityName, where, opts);
-    return res[0] || null;
-  }
-  hasToManyJoins(hint, meta) {
-    const [propName] = hint.field.split(':', 2);
-    const prop = meta.properties[propName];
-    if (prop && [ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_MANY, ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_MANY].includes(prop.kind)) {
-      return true;
-    }
-    if (hint.children && prop.targetMeta) {
-      return hint.children.some(hint => this.hasToManyJoins(hint, prop.targetMeta));
-    }
-    return false;
-  }
-  async findVirtual(entityName, where, options) {
-    return this.findFromVirtual(entityName, where, options, QueryType.SELECT);
-  }
-  async countVirtual(entityName, where, options) {
-    return this.findFromVirtual(entityName, where, options, QueryType.COUNT);
-  }
-  async findFromVirtual(entityName, where, options, type) {
-    const meta = this.metadata.get(entityName);
-    /* v8 ignore next */
-    if (!meta.expression) {
-      return type === QueryType.SELECT ? [] : 0;
-    }
-    if (typeof meta.expression === 'string') {
-      return this.wrapVirtualExpressionInSubquery(meta, meta.expression, where, options, type);
-    }
-    const em = this.createEntityManager();
-    em.setTransactionContext(options.ctx);
-    const res = meta.expression(em, where, options);
-    if (typeof res === 'string') {
-      return this.wrapVirtualExpressionInSubquery(meta, res, where, options, type);
-    }
-    if (res instanceof QueryBuilder) {
-      return this.wrapVirtualExpressionInSubquery(meta, res.getFormattedQuery(), where, options, type);
-    }
-    if (isRaw(res)) {
-      const expr = this.platform.formatQuery(res.sql, res.params);
-      return this.wrapVirtualExpressionInSubquery(meta, expr, where, options, type);
-    }
-    /* v8 ignore next */
-    return res;
-  }
-  async *streamFromVirtual(entityName, where, options) {
-    const meta = this.metadata.get(entityName);
-    /* v8 ignore next */
-    if (!meta.expression) {
-      return;
-    }
-    if (typeof meta.expression === 'string') {
-      yield* this.wrapVirtualExpressionInSubqueryStream(meta, meta.expression, where, options, QueryType.SELECT);
-      return;
-    }
-    const em = this.createEntityManager();
-    em.setTransactionContext(options.ctx);
-    const res = meta.expression(em, where, options, true);
-    if (typeof res === 'string') {
-      yield* this.wrapVirtualExpressionInSubqueryStream(meta, res, where, options, QueryType.SELECT);
-      return;
-    }
-    if (res instanceof QueryBuilder) {
-      yield* this.wrapVirtualExpressionInSubqueryStream(
-        meta,
-        res.getFormattedQuery(),
-        where,
-        options,
-        QueryType.SELECT,
-      );
-      return;
-    }
-    if (isRaw(res)) {
-      const expr = this.platform.formatQuery(res.sql, res.params);
-      yield* this.wrapVirtualExpressionInSubqueryStream(meta, expr, where, options, QueryType.SELECT);
-      return;
-    }
-    /* v8 ignore next */
-    yield* res;
-  }
-  async wrapVirtualExpressionInSubquery(meta, expression, where, options, type) {
-    const qb = await this.createQueryBuilderFromOptions(meta, where, this.forceBalancedStrategy(options));
-    qb.setFlag(QueryFlag.DISABLE_PAGINATE);
-    const isCursorPagination = [options.first, options.last, options.before, options.after].some(v => v != null);
-    const native = qb.getNativeQuery(false);
-    if (type === QueryType.COUNT) {
-      native.clear('select').clear('limit').clear('offset').count();
+    [EntityManagerType];
+    connection;
+    replicas = [];
+    platform;
+    constructor(config, platform, connection, connector) {
+        super(config, connector);
+        this.connection = new connection(this.config);
+        this.replicas = this.createReplicas(conf => new connection(this.config, conf, 'read'));
+        this.platform = platform;
+    }
+    getPlatform() {
+        return this.platform;
+    }
+    /** Evaluates a formula callback, handling both string and Raw return values. */
+    evaluateFormula(formula, columns, table) {
+        const result = formula(columns, table);
+        return isRaw(result) ? this.platform.formatQuery(result.sql, result.params) : result;
+    }
+    /** For TPT entities, returns ownProps (columns in this table); otherwise returns all props. */
+    getTableProps(meta) {
+        return meta.inheritanceType === 'tpt' && meta.ownProps ? meta.ownProps : meta.props;
+    }
+    /** Creates a FormulaTable object for use in formula callbacks. */
+    createFormulaTable(alias, meta, schema) {
+        const effectiveSchema = schema ?? (meta.schema !== '*' ? meta.schema : undefined);
+        const qualifiedName = effectiveSchema ? `${effectiveSchema}.${meta.tableName}` : meta.tableName;
+        return { alias, name: meta.tableName, schema: effectiveSchema, qualifiedName, toString: () => alias };
+    }
+    validateSqlOptions(options) {
+        if (options.collation != null && typeof options.collation !== 'string') {
+            throw new Error('Collation option for SQL drivers must be a string (collation name). Use a CollationOptions object only with MongoDB.');
+        }
+        if (options.indexHint != null && typeof options.indexHint !== 'string') {
+            throw new Error("indexHint for SQL drivers must be a string (e.g. 'force index(my_index)'). Use an object only with MongoDB.");
+        }
     }
-    const asKeyword = this.platform.usesAsKeyword() ? ' as ' : ' ';
-    native.from(raw(`(${expression})${asKeyword}${this.platform.quoteIdentifier(qb.alias)}`));
-    const query = native.compile();
-    const res = await this.execute(query.sql, query.params, 'all', options.ctx);
-    if (type === QueryType.COUNT) {
-      return res[0].count;
+    createEntityManager(useContext) {
+        const EntityManagerClass = this.config.get('entityManager', SqlEntityManager);
+        return new EntityManagerClass(this.config, this, this.metadata, useContext);
+    }
+    async createQueryBuilderFromOptions(meta, where, options = {}) {
+        const connectionType = this.resolveConnectionType({ ctx: options.ctx, connectionType: options.connectionType });
+        const populate = this.autoJoinOneToOneOwner(meta, options.populate, options.fields);
+        const joinedProps = this.joinedProps(meta, populate, options);
+        const schema = this.getSchemaName(meta, options);
+        const qb = this.createQueryBuilder(meta.class, options.ctx, connectionType, false, options.logging, undefined, options.em)
+            .withSchema(schema)
+            .cache(false);
+        const fields = this.buildFields(meta, populate, joinedProps, qb, qb.alias, options, schema);
+        const orderBy = this.buildOrderBy(qb, meta, populate, options);
+        const populateWhere = this.buildPopulateWhere(meta, joinedProps, options);
+        Utils.asArray(options.flags).forEach(flag => qb.setFlag(flag));
+        if (Utils.isPrimaryKey(where, meta.compositePK)) {
+            where = { [Utils.getPrimaryKeyHash(meta.primaryKeys)]: where };
+        }
+        this.validateSqlOptions(options);
+        const { first, last, before, after } = options;
+        const isCursorPagination = [first, last, before, after].some(v => v != null);
+        qb.state.resolvedPopulateWhere = options._populateWhere;
+        qb.select(fields)
+            // only add populateWhere if we are populate-joining, as this will be used to add `on` conditions
+            .populate(populate, joinedProps.length > 0 ? populateWhere : undefined, joinedProps.length > 0 ? options.populateFilter : undefined)
+            .where(where)
+            .groupBy(options.groupBy)
+            .having(options.having)
+            .indexHint(options.indexHint)
+            .collation(options.collation)
+            .comment(options.comments)
+            .hintComment(options.hintComments);
+        if (isCursorPagination) {
+            const { orderBy: newOrderBy, where } = this.processCursorOptions(meta, options, orderBy);
+            qb.andWhere(where).orderBy(newOrderBy);
+        }
+        else {
+            qb.orderBy(orderBy);
+        }
+        if (options.limit != null || options.offset != null) {
+            qb.limit(options.limit, options.offset);
+        }
+        if (options.lockMode) {
+            qb.setLockMode(options.lockMode, options.lockTableAliases);
+        }
+        if (options.em) {
+            await qb.applyJoinedFilters(options.em, options.filters);
+        }
+        return qb;
     }
-    if (isCursorPagination && !options.first && !!options.last) {
-      res.reverse();
+    async find(entityName, where, options = {}) {
+        options = { populate: [], orderBy: [], ...options };
+        const meta = this.metadata.get(entityName);
+        if (meta.virtual) {
+            return this.findVirtual(entityName, where, options);
+        }
+        if (options.unionWhere?.length) {
+            where = await this.applyUnionWhere(meta, where, options);
+        }
+        const qb = await this.createQueryBuilderFromOptions(meta, where, options);
+        const result = await this.rethrow(qb.execute('all'));
+        if (options.last && !options.first) {
+            result.reverse();
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+    async findOne(entityName, where, options) {
+        const opts = { populate: [], ...options };
+        const meta = this.metadata.find(entityName);
+        const populate = this.autoJoinOneToOneOwner(meta, opts.populate, opts.fields);
+        const joinedProps = this.joinedProps(meta, populate, options);
+        const hasToManyJoins = joinedProps.some(hint => this.hasToManyJoins(hint, meta));
+        if (joinedProps.length === 0 || !hasToManyJoins) {
+            opts.limit = 1;
+        }
+        if (opts.limit > 0 && !opts.flags?.includes(QueryFlag.DISABLE_PAGINATE)) {
+            opts.flags ??= [];
+            opts.flags.push(QueryFlag.DISABLE_PAGINATE);
+        }
+        const res = await this.find(entityName, where, opts);
+        return res[0] || null;
     }
-    return res.map(row => this.mapResult(row, meta));
-  }
-  async *wrapVirtualExpressionInSubqueryStream(meta, expression, where, options, type) {
-    const qb = await this.createQueryBuilderFromOptions(meta, where, this.forceBalancedStrategy(options));
-    qb.unsetFlag(QueryFlag.DISABLE_PAGINATE);
-    const native = qb.getNativeQuery(false);
-    const asKeyword = this.platform.usesAsKeyword() ? ' as ' : ' ';
-    native.from(raw(`(${expression})${asKeyword}${this.platform.quoteIdentifier(qb.alias)}`));
-    const query = native.compile();
-    const connectionType = this.resolveConnectionType({ ctx: options.ctx, connectionType: options.connectionType });
-    const res = this.getConnection(connectionType).stream(query.sql, query.params, options.ctx, options.loggerContext);
-    for await (const row of res) {
-      yield this.mapResult(row, meta);
+    hasToManyJoins(hint, meta) {
+        const [propName] = hint.field.split(':', 2);
+        const prop = meta.properties[propName];
+        if (prop && [ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_MANY, ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_MANY].includes(prop.kind)) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        if (hint.children && prop.targetMeta) {
+            return hint.children.some(hint => this.hasToManyJoins(hint, prop.targetMeta));
+        }
+        return false;
     }
-  }
-  /**
-   * Virtual entities have no PKs, so to-many populate joins can't be deduplicated.
-   * Force balanced strategy to load to-many relations via separate queries.
-   */
-  forceBalancedStrategy(options) {
-    const clearStrategy = hints => {
-      return hints.map(hint => ({
-        ...hint,
-        strategy: undefined,
-        children: hint.children ? clearStrategy(hint.children) : undefined,
-      }));
-    };
-    const opts = { ...options, strategy: 'balanced' };
-    if (Array.isArray(opts.populate)) {
-      opts.populate = clearStrategy(opts.populate);
+    async findVirtual(entityName, where, options) {
+        return this.findFromVirtual(entityName, where, options, QueryType.SELECT);
     }
-    return opts;
-  }
-  mapResult(result, meta, populate = [], qb, map = {}) {
-    // For TPT inheritance, map aliased parent table columns back to their field names
-    if (qb && meta.inheritanceType === 'tpt' && meta.tptParent) {
-      this.mapTPTColumns(result, meta, qb);
+    async countVirtual(entityName, where, options) {
+        return this.findFromVirtual(entityName, where, options, QueryType.COUNT);
     }
-    // For TPT polymorphic queries (querying a base class), map child table fields
-    if (qb && meta.inheritanceType === 'tpt' && meta.allTPTDescendants?.length) {
-      const mainAlias = qb.mainAlias?.aliasName ?? 'e0';
-      this.mapTPTChildFields(result, meta, mainAlias, qb, result);
+    async findFromVirtual(entityName, where, options, type) {
+        const meta = this.metadata.get(entityName);
+        /* v8 ignore next */
+        if (!meta.expression) {
+            return type === QueryType.SELECT ? [] : 0;
+        }
+        if (typeof meta.expression === 'string') {
+            return this.wrapVirtualExpressionInSubquery(meta, meta.expression, where, options, type);
+        }
+        const em = this.createEntityManager();
+        em.setTransactionContext(options.ctx);
+        const res = meta.expression(em, where, options);
+        if (typeof res === 'string') {
+            return this.wrapVirtualExpressionInSubquery(meta, res, where, options, type);
+        }
+        if (res instanceof QueryBuilder) {
+            return this.wrapVirtualExpressionInSubquery(meta, res.getFormattedQuery(), where, options, type);
+        }
+        if (isRaw(res)) {
+            const expr = this.platform.formatQuery(res.sql, res.params);
+            return this.wrapVirtualExpressionInSubquery(meta, expr, where, options, type);
+        }
+        /* v8 ignore next */
+        return res;
     }
-    const ret = super.mapResult(result, meta);
-    /* v8 ignore next */
-    if (!ret) {
-      return null;
+    async *streamFromVirtual(entityName, where, options) {
+        const meta = this.metadata.get(entityName);
+        /* v8 ignore next */
+        if (!meta.expression) {
+            return;
+        }
+        if (typeof meta.expression === 'string') {
+            yield* this.wrapVirtualExpressionInSubqueryStream(meta, meta.expression, where, options, QueryType.SELECT);
+            return;
+        }
+        const em = this.createEntityManager();
+        em.setTransactionContext(options.ctx);
+        const res = meta.expression(em, where, options, true);
+        if (typeof res === 'string') {
+            yield* this.wrapVirtualExpressionInSubqueryStream(meta, res, where, options, QueryType.SELECT);
+            return;
+        }
+        if (res instanceof QueryBuilder) {
+            yield* this.wrapVirtualExpressionInSubqueryStream(meta, res.getFormattedQuery(), where, options, QueryType.SELECT);
+            return;
+        }
+        if (isRaw(res)) {
+            const expr = this.platform.formatQuery(res.sql, res.params);
+            yield* this.wrapVirtualExpressionInSubqueryStream(meta, expr, where, options, QueryType.SELECT);
+            return;
+        }
+        /* v8 ignore next */
+        yield* res;
+    }
+    async wrapVirtualExpressionInSubquery(meta, expression, where, options, type) {
+        const qb = await this.createQueryBuilderFromOptions(meta, where, this.forceBalancedStrategy(options));
+        qb.setFlag(QueryFlag.DISABLE_PAGINATE);
+        const isCursorPagination = [options.first, options.last, options.before, options.after].some(v => v != null);
+        const native = qb.getNativeQuery(false);
+        if (type === QueryType.COUNT) {
+            native.clear('select').clear('limit').clear('offset').count();
+        }
+        const asKeyword = this.platform.usesAsKeyword() ? ' as ' : ' ';
+        native.from(raw(`(${expression})${asKeyword}${this.platform.quoteIdentifier(qb.alias)}`));
+        const query = native.compile();
+        const res = await this.execute(query.sql, query.params, 'all', options.ctx);
+        if (type === QueryType.COUNT) {
+            return res[0].count;
+        }
+        if (isCursorPagination && !options.first && !!options.last) {
+            res.reverse();
+        }
+        return res.map(row => this.mapResult(row, meta));
+    }
+    async *wrapVirtualExpressionInSubqueryStream(meta, expression, where, options, type) {
+        const qb = await this.createQueryBuilderFromOptions(meta, where, this.forceBalancedStrategy(options));
+        qb.unsetFlag(QueryFlag.DISABLE_PAGINATE);
+        const native = qb.getNativeQuery(false);
+        const asKeyword = this.platform.usesAsKeyword() ? ' as ' : ' ';
+        native.from(raw(`(${expression})${asKeyword}${this.platform.quoteIdentifier(qb.alias)}`));
+        const query = native.compile();
+        const connectionType = this.resolveConnectionType({ ctx: options.ctx, connectionType: options.connectionType });
+        const res = this.getConnection(connectionType).stream(query.sql, query.params, options.ctx, options.loggerContext);
+        for await (const row of res) {
+            yield this.mapResult(row, meta);
+        }
     }
-    if (qb) {
-      // here we map the aliased results (cartesian product) to an object graph
-      this.mapJoinedProps(ret, meta, populate, qb, ret, map);
+    /**
+     * Virtual entities have no PKs, so to-many populate joins can't be deduplicated.
+     * Force balanced strategy to load to-many relations via separate queries.
+     */
+    forceBalancedStrategy(options) {
+        const clearStrategy = (hints) => {
+            return hints.map(hint => ({
+                ...hint,
+                strategy: undefined,
+                children: hint.children ? clearStrategy(hint.children) : undefined,
+            }));
+        };
+        const opts = { ...options, strategy: 'balanced' };
+        if (Array.isArray(opts.populate)) {
+            opts.populate = clearStrategy(opts.populate);
+        }
+        return opts;
     }
-    return ret;
-  }
-  /**
-   * Maps aliased columns from TPT parent tables back to their original field names.
-   * TPT parent columns are selected with aliases like `parent_alias__column_name`,
-   * and need to be renamed back to `column_name` for the result mapper to work.
-   */
-  mapTPTColumns(result, meta, qb) {
-    const tptAliases = qb.state.tptAlias;
-    // Walk up the TPT hierarchy
-    let parentMeta = meta.tptParent;
-    while (parentMeta) {
-      const parentAlias = tptAliases[parentMeta.className];
-      if (parentAlias) {
-        // Rename columns from this parent table
-        for (const prop of parentMeta.ownProps) {
-          if (!prop.fieldNames) {
-            continue;
-          }
-          for (const fieldName of prop.fieldNames) {
-            const aliasedKey = `${parentAlias}__${fieldName}`;
-            if (aliasedKey in result) {
-              // Copy the value to the unaliased field name and remove the aliased key
-              result[fieldName] = result[aliasedKey];
-              delete result[aliasedKey];
-            }
-          }
-        }
-      }
-      parentMeta = parentMeta.tptParent;
+    mapResult(result, meta, populate = [], qb, map = {}) {
+        // For TPT inheritance, map aliased parent table columns back to their field names
+        if (qb && meta.inheritanceType === 'tpt' && meta.tptParent) {
+            this.mapTPTColumns(result, meta, qb);
+        }
+        // For TPT polymorphic queries (querying a base class), map child table fields
+        if (qb && meta.inheritanceType === 'tpt' && meta.allTPTDescendants?.length) {
+            const mainAlias = qb.mainAlias?.aliasName ?? 'e0';
+            this.mapTPTChildFields(result, meta, mainAlias, qb, result);
+        }
+        const ret = super.mapResult(result, meta);
+        /* v8 ignore next */
+        if (!ret) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        if (qb) {
+            // here we map the aliased results (cartesian product) to an object graph
+            this.mapJoinedProps(ret, meta, populate, qb, ret, map);
+        }
+        return ret;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Maps aliased columns from TPT parent tables back to their original field names.
+     * TPT parent columns are selected with aliases like `parent_alias__column_name`,
+     * and need to be renamed back to `column_name` for the result mapper to work.
+     */
+    mapTPTColumns(result, meta, qb) {
+        const tptAliases = qb.state.tptAlias;
+        // Walk up the TPT hierarchy
+        let parentMeta = meta.tptParent;
+        while (parentMeta) {
+            const parentAlias = tptAliases[parentMeta.className];
+            if (parentAlias) {
+                // Rename columns from this parent table
+                for (const prop of parentMeta.ownProps) {
+                    if (!prop.fieldNames) {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    for (const fieldName of prop.fieldNames) {
+                        const aliasedKey = `${parentAlias}__${fieldName}`;
+                        if (aliasedKey in result) {
+                            // Copy the value to the unaliased field name and remove the aliased key
+                            result[fieldName] = result[aliasedKey];
+                            delete result[aliasedKey];
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            parentMeta = parentMeta.tptParent;
+        }
     }
-  }
-  mapJoinedProps(result, meta, populate, qb, root, map, parentJoinPath) {
-    const joinedProps = this.joinedProps(meta, populate);
-    joinedProps.forEach(hint => {
-      const [propName, ref] = hint.field.split(':', 2);
-      const prop = meta.properties[propName];
-      /* v8 ignore next */
-      if (!prop) {
-        return;
-      }
-      // Polymorphic to-one: iterate targets, find the matching one, build entity from its columns.
-      // Skip :ref hints — no JOINs were created, so the FK reference is already set by the result mapper.
-      if (
-        prop.polymorphic &&
-        prop.polymorphTargets?.length &&
-        !ref &&
-        [ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_ONE, ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_ONE].includes(prop.kind)
-      ) {
-        const basePath = parentJoinPath ? `${parentJoinPath}.${prop.name}` : `${meta.name}.${prop.name}`;
-        const pathPrefix = !parentJoinPath ? '[populate]' : '';
-        let matched = false;
-        for (const targetMeta of prop.polymorphTargets) {
-          const targetPath = `${pathPrefix}${basePath}[${targetMeta.className}]`;
-          const relationAlias = qb.getAliasForJoinPath(targetPath, { matchPopulateJoins: true });
-          const meta2 = targetMeta;
-          const targetProps = meta2.props.filter(p => this.platform.shouldHaveColumn(p, hint.children || []));
-          const hasPK = meta2
-            .getPrimaryProps()
-            .every(pk => pk.fieldNames.every(name => root[`${relationAlias}__${name}`] != null));
-          if (hasPK && !matched) {
-            matched = true;
-            const relationPojo = {};
-            const tz = this.platform.getTimezone();
-            for (const p of targetProps) {
-              this.mapJoinedProp(relationPojo, p, relationAlias, root, tz, meta2);
-            }
-            // For TPT base targets, map child-specific fields and resolve the
-            // concrete class so the factory creates the correct subtype.
-            const concreteMeta = this.mapTPTChildFields(relationPojo, meta2, relationAlias, qb, root);
-            Object.defineProperty(relationPojo, 'constructor', {
-              value: concreteMeta?.class ?? meta2.class,
-              enumerable: false,
-              configurable: true,
+    mapJoinedProps(result, meta, populate, qb, root, map, parentJoinPath) {
+        const joinedProps = this.joinedProps(meta, populate);
+        joinedProps.forEach(hint => {
+            const [propName, ref] = hint.field.split(':', 2);
+            const prop = meta.properties[propName];
+            /* v8 ignore next */
+            if (!prop) {
+                return;
+            }
+            // Polymorphic to-one: iterate targets, find the matching one, build entity from its columns.
+            // Skip :ref hints — no JOINs were created, so the FK reference is already set by the result mapper.
+            if (prop.polymorphic &&
+                prop.polymorphTargets?.length &&
+                !ref &&
+                [ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_ONE, ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_ONE].includes(prop.kind)) {
+                const basePath = parentJoinPath ? `${parentJoinPath}.${prop.name}` : `${meta.name}.${prop.name}`;
+                const pathPrefix = !parentJoinPath ? '[populate]' : '';
+                let matched = false;
+                for (const targetMeta of prop.polymorphTargets) {
+                    const targetPath = `${pathPrefix}${basePath}[${targetMeta.className}]`;
+                    const relationAlias = qb.getAliasForJoinPath(targetPath, { matchPopulateJoins: true });
+                    const meta2 = targetMeta;
+                    const targetProps = meta2.props.filter(p => this.platform.shouldHaveColumn(p, hint.children || []));
+                    const hasPK = meta2
+                        .getPrimaryProps()
+                        .every(pk => pk.fieldNames.every(name => root[`${relationAlias}__${name}`] != null));
+                    if (hasPK && !matched) {
+                        matched = true;
+                        const relationPojo = {};
+                        const tz = this.platform.getTimezone();
+                        for (const p of targetProps) {
+                            this.mapJoinedProp(relationPojo, p, relationAlias, root, tz, meta2);
+                        }
+                        // For TPT base targets, map child-specific fields and resolve the
+                        // concrete class so the factory creates the correct subtype.
+                        const concreteMeta = this.mapTPTChildFields(relationPojo, meta2, relationAlias, qb, root);
+                        Object.defineProperty(relationPojo, 'constructor', {
+                            value: concreteMeta?.class ?? meta2.class,
+                            enumerable: false,
+                            configurable: true,
+                        });
+                        result[prop.name] = relationPojo;
+                        const populateChildren = hint.children || [];
+                        this.mapJoinedProps(relationPojo, meta2, populateChildren, qb, root, map, targetPath);
+                    }
+                    // Clean up aliased columns for ALL targets (even non-matching ones)
+                    for (const p of targetProps) {
+                        for (const name of p.fieldNames) {
+                            delete root[`${relationAlias}__${name}`];
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                if (!matched) {
+                    result[prop.name] = null;
+                }
+                return;
+            }
+            const pivotRefJoin = prop.kind === ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_MANY && ref;
+            const meta2 = prop.targetMeta;
+            let path = parentJoinPath ? `${parentJoinPath}.${prop.name}` : `${meta.name}.${prop.name}`;
+            if (!parentJoinPath) {
+                path = '[populate]' + path;
+            }
+            if (pivotRefJoin) {
+                path += '[pivot]';
+            }
+            const relationAlias = qb.getAliasForJoinPath(path, { matchPopulateJoins: true });
+            /* v8 ignore next */
+            if (!relationAlias) {
+                return;
+            }
+            // pivot ref joins via joined strategy need to be handled separately here, as they dont join the target entity
+            if (pivotRefJoin) {
+                let item;
+                if (prop.inverseJoinColumns.length > 1) {
+                    // composite keys
+                    item = prop.inverseJoinColumns.map(name => root[`${relationAlias}__${name}`]);
+                }
+                else {
+                    const alias = `${relationAlias}__${prop.inverseJoinColumns[0]}`;
+                    item = root[alias];
+                }
+                prop.joinColumns.forEach(name => delete root[`${relationAlias}__${name}`]);
+                prop.inverseJoinColumns.forEach(name => delete root[`${relationAlias}__${name}`]);
+                result[prop.name] ??= [];
+                if (item) {
+                    result[prop.name].push(item);
+                }
+                return;
+            }
+            const mapToPk = !hint.dataOnly && !!(ref || prop.mapToPk);
+            const targetProps = mapToPk
+                ? meta2.getPrimaryProps()
+                : meta2.props.filter(prop => this.platform.shouldHaveColumn(prop, hint.children || []));
+            // If the primary key value for the relation is null, we know we haven't joined to anything
+            // and therefore we don't return any record (since all values would be null)
+            const hasPK = meta2.getPrimaryProps().every(pk => pk.fieldNames.every(name => {
+                return root[`${relationAlias}__${name}`] != null;
+            }));
+            if (!hasPK) {
+                if ([ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_MANY, ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_MANY].includes(prop.kind)) {
+                    result[prop.name] = [];
+                }
+                if ([ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_ONE, ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_ONE].includes(prop.kind)) {
+                    result[prop.name] = null;
+                }
+                for (const prop of targetProps) {
+                    for (const name of prop.fieldNames) {
+                        delete root[`${relationAlias}__${name}`];
+                    }
+                }
+                return;
+            }
+            let relationPojo = {};
+            meta2.props
+                .filter(prop => !ref && prop.persist === false && prop.fieldNames)
+                .forEach(prop => {
+                /* v8 ignore next */
+                if (prop.fieldNames.length > 1) {
+                    // composite keys
+                    relationPojo[prop.name] = prop.fieldNames.map(name => root[`${relationAlias}__${name}`]);
+                }
+                else {
+                    const alias = `${relationAlias}__${prop.fieldNames[0]}`;
+                    relationPojo[prop.name] = root[alias];
+                }
             });
-            result[prop.name] = relationPojo;
+            const tz = this.platform.getTimezone();
+            for (const prop of targetProps) {
+                this.mapJoinedProp(relationPojo, prop, relationAlias, root, tz, meta2);
+            }
+            // Handle TPT polymorphic child fields - map fields from child table aliases
+            this.mapTPTChildFields(relationPojo, meta2, relationAlias, qb, root);
+            // properties can be mapped to multiple places, e.g. when sharing a column in multiple FKs,
+            // so we need to delete them after everything is mapped from given level
+            for (const prop of targetProps) {
+                for (const name of prop.fieldNames) {
+                    delete root[`${relationAlias}__${name}`];
+                }
+            }
+            if (mapToPk) {
+                const tmp = Object.values(relationPojo);
+                /* v8 ignore next */
+                relationPojo = (meta2.compositePK ? tmp : tmp[0]);
+            }
+            if ([ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_MANY, ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_MANY].includes(prop.kind)) {
+                result[prop.name] ??= [];
+                result[prop.name].push(relationPojo);
+            }
+            else {
+                result[prop.name] = relationPojo;
+            }
             const populateChildren = hint.children || [];
-            this.mapJoinedProps(relationPojo, meta2, populateChildren, qb, root, map, targetPath);
-          }
-          // Clean up aliased columns for ALL targets (even non-matching ones)
-          for (const p of targetProps) {
-            for (const name of p.fieldNames) {
-              delete root[`${relationAlias}__${name}`];
-            }
-          }
-        }
-        if (!matched) {
-          result[prop.name] = null;
-        }
-        return;
-      }
-      const pivotRefJoin = prop.kind === ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_MANY && ref;
-      const meta2 = prop.targetMeta;
-      let path = parentJoinPath ? `${parentJoinPath}.${prop.name}` : `${meta.name}.${prop.name}`;
-      if (!parentJoinPath) {
-        path = '[populate]' + path;
-      }
-      if (pivotRefJoin) {
-        path += '[pivot]';
-      }
-      const relationAlias = qb.getAliasForJoinPath(path, { matchPopulateJoins: true });
-      /* v8 ignore next */
-      if (!relationAlias) {
-        return;
-      }
-      // pivot ref joins via joined strategy need to be handled separately here, as they dont join the target entity
-      if (pivotRefJoin) {
-        let item;
-        if (prop.inverseJoinColumns.length > 1) {
-          // composite keys
-          item = prop.inverseJoinColumns.map(name => root[`${relationAlias}__${name}`]);
-        } else {
-          const alias = `${relationAlias}__${prop.inverseJoinColumns[0]}`;
-          item = root[alias];
-        }
-        prop.joinColumns.forEach(name => delete root[`${relationAlias}__${name}`]);
-        prop.inverseJoinColumns.forEach(name => delete root[`${relationAlias}__${name}`]);
-        result[prop.name] ??= [];
-        if (item) {
-          result[prop.name].push(item);
-        }
-        return;
-      }
-      const mapToPk = !hint.dataOnly && !!(ref || prop.mapToPk);
-      const targetProps = mapToPk
-        ? meta2.getPrimaryProps()
-        : meta2.props.filter(prop => this.platform.shouldHaveColumn(prop, hint.children || []));
-      // If the primary key value for the relation is null, we know we haven't joined to anything
-      // and therefore we don't return any record (since all values would be null)
-      const hasPK = meta2.getPrimaryProps().every(pk =>
-        pk.fieldNames.every(name => {
-          return root[`${relationAlias}__${name}`] != null;
-        }),
-      );
-      if (!hasPK) {
-        if ([ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_MANY, ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_MANY].includes(prop.kind)) {
-          result[prop.name] = [];
-        }
-        if ([ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_ONE, ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_ONE].includes(prop.kind)) {
-          result[prop.name] = null;
-        }
-        for (const prop of targetProps) {
-          for (const name of prop.fieldNames) {
-            delete root[`${relationAlias}__${name}`];
-          }
-        }
-        return;
-      }
-      let relationPojo = {};
-      meta2.props
-        .filter(prop => !ref && prop.persist === false && prop.fieldNames)
-        .forEach(prop => {
-          /* v8 ignore next */
-          if (prop.fieldNames.length > 1) {
+            this.mapJoinedProps(relationPojo, meta2, populateChildren, qb, root, map, path);
+        });
+    }
+    /**
+     * Maps a single property from a joined result row into the relation pojo.
+     * Handles polymorphic FKs, composite keys, Date parsing, and embedded objects.
+     */
+    mapJoinedProp(relationPojo, prop, relationAlias, root, tz, meta, options) {
+        if (prop.fieldNames.every(name => typeof root[`${relationAlias}__${name}`] === 'undefined')) {
+            return;
+        }
+        if (prop.polymorphic) {
+            const discriminatorAlias = `${relationAlias}__${prop.fieldNames[0]}`;
+            const discriminatorValue = root[discriminatorAlias];
+            const pkFieldNames = prop.fieldNames.slice(1);
+            const pkValues = pkFieldNames.map(name => root[`${relationAlias}__${name}`]);
+            const pkValue = pkValues.length === 1 ? pkValues[0] : pkValues;
+            if (discriminatorValue != null && pkValue != null) {
+                relationPojo[prop.name] = new PolymorphicRef(discriminatorValue, pkValue);
+            }
+            else {
+                relationPojo[prop.name] = null;
+            }
+        }
+        else if (prop.fieldNames.length > 1) {
             // composite keys
-            relationPojo[prop.name] = prop.fieldNames.map(name => root[`${relationAlias}__${name}`]);
-          } else {
+            const fk = prop.fieldNames.map(name => root[`${relationAlias}__${name}`]);
+            const pk = Utils.mapFlatCompositePrimaryKey(fk, prop);
+            relationPojo[prop.name] = pk.every(val => val != null) ? pk : null;
+        }
+        else if (prop.runtimeType === 'Date') {
+            const alias = `${relationAlias}__${prop.fieldNames[0]}`;
+            const value = root[alias];
+            if (tz &&
+                tz !== 'local' &&
+                typeof value === 'string' &&
+                !value.includes('+') &&
+                value.lastIndexOf('-') < 11 &&
+                !value.endsWith('Z')) {
+                relationPojo[prop.name] = this.platform.parseDate(value + tz);
+            }
+            else if (['string', 'number'].includes(typeof value)) {
+                relationPojo[prop.name] = this.platform.parseDate(value);
+            }
+            else {
+                relationPojo[prop.name] = value;
+            }
+        }
+        else {
             const alias = `${relationAlias}__${prop.fieldNames[0]}`;
             relationPojo[prop.name] = root[alias];
-          }
-        });
-      const tz = this.platform.getTimezone();
-      for (const prop of targetProps) {
-        this.mapJoinedProp(relationPojo, prop, relationAlias, root, tz, meta2);
-      }
-      // Handle TPT polymorphic child fields - map fields from child table aliases
-      this.mapTPTChildFields(relationPojo, meta2, relationAlias, qb, root);
-      // properties can be mapped to multiple places, e.g. when sharing a column in multiple FKs,
-      // so we need to delete them after everything is mapped from given level
-      for (const prop of targetProps) {
-        for (const name of prop.fieldNames) {
-          delete root[`${relationAlias}__${name}`];
-        }
-      }
-      if (mapToPk) {
-        const tmp = Object.values(relationPojo);
-        /* v8 ignore next */
-        relationPojo = meta2.compositePK ? tmp : tmp[0];
-      }
-      if ([ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_MANY, ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_MANY].includes(prop.kind)) {
-        result[prop.name] ??= [];
-        result[prop.name].push(relationPojo);
-      } else {
-        result[prop.name] = relationPojo;
-      }
-      const populateChildren = hint.children || [];
-      this.mapJoinedProps(relationPojo, meta2, populateChildren, qb, root, map, path);
-    });
-  }
-  /**
-   * Maps a single property from a joined result row into the relation pojo.
-   * Handles polymorphic FKs, composite keys, Date parsing, and embedded objects.
-   */
-  mapJoinedProp(relationPojo, prop, relationAlias, root, tz, meta, options) {
-    if (prop.fieldNames.every(name => typeof root[`${relationAlias}__${name}`] === 'undefined')) {
-      return;
-    }
-    if (prop.polymorphic) {
-      const discriminatorAlias = `${relationAlias}__${prop.fieldNames[0]}`;
-      const discriminatorValue = root[discriminatorAlias];
-      const pkFieldNames = prop.fieldNames.slice(1);
-      const pkValues = pkFieldNames.map(name => root[`${relationAlias}__${name}`]);
-      const pkValue = pkValues.length === 1 ? pkValues[0] : pkValues;
-      if (discriminatorValue != null && pkValue != null) {
-        relationPojo[prop.name] = new PolymorphicRef(discriminatorValue, pkValue);
-      } else {
-        relationPojo[prop.name] = null;
-      }
-    } else if (prop.fieldNames.length > 1) {
-      // composite keys
-      const fk = prop.fieldNames.map(name => root[`${relationAlias}__${name}`]);
-      const pk = Utils.mapFlatCompositePrimaryKey(fk, prop);
-      relationPojo[prop.name] = pk.every(val => val != null) ? pk : null;
-    } else if (prop.runtimeType === 'Date') {
-      const alias = `${relationAlias}__${prop.fieldNames[0]}`;
-      const value = root[alias];
-      if (
-        tz &&
-        tz !== 'local' &&
-        typeof value === 'string' &&
-        !value.includes('+') &&
-        value.lastIndexOf('-') < 11 &&
-        !value.endsWith('Z')
-      ) {
-        relationPojo[prop.name] = this.platform.parseDate(value + tz);
-      } else if (['string', 'number'].includes(typeof value)) {
-        relationPojo[prop.name] = this.platform.parseDate(value);
-      } else {
-        relationPojo[prop.name] = value;
-      }
-    } else {
-      const alias = `${relationAlias}__${prop.fieldNames[0]}`;
-      relationPojo[prop.name] = root[alias];
-      if (prop.kind === ReferenceKind.EMBEDDED && (prop.object || meta.embeddable)) {
-        const item = parseJsonSafe(relationPojo[prop.name]);
-        if (Array.isArray(item)) {
-          relationPojo[prop.name] = item.map(row =>
-            row == null ? row : this.comparator.mapResult(prop.targetMeta, row),
-          );
-        } else {
-          relationPojo[prop.name] = item == null ? item : this.comparator.mapResult(prop.targetMeta, item);
-        }
-      }
-    }
-    if (options?.deleteFromRoot) {
-      for (const name of prop.fieldNames) {
-        delete root[`${relationAlias}__${name}`];
-      }
-    }
-  }
-  async count(entityName, where, options = {}) {
-    const meta = this.metadata.get(entityName);
-    if (meta.virtual) {
-      return this.countVirtual(entityName, where, options);
-    }
-    if (options.unionWhere?.length) {
-      where = await this.applyUnionWhere(meta, where, options);
-    }
-    options = { populate: [], ...options };
-    const populate = options.populate;
-    const joinedProps = this.joinedProps(meta, populate, options);
-    const schema = this.getSchemaName(meta, options);
-    const qb = this.createQueryBuilder(entityName, options.ctx, options.connectionType, false, options.logging);
-    const populateWhere = this.buildPopulateWhere(meta, joinedProps, options);
-    if (meta && !Utils.isEmpty(populate)) {
-      this.buildFields(meta, populate, joinedProps, qb, qb.alias, options, schema);
-    }
-    this.validateSqlOptions(options);
-    qb.state.resolvedPopulateWhere = options._populateWhere;
-    qb.indexHint(options.indexHint)
-      .collation(options.collation)
-      .comment(options.comments)
-      .hintComment(options.hintComments)
-      .groupBy(options.groupBy)
-      .having(options.having)
-      .populate(
-        populate,
-        joinedProps.length > 0 ? populateWhere : undefined,
-        joinedProps.length > 0 ? options.populateFilter : undefined,
-      )
-      .withSchema(schema)
-      .where(where);
-    if (options.em) {
-      await qb.applyJoinedFilters(options.em, options.filters);
-    }
-    return this.rethrow(qb.getCount());
-  }
-  async nativeInsert(entityName, data, options = {}) {
-    options.convertCustomTypes ??= true;
-    const meta = this.metadata.get(entityName);
-    const collections = this.extractManyToMany(meta, data);
-    const qb = this.createQueryBuilder(
-      entityName,
-      options.ctx,
-      'write',
-      options.convertCustomTypes,
-      options.loggerContext,
-    ).withSchema(this.getSchemaName(meta, options));
-    const res = await this.rethrow(qb.insert(data).execute('run', false));
-    res.row = res.row || {};
-    let pk;
-    if (meta.primaryKeys.length > 1) {
-      // owner has composite pk
-      pk = Utils.getPrimaryKeyCond(data, meta.primaryKeys);
-    } else {
-      /* v8 ignore next */
-      res.insertId = data[meta.primaryKeys[0]] ?? res.insertId ?? res.row[meta.primaryKeys[0]];
-      if (options.convertCustomTypes && meta?.getPrimaryProp().customType) {
-        pk = [meta.getPrimaryProp().customType.convertToDatabaseValue(res.insertId, this.platform)];
-      } else {
-        pk = [res.insertId];
-      }
-    }
-    await this.processManyToMany(meta, pk, collections, false, options);
-    return res;
-  }
-  async nativeInsertMany(entityName, data, options = {}, transform) {
-    options.processCollections ??= true;
-    options.convertCustomTypes ??= true;
-    const entityMeta = this.metadata.get(entityName);
-    const meta = entityMeta.inheritanceType === 'tpt' ? entityMeta : entityMeta.root;
-    const collections = options.processCollections ? data.map(d => this.extractManyToMany(meta, d)) : [];
-    const pks = this.getPrimaryKeyFields(meta);
-    const set = new Set();
-    data.forEach(row => Utils.keys(row).forEach(k => set.add(k)));
-    const props = [...set].map(name => meta.properties[name] ?? { name, fieldNames: [name] });
-    // For STI with conflicting fieldNames, include all alternative columns
-    let fields = Utils.flatten(props.map(prop => prop.stiFieldNames ?? prop.fieldNames));
-    const duplicates = Utils.findDuplicates(fields);
-    const params = [];
-    if (duplicates.length) {
-      fields = Utils.unique(fields);
-    }
-    const tableName = this.getTableName(meta, options);
-    let sql = `insert into ${tableName} `;
-    sql +=
-      fields.length > 0
-        ? '(' + fields.map(k => this.platform.quoteIdentifier(k)).join(', ') + ')'
-        : `(${this.platform.quoteIdentifier(pks[0])})`;
-    if (this.platform.usesOutputStatement()) {
-      const returningProps = this.getTableProps(meta)
-        .filter(prop => (prop.persist !== false && prop.defaultRaw) || prop.autoincrement || prop.generated)
-        .filter(prop => !(prop.name in data[0]) || isRaw(data[0][prop.name]));
-      const returningFields = Utils.flatten(returningProps.map(prop => prop.fieldNames));
-      sql +=
-        returningFields.length > 0
-          ? ` output ${returningFields.map(field => 'inserted.' + this.platform.quoteIdentifier(field)).join(', ')}`
-          : '';
-    }
-    if (fields.length > 0 || this.platform.usesDefaultKeyword()) {
-      sql += ' values ';
-    } else {
-      sql += ' ' + data.map(() => `select null as ${this.platform.quoteIdentifier(pks[0])}`).join(' union all ');
+            if (prop.kind === ReferenceKind.EMBEDDED && (prop.object || meta.embeddable)) {
+                const item = parseJsonSafe(relationPojo[prop.name]);
+                if (Array.isArray(item)) {
+                    relationPojo[prop.name] = item.map(row => row == null ? row : this.comparator.mapResult(prop.targetMeta, row));
+                }
+                else {
+                    relationPojo[prop.name] =
+                        item == null ? item : this.comparator.mapResult(prop.targetMeta, item);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if (options?.deleteFromRoot) {
+            for (const name of prop.fieldNames) {
+                delete root[`${relationAlias}__${name}`];
+            }
+        }
     }
-    const addParams = (prop, row) => {
-      const rowValue = row[prop.name];
-      if (prop.nullable && rowValue === null) {
-        params.push(null);
-        return;
-      }
-      let value = rowValue ?? prop.default;
-      if (prop.kind === ReferenceKind.EMBEDDED && prop.object) {
-        if (prop.array && value) {
-          value = this.platform.cloneEmbeddable(value);
-          for (let i = 0; i < value.length; i++) {
-            const item = value[i];
-            value[i] = this.mapDataToFieldNames(item, false, prop.embeddedProps, options.convertCustomTypes);
-          }
-        } else {
-          value = this.mapDataToFieldNames(value, false, prop.embeddedProps, options.convertCustomTypes);
-        }
-      }
-      if (typeof value === 'undefined' && this.platform.usesDefaultKeyword()) {
-        params.push(raw('default'));
-        return;
-      }
-      if (options.convertCustomTypes && prop.customType) {
-        params.push(
-          prop.customType.convertToDatabaseValue(value, this.platform, { key: prop.name, mode: 'query-data' }),
-        );
-        return;
-      }
-      params.push(value);
-    };
-    if (fields.length > 0 || this.platform.usesDefaultKeyword()) {
-      sql += data
-        .map(row => {
-          const keys = [];
-          const usedDups = [];
-          props.forEach(prop => {
-            // For STI with conflicting fieldNames, use discriminator to determine which field gets value
-            if (prop.stiFieldNames && prop.stiFieldNameMap && meta.discriminatorColumn) {
-              const activeField = prop.stiFieldNameMap[row[meta.discriminatorColumn]];
-              for (const field of prop.stiFieldNames) {
-                params.push(field === activeField ? row[prop.name] : null);
-                keys.push('?');
-              }
-              return;
-            }
-            if (prop.fieldNames.length > 1) {
-              const newFields = [];
-              let rawParam;
-              const target = row[prop.name];
-              if (prop.polymorphic && target instanceof PolymorphicRef) {
-                rawParam = target.toTuple();
-              } else {
-                rawParam = target == null ? prop.fieldNames.map(() => null) : Utils.asArray(target);
-              }
-              // Deep flatten nested arrays when needed (for deeply nested composite keys like Tag -> Comment -> Post -> User)
-              const needsFlatten = rawParam.length !== prop.fieldNames.length && rawParam.some(v => Array.isArray(v));
-              const allParam = needsFlatten ? Utils.flatten(rawParam, true) : rawParam;
-              // TODO(v7): instead of making this conditional here, the entity snapshot should respect `ownColumns`,
-              //  but that means changing the compiled PK getters, which might be seen as breaking
-              const columns = allParam.length > 1 ? prop.fieldNames : prop.ownColumns;
-              const param = [];
-              columns.forEach((field, idx) => {
-                if (usedDups.includes(field)) {
-                  return;
+    async count(entityName, where, options = {}) {
+        const meta = this.metadata.get(entityName);
+        if (meta.virtual) {
+            return this.countVirtual(entityName, where, options);
+        }
+        if (options.unionWhere?.length) {
+            where = await this.applyUnionWhere(meta, where, options);
+        }
+        options = { populate: [], ...options };
+        const populate = options.populate;
+        const joinedProps = this.joinedProps(meta, populate, options);
+        const schema = this.getSchemaName(meta, options);
+        const qb = this.createQueryBuilder(entityName, options.ctx, options.connectionType, false, options.logging);
+        const populateWhere = this.buildPopulateWhere(meta, joinedProps, options);
+        if (meta && !Utils.isEmpty(populate)) {
+            this.buildFields(meta, populate, joinedProps, qb, qb.alias, options, schema);
+        }
+        this.validateSqlOptions(options);
+        qb.state.resolvedPopulateWhere = options._populateWhere;
+        qb.indexHint(options.indexHint)
+            .collation(options.collation)
+            .comment(options.comments)
+            .hintComment(options.hintComments)
+            .groupBy(options.groupBy)
+            .having(options.having)
+            .populate(populate, joinedProps.length > 0 ? populateWhere : undefined, joinedProps.length > 0 ? options.populateFilter : undefined)
+            .withSchema(schema)
+            .where(where);
+        if (options.em) {
+            await qb.applyJoinedFilters(options.em, options.filters);
+        }
+        return this.rethrow(qb.getCount());
+    }
+    async nativeInsert(entityName, data, options = {}) {
+        options.convertCustomTypes ??= true;
+        const meta = this.metadata.get(entityName);
+        const collections = this.extractManyToMany(meta, data);
+        const qb = this.createQueryBuilder(entityName, options.ctx, 'write', options.convertCustomTypes, options.loggerContext).withSchema(this.getSchemaName(meta, options));
+        const res = await this.rethrow(qb.insert(data).execute('run', false));
+        res.row = res.row || {};
+        let pk;
+        if (meta.primaryKeys.length > 1) {
+            // owner has composite pk
+            pk = Utils.getPrimaryKeyCond(data, meta.primaryKeys);
+        }
+        else {
+            /* v8 ignore next */
+            res.insertId = data[meta.primaryKeys[0]] ?? res.insertId ?? res.row[meta.primaryKeys[0]];
+            if (options.convertCustomTypes && meta?.getPrimaryProp().customType) {
+                pk = [meta.getPrimaryProp().customType.convertToDatabaseValue(res.insertId, this.platform)];
+            }
+            else {
+                pk = [res.insertId];
+            }
+        }
+        await this.processManyToMany(meta, pk, collections, false, options);
+        return res;
+    }
+    async nativeInsertMany(entityName, data, options = {}, transform) {
+        options.processCollections ??= true;
+        options.convertCustomTypes ??= true;
+        const entityMeta = this.metadata.get(entityName);
+        const meta = entityMeta.inheritanceType === 'tpt' ? entityMeta : entityMeta.root;
+        const collections = options.processCollections ? data.map(d => this.extractManyToMany(meta, d)) : [];
+        const pks = this.getPrimaryKeyFields(meta);
+        const set = new Set();
+        data.forEach(row => Utils.keys(row).forEach(k => set.add(k)));
+        const props = [...set].map(name => meta.properties[name] ?? { name, fieldNames: [name] });
+        // For STI with conflicting fieldNames, include all alternative columns
+        let fields = Utils.flatten(props.map(prop => prop.stiFieldNames ?? prop.fieldNames));
+        const duplicates = Utils.findDuplicates(fields);
+        const params = [];
+        if (duplicates.length) {
+            fields = Utils.unique(fields);
+        }
+        const tableName = this.getTableName(meta, options);
+        let sql = `insert into ${tableName} `;
+        sql +=
+            fields.length > 0
+                ? '(' + fields.map(k => this.platform.quoteIdentifier(k)).join(', ') + ')'
+                : `(${this.platform.quoteIdentifier(pks[0])})`;
+        if (this.platform.usesOutputStatement()) {
+            const returningProps = this.getTableProps(meta)
+                .filter(prop => (prop.persist !== false && prop.defaultRaw) || prop.autoincrement || prop.generated)
+                .filter(prop => !(prop.name in data[0]) || isRaw(data[0][prop.name]));
+            const returningFields = Utils.flatten(returningProps.map(prop => prop.fieldNames));
+            sql +=
+                returningFields.length > 0
+                    ? ` output ${returningFields.map(field => 'inserted.' + this.platform.quoteIdentifier(field)).join(', ')}`
+                    : '';
+        }
+        if (fields.length > 0 || this.platform.usesDefaultKeyword()) {
+            sql += ' values ';
+        }
+        else {
+            sql += ' ' + data.map(() => `select null as ${this.platform.quoteIdentifier(pks[0])}`).join(' union all ');
+        }
+        const addParams = (prop, row) => {
+            const rowValue = row[prop.name];
+            if (prop.nullable && rowValue === null) {
+                params.push(null);
+                return;
+            }
+            let value = rowValue ?? prop.default;
+            if (prop.kind === ReferenceKind.EMBEDDED && prop.object) {
+                if (prop.array && value) {
+                    value = this.platform.cloneEmbeddable(value);
+                    for (let i = 0; i < value.length; i++) {
+                        const item = value[i];
+                        value[i] = this.mapDataToFieldNames(item, false, prop.embeddedProps, options.convertCustomTypes);
+                    }
+                }
+                else {
+                    value = this.mapDataToFieldNames(value, false, prop.embeddedProps, options.convertCustomTypes);
                 }
-                newFields.push(field);
-                param.push(allParam[idx]);
-              });
-              newFields.forEach((field, idx) => {
-                if (!duplicates.includes(field) || !usedDups.includes(field)) {
-                  params.push(param[idx]);
-                  keys.push('?');
-                  usedDups.push(field);
+            }
+            if (typeof value === 'undefined' && this.platform.usesDefaultKeyword()) {
+                params.push(raw('default'));
+                return;
+            }
+            if (options.convertCustomTypes && prop.customType) {
+                params.push(prop.customType.convertToDatabaseValue(value, this.platform, { key: prop.name, mode: 'query-data' }));
+                return;
+            }
+            params.push(value);
+        };
+        if (fields.length > 0 || this.platform.usesDefaultKeyword()) {
+            sql += data
+                .map(row => {
+                const keys = [];
+                const usedDups = [];
+                props.forEach(prop => {
+                    // For STI with conflicting fieldNames, use discriminator to determine which field gets value
+                    if (prop.stiFieldNames && prop.stiFieldNameMap && meta.discriminatorColumn) {
+                        const activeField = prop.stiFieldNameMap[row[meta.discriminatorColumn]];
+                        for (const field of prop.stiFieldNames) {
+                            params.push(field === activeField ? row[prop.name] : null);
+                            keys.push('?');
+                        }
+                        return;
+                    }
+                    if (prop.fieldNames.length > 1) {
+                        const newFields = [];
+                        let rawParam;
+                        const target = row[prop.name];
+                        if (prop.polymorphic && target instanceof PolymorphicRef) {
+                            rawParam = target.toTuple();
+                        }
+                        else {
+                            rawParam = target == null ? prop.fieldNames.map(() => null) : Utils.asArray(target);
+                        }
+                        // Deep flatten nested arrays when needed (for deeply nested composite keys like Tag -> Comment -> Post -> User)
+                        const needsFlatten = rawParam.length !== prop.fieldNames.length && rawParam.some(v => Array.isArray(v));
+                        const allParam = needsFlatten ? Utils.flatten(rawParam, true) : rawParam;
+                        // TODO(v7): instead of making this conditional here, the entity snapshot should respect `ownColumns`,
+                        //  but that means changing the compiled PK getters, which might be seen as breaking
+                        const columns = allParam.length > 1 ? prop.fieldNames : prop.ownColumns;
+                        const param = [];
+                        columns.forEach((field, idx) => {
+                            if (usedDups.includes(field)) {
+                                return;
+                            }
+                            newFields.push(field);
+                            param.push(allParam[idx]);
+                        });
+                        newFields.forEach((field, idx) => {
+                            if (!duplicates.includes(field) || !usedDups.includes(field)) {
+                                params.push(param[idx]);
+                                keys.push('?');
+                                usedDups.push(field);
+                            }
+                        });
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        const field = prop.fieldNames[0];
+                        if (!duplicates.includes(field) || !usedDups.includes(field)) {
+                            if (prop.customType &&
+                                !prop.object &&
+                                'convertToDatabaseValueSQL' in prop.customType &&
+                                row[prop.name] != null &&
+                                !isRaw(row[prop.name])) {
+                                keys.push(prop.customType.convertToDatabaseValueSQL('?', this.platform));
+                            }
+                            else {
+                                keys.push('?');
+                            }
+                            addParams(prop, row);
+                            usedDups.push(field);
+                        }
+                    }
+                });
+                return '(' + (keys.join(', ') || 'default') + ')';
+            })
+                .join(', ');
+        }
+        if (meta && this.platform.usesReturningStatement()) {
+            const returningProps = this.getTableProps(meta)
+                .filter(prop => (prop.persist !== false && prop.defaultRaw) || prop.autoincrement || prop.generated)
+                .filter(prop => !(prop.name in data[0]) || isRaw(data[0][prop.name]));
+            const returningFields = Utils.flatten(returningProps.map(prop => prop.fieldNames));
+            /* v8 ignore next */
+            sql +=
+                returningFields.length > 0
+                    ? ` returning ${returningFields.map(field => this.platform.quoteIdentifier(field)).join(', ')}`
+                    : '';
+        }
+        if (transform) {
+            sql = transform(sql);
+        }
+        const res = await this.execute(sql, params, 'run', options.ctx, options.loggerContext);
+        let pk;
+        /* v8 ignore next */
+        if (pks.length > 1) {
+            // owner has composite pk
+            pk = data.map(d => Utils.getPrimaryKeyCond(d, pks));
+        }
+        else {
+            res.row ??= {};
+            res.rows ??= [];
+            pk = data.map((d, i) => d[pks[0]] ?? res.rows[i]?.[pks[0]]).map(d => [d]);
+            res.insertId = res.insertId || res.row[pks[0]];
+        }
+        for (let i = 0; i < collections.length; i++) {
+            await this.processManyToMany(meta, pk[i], collections[i], false, options);
+        }
+        return res;
+    }
+    async nativeUpdate(entityName, where, data, options = {}) {
+        options.convertCustomTypes ??= true;
+        const meta = this.metadata.get(entityName);
+        const pks = this.getPrimaryKeyFields(meta);
+        const collections = this.extractManyToMany(meta, data);
+        let res = { affectedRows: 0, insertId: 0, row: {} };
+        if (Utils.isPrimaryKey(where) && pks.length === 1) {
+            /* v8 ignore next */
+            where = { [meta.primaryKeys[0] ?? pks[0]]: where };
+        }
+        if (!options.upsert && options.unionWhere?.length) {
+            where = (await this.applyUnionWhere(meta, where, options, true));
+        }
+        if (Utils.hasObjectKeys(data)) {
+            const qb = this.createQueryBuilder(entityName, options.ctx, 'write', options.convertCustomTypes, options.loggerContext).withSchema(this.getSchemaName(meta, options));
+            if (options.upsert) {
+                /* v8 ignore next */
+                const uniqueFields = options.onConflictFields ??
+                    (Utils.isPlainObject(where) ? Utils.keys(where) : meta.primaryKeys);
+                const returning = getOnConflictReturningFields(meta, data, uniqueFields, options);
+                qb.insert(data)
+                    .onConflict(uniqueFields)
+                    .returning(returning);
+                if (!options.onConflictAction || options.onConflictAction === 'merge') {
+                    const fields = getOnConflictFields(meta, data, uniqueFields, options);
+                    qb.merge(fields);
                 }
-              });
-            } else {
-              const field = prop.fieldNames[0];
-              if (!duplicates.includes(field) || !usedDups.includes(field)) {
-                if (
-                  prop.customType &&
-                  !prop.object &&
-                  'convertToDatabaseValueSQL' in prop.customType &&
-                  row[prop.name] != null &&
-                  !isRaw(row[prop.name])
-                ) {
-                  keys.push(prop.customType.convertToDatabaseValueSQL('?', this.platform));
-                } else {
-                  keys.push('?');
+                if (options.onConflictAction === 'ignore') {
+                    qb.ignore();
                 }
-                addParams(prop, row);
-                usedDups.push(field);
-              }
-            }
-          });
-          return '(' + (keys.join(', ') || 'default') + ')';
-        })
-        .join(', ');
-    }
-    if (meta && this.platform.usesReturningStatement()) {
-      const returningProps = this.getTableProps(meta)
-        .filter(prop => (prop.persist !== false && prop.defaultRaw) || prop.autoincrement || prop.generated)
-        .filter(prop => !(prop.name in data[0]) || isRaw(data[0][prop.name]));
-      const returningFields = Utils.flatten(returningProps.map(prop => prop.fieldNames));
-      /* v8 ignore next */
-      sql +=
-        returningFields.length > 0
-          ? ` returning ${returningFields.map(field => this.platform.quoteIdentifier(field)).join(', ')}`
-          : '';
-    }
-    if (transform) {
-      sql = transform(sql);
-    }
-    const res = await this.execute(sql, params, 'run', options.ctx, options.loggerContext);
-    let pk;
-    /* v8 ignore next */
-    if (pks.length > 1) {
-      // owner has composite pk
-      pk = data.map(d => Utils.getPrimaryKeyCond(d, pks));
-    } else {
-      res.row ??= {};
-      res.rows ??= [];
-      pk = data.map((d, i) => d[pks[0]] ?? res.rows[i]?.[pks[0]]).map(d => [d]);
-      res.insertId = res.insertId || res.row[pks[0]];
-    }
-    for (let i = 0; i < collections.length; i++) {
-      await this.processManyToMany(meta, pk[i], collections[i], false, options);
-    }
-    return res;
-  }
-  async nativeUpdate(entityName, where, data, options = {}) {
-    options.convertCustomTypes ??= true;
-    const meta = this.metadata.get(entityName);
-    const pks = this.getPrimaryKeyFields(meta);
-    const collections = this.extractManyToMany(meta, data);
-    let res = { affectedRows: 0, insertId: 0, row: {} };
-    if (Utils.isPrimaryKey(where) && pks.length === 1) {
-      /* v8 ignore next */
-      where = { [meta.primaryKeys[0] ?? pks[0]]: where };
-    }
-    if (!options.upsert && options.unionWhere?.length) {
-      where = await this.applyUnionWhere(meta, where, options, true);
-    }
-    if (Utils.hasObjectKeys(data)) {
-      const qb = this.createQueryBuilder(
-        entityName,
-        options.ctx,
-        'write',
-        options.convertCustomTypes,
-        options.loggerContext,
-      ).withSchema(this.getSchemaName(meta, options));
-      if (options.upsert) {
+                if (options.onConflictWhere) {
+                    qb.where(options.onConflictWhere);
+                }
+            }
+            else {
+                qb.update(data).where(where);
+                // reload generated columns and version fields
+                const returning = [];
+                meta.props
+                    .filter(prop => (prop.generated && !prop.primary) || prop.version)
+                    .forEach(prop => returning.push(prop.name));
+                qb.returning(returning);
+            }
+            res = await this.rethrow(qb.execute('run', false));
+        }
         /* v8 ignore next */
-        const uniqueFields =
-          options.onConflictFields ?? (Utils.isPlainObject(where) ? Utils.keys(where) : meta.primaryKeys);
-        const returning = getOnConflictReturningFields(meta, data, uniqueFields, options);
-        qb.insert(data).onConflict(uniqueFields).returning(returning);
-        if (!options.onConflictAction || options.onConflictAction === 'merge') {
-          const fields = getOnConflictFields(meta, data, uniqueFields, options);
-          qb.merge(fields);
-        }
-        if (options.onConflictAction === 'ignore') {
-          qb.ignore();
-        }
-        if (options.onConflictWhere) {
-          qb.where(options.onConflictWhere);
-        }
-      } else {
-        qb.update(data).where(where);
+        const pk = pks.map(pk => Utils.extractPK(data[pk] || where, meta));
+        await this.processManyToMany(meta, pk, collections, true, options);
+        return res;
+    }
+    async nativeUpdateMany(entityName, where, data, options = {}, transform) {
+        options.processCollections ??= true;
+        options.convertCustomTypes ??= true;
+        const meta = this.metadata.get(entityName);
+        if (options.upsert) {
+            const uniqueFields = options.onConflictFields ??
+                (Utils.isPlainObject(where[0])
+                    ? Object.keys(where[0]).flatMap(key => Utils.splitPrimaryKeys(key))
+                    : meta.primaryKeys);
+            const qb = this.createQueryBuilder(entityName, options.ctx, 'write', options.convertCustomTypes, options.loggerContext).withSchema(this.getSchemaName(meta, options));
+            const returning = getOnConflictReturningFields(meta, data[0], uniqueFields, options);
+            qb.insert(data)
+                .onConflict(uniqueFields)
+                .returning(returning);
+            if (!options.onConflictAction || options.onConflictAction === 'merge') {
+                const fields = getOnConflictFields(meta, data[0], uniqueFields, options);
+                qb.merge(fields);
+            }
+            if (options.onConflictAction === 'ignore') {
+                qb.ignore();
+            }
+            if (options.onConflictWhere) {
+                qb.where(options.onConflictWhere);
+            }
+            return this.rethrow(qb.execute('run', false));
+        }
+        const collections = options.processCollections ? data.map(d => this.extractManyToMany(meta, d)) : [];
+        const keys = new Set();
+        const fields = new Set();
+        const returning = new Set();
+        for (const row of data) {
+            for (const k of Utils.keys(row)) {
+                keys.add(k);
+                if (isRaw(row[k])) {
+                    returning.add(k);
+                }
+            }
+        }
         // reload generated columns and version fields
-        const returning = [];
-        meta.props
-          .filter(prop => (prop.generated && !prop.primary) || prop.version)
-          .forEach(prop => returning.push(prop.name));
-        qb.returning(returning);
-      }
-      res = await this.rethrow(qb.execute('run', false));
-    }
-    /* v8 ignore next */
-    const pk = pks.map(pk => Utils.extractPK(data[pk] || where, meta));
-    await this.processManyToMany(meta, pk, collections, true, options);
-    return res;
-  }
-  async nativeUpdateMany(entityName, where, data, options = {}, transform) {
-    options.processCollections ??= true;
-    options.convertCustomTypes ??= true;
-    const meta = this.metadata.get(entityName);
-    if (options.upsert) {
-      const uniqueFields =
-        options.onConflictFields ??
-        (Utils.isPlainObject(where[0])
-          ? Object.keys(where[0]).flatMap(key => Utils.splitPrimaryKeys(key))
-          : meta.primaryKeys);
-      const qb = this.createQueryBuilder(
-        entityName,
-        options.ctx,
-        'write',
-        options.convertCustomTypes,
-        options.loggerContext,
-      ).withSchema(this.getSchemaName(meta, options));
-      const returning = getOnConflictReturningFields(meta, data[0], uniqueFields, options);
-      qb.insert(data).onConflict(uniqueFields).returning(returning);
-      if (!options.onConflictAction || options.onConflictAction === 'merge') {
-        const fields = getOnConflictFields(meta, data[0], uniqueFields, options);
-        qb.merge(fields);
-      }
-      if (options.onConflictAction === 'ignore') {
-        qb.ignore();
-      }
-      if (options.onConflictWhere) {
-        qb.where(options.onConflictWhere);
-      }
-      return this.rethrow(qb.execute('run', false));
-    }
-    const collections = options.processCollections ? data.map(d => this.extractManyToMany(meta, d)) : [];
-    const keys = new Set();
-    const fields = new Set();
-    const returning = new Set();
-    for (const row of data) {
-      for (const k of Utils.keys(row)) {
-        keys.add(k);
-        if (isRaw(row[k])) {
-          returning.add(k);
-        }
-      }
-    }
-    // reload generated columns and version fields
-    meta.props.filter(prop => prop.generated || prop.version || prop.primary).forEach(prop => returning.add(prop.name));
-    const pkCond = Utils.flatten(meta.primaryKeys.map(pk => meta.properties[pk].fieldNames))
-      .map(pk => `${this.platform.quoteIdentifier(pk)} = ?`)
-      .join(' and ');
-    const params = [];
-    let sql = `update ${this.getTableName(meta, options)} set `;
-    const addParams = (prop, value) => {
-      if (prop.kind === ReferenceKind.EMBEDDED && prop.object) {
-        if (prop.array && value) {
-          for (let i = 0; i < value.length; i++) {
-            const item = value[i];
-            value[i] = this.mapDataToFieldNames(item, false, prop.embeddedProps, options.convertCustomTypes);
-          }
-        } else {
-          value = this.mapDataToFieldNames(value, false, prop.embeddedProps, options.convertCustomTypes);
-        }
-      }
-      params.push(value ?? null);
-    };
-    for (const key of keys) {
-      const prop = meta.properties[key] ?? meta.root.properties[key];
-      if (prop.polymorphic && prop.fieldNames.length > 1) {
-        for (let idx = 0; idx < data.length; idx++) {
-          const rowValue = data[idx][key];
-          if (rowValue instanceof PolymorphicRef) {
-            data[idx][key] = rowValue.toTuple();
-          }
-        }
-      }
-      prop.fieldNames.forEach((fieldName, fieldNameIdx) => {
-        if (fields.has(fieldName) || (prop.ownColumns && !prop.ownColumns.includes(fieldName))) {
-          return;
-        }
-        fields.add(fieldName);
-        sql += `${this.platform.quoteIdentifier(fieldName)} = case`;
-        where.forEach((cond, idx) => {
-          if (key in data[idx]) {
-            const pks = Utils.getOrderedPrimaryKeys(cond, meta);
-            sql += ` when (${pkCond}) then `;
-            if (
-              prop.customType &&
-              !prop.object &&
-              'convertToDatabaseValueSQL' in prop.customType &&
-              data[idx][prop.name] != null &&
-              !isRaw(data[idx][key])
-            ) {
-              sql += prop.customType.convertToDatabaseValueSQL('?', this.platform);
-            } else {
-              sql += '?';
-            }
-            params.push(...pks);
-            addParams(prop, prop.fieldNames.length > 1 ? data[idx][key]?.[fieldNameIdx] : data[idx][key]);
-          }
-        });
-        sql += ` else ${this.platform.quoteIdentifier(fieldName)} end, `;
-        return sql;
-      });
-    }
-    if (meta.versionProperty) {
-      const versionProperty = meta.properties[meta.versionProperty];
-      const quotedFieldName = this.platform.quoteIdentifier(versionProperty.fieldNames[0]);
-      sql += `${quotedFieldName} = `;
-      if (versionProperty.runtimeType === 'Date') {
-        sql += this.platform.getCurrentTimestampSQL(versionProperty.length);
-      } else {
-        sql += `${quotedFieldName} + 1`;
-      }
-      sql += `, `;
-    }
-    sql = sql.substring(0, sql.length - 2) + ' where ';
-    const pkProps = meta.primaryKeys.concat(...meta.concurrencyCheckKeys);
-    const pks = Utils.flatten(pkProps.map(pk => meta.properties[pk].fieldNames));
-    const useTupleIn = pks.length <= 1 || this.platform.allowsComparingTuples();
-    const condTemplate = useTupleIn
-      ? `(${pks.map(() => '?').join(', ')})`
-      : `(${pks.map(pk => `${this.platform.quoteIdentifier(pk)} = ?`).join(' and ')})`;
-    const conds = where.map(cond => {
-      if (Utils.isPlainObject(cond) && Utils.getObjectKeysSize(cond) === 1) {
-        cond = Object.values(cond)[0];
-      }
-      if (pks.length > 1) {
-        pkProps.forEach(pk => {
-          if (Array.isArray(cond[pk])) {
-            params.push(...Utils.flatten(cond[pk]));
-          } else {
-            params.push(cond[pk]);
-          }
+        meta.props.filter(prop => prop.generated || prop.version || prop.primary).forEach(prop => returning.add(prop.name));
+        const pkCond = Utils.flatten(meta.primaryKeys.map(pk => meta.properties[pk].fieldNames))
+            .map(pk => `${this.platform.quoteIdentifier(pk)} = ?`)
+            .join(' and ');
+        const params = [];
+        let sql = `update ${this.getTableName(meta, options)} set `;
+        const addParams = (prop, value) => {
+            if (prop.kind === ReferenceKind.EMBEDDED && prop.object) {
+                if (prop.array && value) {
+                    for (let i = 0; i < value.length; i++) {
+                        const item = value[i];
+                        value[i] = this.mapDataToFieldNames(item, false, prop.embeddedProps, options.convertCustomTypes);
+                    }
+                }
+                else {
+                    value = this.mapDataToFieldNames(value, false, prop.embeddedProps, options.convertCustomTypes);
+                }
+            }
+            params.push(value ?? null);
+        };
+        for (const key of keys) {
+            const prop = meta.properties[key] ?? meta.root.properties[key];
+            if (prop.polymorphic && prop.fieldNames.length > 1) {
+                for (let idx = 0; idx < data.length; idx++) {
+                    const rowValue = data[idx][key];
+                    if (rowValue instanceof PolymorphicRef) {
+                        data[idx][key] = rowValue.toTuple();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            prop.fieldNames.forEach((fieldName, fieldNameIdx) => {
+                if (fields.has(fieldName) || (prop.ownColumns && !prop.ownColumns.includes(fieldName))) {
+                    return;
+                }
+                fields.add(fieldName);
+                sql += `${this.platform.quoteIdentifier(fieldName)} = case`;
+                where.forEach((cond, idx) => {
+                    if (key in data[idx]) {
+                        const pks = Utils.getOrderedPrimaryKeys(cond, meta);
+                        sql += ` when (${pkCond}) then `;
+                        if (prop.customType &&
+                            !prop.object &&
+                            'convertToDatabaseValueSQL' in prop.customType &&
+                            data[idx][prop.name] != null &&
+                            !isRaw(data[idx][key])) {
+                            sql += prop.customType.convertToDatabaseValueSQL('?', this.platform);
+                        }
+                        else {
+                            sql += '?';
+                        }
+                        params.push(...pks);
+                        addParams(prop, prop.fieldNames.length > 1 ? data[idx][key]?.[fieldNameIdx] : data[idx][key]);
+                    }
+                });
+                sql += ` else ${this.platform.quoteIdentifier(fieldName)} end, `;
+                return sql;
+            });
+        }
+        if (meta.versionProperty) {
+            const versionProperty = meta.properties[meta.versionProperty];
+            const quotedFieldName = this.platform.quoteIdentifier(versionProperty.fieldNames[0]);
+            sql += `${quotedFieldName} = `;
+            if (versionProperty.runtimeType === 'Date') {
+                sql += this.platform.getCurrentTimestampSQL(versionProperty.length);
+            }
+            else {
+                sql += `${quotedFieldName} + 1`;
+            }
+            sql += `, `;
+        }
+        sql = sql.substring(0, sql.length - 2) + ' where ';
+        const pkProps = meta.primaryKeys.concat(...meta.concurrencyCheckKeys);
+        const pks = Utils.flatten(pkProps.map(pk => meta.properties[pk].fieldNames));
+        const useTupleIn = pks.length <= 1 || this.platform.allowsComparingTuples();
+        const condTemplate = useTupleIn
+            ? `(${pks.map(() => '?').join(', ')})`
+            : `(${pks.map(pk => `${this.platform.quoteIdentifier(pk)} = ?`).join(' and ')})`;
+        const conds = where.map(cond => {
+            if (Utils.isPlainObject(cond) && Utils.getObjectKeysSize(cond) === 1) {
+                cond = Object.values(cond)[0];
+            }
+            if (pks.length > 1) {
+                pkProps.forEach(pk => {
+                    if (Array.isArray(cond[pk])) {
+                        params.push(...Utils.flatten(cond[pk]));
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        params.push(cond[pk]);
+                    }
+                });
+                return condTemplate;
+            }
+            params.push(cond);
+            return '?';
         });
-        return condTemplate;
-      }
-      params.push(cond);
-      return '?';
-    });
-    if (useTupleIn) {
-      sql +=
-        pks.length > 1
-          ? `(${pks.map(pk => this.platform.quoteIdentifier(pk)).join(', ')})`
-          : this.platform.quoteIdentifier(pks[0]);
-      sql += ` in (${conds.join(', ')})`;
-    } else {
-      sql += conds.join(' or ');
-    }
-    if (this.platform.usesReturningStatement() && returning.size > 0) {
-      const returningFields = Utils.flatten([...returning].map(prop => meta.properties[prop].fieldNames));
-      /* v8 ignore next */
-      sql +=
-        returningFields.length > 0
-          ? ` returning ${returningFields.map(field => this.platform.quoteIdentifier(field)).join(', ')}`
-          : '';
-    }
-    if (transform) {
-      sql = transform(sql, params);
-    }
-    const res = await this.rethrow(this.execute(sql, params, 'run', options.ctx, options.loggerContext));
-    for (let i = 0; i < collections.length; i++) {
-      await this.processManyToMany(meta, where[i], collections[i], false, options);
-    }
-    return res;
-  }
-  async nativeDelete(entityName, where, options = {}) {
-    const meta = this.metadata.get(entityName);
-    const pks = this.getPrimaryKeyFields(meta);
-    if (Utils.isPrimaryKey(where) && pks.length === 1) {
-      where = { [pks[0]]: where };
-    }
-    if (options.unionWhere?.length) {
-      where = await this.applyUnionWhere(meta, where, options, true);
-    }
-    const qb = this.createQueryBuilder(entityName, options.ctx, 'write', false, options.loggerContext)
-      .delete(where)
-      .withSchema(this.getSchemaName(meta, options));
-    return this.rethrow(qb.execute('run', false));
-  }
-  /**
-   * Fast comparison for collection snapshots that are represented by PK arrays.
-   * Compares scalars via `===` and fallbacks to Utils.equals()` for more complex types like Buffer.
-   * Always expects the same length of the arrays, since we only compare PKs of the same entity type.
-   */
-  comparePrimaryKeyArrays(a, b) {
-    for (let i = a.length; i-- !== 0; ) {
-      if (['number', 'string', 'bigint', 'boolean'].includes(typeof a[i])) {
-        if (a[i] !== b[i]) {
-          return false;
-        }
-      } else {
-        if (!Utils.equals(a[i], b[i])) {
-          return false;
-        }
-      }
-    }
-    return true;
-  }
-  async syncCollections(collections, options) {
-    const groups = {};
-    for (const coll of collections) {
-      const wrapped = helper(coll.owner);
-      const meta = wrapped.__meta;
-      const pks = wrapped.getPrimaryKeys(true);
-      const snap = coll.getSnapshot();
-      const includes = (arr, item) => !!arr.find(i => this.comparePrimaryKeyArrays(i, item));
-      const snapshot = snap ? snap.map(item => helper(item).getPrimaryKeys(true)) : [];
-      const current = coll.getItems(false).map(item => helper(item).getPrimaryKeys(true));
-      const deleteDiff = snap ? snapshot.filter(item => !includes(current, item)) : true;
-      const insertDiff = current.filter(item => !includes(snapshot, item));
-      const target = snapshot.filter(item => includes(current, item)).concat(...insertDiff);
-      const equals = Utils.equals(current, target);
-      // wrong order if we just delete and insert to the end (only owning sides can have fixed order)
-      if (coll.property.owner && coll.property.fixedOrder && !equals && Array.isArray(deleteDiff)) {
-        deleteDiff.length = insertDiff.length = 0;
-        for (const item of snapshot) {
-          deleteDiff.push(item);
-        }
-        for (const item of current) {
-          insertDiff.push(item);
-        }
-      }
-      if (coll.property.kind === ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_MANY) {
-        const cols = coll.property.referencedColumnNames;
-        const qb = this.createQueryBuilder(coll.property.targetMeta.class, options?.ctx, 'write').withSchema(
-          this.getSchemaName(meta, options),
-        );
-        if (coll.getSnapshot() === undefined) {
-          if (coll.property.orphanRemoval) {
-            const query = qb
-              .delete({ [coll.property.mappedBy]: pks })
-              .andWhere({ [cols.join(Utils.PK_SEPARATOR)]: { $nin: insertDiff } });
-            await this.rethrow(query.execute());
-            continue;
-          }
-          const query = qb
-            .update({ [coll.property.mappedBy]: null })
-            .where({ [coll.property.mappedBy]: pks })
-            .andWhere({ [cols.join(Utils.PK_SEPARATOR)]: { $nin: insertDiff } });
-          await this.rethrow(query.execute());
-          continue;
+        if (useTupleIn) {
+            sql +=
+                pks.length > 1
+                    ? `(${pks.map(pk => this.platform.quoteIdentifier(pk)).join(', ')})`
+                    : this.platform.quoteIdentifier(pks[0]);
+            sql += ` in (${conds.join(', ')})`;
         }
-        /* v8 ignore next */
-        const query = qb
-          .update({ [coll.property.mappedBy]: pks })
-          .where({ [cols.join(Utils.PK_SEPARATOR)]: { $in: insertDiff } });
-        await this.rethrow(query.execute());
-        continue;
-      }
-      const pivotMeta = this.metadata.find(coll.property.pivotEntity);
-      let schema = pivotMeta.schema;
-      if (schema === '*') {
-        if (coll.property.owner) {
-          schema = wrapped.getSchema() === '*' ? (options?.schema ?? this.config.get('schema')) : wrapped.getSchema();
-        } else {
-          const targetMeta = coll.property.targetMeta;
-          const targetSchema = (coll[0] ?? snap?.[0]) && helper(coll[0] ?? snap?.[0]).getSchema();
-          schema =
-            targetMeta.schema === '*'
-              ? (options?.schema ?? targetSchema ?? this.config.get('schema'))
-              : targetMeta.schema;
-        }
-      } else if (schema == null) {
-        schema = this.config.get('schema');
-      }
-      const tableName = `${schema ?? '_'}.${pivotMeta.tableName}`;
-      const persister = (groups[tableName] ??= new PivotCollectionPersister(
-        pivotMeta,
-        this,
-        options?.ctx,
-        schema,
-        options?.loggerContext,
-      ));
-      persister.enqueueUpdate(coll.property, insertDiff, deleteDiff, pks, coll.isInitialized());
-    }
-    for (const persister of Utils.values(groups)) {
-      await this.rethrow(persister.execute());
-    }
-  }
-  async loadFromPivotTable(prop, owners, where = {}, orderBy, ctx, options, pivotJoin) {
-    /* v8 ignore next */
-    if (owners.length === 0) {
-      return {};
-    }
-    const pivotMeta = this.metadata.get(prop.pivotEntity);
-    if (prop.polymorphic && prop.discriminatorColumn && prop.discriminatorValue) {
-      return this.loadFromPolymorphicPivotTable(prop, owners, where, orderBy, ctx, options, pivotJoin);
-    }
-    const pivotProp1 = pivotMeta.relations[prop.owner ? 1 : 0];
-    const pivotProp2 = pivotMeta.relations[prop.owner ? 0 : 1];
-    const ownerMeta = pivotProp2.targetMeta;
-    // The pivot query builder doesn't convert custom types, so we need to manually
-    // convert owner PKs to DB format for the query and convert result FKs back to
-    // JS format for consistent key hashing in buildPivotResultMap.
-    const pkProp = ownerMeta.properties[ownerMeta.primaryKeys[0]];
-    const needsConversion = pkProp?.customType?.ensureComparable(ownerMeta, pkProp) && !ownerMeta.compositePK;
-    let ownerPks = ownerMeta.compositePK ? owners : owners.map(o => o[0]);
-    if (needsConversion) {
-      ownerPks = ownerPks.map(v => pkProp.customType.convertToDatabaseValue(v, this.platform, { mode: 'query' }));
-    }
-    const cond = {
-      [pivotProp2.name]: { $in: ownerPks },
-    };
-    if (!Utils.isEmpty(where)) {
-      cond[pivotProp1.name] = { ...where };
-    }
-    where = cond;
-    const populateField = pivotJoin ? `${pivotProp1.name}:ref` : pivotProp1.name;
-    const populate = this.autoJoinOneToOneOwner(prop.targetMeta, options?.populate ?? [], options?.fields);
-    const childFields = !Utils.isEmpty(options?.fields) ? options.fields.map(f => `${pivotProp1.name}.${f}`) : [];
-    const childExclude = !Utils.isEmpty(options?.exclude) ? options.exclude.map(f => `${pivotProp1.name}.${f}`) : [];
-    const fields = pivotJoin ? [pivotProp1.name, pivotProp2.name] : [pivotProp1.name, pivotProp2.name, ...childFields];
-    const res = await this.find(pivotMeta.class, where, {
-      ctx,
-      ...options,
-      fields,
-      exclude: childExclude,
-      orderBy: this.getPivotOrderBy(prop, pivotProp1, orderBy, options?.orderBy),
-      populate: [
-        {
-          field: populateField,
-          strategy: LoadStrategy.JOINED,
-          joinType: JoinType.innerJoin,
-          children: populate,
-          dataOnly: pivotProp1.mapToPk && !pivotJoin,
-        },
-      ],
-      populateWhere: undefined,
-      // @ts-ignore
-      _populateWhere: 'infer',
-      populateFilter: this.wrapPopulateFilter(options, pivotProp2.name),
-    });
-    // Convert result FK values back to JS format so key hashing
-    // in buildPivotResultMap is consistent with the owner keys.
-    if (needsConversion) {
-      for (const item of res) {
-        const fk = item[pivotProp2.name];
-        if (fk != null) {
-          item[pivotProp2.name] = pkProp.customType.convertToJSValue(fk, this.platform);
-        }
-      }
-    }
-    return this.buildPivotResultMap(owners, res, pivotProp2.name, pivotProp1.name);
-  }
-  /**
-   * Load from a polymorphic M:N pivot table.
-   */
-  async loadFromPolymorphicPivotTable(prop, owners, where = {}, orderBy, ctx, options, pivotJoin) {
-    const pivotMeta = this.metadata.get(prop.pivotEntity);
-    // Find the M:1 relation on the pivot pointing to the target entity.
-    // We exclude virtual polymorphic owner relations (persist: false) and non-M:1 relations.
-    const inverseProp = pivotMeta.relations.find(
-      r => r.kind === ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_ONE && r.persist !== false && r.targetMeta === prop.targetMeta,
-    );
-    if (inverseProp) {
-      return this.loadPolymorphicPivotOwnerSide(prop, owners, where, orderBy, ctx, options, pivotJoin, inverseProp);
-    }
-    return this.loadPolymorphicPivotInverseSide(prop, owners, where, orderBy, ctx, options);
-  }
-  /**
-   * Load from owner side of polymorphic M:N (e.g., Post -> Tags)
-   */
-  async loadPolymorphicPivotOwnerSide(prop, owners, where, orderBy, ctx, options, pivotJoin, inverseProp) {
-    const pivotMeta = this.metadata.get(prop.pivotEntity);
-    const targetMeta = prop.targetMeta;
-    // Build condition: discriminator = 'post' AND {discriminator} IN (...)
-    const cond = {
-      [prop.discriminatorColumn]: prop.discriminatorValue,
-      [prop.discriminator]: { $in: owners.length === 1 && owners[0].length === 1 ? owners.map(o => o[0]) : owners },
-    };
-    if (!Utils.isEmpty(where)) {
-      cond[inverseProp.name] = { ...where };
-    }
-    const populateField = pivotJoin ? `${inverseProp.name}:ref` : inverseProp.name;
-    const populate = this.autoJoinOneToOneOwner(targetMeta, options?.populate ?? [], options?.fields);
-    const childFields = !Utils.isEmpty(options?.fields) ? options.fields.map(f => `${inverseProp.name}.${f}`) : [];
-    const childExclude = !Utils.isEmpty(options?.exclude) ? options.exclude.map(f => `${inverseProp.name}.${f}`) : [];
-    const fields = pivotJoin
-      ? [inverseProp.name, prop.discriminator, prop.discriminatorColumn]
-      : [inverseProp.name, prop.discriminator, prop.discriminatorColumn, ...childFields];
-    const res = await this.find(pivotMeta.class, cond, {
-      ctx,
-      ...options,
-      fields,
-      exclude: childExclude,
-      orderBy: this.getPivotOrderBy(prop, inverseProp, orderBy, options?.orderBy),
-      populate: [
-        {
-          field: populateField,
-          strategy: LoadStrategy.JOINED,
-          joinType: JoinType.innerJoin,
-          children: populate,
-          dataOnly: inverseProp.mapToPk && !pivotJoin,
-        },
-      ],
-      populateWhere: undefined,
-      // @ts-ignore
-      _populateWhere: 'infer',
-      populateFilter: this.wrapPopulateFilter(options, inverseProp.name),
-    });
-    return this.buildPivotResultMap(owners, res, prop.discriminator, inverseProp.name);
-  }
-  /**
-   * Load from inverse side of polymorphic M:N (e.g., Tag -> Posts)
-   * Uses single query with join via virtual relation on pivot.
-   */
-  async loadPolymorphicPivotInverseSide(prop, owners, where, orderBy, ctx, options) {
-    const pivotMeta = this.metadata.get(prop.pivotEntity);
-    const targetMeta = prop.targetMeta;
-    // Find the relation to the entity we're starting from (e.g., Tag_inverse -> Tag)
-    // Exclude virtual polymorphic owner relations (persist: false) - we want the actual M:N inverse relation
-    const tagProp = pivotMeta.relations.find(r => r.persist !== false && r.targetMeta !== targetMeta);
-    // Find the virtual relation to the polymorphic owner (e.g., taggable_Post -> Post)
-    const ownerRelationName = `${prop.discriminator}_${targetMeta.tableName}`;
-    const ownerProp = pivotMeta.properties[ownerRelationName];
-    // Build condition: discriminator = 'post' AND Tag_inverse IN (tagIds)
-    const cond = {
-      [prop.discriminatorColumn]: prop.discriminatorValue,
-      [tagProp.name]: { $in: owners.length === 1 && owners[0].length === 1 ? owners.map(o => o[0]) : owners },
-    };
-    if (!Utils.isEmpty(where)) {
-      cond[ownerRelationName] = { ...where };
-    }
-    const populateField = ownerRelationName;
-    const populate = this.autoJoinOneToOneOwner(targetMeta, options?.populate ?? [], options?.fields);
-    const childFields = !Utils.isEmpty(options?.fields) ? options.fields.map(f => `${ownerRelationName}.${f}`) : [];
-    const childExclude = !Utils.isEmpty(options?.exclude) ? options.exclude.map(f => `${ownerRelationName}.${f}`) : [];
-    const fields = [ownerRelationName, tagProp.name, prop.discriminatorColumn, ...childFields];
-    const res = await this.find(pivotMeta.class, cond, {
-      ctx,
-      ...options,
-      fields,
-      exclude: childExclude,
-      orderBy: this.getPivotOrderBy(prop, ownerProp, orderBy, options?.orderBy),
-      populate: [
-        {
-          field: populateField,
-          strategy: LoadStrategy.JOINED,
-          joinType: JoinType.innerJoin,
-          children: populate,
-        },
-      ],
-      populateWhere: undefined,
-      // @ts-ignore
-      _populateWhere: 'infer',
-      populateFilter: this.wrapPopulateFilter(options, ownerRelationName),
-    });
-    return this.buildPivotResultMap(owners, res, tagProp.name, ownerRelationName);
-  }
-  /**
-   * Build a map from owner PKs to their related entities from pivot table results.
-   */
-  buildPivotResultMap(owners, results, keyProp, valueProp) {
-    const map = {};
-    for (const owner of owners) {
-      const key = Utils.getPrimaryKeyHash(owner);
-      map[key] = [];
-    }
-    for (const item of results) {
-      const key = Utils.getPrimaryKeyHash(Utils.asArray(item[keyProp]));
-      const entity = item[valueProp];
-      if (map[key]) {
-        map[key].push(entity);
-      }
-    }
-    return map;
-  }
-  wrapPopulateFilter(options, propName) {
-    if (!Utils.isEmpty(options?.populateFilter) || RawQueryFragment.hasObjectFragments(options?.populateFilter)) {
-      return { [propName]: options?.populateFilter };
-    }
-    return undefined;
-  }
-  getPivotOrderBy(prop, pivotProp, orderBy, parentOrderBy) {
-    if (!Utils.isEmpty(orderBy) || RawQueryFragment.hasObjectFragments(orderBy)) {
-      return Utils.asArray(orderBy).map(o => ({ [pivotProp.name]: o }));
-    }
-    if (prop.kind === ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_MANY && Utils.asArray(parentOrderBy).some(o => o[prop.name])) {
-      return Utils.asArray(parentOrderBy)
-        .filter(o => o[prop.name])
-        .map(o => ({ [pivotProp.name]: o[prop.name] }));
-    }
-    if (!Utils.isEmpty(prop.orderBy) || RawQueryFragment.hasObjectFragments(prop.orderBy)) {
-      return Utils.asArray(prop.orderBy).map(o => ({ [pivotProp.name]: o }));
-    }
-    if (prop.fixedOrder) {
-      return [{ [prop.fixedOrderColumn]: QueryOrder.ASC }];
-    }
-    return [];
-  }
-  async execute(query, params = [], method = 'all', ctx, loggerContext) {
-    return this.rethrow(this.connection.execute(query, params, method, ctx, loggerContext));
-  }
-  async *stream(entityName, where, options) {
-    options = { populate: [], orderBy: [], ...options };
-    const meta = this.metadata.get(entityName);
-    if (meta.virtual) {
-      yield* this.streamFromVirtual(entityName, where, options);
-      return;
-    }
-    const qb = await this.createQueryBuilderFromOptions(meta, where, options);
-    try {
-      const result = qb.stream(options);
-      for await (const item of result) {
-        yield item;
-      }
-    } catch (e) {
-      throw this.convertException(e);
-    }
-  }
-  /**
-   * 1:1 owner side needs to be marked for population so QB auto-joins the owner id
-   */
-  autoJoinOneToOneOwner(meta, populate, fields = []) {
-    if (!this.config.get('autoJoinOneToOneOwner')) {
-      return populate;
+        else {
+            sql += conds.join(' or ');
+        }
+        if (this.platform.usesReturningStatement() && returning.size > 0) {
+            const returningFields = Utils.flatten([...returning].map(prop => meta.properties[prop].fieldNames));
+            /* v8 ignore next */
+            sql +=
+                returningFields.length > 0
+                    ? ` returning ${returningFields.map(field => this.platform.quoteIdentifier(field)).join(', ')}`
+                    : '';
+        }
+        if (transform) {
+            sql = transform(sql, params);
+        }
+        const res = await this.rethrow(this.execute(sql, params, 'run', options.ctx, options.loggerContext));
+        for (let i = 0; i < collections.length; i++) {
+            await this.processManyToMany(meta, where[i], collections[i], false, options);
+        }
+        return res;
     }
-    const relationsToPopulate = populate.map(({ field }) => field.split(':')[0]);
-    const toPopulate = meta.relations
-      .filter(
-        prop =>
-          prop.kind === ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_ONE &&
-          !prop.owner &&
-          !prop.lazy &&
-          !relationsToPopulate.includes(prop.name),
-      )
-      .filter(prop => fields.length === 0 || fields.some(f => prop.name === f || prop.name.startsWith(`${String(f)}.`)))
-      .map(prop => ({ field: `${prop.name}:ref`, strategy: LoadStrategy.JOINED }));
-    return [...populate, ...toPopulate];
-  }
-  /**
-   * @internal
-   */
-  joinedProps(meta, populate, options) {
-    return populate.filter(hint => {
-      const [propName, ref] = hint.field.split(':', 2);
-      const prop = meta.properties[propName] || {};
-      const strategy = getLoadingStrategy(
-        hint.strategy || prop.strategy || options?.strategy || this.config.get('loadStrategy'),
-        prop.kind,
-      );
-      if (ref && [ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_ONE, ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_ONE].includes(prop.kind)) {
+    async nativeDelete(entityName, where, options = {}) {
+        const meta = this.metadata.get(entityName);
+        const pks = this.getPrimaryKeyFields(meta);
+        if (Utils.isPrimaryKey(where) && pks.length === 1) {
+            where = { [pks[0]]: where };
+        }
+        if (options.unionWhere?.length) {
+            where = await this.applyUnionWhere(meta, where, options, true);
+        }
+        const qb = this.createQueryBuilder(entityName, options.ctx, 'write', false, options.loggerContext)
+            .delete(where)
+            .withSchema(this.getSchemaName(meta, options));
+        return this.rethrow(qb.execute('run', false));
+    }
+    /**
+     * Fast comparison for collection snapshots that are represented by PK arrays.
+     * Compares scalars via `===` and fallbacks to Utils.equals()` for more complex types like Buffer.
+     * Always expects the same length of the arrays, since we only compare PKs of the same entity type.
+     */
+    comparePrimaryKeyArrays(a, b) {
+        for (let i = a.length; i-- !== 0;) {
+            if (['number', 'string', 'bigint', 'boolean'].includes(typeof a[i])) {
+                if (a[i] !== b[i]) {
+                    return false;
+                }
+            }
+            else {
+                if (!Utils.equals(a[i], b[i])) {
+                    return false;
+                }
+            }
+        }
         return true;
-      }
-      // skip redundant joins for 1:1 owner population hints when using `mapToPk`
-      if (prop.kind === ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_ONE && prop.mapToPk && prop.owner) {
-        return false;
-      }
-      if (strategy !== LoadStrategy.JOINED) {
-        // force joined strategy for explicit 1:1 owner populate hint as it would require a join anyway
-        return prop.kind === ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_ONE && !prop.owner;
-      }
-      return ![ReferenceKind.SCALAR, ReferenceKind.EMBEDDED].includes(prop.kind);
-    });
-  }
-  /**
-   * @internal
-   */
-  mergeJoinedResult(rawResults, meta, joinedProps) {
-    if (rawResults.length <= 1) {
-      return rawResults;
-    }
-    const res = [];
-    const map = {};
-    const collectionsToMerge = {};
-    const hints = joinedProps.map(hint => {
-      const [propName, ref] = hint.field.split(':', 2);
-      return { propName, ref, children: hint.children };
-    });
-    for (const item of rawResults) {
-      const pk = Utils.getCompositeKeyHash(item, meta);
-      if (map[pk]) {
-        for (const { propName } of hints) {
-          if (!item[propName]) {
-            continue;
-          }
-          collectionsToMerge[pk] ??= {};
-          collectionsToMerge[pk][propName] ??= [map[pk][propName]];
-          collectionsToMerge[pk][propName].push(item[propName]);
-        }
-      } else {
-        map[pk] = item;
-        res.push(item);
-      }
     }
-    for (const pk in collectionsToMerge) {
-      const entity = map[pk];
-      const collections = collectionsToMerge[pk];
-      for (const { propName, ref, children } of hints) {
-        if (!collections[propName]) {
-          continue;
+    async syncCollections(collections, options) {
+        const groups = {};
+        for (const coll of collections) {
+            const wrapped = helper(coll.owner);
+            const meta = wrapped.__meta;
+            const pks = wrapped.getPrimaryKeys(true);
+            const snap = coll.getSnapshot();
+            const includes = (arr, item) => !!arr.find(i => this.comparePrimaryKeyArrays(i, item));
+            const snapshot = snap ? snap.map(item => helper(item).getPrimaryKeys(true)) : [];
+            const current = coll.getItems(false).map(item => helper(item).getPrimaryKeys(true));
+            const deleteDiff = snap ? snapshot.filter(item => !includes(current, item)) : true;
+            const insertDiff = current.filter(item => !includes(snapshot, item));
+            const target = snapshot.filter(item => includes(current, item)).concat(...insertDiff);
+            const equals = Utils.equals(current, target);
+            // wrong order if we just delete and insert to the end (only owning sides can have fixed order)
+            if (coll.property.owner && coll.property.fixedOrder && !equals && Array.isArray(deleteDiff)) {
+                deleteDiff.length = insertDiff.length = 0;
+                for (const item of snapshot) {
+                    deleteDiff.push(item);
+                }
+                for (const item of current) {
+                    insertDiff.push(item);
+                }
+            }
+            if (coll.property.kind === ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_MANY) {
+                const cols = coll.property.referencedColumnNames;
+                const qb = this.createQueryBuilder(coll.property.targetMeta.class, options?.ctx, 'write').withSchema(this.getSchemaName(meta, options));
+                if (coll.getSnapshot() === undefined) {
+                    if (coll.property.orphanRemoval) {
+                        const query = qb
+                            .delete({ [coll.property.mappedBy]: pks })
+                            .andWhere({ [cols.join(Utils.PK_SEPARATOR)]: { $nin: insertDiff } });
+                        await this.rethrow(query.execute());
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    const query = qb
+                        .update({ [coll.property.mappedBy]: null })
+                        .where({ [coll.property.mappedBy]: pks })
+                        .andWhere({ [cols.join(Utils.PK_SEPARATOR)]: { $nin: insertDiff } });
+                    await this.rethrow(query.execute());
+                    continue;
+                }
+                /* v8 ignore next */
+                const query = qb
+                    .update({ [coll.property.mappedBy]: pks })
+                    .where({ [cols.join(Utils.PK_SEPARATOR)]: { $in: insertDiff } });
+                await this.rethrow(query.execute());
+                continue;
+            }
+            const pivotMeta = this.metadata.find(coll.property.pivotEntity);
+            let schema = pivotMeta.schema;
+            if (schema === '*') {
+                if (coll.property.owner) {
+                    schema = wrapped.getSchema() === '*' ? (options?.schema ?? this.config.get('schema')) : wrapped.getSchema();
+                }
+                else {
+                    const targetMeta = coll.property.targetMeta;
+                    const targetSchema = (coll[0] ?? snap?.[0]) && helper(coll[0] ?? snap?.[0]).getSchema();
+                    schema =
+                        targetMeta.schema === '*'
+                            ? (options?.schema ?? targetSchema ?? this.config.get('schema'))
+                            : targetMeta.schema;
+                }
+            }
+            else if (schema == null) {
+                schema = this.config.get('schema');
+            }
+            const tableName = `${schema ?? '_'}.${pivotMeta.tableName}`;
+            const persister = (groups[tableName] ??= new PivotCollectionPersister(pivotMeta, this, options?.ctx, schema, options?.loggerContext));
+            persister.enqueueUpdate(coll.property, insertDiff, deleteDiff, pks, coll.isInitialized());
+        }
+        for (const persister of Utils.values(groups)) {
+            await this.rethrow(persister.execute());
         }
-        const prop = meta.properties[propName];
-        const items = collections[propName].flat();
-        if ([ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_MANY, ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_MANY].includes(prop.kind) && ref) {
-          entity[propName] = items;
-          continue;
-        }
-        switch (prop.kind) {
-          case ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_MANY:
-          case ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_MANY:
-            entity[propName] = this.mergeJoinedResult(items, prop.targetMeta, children ?? []);
-            break;
-          case ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_ONE:
-          case ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_ONE:
-            entity[propName] = this.mergeJoinedResult(items, prop.targetMeta, children ?? [])[0];
-            break;
-        }
-      }
-    }
-    return res;
-  }
-  shouldHaveColumn(meta, prop, populate, fields, exclude) {
-    if (!this.platform.shouldHaveColumn(prop, populate, exclude)) {
-      return false;
-    }
-    if (!fields || fields.includes('*') || prop.primary || meta.root.discriminatorColumn === prop.name) {
-      return true;
-    }
-    return fields.some(f => f === prop.name || f.toString().startsWith(prop.name + '.'));
-  }
-  getFieldsForJoinedLoad(qb, meta, options) {
-    const fields = [];
-    const populate = options.populate ?? [];
-    const joinedProps = this.joinedProps(meta, populate, options);
-    const populateWhereAll = options?._populateWhere === 'all' || Utils.isEmpty(options?._populateWhere);
-    // Ensure TPT joins are applied early so that _tptAlias is available for join resolution
-    // This is needed when populating relations that are inherited from TPT parent entities
-    if (!options.parentJoinPath) {
-      qb.ensureTPTJoins();
-    }
-    // root entity is already handled, skip that
-    if (options.parentJoinPath) {
-      // alias all fields in the primary table
-      meta.props
-        .filter(prop => this.shouldHaveColumn(meta, prop, populate, options.explicitFields, options.exclude))
-        .forEach(prop =>
-          fields.push(
-            ...this.mapPropToFieldNames(
-              qb,
-              prop,
-              options.parentTableAlias,
-              meta,
-              options.schema,
-              options.explicitFields,
-            ),
-          ),
-        );
     }
-    for (const hint of joinedProps) {
-      const [propName, ref] = hint.field.split(':', 2);
-      const prop = meta.properties[propName];
-      // Polymorphic to-one: create a LEFT JOIN per target type
-      // Skip regular :ref hints — polymorphic to-one already has FK + discriminator in the row
-      // But allow filter :ref hints through to create per-target LEFT JOINs with filter checks
-      if (
-        prop.polymorphic &&
-        prop.polymorphTargets?.length &&
-        (!ref || hint.filter) &&
-        [ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_ONE, ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_ONE].includes(prop.kind)
-      ) {
-        const basePath = options.parentJoinPath
-          ? `${options.parentJoinPath}.${prop.name}`
-          : `${meta.name}.${prop.name}`;
-        const pathPrefix =
-          !options.parentJoinPath && populateWhereAll && !basePath.startsWith('[populate]') ? '[populate]' : '';
-        for (const targetMeta of prop.polymorphTargets) {
-          const tableAlias = qb.getNextAlias(targetMeta.className);
-          const targetPath = `${pathPrefix}${basePath}[${targetMeta.className}]`;
-          const schema = targetMeta.schema === '*' ? (options?.schema ?? this.config.get('schema')) : targetMeta.schema;
-          qb.addPolymorphicJoin(
-            prop,
-            targetMeta,
-            options.parentTableAlias,
-            tableAlias,
-            JoinType.leftJoin,
-            targetPath,
-            schema,
-          );
-          // For polymorphic targets that are TPT base classes, also LEFT JOIN
-          // all descendant tables so child-specific fields can be selected.
-          if (targetMeta.inheritanceType === 'tpt' && targetMeta.tptChildren?.length && !ref) {
-            const tptMeta = this.metadata.get(targetMeta.class);
-            this.addTPTPolymorphicJoinsForRelation(qb, tptMeta, tableAlias, fields);
-          }
-          if (ref) {
-            // For filter :ref hints, schedule filter check for each target (no field selection)
-            qb.scheduleFilterCheck(targetPath);
-          } else {
-            // Select fields from each target table
-            fields.push(
-              ...this.getFieldsForJoinedLoad(qb, targetMeta, {
-                ...options,
-                populate: hint.children,
-                parentTableAlias: tableAlias,
-                parentJoinPath: targetPath,
-              }),
-            );
-          }
-        }
-        continue;
-      }
-      // ignore ref joins of known FKs unless it's a filter hint
-      if (
-        ref &&
-        !hint.filter &&
-        (prop.kind === ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_ONE || (prop.kind === ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_ONE && prop.owner))
-      ) {
-        continue;
-      }
-      const meta2 = prop.targetMeta;
-      const pivotRefJoin = prop.kind === ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_MANY && ref;
-      const tableAlias = qb.getNextAlias(prop.name);
-      const field = `${options.parentTableAlias}.${prop.name}`;
-      let path = options.parentJoinPath ? `${options.parentJoinPath}.${prop.name}` : `${meta.name}.${prop.name}`;
-      if (!options.parentJoinPath && populateWhereAll && !hint.filter && !path.startsWith('[populate]')) {
-        path = '[populate]' + path;
-      }
-      const mandatoryToOneProperty =
-        [ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_ONE, ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_ONE].includes(prop.kind) && !prop.nullable;
-      const joinType = pivotRefJoin
-        ? JoinType.pivotJoin
-        : hint.joinType
-          ? hint.joinType
-          : (hint.filter && !prop.nullable) || mandatoryToOneProperty
-            ? JoinType.innerJoin
-            : JoinType.leftJoin;
-      const schema =
-        prop.targetMeta.schema === '*' ? (options?.schema ?? this.config.get('schema')) : prop.targetMeta.schema;
-      qb.join(field, tableAlias, {}, joinType, path, schema);
-      // For relations to TPT child entities, INNER JOIN parent tables (GH #7469)
-      if (meta2.inheritanceType === 'tpt' && meta2.tptParent) {
-        let childAlias = tableAlias;
-        let childMeta = meta2;
-        while (childMeta.tptParent) {
-          const parentMeta = childMeta.tptParent;
-          const parentAlias = qb.getNextAlias(parentMeta.className);
-          qb.createAlias(parentMeta.class, parentAlias);
-          qb.state.tptAlias[`${tableAlias}:${parentMeta.className}`] = parentAlias;
-          qb.addPropertyJoin(
-            childMeta.tptParentProp,
-            childAlias,
-            parentAlias,
-            JoinType.innerJoin,
-            `${path}.[tpt]${childMeta.className}`,
-          );
-          childAlias = parentAlias;
-          childMeta = parentMeta;
-        }
-      }
-      // For relations to TPT base classes, add LEFT JOINs for all child tables (polymorphic loading)
-      if (meta2.inheritanceType === 'tpt' && meta2.tptChildren?.length && !ref) {
-        // Use the registry metadata to ensure allTPTDescendants is available
-        const tptMeta = this.metadata.get(meta2.class);
-        this.addTPTPolymorphicJoinsForRelation(qb, tptMeta, tableAlias, fields);
-      }
-      if (pivotRefJoin) {
-        fields.push(
-          ...prop.joinColumns.map(col =>
-            qb.helper.mapper(`${tableAlias}.${col}`, qb.type, undefined, `${tableAlias}__${col}`),
-          ),
-          ...prop.inverseJoinColumns.map(col =>
-            qb.helper.mapper(`${tableAlias}.${col}`, qb.type, undefined, `${tableAlias}__${col}`),
-          ),
-        );
-      }
-      if (prop.kind === ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_MANY && ref) {
-        fields.push(
-          ...this.getFieldsForJoinedLoad(qb, meta2, {
-            ...options,
-            explicitFields: prop.referencedColumnNames,
-            exclude: undefined,
-            populate: hint.children,
-            parentTableAlias: tableAlias,
-            parentJoinPath: path,
-          }),
-        );
-      }
-      const childExplicitFields =
-        options.explicitFields?.filter(f => Utils.isPlainObject(f)).map(o => o[prop.name])[0] || [];
-      options.explicitFields?.forEach(f => {
-        if (typeof f === 'string' && f.startsWith(`${prop.name}.`)) {
-          childExplicitFields.push(f.substring(prop.name.length + 1));
-        }
-      });
-      const childExclude = options.exclude ? Utils.extractChildElements(options.exclude, prop.name) : options.exclude;
-      if (!ref && (!prop.mapToPk || hint.dataOnly)) {
-        fields.push(
-          ...this.getFieldsForJoinedLoad(qb, meta2, {
+    async loadFromPivotTable(prop, owners, where = {}, orderBy, ctx, options, pivotJoin) {
+        /* v8 ignore next */
+        if (owners.length === 0) {
+            return {};
+        }
+        const pivotMeta = this.metadata.get(prop.pivotEntity);
+        if (prop.polymorphic && prop.discriminatorColumn && prop.discriminatorValue) {
+            return this.loadFromPolymorphicPivotTable(prop, owners, where, orderBy, ctx, options, pivotJoin);
+        }
+        const pivotProp1 = pivotMeta.relations[prop.owner ? 1 : 0];
+        const pivotProp2 = pivotMeta.relations[prop.owner ? 0 : 1];
+        const ownerMeta = pivotProp2.targetMeta;
+        // The pivot query builder doesn't convert custom types, so we need to manually
+        // convert owner PKs to DB format for the query and convert result FKs back to
+        // JS format for consistent key hashing in buildPivotResultMap.
+        const pkProp = ownerMeta.properties[ownerMeta.primaryKeys[0]];
+        const needsConversion = pkProp?.customType?.ensureComparable(ownerMeta, pkProp) && !ownerMeta.compositePK;
+        let ownerPks = ownerMeta.compositePK ? owners : owners.map(o => o[0]);
+        if (needsConversion) {
+            ownerPks = ownerPks.map(v => pkProp.customType.convertToDatabaseValue(v, this.platform, { mode: 'query' }));
+        }
+        const cond = {
+            [pivotProp2.name]: { $in: ownerPks },
+        };
+        if (!Utils.isEmpty(where)) {
+            cond[pivotProp1.name] = { ...where };
+        }
+        where = cond;
+        const populateField = pivotJoin ? `${pivotProp1.name}:ref` : pivotProp1.name;
+        const populate = this.autoJoinOneToOneOwner(prop.targetMeta, options?.populate ?? [], options?.fields);
+        const childFields = !Utils.isEmpty(options?.fields) ? options.fields.map(f => `${pivotProp1.name}.${f}`) : [];
+        const childExclude = !Utils.isEmpty(options?.exclude) ? options.exclude.map(f => `${pivotProp1.name}.${f}`) : [];
+        const fields = pivotJoin
+            ? [pivotProp1.name, pivotProp2.name]
+            : [pivotProp1.name, pivotProp2.name, ...childFields];
+        const res = await this.find(pivotMeta.class, where, {
+            ctx,
             ...options,
-            explicitFields: childExplicitFields.length === 0 ? undefined : childExplicitFields,
+            fields,
             exclude: childExclude,
-            populate: hint.children,
-            parentTableAlias: tableAlias,
-            parentJoinPath: path,
-          }),
-        );
-      } else if (
-        hint.filter ||
-        (prop.mapToPk && !hint.dataOnly) ||
-        (ref && [ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_ONE, ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_ONE].includes(prop.kind))
-      ) {
-        fields.push(
-          ...prop.referencedColumnNames.map(col =>
-            qb.helper.mapper(`${tableAlias}.${col}`, qb.type, undefined, `${tableAlias}__${col}`),
-          ),
-        );
-      }
-    }
-    return fields;
-  }
-  /**
-   * Adds LEFT JOINs and fields for TPT polymorphic loading when populating a relation to a TPT base class.
-   * @internal
-   */
-  addTPTPolymorphicJoinsForRelation(qb, meta, baseAlias, fields) {
-    // allTPTDescendants is pre-computed during discovery, sorted by depth (deepest first)
-    const descendants = meta.allTPTDescendants;
-    const childAliases = {};
-    // LEFT JOIN each descendant table
-    for (const childMeta of descendants) {
-      const childAlias = qb.getNextAlias(childMeta.className);
-      qb.createAlias(childMeta.class, childAlias);
-      childAliases[childMeta.className] = childAlias;
-      qb.addPropertyJoin(childMeta.tptInverseProp, baseAlias, childAlias, JoinType.leftJoin, `[tpt]${meta.className}`);
-      // Add fields from this child (only ownProps, skip PKs)
-      const schema = childMeta.schema === '*' ? '*' : this.getSchemaName(childMeta);
-      childMeta.ownProps
-        .filter(p => !p.primary && this.platform.shouldHaveColumn(p, []))
-        .forEach(prop => fields.push(...this.mapPropToFieldNames(qb, prop, childAlias, childMeta, schema)));
-    }
-    // Add computed discriminator (descendants already sorted by depth)
-    if (meta.root.tptDiscriminatorColumn) {
-      fields.push(this.buildTPTDiscriminatorExpression(meta, descendants, childAliases, baseAlias));
-    }
-  }
-  /**
-   * Find the alias for a TPT child table in the query builder.
-   * @internal
-   */
-  findTPTChildAlias(qb, childMeta) {
-    const joins = qb.state.joins;
-    for (const key of Object.keys(joins)) {
-      if (joins[key].table === childMeta.tableName && key.includes('[tpt]')) {
-        return joins[key].alias;
-      }
-    }
-    return undefined;
-  }
-  /**
-   * Builds a CASE WHEN expression for TPT discriminator.
-   * Determines concrete entity type based on which child table has a non-null PK.
-   * @internal
-   */
-  buildTPTDiscriminatorExpression(meta, descendants, aliasMap, baseAlias) {
-    const cases = descendants.map(child => {
-      const childAlias = aliasMap[child.className];
-      const pkFieldName = child.properties[child.primaryKeys[0]].fieldNames[0];
-      return `when ${this.platform.quoteIdentifier(`${childAlias}.${pkFieldName}`)} is not null then '${child.discriminatorValue}'`;
-    });
-    const defaultValue = meta.abstract ? 'null' : `'${meta.discriminatorValue}'`;
-    const caseExpr = `case ${cases.join(' ')} else ${defaultValue} end`;
-    const aliased = this.platform.quoteIdentifier(`${baseAlias}__${meta.root.tptDiscriminatorColumn}`);
-    return raw(`${caseExpr} as ${aliased}`);
-  }
-  /**
-   * Maps TPT child-specific fields during hydration.
-   * When a relation points to a TPT base class, the actual entity might be a child class.
-   * This method reads the discriminator to determine the concrete type and maps child-specific fields.
-   * @internal
-   */
-  mapTPTChildFields(relationPojo, meta, relationAlias, qb, root) {
-    if (meta.inheritanceType !== 'tpt' || !meta.root.tptDiscriminatorColumn) {
-      return;
-    }
-    const discriminatorAlias = `${relationAlias}__${meta.root.tptDiscriminatorColumn}`;
-    const discriminatorValue = root[discriminatorAlias];
-    if (!discriminatorValue) {
-      return;
-    }
-    relationPojo[meta.root.tptDiscriminatorColumn] = discriminatorValue;
-    const concreteClass = meta.root.discriminatorMap?.[discriminatorValue];
-    /* v8 ignore next 3 - defensive check for invalid discriminator values */
-    if (!concreteClass) {
-      return;
-    }
-    const concreteMeta = this.metadata.get(concreteClass);
-    delete root[discriminatorAlias];
-    if (concreteMeta === meta) {
-      return concreteMeta;
-    }
-    // Traverse up from concrete type and map fields from each level's table
-    const tz = this.platform.getTimezone();
-    let currentMeta = concreteMeta;
-    while (currentMeta && currentMeta !== meta) {
-      const childAlias = this.findTPTChildAlias(qb, currentMeta);
-      if (childAlias) {
-        // Map fields using same filtering as joined loading, plus skip PKs
-        for (const prop of currentMeta.ownProps.filter(p => !p.primary && this.platform.shouldHaveColumn(p, []))) {
-          this.mapJoinedProp(relationPojo, prop, childAlias, root, tz, currentMeta, {
-            deleteFromRoot: true,
-          });
-        }
-      }
-      currentMeta = currentMeta.tptParent;
-    }
-    return concreteMeta;
-  }
-  /**
-   * @internal
-   */
-  mapPropToFieldNames(qb, prop, tableAlias, meta, schema, explicitFields) {
-    if (prop.kind === ReferenceKind.EMBEDDED && !prop.object) {
-      return Object.entries(prop.embeddedProps).flatMap(([name, childProp]) => {
-        const childFields = explicitFields ? Utils.extractChildElements(explicitFields, prop.name) : [];
-        if (
-          !this.shouldHaveColumn(
-            prop.targetMeta,
-            { ...childProp, name },
-            [],
-            childFields.length > 0 ? childFields : undefined,
-          )
-        ) {
-          return [];
-        }
-        return this.mapPropToFieldNames(qb, childProp, tableAlias, meta, schema, childFields);
-      });
-    }
-    const aliased = this.platform.quoteIdentifier(`${tableAlias}__${prop.fieldNames[0]}`);
-    if (prop.customTypes?.some(type => !!type?.convertToJSValueSQL)) {
-      return prop.fieldNames.map((col, idx) => {
-        if (!prop.customTypes[idx]?.convertToJSValueSQL) {
-          return col;
-        }
-        const prefixed = this.platform.quoteIdentifier(`${tableAlias}.${col}`);
-        const aliased = this.platform.quoteIdentifier(`${tableAlias}__${col}`);
-        return raw(`${prop.customTypes[idx].convertToJSValueSQL(prefixed, this.platform)} as ${aliased}`);
-      });
-    }
-    if (prop.customType?.convertToJSValueSQL) {
-      const prefixed = this.platform.quoteIdentifier(`${tableAlias}.${prop.fieldNames[0]}`);
-      return [raw(`${prop.customType.convertToJSValueSQL(prefixed, this.platform)} as ${aliased}`)];
-    }
-    if (prop.formula) {
-      const quotedAlias = this.platform.quoteIdentifier(tableAlias).toString();
-      const table = this.createFormulaTable(quotedAlias, meta, schema);
-      const columns = meta.createColumnMappingObject(tableAlias);
-      return [raw(`${this.evaluateFormula(prop.formula, columns, table)} as ${aliased}`)];
-    }
-    const sourceAlias = qb.helper.getTPTAliasForProperty(prop.name, tableAlias);
-    return prop.fieldNames.map(fieldName => {
-      return raw('?? as ??', [`${sourceAlias}.${fieldName}`, `${tableAlias}__${fieldName}`]);
-    });
-  }
-  /** @internal */
-  createQueryBuilder(entityName, ctx, preferredConnectionType, convertCustomTypes, loggerContext, alias, em) {
-    // do not compute the connectionType if EM is provided as it will be computed from it in the QB later on
-    const connectionType = em
-      ? preferredConnectionType
-      : this.resolveConnectionType({ ctx, connectionType: preferredConnectionType });
-    const qb = new QueryBuilder(entityName, this.metadata, this, ctx, alias, connectionType, em, loggerContext);
-    if (!convertCustomTypes) {
-      qb.unsetFlag(QueryFlag.CONVERT_CUSTOM_TYPES);
-    }
-    return qb;
-  }
-  resolveConnectionType(args) {
-    if (args.ctx) {
-      return 'write';
-    }
-    if (args.connectionType) {
-      return args.connectionType;
-    }
-    if (this.config.get('preferReadReplicas')) {
-      return 'read';
+            orderBy: this.getPivotOrderBy(prop, pivotProp1, orderBy, options?.orderBy),
+            populate: [
+                {
+                    field: populateField,
+                    strategy: LoadStrategy.JOINED,
+                    joinType: JoinType.innerJoin,
+                    children: populate,
+                    dataOnly: pivotProp1.mapToPk && !pivotJoin,
+                },
+            ],
+            populateWhere: undefined,
+            // @ts-ignore
+            _populateWhere: 'infer',
+            populateFilter: this.wrapPopulateFilter(options, pivotProp2.name),
+        });
+        // Convert result FK values back to JS format so key hashing
+        // in buildPivotResultMap is consistent with the owner keys.
+        if (needsConversion) {
+            for (const item of res) {
+                const fk = item[pivotProp2.name];
+                if (fk != null) {
+                    item[pivotProp2.name] = pkProp.customType.convertToJSValue(fk, this.platform);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return this.buildPivotResultMap(owners, res, pivotProp2.name, pivotProp1.name);
     }
-    return 'write';
-  }
-  extractManyToMany(meta, data) {
-    const ret = {};
-    for (const prop of meta.relations) {
-      if (prop.kind === ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_MANY && data[prop.name]) {
-        ret[prop.name] = data[prop.name].map(item => Utils.asArray(item));
-        delete data[prop.name];
-      }
+    /**
+     * Load from a polymorphic M:N pivot table.
+     */
+    async loadFromPolymorphicPivotTable(prop, owners, where = {}, orderBy, ctx, options, pivotJoin) {
+        const pivotMeta = this.metadata.get(prop.pivotEntity);
+        // Find the M:1 relation on the pivot pointing to the target entity.
+        // We exclude virtual polymorphic owner relations (persist: false) and non-M:1 relations.
+        const inverseProp = pivotMeta.relations.find(r => r.kind === ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_ONE && r.persist !== false && r.targetMeta === prop.targetMeta);
+        if (inverseProp) {
+            return this.loadPolymorphicPivotOwnerSide(prop, owners, where, orderBy, ctx, options, pivotJoin, inverseProp);
+        }
+        return this.loadPolymorphicPivotInverseSide(prop, owners, where, orderBy, ctx, options);
     }
-    return ret;
-  }
-  async processManyToMany(meta, pks, collections, clear, options) {
-    for (const prop of meta.relations) {
-      if (collections[prop.name]) {
+    /**
+     * Load from owner side of polymorphic M:N (e.g., Post -> Tags)
+     */
+    async loadPolymorphicPivotOwnerSide(prop, owners, where, orderBy, ctx, options, pivotJoin, inverseProp) {
         const pivotMeta = this.metadata.get(prop.pivotEntity);
-        const persister = new PivotCollectionPersister(
-          pivotMeta,
-          this,
-          options?.ctx,
-          options?.schema,
-          options?.loggerContext,
-        );
-        persister.enqueueUpdate(prop, collections[prop.name], clear, pks);
-        await this.rethrow(persister.execute());
-      }
+        const targetMeta = prop.targetMeta;
+        // Build condition: discriminator = 'post' AND {discriminator} IN (...)
+        const cond = {
+            [prop.discriminatorColumn]: prop.discriminatorValue,
+            [prop.discriminator]: { $in: owners.length === 1 && owners[0].length === 1 ? owners.map(o => o[0]) : owners },
+        };
+        if (!Utils.isEmpty(where)) {
+            cond[inverseProp.name] = { ...where };
+        }
+        const populateField = pivotJoin ? `${inverseProp.name}:ref` : inverseProp.name;
+        const populate = this.autoJoinOneToOneOwner(targetMeta, options?.populate ?? [], options?.fields);
+        const childFields = !Utils.isEmpty(options?.fields) ? options.fields.map(f => `${inverseProp.name}.${f}`) : [];
+        const childExclude = !Utils.isEmpty(options?.exclude)
+            ? options.exclude.map(f => `${inverseProp.name}.${f}`)
+            : [];
+        const fields = pivotJoin
+            ? [inverseProp.name, prop.discriminator, prop.discriminatorColumn]
+            : [inverseProp.name, prop.discriminator, prop.discriminatorColumn, ...childFields];
+        const res = await this.find(pivotMeta.class, cond, {
+            ctx,
+            ...options,
+            fields,
+            exclude: childExclude,
+            orderBy: this.getPivotOrderBy(prop, inverseProp, orderBy, options?.orderBy),
+            populate: [
+                {
+                    field: populateField,
+                    strategy: LoadStrategy.JOINED,
+                    joinType: JoinType.innerJoin,
+                    children: populate,
+                    dataOnly: inverseProp.mapToPk && !pivotJoin,
+                },
+            ],
+            populateWhere: undefined,
+            // @ts-ignore
+            _populateWhere: 'infer',
+            populateFilter: this.wrapPopulateFilter(options, inverseProp.name),
+        });
+        return this.buildPivotResultMap(owners, res, prop.discriminator, inverseProp.name);
     }
-  }
-  async lockPessimistic(entity, options) {
-    const meta = helper(entity).__meta;
-    const qb = this.createQueryBuilder(meta.class, options.ctx, undefined, undefined, options.logging).withSchema(
-      options.schema ?? meta.schema,
-    );
-    const cond = Utils.getPrimaryKeyCond(entity, meta.primaryKeys);
-    qb.select(raw('1')).where(cond).setLockMode(options.lockMode, options.lockTableAliases);
-    await this.rethrow(qb.execute());
-  }
-  buildPopulateWhere(meta, joinedProps, options) {
-    const where = {};
-    for (const hint of joinedProps) {
-      const [propName] = hint.field.split(':', 2);
-      const prop = meta.properties[propName];
-      if (!Utils.isEmpty(prop.where) || RawQueryFragment.hasObjectFragments(prop.where)) {
-        where[prop.name] = Utils.copy(prop.where);
-      }
-      if (hint.children) {
+    /**
+     * Load from inverse side of polymorphic M:N (e.g., Tag -> Posts)
+     * Uses single query with join via virtual relation on pivot.
+     */
+    async loadPolymorphicPivotInverseSide(prop, owners, where, orderBy, ctx, options) {
+        const pivotMeta = this.metadata.get(prop.pivotEntity);
         const targetMeta = prop.targetMeta;
-        if (targetMeta) {
-          const inner = this.buildPopulateWhere(targetMeta, hint.children, {});
-          if (!Utils.isEmpty(inner) || RawQueryFragment.hasObjectFragments(inner)) {
-            where[prop.name] ??= {};
-            Object.assign(where[prop.name], inner);
-          }
-        }
-      }
+        // Find the relation to the entity we're starting from (e.g., Tag_inverse -> Tag)
+        // Exclude virtual polymorphic owner relations (persist: false) - we want the actual M:N inverse relation
+        const tagProp = pivotMeta.relations.find(r => r.persist !== false && r.targetMeta !== targetMeta);
+        // Find the virtual relation to the polymorphic owner (e.g., taggable_Post -> Post)
+        const ownerRelationName = `${prop.discriminator}_${targetMeta.tableName}`;
+        const ownerProp = pivotMeta.properties[ownerRelationName];
+        // Build condition: discriminator = 'post' AND Tag_inverse IN (tagIds)
+        const cond = {
+            [prop.discriminatorColumn]: prop.discriminatorValue,
+            [tagProp.name]: { $in: owners.length === 1 && owners[0].length === 1 ? owners.map(o => o[0]) : owners },
+        };
+        if (!Utils.isEmpty(where)) {
+            cond[ownerRelationName] = { ...where };
+        }
+        const populateField = ownerRelationName;
+        const populate = this.autoJoinOneToOneOwner(targetMeta, options?.populate ?? [], options?.fields);
+        const childFields = !Utils.isEmpty(options?.fields) ? options.fields.map(f => `${ownerRelationName}.${f}`) : [];
+        const childExclude = !Utils.isEmpty(options?.exclude)
+            ? options.exclude.map(f => `${ownerRelationName}.${f}`)
+            : [];
+        const fields = [ownerRelationName, tagProp.name, prop.discriminatorColumn, ...childFields];
+        const res = await this.find(pivotMeta.class, cond, {
+            ctx,
+            ...options,
+            fields,
+            exclude: childExclude,
+            orderBy: this.getPivotOrderBy(prop, ownerProp, orderBy, options?.orderBy),
+            populate: [
+                {
+                    field: populateField,
+                    strategy: LoadStrategy.JOINED,
+                    joinType: JoinType.innerJoin,
+                    children: populate,
+                },
+            ],
+            populateWhere: undefined,
+            // @ts-ignore
+            _populateWhere: 'infer',
+            populateFilter: this.wrapPopulateFilter(options, ownerRelationName),
+        });
+        return this.buildPivotResultMap(owners, res, tagProp.name, ownerRelationName);
+    }
+    /**
+     * Build a map from owner PKs to their related entities from pivot table results.
+     */
+    buildPivotResultMap(owners, results, keyProp, valueProp) {
+        const map = {};
+        for (const owner of owners) {
+            const key = Utils.getPrimaryKeyHash(owner);
+            map[key] = [];
+        }
+        for (const item of results) {
+            const key = Utils.getPrimaryKeyHash(Utils.asArray(item[keyProp]));
+            const entity = item[valueProp];
+            if (map[key]) {
+                map[key].push(entity);
+            }
+        }
+        return map;
     }
-    if (Utils.isEmpty(options.populateWhere) && !RawQueryFragment.hasObjectFragments(options.populateWhere)) {
-      return where;
+    wrapPopulateFilter(options, propName) {
+        if (!Utils.isEmpty(options?.populateFilter) || RawQueryFragment.hasObjectFragments(options?.populateFilter)) {
+            return { [propName]: options?.populateFilter };
+        }
+        return undefined;
     }
-    if (Utils.isEmpty(where) && !RawQueryFragment.hasObjectFragments(where)) {
-      return options.populateWhere;
+    getPivotOrderBy(prop, pivotProp, orderBy, parentOrderBy) {
+        if (!Utils.isEmpty(orderBy) || RawQueryFragment.hasObjectFragments(orderBy)) {
+            return Utils.asArray(orderBy).map(o => ({ [pivotProp.name]: o }));
+        }
+        if (prop.kind === ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_MANY && Utils.asArray(parentOrderBy).some(o => o[prop.name])) {
+            return Utils.asArray(parentOrderBy)
+                .filter(o => o[prop.name])
+                .map(o => ({ [pivotProp.name]: o[prop.name] }));
+        }
+        if (!Utils.isEmpty(prop.orderBy) || RawQueryFragment.hasObjectFragments(prop.orderBy)) {
+            return Utils.asArray(prop.orderBy).map(o => ({ [pivotProp.name]: o }));
+        }
+        if (prop.fixedOrder) {
+            return [{ [prop.fixedOrderColumn]: QueryOrder.ASC }];
+        }
+        return [];
     }
-    /* v8 ignore next */
-    return { $and: [options.populateWhere, where] };
-  }
-  /**
-   * Builds a UNION ALL (or UNION) subquery from `unionWhere` branches and merges it
-   * into the main WHERE as `pk IN (branch_1 UNION ALL branch_2 ...)`.
-   * Each branch is planned independently by the database, enabling per-table index usage.
-   */
-  async applyUnionWhere(meta, where, options, forDml = false) {
-    const unionWhere = options.unionWhere;
-    const strategy = options.unionWhereStrategy ?? 'union-all';
-    const schema = this.getSchemaName(meta, options);
-    const connectionType = this.resolveConnectionType({
-      ctx: options.ctx,
-      connectionType: options.connectionType,
-    });
-    const branchQbs = [];
-    for (const branch of unionWhere) {
-      const qb = this.createQueryBuilder(meta.class, options.ctx, connectionType, false, options.logging).withSchema(
-        schema,
-      );
-      const pkFields = meta.primaryKeys.map(pk => {
-        const prop = meta.properties[pk];
-        return `${qb.alias}.${prop.fieldNames[0]}`;
-      });
-      qb.select(pkFields).where(branch);
-      if (options.em) {
-        await qb.applyJoinedFilters(options.em, options.filters);
-      }
-      branchQbs.push(qb);
+    async execute(query, params = [], method = 'all', ctx, loggerContext) {
+        return this.rethrow(this.connection.execute(query, params, method, ctx, loggerContext));
     }
-    const [first, ...rest] = branchQbs;
-    const unionQb = strategy === 'union' ? first.union(...rest) : first.unionAll(...rest);
-    const pkHash = Utils.getPrimaryKeyHash(meta.primaryKeys);
-    // MySQL does not allow referencing the target table in a subquery
-    // for UPDATE/DELETE, so we wrap the union in a derived table.
-    if (forDml) {
-      const { sql, params } = unionQb.toQuery();
-      return {
-        $and: [where, { [pkHash]: { $in: raw(`select * from (${sql}) as __u`, params) } }],
-      };
+    async *stream(entityName, where, options) {
+        options = { populate: [], orderBy: [], ...options };
+        const meta = this.metadata.get(entityName);
+        if (meta.virtual) {
+            yield* this.streamFromVirtual(entityName, where, options);
+            return;
+        }
+        const qb = await this.createQueryBuilderFromOptions(meta, where, options);
+        try {
+            const result = qb.stream(options);
+            for await (const item of result) {
+                yield item;
+            }
+        }
+        catch (e) {
+            throw this.convertException(e);
+        }
     }
-    return {
-      $and: [where, { [pkHash]: { $in: unionQb.toRaw() } }],
-    };
-  }
-  buildOrderBy(qb, meta, populate, options) {
-    const joinedProps = this.joinedProps(meta, populate, options);
-    // `options._populateWhere` is a copy of the value provided by user with a fallback to the global config option
-    // as `options.populateWhere` will be always recomputed to respect filters
-    const populateWhereAll = options._populateWhere !== 'infer' && !Utils.isEmpty(options._populateWhere);
-    const path = (populateWhereAll ? '[populate]' : '') + meta.className;
-    const optionsOrderBy = Utils.asArray(options.orderBy);
-    const populateOrderBy = this.buildPopulateOrderBy(
-      qb,
-      meta,
-      Utils.asArray(options.populateOrderBy ?? options.orderBy),
-      path,
-      !!options.populateOrderBy,
-    );
-    const joinedPropsOrderBy = this.buildJoinedPropsOrderBy(qb, meta, joinedProps, options, path);
-    return [...optionsOrderBy, ...populateOrderBy, ...joinedPropsOrderBy];
-  }
-  buildPopulateOrderBy(qb, meta, populateOrderBy, parentPath, explicit, parentAlias = qb.alias) {
-    const orderBy = [];
-    for (let i = 0; i < populateOrderBy.length; i++) {
-      const orderHint = populateOrderBy[i];
-      for (const field of Utils.getObjectQueryKeys(orderHint)) {
-        const childOrder = orderHint[field];
-        if (RawQueryFragment.isKnownFragmentSymbol(field)) {
-          const { sql, params } = RawQueryFragment.getKnownFragment(field);
-          const key = raw(sql.replace(new RegExp(ALIAS_REPLACEMENT_RE, 'g'), parentAlias), params);
-          orderBy.push({ [key]: childOrder });
-          continue;
-        }
-        const prop = meta.properties[field];
-        if (!prop) {
-          throw new Error(`Trying to order by not existing property ${meta.className}.${field}`);
-        }
-        let path = parentPath;
-        const meta2 = prop.targetMeta;
-        if (
-          prop.kind !== ReferenceKind.SCALAR &&
-          (![ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_ONE, ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_ONE].includes(prop.kind) ||
-            !prop.owner ||
-            Utils.isPlainObject(childOrder))
-        ) {
-          path += `.${field}`;
-        }
-        if (prop.kind === ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_MANY && typeof childOrder !== 'object') {
-          path += '[pivot]';
+    /**
+     * 1:1 owner side needs to be marked for population so QB auto-joins the owner id
+     */
+    autoJoinOneToOneOwner(meta, populate, fields = []) {
+        if (!this.config.get('autoJoinOneToOneOwner')) {
+            return populate;
         }
-        const join = qb.getJoinForPath(path, { matchPopulateJoins: true });
-        const propAlias = qb.getAliasForJoinPath(join ?? path, { matchPopulateJoins: true }) ?? parentAlias;
-        if (!join) {
-          continue;
-        }
-        if (
-          join &&
-          ![ReferenceKind.SCALAR, ReferenceKind.EMBEDDED].includes(prop.kind) &&
-          typeof childOrder === 'object'
-        ) {
-          const children = this.buildPopulateOrderBy(qb, meta2, Utils.asArray(childOrder), path, explicit, propAlias);
-          orderBy.push(...children);
-          continue;
-        }
-        if (prop.kind === ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_MANY && join) {
-          if (prop.fixedOrderColumn) {
-            orderBy.push({ [`${join.alias}.${prop.fixedOrderColumn}`]: childOrder });
-          } else {
-            for (const col of prop.inverseJoinColumns) {
-              orderBy.push({ [`${join.ownerAlias}.${col}`]: childOrder });
-            }
-          }
-          continue;
-        }
-        const order = typeof childOrder === 'object' ? childOrder[field] : childOrder;
-        if (order) {
-          orderBy.push({ [`${propAlias}.${field}`]: order });
-        }
-      }
+        const relationsToPopulate = populate.map(({ field }) => field.split(':')[0]);
+        const toPopulate = meta.relations
+            .filter(prop => prop.kind === ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_ONE &&
+            !prop.owner &&
+            !prop.lazy &&
+            !relationsToPopulate.includes(prop.name))
+            .filter(prop => fields.length === 0 || fields.some(f => prop.name === f || prop.name.startsWith(`${String(f)}.`)))
+            .map(prop => ({ field: `${prop.name}:ref`, strategy: LoadStrategy.JOINED }));
+        return [...populate, ...toPopulate];
+    }
+    /**
+     * @internal
+     */
+    joinedProps(meta, populate, options) {
+        return populate.filter(hint => {
+            const [propName, ref] = hint.field.split(':', 2);
+            const prop = meta.properties[propName] || {};
+            const strategy = getLoadingStrategy(hint.strategy || prop.strategy || options?.strategy || this.config.get('loadStrategy'), prop.kind);
+            if (ref && [ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_ONE, ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_ONE].includes(prop.kind)) {
+                return true;
+            }
+            // skip redundant joins for 1:1 owner population hints when using `mapToPk`
+            if (prop.kind === ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_ONE && prop.mapToPk && prop.owner) {
+                return false;
+            }
+            if (strategy !== LoadStrategy.JOINED) {
+                // force joined strategy for explicit 1:1 owner populate hint as it would require a join anyway
+                return prop.kind === ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_ONE && !prop.owner;
+            }
+            return ![ReferenceKind.SCALAR, ReferenceKind.EMBEDDED].includes(prop.kind);
+        });
     }
-    return orderBy;
-  }
-  buildJoinedPropsOrderBy(qb, meta, populate, options, parentPath) {
-    const orderBy = [];
-    const joinedProps = this.joinedProps(meta, populate, options);
-    for (const hint of joinedProps) {
-      const [propName, ref] = hint.field.split(':', 2);
-      const prop = meta.properties[propName];
-      let path = `${parentPath}.${propName}`;
-      if (prop.kind === ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_MANY && ref) {
-        path += '[pivot]';
-      }
-      if ([ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_MANY, ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_MANY].includes(prop.kind)) {
-        this.buildToManyOrderBy(qb, prop, path, ref, orderBy);
-      }
-      if (hint.children) {
-        orderBy.push(...this.buildJoinedPropsOrderBy(qb, prop.targetMeta, hint.children, options, path));
-      }
+    /**
+     * @internal
+     */
+    mergeJoinedResult(rawResults, meta, joinedProps) {
+        if (rawResults.length <= 1) {
+            return rawResults;
+        }
+        const res = [];
+        const map = {};
+        const collectionsToMerge = {};
+        const hints = joinedProps.map(hint => {
+            const [propName, ref] = hint.field.split(':', 2);
+            return { propName, ref, children: hint.children };
+        });
+        for (const item of rawResults) {
+            const pk = Utils.getCompositeKeyHash(item, meta);
+            if (map[pk]) {
+                for (const { propName } of hints) {
+                    if (!item[propName]) {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    collectionsToMerge[pk] ??= {};
+                    collectionsToMerge[pk][propName] ??= [map[pk][propName]];
+                    collectionsToMerge[pk][propName].push(item[propName]);
+                }
+            }
+            else {
+                map[pk] = item;
+                res.push(item);
+            }
+        }
+        for (const pk in collectionsToMerge) {
+            const entity = map[pk];
+            const collections = collectionsToMerge[pk];
+            for (const { propName, ref, children } of hints) {
+                if (!collections[propName]) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                const prop = meta.properties[propName];
+                const items = collections[propName].flat();
+                if ([ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_MANY, ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_MANY].includes(prop.kind) && ref) {
+                    entity[propName] = items;
+                    continue;
+                }
+                switch (prop.kind) {
+                    case ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_MANY:
+                    case ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_MANY:
+                        entity[propName] = this.mergeJoinedResult(items, prop.targetMeta, children ?? []);
+                        break;
+                    case ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_ONE:
+                    case ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_ONE:
+                        entity[propName] = this.mergeJoinedResult(items, prop.targetMeta, children ?? [])[0];
+                        break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return res;
     }
-    return orderBy;
-  }
-  buildToManyOrderBy(qb, prop, path, ref, orderBy) {
-    const join = qb.getJoinForPath(path, { matchPopulateJoins: true });
-    const propAlias = qb.getAliasForJoinPath(join ?? path, { matchPopulateJoins: true });
-    if (prop.kind === ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_MANY && prop.fixedOrder && join) {
-      const alias = ref ? propAlias : join.ownerAlias;
-      orderBy.push({ [`${alias}.${prop.fixedOrderColumn}`]: QueryOrder.ASC });
+    shouldHaveColumn(meta, prop, populate, fields, exclude) {
+        if (!this.platform.shouldHaveColumn(prop, populate, exclude)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (!fields || fields.includes('*') || prop.primary || meta.root.discriminatorColumn === prop.name) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        return fields.some(f => f === prop.name || f.toString().startsWith(prop.name + '.'));
+    }
+    getFieldsForJoinedLoad(qb, meta, options) {
+        const fields = [];
+        const populate = options.populate ?? [];
+        const joinedProps = this.joinedProps(meta, populate, options);
+        const populateWhereAll = options?._populateWhere === 'all' || Utils.isEmpty(options?._populateWhere);
+        // Ensure TPT joins are applied early so that _tptAlias is available for join resolution
+        // This is needed when populating relations that are inherited from TPT parent entities
+        if (!options.parentJoinPath) {
+            qb.ensureTPTJoins();
+        }
+        // root entity is already handled, skip that
+        if (options.parentJoinPath) {
+            // alias all fields in the primary table
+            meta.props
+                .filter(prop => this.shouldHaveColumn(meta, prop, populate, options.explicitFields, options.exclude))
+                .forEach(prop => fields.push(...this.mapPropToFieldNames(qb, prop, options.parentTableAlias, meta, options.schema, options.explicitFields)));
+        }
+        for (const hint of joinedProps) {
+            const [propName, ref] = hint.field.split(':', 2);
+            const prop = meta.properties[propName];
+            // Polymorphic to-one: create a LEFT JOIN per target type
+            // Skip regular :ref hints — polymorphic to-one already has FK + discriminator in the row
+            // But allow filter :ref hints through to create per-target LEFT JOINs with filter checks
+            if (prop.polymorphic &&
+                prop.polymorphTargets?.length &&
+                (!ref || hint.filter) &&
+                [ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_ONE, ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_ONE].includes(prop.kind)) {
+                const basePath = options.parentJoinPath
+                    ? `${options.parentJoinPath}.${prop.name}`
+                    : `${meta.name}.${prop.name}`;
+                const pathPrefix = !options.parentJoinPath && populateWhereAll && !basePath.startsWith('[populate]') ? '[populate]' : '';
+                for (const targetMeta of prop.polymorphTargets) {
+                    const tableAlias = qb.getNextAlias(targetMeta.className);
+                    const targetPath = `${pathPrefix}${basePath}[${targetMeta.className}]`;
+                    const schema = targetMeta.schema === '*' ? (options?.schema ?? this.config.get('schema')) : targetMeta.schema;
+                    qb.addPolymorphicJoin(prop, targetMeta, options.parentTableAlias, tableAlias, JoinType.leftJoin, targetPath, schema);
+                    // For polymorphic targets that are TPT base classes, also LEFT JOIN
+                    // all descendant tables so child-specific fields can be selected.
+                    if (targetMeta.inheritanceType === 'tpt' && targetMeta.tptChildren?.length && !ref) {
+                        const tptMeta = this.metadata.get(targetMeta.class);
+                        this.addTPTPolymorphicJoinsForRelation(qb, tptMeta, tableAlias, fields);
+                    }
+                    if (ref) {
+                        // For filter :ref hints, schedule filter check for each target (no field selection)
+                        qb.scheduleFilterCheck(targetPath);
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        // Select fields from each target table
+                        fields.push(...this.getFieldsForJoinedLoad(qb, targetMeta, {
+                            ...options,
+                            populate: hint.children,
+                            parentTableAlias: tableAlias,
+                            parentJoinPath: targetPath,
+                        }));
+                    }
+                }
+                continue;
+            }
+            // ignore ref joins of known FKs unless it's a filter hint
+            if (ref &&
+                !hint.filter &&
+                (prop.kind === ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_ONE || (prop.kind === ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_ONE && prop.owner))) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            const meta2 = prop.targetMeta;
+            const pivotRefJoin = prop.kind === ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_MANY && ref;
+            const tableAlias = qb.getNextAlias(prop.name);
+            const field = `${options.parentTableAlias}.${prop.name}`;
+            let path = options.parentJoinPath ? `${options.parentJoinPath}.${prop.name}` : `${meta.name}.${prop.name}`;
+            if (!options.parentJoinPath && populateWhereAll && !hint.filter && !path.startsWith('[populate]')) {
+                path = '[populate]' + path;
+            }
+            const mandatoryToOneProperty = [ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_ONE, ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_ONE].includes(prop.kind) && !prop.nullable;
+            const joinType = pivotRefJoin
+                ? JoinType.pivotJoin
+                : hint.joinType
+                    ? hint.joinType
+                    : (hint.filter && !prop.nullable) || mandatoryToOneProperty
+                        ? JoinType.innerJoin
+                        : JoinType.leftJoin;
+            const schema = prop.targetMeta.schema === '*' ? (options?.schema ?? this.config.get('schema')) : prop.targetMeta.schema;
+            qb.join(field, tableAlias, {}, joinType, path, schema);
+            // For relations to TPT child entities, INNER JOIN parent tables (GH #7469)
+            if (meta2.inheritanceType === 'tpt' && meta2.tptParent) {
+                let childAlias = tableAlias;
+                let childMeta = meta2;
+                while (childMeta.tptParent) {
+                    const parentMeta = childMeta.tptParent;
+                    const parentAlias = qb.getNextAlias(parentMeta.className);
+                    qb.createAlias(parentMeta.class, parentAlias);
+                    qb.state.tptAlias[`${tableAlias}:${parentMeta.className}`] = parentAlias;
+                    qb.addPropertyJoin(childMeta.tptParentProp, childAlias, parentAlias, JoinType.innerJoin, `${path}.[tpt]${childMeta.className}`);
+                    childAlias = parentAlias;
+                    childMeta = parentMeta;
+                }
+            }
+            // For relations to TPT base classes, add LEFT JOINs for all child tables (polymorphic loading)
+            if (meta2.inheritanceType === 'tpt' && meta2.tptChildren?.length && !ref) {
+                // Use the registry metadata to ensure allTPTDescendants is available
+                const tptMeta = this.metadata.get(meta2.class);
+                this.addTPTPolymorphicJoinsForRelation(qb, tptMeta, tableAlias, fields);
+            }
+            if (pivotRefJoin) {
+                fields.push(...prop.joinColumns.map(col => qb.helper.mapper(`${tableAlias}.${col}`, qb.type, undefined, `${tableAlias}__${col}`)), ...prop.inverseJoinColumns.map(col => qb.helper.mapper(`${tableAlias}.${col}`, qb.type, undefined, `${tableAlias}__${col}`)));
+            }
+            if (prop.kind === ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_MANY && ref) {
+                fields.push(...this.getFieldsForJoinedLoad(qb, meta2, {
+                    ...options,
+                    explicitFields: prop.referencedColumnNames,
+                    exclude: undefined,
+                    populate: hint.children,
+                    parentTableAlias: tableAlias,
+                    parentJoinPath: path,
+                }));
+            }
+            const childExplicitFields = options.explicitFields?.filter(f => Utils.isPlainObject(f)).map(o => o[prop.name])[0] || [];
+            options.explicitFields?.forEach(f => {
+                if (typeof f === 'string' && f.startsWith(`${prop.name}.`)) {
+                    childExplicitFields.push(f.substring(prop.name.length + 1));
+                }
+            });
+            const childExclude = options.exclude
+                ? Utils.extractChildElements(options.exclude, prop.name)
+                : options.exclude;
+            if (!ref && (!prop.mapToPk || hint.dataOnly)) {
+                fields.push(...this.getFieldsForJoinedLoad(qb, meta2, {
+                    ...options,
+                    explicitFields: childExplicitFields.length === 0 ? undefined : childExplicitFields,
+                    exclude: childExclude,
+                    populate: hint.children,
+                    parentTableAlias: tableAlias,
+                    parentJoinPath: path,
+                }));
+            }
+            else if (hint.filter ||
+                (prop.mapToPk && !hint.dataOnly) ||
+                (ref && [ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_ONE, ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_ONE].includes(prop.kind))) {
+                fields.push(...prop.referencedColumnNames.map(col => qb.helper.mapper(`${tableAlias}.${col}`, qb.type, undefined, `${tableAlias}__${col}`)));
+            }
+        }
+        return fields;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Adds LEFT JOINs and fields for TPT polymorphic loading when populating a relation to a TPT base class.
+     * @internal
+     */
+    addTPTPolymorphicJoinsForRelation(qb, meta, baseAlias, fields) {
+        // allTPTDescendants is pre-computed during discovery, sorted by depth (deepest first)
+        const descendants = meta.allTPTDescendants;
+        const childAliases = {};
+        // LEFT JOIN each descendant table
+        for (const childMeta of descendants) {
+            const childAlias = qb.getNextAlias(childMeta.className);
+            qb.createAlias(childMeta.class, childAlias);
+            childAliases[childMeta.className] = childAlias;
+            qb.addPropertyJoin(childMeta.tptInverseProp, baseAlias, childAlias, JoinType.leftJoin, `[tpt]${meta.className}`);
+            // Add fields from this child (only ownProps, skip PKs)
+            const schema = childMeta.schema === '*' ? '*' : this.getSchemaName(childMeta);
+            childMeta
+                .ownProps.filter(p => !p.primary && this.platform.shouldHaveColumn(p, []))
+                .forEach(prop => fields.push(...this.mapPropToFieldNames(qb, prop, childAlias, childMeta, schema)));
+        }
+        // Add computed discriminator (descendants already sorted by depth)
+        if (meta.root.tptDiscriminatorColumn) {
+            fields.push(this.buildTPTDiscriminatorExpression(meta, descendants, childAliases, baseAlias));
+        }
     }
-    const effectiveOrderBy = QueryHelper.mergeOrderBy(prop.orderBy, prop.targetMeta?.orderBy);
-    for (const item of effectiveOrderBy) {
-      for (const field of Utils.getObjectQueryKeys(item)) {
-        const order = item[field];
-        if (RawQueryFragment.isKnownFragmentSymbol(field)) {
-          const { sql, params } = RawQueryFragment.getKnownFragment(field);
-          const sql2 = propAlias ? sql.replace(new RegExp(ALIAS_REPLACEMENT_RE, 'g'), propAlias) : sql;
-          const key = raw(sql2, params);
-          orderBy.push({ [key]: order });
-          continue;
-        }
-        orderBy.push({ [`${propAlias}.${field}`]: order });
-      }
+    /**
+     * Find the alias for a TPT child table in the query builder.
+     * @internal
+     */
+    findTPTChildAlias(qb, childMeta) {
+        const joins = qb.state.joins;
+        for (const key of Object.keys(joins)) {
+            if (joins[key].table === childMeta.tableName && key.includes('[tpt]')) {
+                return joins[key].alias;
+            }
+        }
+        return undefined;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Builds a CASE WHEN expression for TPT discriminator.
+     * Determines concrete entity type based on which child table has a non-null PK.
+     * @internal
+     */
+    buildTPTDiscriminatorExpression(meta, descendants, aliasMap, baseAlias) {
+        const cases = descendants.map(child => {
+            const childAlias = aliasMap[child.className];
+            const pkFieldName = child.properties[child.primaryKeys[0]].fieldNames[0];
+            return `when ${this.platform.quoteIdentifier(`${childAlias}.${pkFieldName}`)} is not null then '${child.discriminatorValue}'`;
+        });
+        const defaultValue = meta.abstract ? 'null' : `'${meta.discriminatorValue}'`;
+        const caseExpr = `case ${cases.join(' ')} else ${defaultValue} end`;
+        const aliased = this.platform.quoteIdentifier(`${baseAlias}__${meta.root.tptDiscriminatorColumn}`);
+        return raw(`${caseExpr} as ${aliased}`);
+    }
+    /**
+     * Maps TPT child-specific fields during hydration.
+     * When a relation points to a TPT base class, the actual entity might be a child class.
+     * This method reads the discriminator to determine the concrete type and maps child-specific fields.
+     * @internal
+     */
+    mapTPTChildFields(relationPojo, meta, relationAlias, qb, root) {
+        if (meta.inheritanceType !== 'tpt' || !meta.root.tptDiscriminatorColumn) {
+            return;
+        }
+        const discriminatorAlias = `${relationAlias}__${meta.root.tptDiscriminatorColumn}`;
+        const discriminatorValue = root[discriminatorAlias];
+        if (!discriminatorValue) {
+            return;
+        }
+        relationPojo[meta.root.tptDiscriminatorColumn] = discriminatorValue;
+        const concreteClass = meta.root.discriminatorMap?.[discriminatorValue];
+        /* v8 ignore next 3 - defensive check for invalid discriminator values */
+        if (!concreteClass) {
+            return;
+        }
+        const concreteMeta = this.metadata.get(concreteClass);
+        delete root[discriminatorAlias];
+        if (concreteMeta === meta) {
+            return concreteMeta;
+        }
+        // Traverse up from concrete type and map fields from each level's table
+        const tz = this.platform.getTimezone();
+        let currentMeta = concreteMeta;
+        while (currentMeta && currentMeta !== meta) {
+            const childAlias = this.findTPTChildAlias(qb, currentMeta);
+            if (childAlias) {
+                // Map fields using same filtering as joined loading, plus skip PKs
+                for (const prop of currentMeta.ownProps.filter(p => !p.primary && this.platform.shouldHaveColumn(p, []))) {
+                    this.mapJoinedProp(relationPojo, prop, childAlias, root, tz, currentMeta, {
+                        deleteFromRoot: true,
+                    });
+                }
+            }
+            currentMeta = currentMeta.tptParent;
+        }
+        return concreteMeta;
+    }
+    /**
+     * @internal
+     */
+    mapPropToFieldNames(qb, prop, tableAlias, meta, schema, explicitFields) {
+        if (prop.kind === ReferenceKind.EMBEDDED && !prop.object) {
+            return Object.entries(prop.embeddedProps).flatMap(([name, childProp]) => {
+                const childFields = explicitFields ? Utils.extractChildElements(explicitFields, prop.name) : [];
+                if (!this.shouldHaveColumn(prop.targetMeta, { ...childProp, name }, [], childFields.length > 0 ? childFields : undefined)) {
+                    return [];
+                }
+                return this.mapPropToFieldNames(qb, childProp, tableAlias, meta, schema, childFields);
+            });
+        }
+        const aliased = this.platform.quoteIdentifier(`${tableAlias}__${prop.fieldNames[0]}`);
+        if (prop.customTypes?.some(type => !!type?.convertToJSValueSQL)) {
+            return prop.fieldNames.map((col, idx) => {
+                if (!prop.customTypes[idx]?.convertToJSValueSQL) {
+                    return col;
+                }
+                const prefixed = this.platform.quoteIdentifier(`${tableAlias}.${col}`);
+                const aliased = this.platform.quoteIdentifier(`${tableAlias}__${col}`);
+                return raw(`${prop.customTypes[idx].convertToJSValueSQL(prefixed, this.platform)} as ${aliased}`);
+            });
+        }
+        if (prop.customType?.convertToJSValueSQL) {
+            const prefixed = this.platform.quoteIdentifier(`${tableAlias}.${prop.fieldNames[0]}`);
+            return [raw(`${prop.customType.convertToJSValueSQL(prefixed, this.platform)} as ${aliased}`)];
+        }
+        if (prop.formula) {
+            const quotedAlias = this.platform.quoteIdentifier(tableAlias).toString();
+            const table = this.createFormulaTable(quotedAlias, meta, schema);
+            const columns = meta.createColumnMappingObject(tableAlias);
+            return [raw(`${this.evaluateFormula(prop.formula, columns, table)} as ${aliased}`)];
+        }
+        const sourceAlias = qb.helper.getTPTAliasForProperty(prop.name, tableAlias);
+        return prop.fieldNames.map(fieldName => {
+            return raw('?? as ??', [`${sourceAlias}.${fieldName}`, `${tableAlias}__${fieldName}`]);
+        });
     }
-  }
-  normalizeFields(fields, prefix = '') {
-    const ret = [];
-    for (const field of fields) {
-      if (typeof field === 'string') {
-        ret.push(prefix + field);
-        continue;
-      }
-      if (Utils.isPlainObject(field)) {
-        for (const key of Object.keys(field)) {
-          ret.push(...this.normalizeFields(field[key], key + '.'));
-        }
-      }
+    /** @internal */
+    createQueryBuilder(entityName, ctx, preferredConnectionType, convertCustomTypes, loggerContext, alias, em) {
+        // do not compute the connectionType if EM is provided as it will be computed from it in the QB later on
+        const connectionType = em
+            ? preferredConnectionType
+            : this.resolveConnectionType({ ctx, connectionType: preferredConnectionType });
+        const qb = new QueryBuilder(entityName, this.metadata, this, ctx, alias, connectionType, em, loggerContext);
+        if (!convertCustomTypes) {
+            qb.unsetFlag(QueryFlag.CONVERT_CUSTOM_TYPES);
+        }
+        return qb;
     }
-    return ret;
-  }
-  processField(meta, prop, field, ret) {
-    if (!prop || (prop.kind === ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_ONE && !prop.owner)) {
-      return;
+    resolveConnectionType(args) {
+        if (args.ctx) {
+            return 'write';
+        }
+        if (args.connectionType) {
+            return args.connectionType;
+        }
+        if (this.config.get('preferReadReplicas')) {
+            return 'read';
+        }
+        return 'write';
+    }
+    extractManyToMany(meta, data) {
+        const ret = {};
+        for (const prop of meta.relations) {
+            if (prop.kind === ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_MANY && data[prop.name]) {
+                ret[prop.name] = data[prop.name].map((item) => Utils.asArray(item));
+                delete data[prop.name];
+            }
+        }
+        return ret;
+    }
+    async processManyToMany(meta, pks, collections, clear, options) {
+        for (const prop of meta.relations) {
+            if (collections[prop.name]) {
+                const pivotMeta = this.metadata.get(prop.pivotEntity);
+                const persister = new PivotCollectionPersister(pivotMeta, this, options?.ctx, options?.schema, options?.loggerContext);
+                persister.enqueueUpdate(prop, collections[prop.name], clear, pks);
+                await this.rethrow(persister.execute());
+            }
+        }
     }
-    if (prop.kind === ReferenceKind.EMBEDDED) {
-      if (prop.object) {
-        ret.push(prop.name);
-        return;
-      }
-      const parts = field.split('.');
-      const top = parts.shift();
-      for (const key of Object.keys(prop.embeddedProps)) {
-        if (!top || key === top) {
-          this.processField(meta, prop.embeddedProps[key], parts.join('.'), ret);
-        }
-      }
-      return;
+    async lockPessimistic(entity, options) {
+        const meta = helper(entity).__meta;
+        const qb = this.createQueryBuilder(meta.class, options.ctx, undefined, undefined, options.logging).withSchema(options.schema ?? meta.schema);
+        const cond = Utils.getPrimaryKeyCond(entity, meta.primaryKeys);
+        qb.select(raw('1'))
+            .where(cond)
+            .setLockMode(options.lockMode, options.lockTableAliases);
+        await this.rethrow(qb.execute());
+    }
+    buildPopulateWhere(meta, joinedProps, options) {
+        const where = {};
+        for (const hint of joinedProps) {
+            const [propName] = hint.field.split(':', 2);
+            const prop = meta.properties[propName];
+            if (!Utils.isEmpty(prop.where) || RawQueryFragment.hasObjectFragments(prop.where)) {
+                where[prop.name] = Utils.copy(prop.where);
+            }
+            if (hint.children) {
+                const targetMeta = prop.targetMeta;
+                if (targetMeta) {
+                    const inner = this.buildPopulateWhere(targetMeta, hint.children, {});
+                    if (!Utils.isEmpty(inner) || RawQueryFragment.hasObjectFragments(inner)) {
+                        where[prop.name] ??= {};
+                        Object.assign(where[prop.name], inner);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if (Utils.isEmpty(options.populateWhere) && !RawQueryFragment.hasObjectFragments(options.populateWhere)) {
+            return where;
+        }
+        if (Utils.isEmpty(where) && !RawQueryFragment.hasObjectFragments(where)) {
+            return options.populateWhere;
+        }
+        /* v8 ignore next */
+        return { $and: [options.populateWhere, where] };
+    }
+    /**
+     * Builds a UNION ALL (or UNION) subquery from `unionWhere` branches and merges it
+     * into the main WHERE as `pk IN (branch_1 UNION ALL branch_2 ...)`.
+     * Each branch is planned independently by the database, enabling per-table index usage.
+     */
+    async applyUnionWhere(meta, where, options, forDml = false) {
+        const unionWhere = options.unionWhere;
+        const strategy = options.unionWhereStrategy ?? 'union-all';
+        const schema = this.getSchemaName(meta, options);
+        const connectionType = this.resolveConnectionType({
+            ctx: options.ctx,
+            connectionType: options.connectionType,
+        });
+        const branchQbs = [];
+        for (const branch of unionWhere) {
+            const qb = this.createQueryBuilder(meta.class, options.ctx, connectionType, false, options.logging).withSchema(schema);
+            const pkFields = meta.primaryKeys.map(pk => {
+                const prop = meta.properties[pk];
+                return `${qb.alias}.${prop.fieldNames[0]}`;
+            });
+            qb.select(pkFields).where(branch);
+            if (options.em) {
+                await qb.applyJoinedFilters(options.em, options.filters);
+            }
+            branchQbs.push(qb);
+        }
+        const [first, ...rest] = branchQbs;
+        const unionQb = strategy === 'union' ? first.union(...rest) : first.unionAll(...rest);
+        const pkHash = Utils.getPrimaryKeyHash(meta.primaryKeys);
+        // MySQL does not allow referencing the target table in a subquery
+        // for UPDATE/DELETE, so we wrap the union in a derived table.
+        if (forDml) {
+            const { sql, params } = unionQb.toQuery();
+            return {
+                $and: [where, { [pkHash]: { $in: raw(`select * from (${sql}) as __u`, params) } }],
+            };
+        }
+        return {
+            $and: [where, { [pkHash]: { $in: unionQb.toRaw() } }],
+        };
+    }
+    buildOrderBy(qb, meta, populate, options) {
+        const joinedProps = this.joinedProps(meta, populate, options);
+        // `options._populateWhere` is a copy of the value provided by user with a fallback to the global config option
+        // as `options.populateWhere` will be always recomputed to respect filters
+        const populateWhereAll = options._populateWhere !== 'infer' && !Utils.isEmpty(options._populateWhere);
+        const path = (populateWhereAll ? '[populate]' : '') + meta.className;
+        const optionsOrderBy = Utils.asArray(options.orderBy);
+        const populateOrderBy = this.buildPopulateOrderBy(qb, meta, Utils.asArray(options.populateOrderBy ?? options.orderBy), path, !!options.populateOrderBy);
+        const joinedPropsOrderBy = this.buildJoinedPropsOrderBy(qb, meta, joinedProps, options, path);
+        return [...optionsOrderBy, ...populateOrderBy, ...joinedPropsOrderBy];
+    }
+    buildPopulateOrderBy(qb, meta, populateOrderBy, parentPath, explicit, parentAlias = qb.alias) {
+        const orderBy = [];
+        for (let i = 0; i < populateOrderBy.length; i++) {
+            const orderHint = populateOrderBy[i];
+            for (const field of Utils.getObjectQueryKeys(orderHint)) {
+                const childOrder = orderHint[field];
+                if (RawQueryFragment.isKnownFragmentSymbol(field)) {
+                    const { sql, params } = RawQueryFragment.getKnownFragment(field);
+                    const key = raw(sql.replace(new RegExp(ALIAS_REPLACEMENT_RE, 'g'), parentAlias), params);
+                    orderBy.push({ [key]: childOrder });
+                    continue;
+                }
+                const prop = meta.properties[field];
+                if (!prop) {
+                    throw new Error(`Trying to order by not existing property ${meta.className}.${field}`);
+                }
+                let path = parentPath;
+                const meta2 = prop.targetMeta;
+                if (prop.kind !== ReferenceKind.SCALAR &&
+                    (![ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_ONE, ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_ONE].includes(prop.kind) ||
+                        !prop.owner ||
+                        Utils.isPlainObject(childOrder))) {
+                    path += `.${field}`;
+                }
+                if (prop.kind === ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_MANY && typeof childOrder !== 'object') {
+                    path += '[pivot]';
+                }
+                const join = qb.getJoinForPath(path, { matchPopulateJoins: true });
+                const propAlias = qb.getAliasForJoinPath(join ?? path, { matchPopulateJoins: true }) ?? parentAlias;
+                if (!join) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                if (join &&
+                    ![ReferenceKind.SCALAR, ReferenceKind.EMBEDDED].includes(prop.kind) &&
+                    typeof childOrder === 'object') {
+                    const children = this.buildPopulateOrderBy(qb, meta2, Utils.asArray(childOrder), path, explicit, propAlias);
+                    orderBy.push(...children);
+                    continue;
+                }
+                if (prop.kind === ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_MANY && join) {
+                    if (prop.fixedOrderColumn) {
+                        orderBy.push({ [`${join.alias}.${prop.fixedOrderColumn}`]: childOrder });
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        for (const col of prop.inverseJoinColumns) {
+                            orderBy.push({ [`${join.ownerAlias}.${col}`]: childOrder });
+                        }
+                    }
+                    continue;
+                }
+                const order = typeof childOrder === 'object' ? childOrder[field] : childOrder;
+                if (order) {
+                    orderBy.push({ [`${propAlias}.${field}`]: order });
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return orderBy;
+    }
+    buildJoinedPropsOrderBy(qb, meta, populate, options, parentPath) {
+        const orderBy = [];
+        const joinedProps = this.joinedProps(meta, populate, options);
+        for (const hint of joinedProps) {
+            const [propName, ref] = hint.field.split(':', 2);
+            const prop = meta.properties[propName];
+            let path = `${parentPath}.${propName}`;
+            if (prop.kind === ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_MANY && ref) {
+                path += '[pivot]';
+            }
+            if ([ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_MANY, ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_MANY].includes(prop.kind)) {
+                this.buildToManyOrderBy(qb, prop, path, ref, orderBy);
+            }
+            if (hint.children) {
+                orderBy.push(...this.buildJoinedPropsOrderBy(qb, prop.targetMeta, hint.children, options, path));
+            }
+        }
+        return orderBy;
     }
-    if (prop.persist === false && !prop.embedded && !prop.formula) {
-      return;
+    buildToManyOrderBy(qb, prop, path, ref, orderBy) {
+        const join = qb.getJoinForPath(path, { matchPopulateJoins: true });
+        const propAlias = qb.getAliasForJoinPath(join ?? path, { matchPopulateJoins: true });
+        if (prop.kind === ReferenceKind.MANY_TO_MANY && prop.fixedOrder && join) {
+            const alias = ref ? propAlias : join.ownerAlias;
+            orderBy.push({ [`${alias}.${prop.fixedOrderColumn}`]: QueryOrder.ASC });
+        }
+        const effectiveOrderBy = QueryHelper.mergeOrderBy(prop.orderBy, prop.targetMeta?.orderBy);
+        for (const item of effectiveOrderBy) {
+            for (const field of Utils.getObjectQueryKeys(item)) {
+                const order = item[field];
+                if (RawQueryFragment.isKnownFragmentSymbol(field)) {
+                    const { sql, params } = RawQueryFragment.getKnownFragment(field);
+                    const sql2 = propAlias ? sql.replace(new RegExp(ALIAS_REPLACEMENT_RE, 'g'), propAlias) : sql;
+                    const key = raw(sql2, params);
+                    orderBy.push({ [key]: order });
+                    continue;
+                }
+                orderBy.push({ [`${propAlias}.${field}`]: order });
+            }
+        }
     }
-    ret.push(prop.name);
-  }
-  buildFields(meta, populate, joinedProps, qb, alias, options, schema) {
-    const lazyProps = meta.props.filter(prop => prop.lazy && !populate.some(p => this.isPopulated(meta, prop, p)));
-    const hasLazyFormulas = meta.props.some(p => p.lazy && p.formula);
-    const requiresSQLConversion = meta.props.some(p => p.customType?.convertToJSValueSQL && p.persist !== false);
-    const hasExplicitFields = !!options.fields;
-    const ret = [];
-    let addFormulas = false;
-    // handle root entity properties first, this is used for both strategies in the same way
-    if (options.fields) {
-      for (const field of this.normalizeFields(options.fields)) {
-        if (field === '*') {
-          ret.push('*');
-          continue;
-        }
-        const parts = field.split('.');
-        const rootPropName = parts.shift(); // first one is the `prop`
-        const prop = QueryHelper.findProperty(rootPropName, {
-          metadata: this.metadata,
-          platform: this.platform,
-          entityName: meta.class,
-          where: {},
-          aliasMap: qb.getAliasMap(),
-        });
-        this.processField(meta, prop, parts.join('.'), ret);
-      }
-      if (!options.fields.includes('*') && !options.fields.includes(`${qb.alias}.*`)) {
-        ret.unshift(...meta.primaryKeys.filter(pk => !options.fields.includes(pk)));
-      }
-      if (
-        meta.root.inheritanceType === 'sti' &&
-        !options.fields.includes(`${qb.alias}.${meta.root.discriminatorColumn}`)
-      ) {
-        ret.push(meta.root.discriminatorColumn);
-      }
-    } else if (!Utils.isEmpty(options.exclude) || lazyProps.some(p => !p.formula && (p.kind !== '1:1' || p.owner))) {
-      const props = meta.props.filter(prop =>
-        this.platform.shouldHaveColumn(prop, populate, options.exclude, false, false),
-      );
-      ret.push(...props.filter(p => !lazyProps.includes(p)).map(p => p.name));
-      addFormulas = true;
-    } else if (hasLazyFormulas || requiresSQLConversion) {
-      ret.push('*');
-      addFormulas = true;
-    } else {
-      ret.push('*');
+    normalizeFields(fields, prefix = '') {
+        const ret = [];
+        for (const field of fields) {
+            if (typeof field === 'string') {
+                ret.push(prefix + field);
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (Utils.isPlainObject(field)) {
+                for (const key of Object.keys(field)) {
+                    ret.push(...this.normalizeFields(field[key], key + '.'));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return ret;
     }
-    if (ret.length > 0 && !hasExplicitFields && addFormulas) {
-      // Create formula column mapping with unquoted aliases - quoting should be handled by the user via `quote` helper
-      const quotedAlias = this.platform.quoteIdentifier(alias);
-      const columns = meta.createColumnMappingObject(alias);
-      const effectiveSchema = schema ?? (meta.schema !== '*' ? meta.schema : undefined);
-      for (const prop of meta.props) {
-        if (lazyProps.includes(prop)) {
-          continue;
+    processField(meta, prop, field, ret) {
+        if (!prop || (prop.kind === ReferenceKind.ONE_TO_ONE && !prop.owner)) {
+            return;
         }
-        if (prop.formula) {
-          const aliased = this.platform.quoteIdentifier(prop.fieldNames[0]);
-          const table = this.createFormulaTable(quotedAlias.toString(), meta, effectiveSchema);
-          ret.push(raw(`${this.evaluateFormula(prop.formula, columns, table)} as ${aliased}`));
+        if (prop.kind === ReferenceKind.EMBEDDED) {
+            if (prop.object) {
+                ret.push(prop.name);
+                return;
+            }
+            const parts = field.split('.');
+            const top = parts.shift();
+            for (const key of Object.keys(prop.embeddedProps)) {
+                if (!top || key === top) {
+                    this.processField(meta, prop.embeddedProps[key], parts.join('.'), ret);
+                }
+            }
+            return;
         }
-        if (!prop.object && (prop.hasConvertToDatabaseValueSQL || prop.hasConvertToJSValueSQL)) {
-          ret.push(prop.name);
+        if (prop.persist === false && !prop.embedded && !prop.formula) {
+            return;
         }
-      }
+        ret.push(prop.name);
     }
-    // add joined relations after the root entity fields
-    if (joinedProps.length > 0) {
-      ret.push(
-        ...this.getFieldsForJoinedLoad(qb, meta, {
-          explicitFields: options.fields,
-          exclude: options.exclude,
-          populate,
-          parentTableAlias: alias,
-          ...options,
-        }),
-      );
+    buildFields(meta, populate, joinedProps, qb, alias, options, schema) {
+        const lazyProps = meta.props.filter(prop => prop.lazy && !populate.some(p => this.isPopulated(meta, prop, p)));
+        const hasLazyFormulas = meta.props.some(p => p.lazy && p.formula);
+        const requiresSQLConversion = meta.props.some(p => p.customType?.convertToJSValueSQL && p.persist !== false);
+        const hasExplicitFields = !!options.fields;
+        const ret = [];
+        let addFormulas = false;
+        // handle root entity properties first, this is used for both strategies in the same way
+        if (options.fields) {
+            for (const field of this.normalizeFields(options.fields)) {
+                if (field === '*') {
+                    ret.push('*');
+                    continue;
+                }
+                const parts = field.split('.');
+                const rootPropName = parts.shift(); // first one is the `prop`
+                const prop = QueryHelper.findProperty(rootPropName, {
+                    metadata: this.metadata,
+                    platform: this.platform,
+                    entityName: meta.class,
+                    where: {},
+                    aliasMap: qb.getAliasMap(),
+                });
+                this.processField(meta, prop, parts.join('.'), ret);
+            }
+            if (!options.fields.includes('*') && !options.fields.includes(`${qb.alias}.*`)) {
+                ret.unshift(...meta.primaryKeys.filter(pk => !options.fields.includes(pk)));
+            }
+            if (meta.root.inheritanceType === 'sti' &&
+                !options.fields.includes(`${qb.alias}.${meta.root.discriminatorColumn}`)) {
+                ret.push(meta.root.discriminatorColumn);
+            }
+        }
+        else if (!Utils.isEmpty(options.exclude) || lazyProps.some(p => !p.formula && (p.kind !== '1:1' || p.owner))) {
+            const props = meta.props.filter(prop => this.platform.shouldHaveColumn(prop, populate, options.exclude, false, false));
+            ret.push(...props.filter(p => !lazyProps.includes(p)).map(p => p.name));
+            addFormulas = true;
+        }
+        else if (hasLazyFormulas || requiresSQLConversion) {
+            ret.push('*');
+            addFormulas = true;
+        }
+        else {
+            ret.push('*');
+        }
+        if (ret.length > 0 && !hasExplicitFields && addFormulas) {
+            // Create formula column mapping with unquoted aliases - quoting should be handled by the user via `quote` helper
+            const quotedAlias = this.platform.quoteIdentifier(alias);
+            const columns = meta.createColumnMappingObject(alias);
+            const effectiveSchema = schema ?? (meta.schema !== '*' ? meta.schema : undefined);
+            for (const prop of meta.props) {
+                if (lazyProps.includes(prop)) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                if (prop.formula) {
+                    const aliased = this.platform.quoteIdentifier(prop.fieldNames[0]);
+                    const table = this.createFormulaTable(quotedAlias.toString(), meta, effectiveSchema);
+                    ret.push(raw(`${this.evaluateFormula(prop.formula, columns, table)} as ${aliased}`));
+                }
+                if (!prop.object && (prop.hasConvertToDatabaseValueSQL || prop.hasConvertToJSValueSQL)) {
+                    ret.push(prop.name);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        // add joined relations after the root entity fields
+        if (joinedProps.length > 0) {
+            ret.push(...this.getFieldsForJoinedLoad(qb, meta, {
+                explicitFields: options.fields,
+                exclude: options.exclude,
+                populate,
+                parentTableAlias: alias,
+                ...options,
+            }));
+        }
+        return Utils.unique(ret);
     }
-    return Utils.unique(ret);
-  }
 }