@micro-os-plus/micro-test-plus 3.2.2 → 3.2.3

package/include/micro-os-plus/micro-test-plus/type-traits.h

@@ -0,0 +1,1148 @@
+/*
+ * This file is part of the µOS++ project (https://micro-os-plus.github.io/).
+ * Copyright (c) 2021-2026 Liviu Ionescu. All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for any
+ * purpose is hereby granted, under the terms of the MIT license.
+ *
+ * If a copy of the license was not distributed with this file, it can be
+ * obtained from https://opensource.org/licenses/mit.
+ *
+ * Major parts of the code are inspired from v1.1.8 of the Boost UT project,
+ * released under the terms of the Boost Version 1.0 Software License,
+ * which can be obtained from https://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt.
+ */
+
+// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @brief C++ header file with declarations for the µTest++ type trait
+ * utilities and metaprogramming support.
+ *
+ * @details
+ * This header provides the declarations for the type trait utilities and
+ * metaprogramming constructs used within the µTest++ framework. It defines
+ * templates and variable traits for function traits, type lists, identity,
+ * value wrappers, compile-time checks for container and floating-point types,
+ * and type convertibility.
+ *
+ * These utilities underpin advanced template programming, type deduction, and
+ * compile-time introspection, supporting the flexible and type-safe design of
+ * the framework. The provided traits and wrappers enable expressive and
+ * generic handling of types, values, and callable objects, facilitating robust
+ * and maintainable test code.
+ *
+ * All definitions reside within the
+ * `micro_os_plus::micro_test_plus::type_traits` namespace, ensuring clear
+ * separation from user code and minimising the risk of naming conflicts.
+ *
+ * All header files are organised within the
+ * `include/micro-os-plus/micro-test-plus` folder to maintain a structured and
+ * modular codebase.
+ *
+ * This file is intended for internal use within the framework and should not
+ * be included directly by user code.
+ */
+
+#ifndef MICRO_TEST_PLUS_TYPE_TRAITS_H_
+#define MICRO_TEST_PLUS_TYPE_TRAITS_H_
+
+// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+
+// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+#include "math.h"
+
+// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+#if defined(__GNUC__)
+#pragma GCC diagnostic push
+#if defined(__clang__)
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wc++98-compat"
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wc++98-compat-pedantic"
+#endif
+#endif
+
+namespace micro_os_plus::micro_test_plus
+{
+  // --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+  /**
+   * @namespace micro_os_plus::micro_test_plus::type_traits
+   * @brief Type trait utilities and metaprogramming support for the µTest++
+   * testing framework.
+   *
+   * @details
+   * The `type_traits` namespace offers a comprehensive suite of type trait
+   * templates and metaprogramming utilities employed throughout the µTest++
+   * framework.
+   *
+   * This includes templates for function traits, type lists, identity, value
+   * wrappers, and compile-time checks for container types, floating point
+   * types, and type convertibility. It also provides generic integral and
+   * floating point constant wrappers, as well as mechanisms for SFINAE and
+   * requirements checking.
+   *
+   * These utilities facilitate advanced template programming, type deduction,
+   * and compile-time introspection, supporting the flexible and type-safe
+   * design of the framework.
+   *
+   * All definitions within this namespace are implemented in the
+   * `include/micro-os-plus` folder to maintain a structured and modular
+   * codebase.
+   */
+  namespace type_traits
+  {
+    /**
+     * @brief Struct template representing a compile-time type list.
+     *
+     * @tparam Types The types to be included in the list.
+     *
+     * @details
+     * The `list` struct template provides a mechanism for grouping an
+     * arbitrary number of types into a single type list at compile time. This
+     * is a fundamental building block for template metaprogramming, enabling
+     * operations such as type iteration, transformation, and introspection
+     * within the µTest++ framework.
+     *
+     * The type list is commonly used in conjunction with function traits and
+     * other metaprogramming utilities to facilitate advanced type
+     * manipulations and compile-time computations.
+     *
+     * @headerfile micro-test-plus.h <micro-os-plus/micro-test-plus.h>
+     */
+    template <class... Types>
+    struct list
+    {
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Struct template for compile-time type identity.
+     *
+     * @tparam T The type to be preserved.
+     * @tparam Extra Additional template parameters, ignored.
+     *
+     * @details
+     * The `identity` struct template provides a mechanism for preserving a
+     * type `T` during template metaprogramming. It is commonly used to delay
+     * type evaluation or to forward types in complex template constructs
+     * within the µTest++ framework.
+     *
+     * This utility is particularly useful in scenarios where type deduction or
+     * SFINAE is required, as it allows the type to be carried through template
+     * specialisations without modification.
+     *
+     * @headerfile micro-test-plus.h <micro-os-plus/micro-test-plus.h>
+     */
+    template <class T, class... Extra>
+    struct identity
+    {
+      /**
+       * @brief Alias for the preserved type.
+       */
+      using type = T;
+    };
+
+#if defined(__DOXYGEN__)
+    // error: Detected potential recursive class relation between class
+    // micro_os_plus::micro_test_plus::type_traits::function_traits and base
+    // class micro_os_plus::micro_test_plus::type_traits::function_traits<
+    // decltype(&T::operator())>!
+    // https://github.com/doxygen/doxygen/issues/9915
+#else
+    /**
+     * @brief Struct template for extracting function traits from callable
+     * types.
+     *
+     * @tparam T The callable type for which traits are to be extracted.
+     *
+     * @details
+     * The `function_traits` struct template provides compile-time
+     * introspection of callable types, such as function pointers, member
+     * functions, and functors (including lambdas). For generic callable types,
+     * this primary template inherits from the specialisation for the type of
+     * the call operator, enabling seamless trait extraction for user-defined
+     * functors and lambdas.
+     *
+     * This mechanism allows the µTest++ framework to deduce argument types and
+     * return types of arbitrary callables, supporting advanced template
+     * metaprogramming and flexible test case registration.
+     *
+     * @headerfile micro-test-plus.h <micro-os-plus/micro-test-plus.h>
+     */
+    template <class T>
+    struct function_traits : function_traits<decltype (&T::operator())>
+    {
+    };
+#endif
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Struct template specialisation for extracting function traits
+     * from function pointer types.
+     *
+     * @tparam R The return type of the function.
+     * @tparam Args_T The argument types of the function.
+     *
+     * @details
+     * This specialisation of the `function_traits` struct template provides
+     * compile-time introspection for function pointer types. It exposes the
+     * return type and argument types of a function pointer, enabling advanced
+     * template metaprogramming and type deduction within the µTest++
+     * framework.
+     *
+     * The `result_type` member defines the return type of the function, while
+     * the `args` member is a type list containing all argument types.
+     *
+     * @headerfile micro-test-plus.h <micro-os-plus/micro-test-plus.h>
+     */
+    template <class R, class... Args_T>
+    struct function_traits<R (*) (Args_T...)>
+    {
+      /**
+       * @brief The return type of the function.
+       */
+      using result_type = R;
+
+      /**
+       * @brief Type list of all argument types.
+       */
+      using args = list<Args_T...>;
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Struct template specialisation for extracting function traits
+     * from plain function types.
+     *
+     * @tparam R The return type of the function.
+     * @tparam Args_T The argument types of the function.
+     *
+     * @details
+     * This specialisation of the `function_traits` struct template provides
+     * compile-time introspection for plain function types (i.e., non-pointer,
+     * non-member functions). It exposes the return type and argument types of
+     * a function, enabling advanced template metaprogramming and type
+     * deduction within the µTest++ framework.
+     *
+     * The `result_type` member defines the return type of the function, while
+     * the `args` member is a type list containing all argument types.
+     *
+     * @headerfile micro-test-plus.h <micro-os-plus/micro-test-plus.h>
+     */
+    template <class R, class... Args_T>
+    struct function_traits<R (Args_T...)>
+    {
+      /**
+       * @brief The return type of the function.
+       */
+      using result_type = R;
+
+      /**
+       * @brief Type list of all argument types.
+       */
+      using args = list<Args_T...>;
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Struct template specialisation for extracting function traits
+     * from non-const member function types.
+     *
+     * @tparam R The return type of the member function.
+     * @tparam T The class type to which the member function belongs.
+     * @tparam Args_T The argument types of the member function.
+     *
+     * @details
+     * This specialisation of the `function_traits` struct template provides
+     * compile-time introspection for non-const member function types. It
+     * exposes the return type and argument types of a member function,
+     * enabling advanced template metaprogramming and type deduction within the
+     * µTest++ framework.
+     *
+     * The `result_type` member defines the return type of the member function,
+     * while the `args` member is a type list containing all argument types.
+     *
+     * @headerfile micro-test-plus.h <micro-os-plus/micro-test-plus.h>
+     */
+    template <class R, class T, class... Args_T>
+    struct function_traits<R (T::*) (Args_T...)>
+    {
+      /**
+       * @brief The return type of the member function.
+       */
+      using result_type = R;
+
+      /**
+       * @brief Type list of all argument types.
+       */
+      using args = list<Args_T...>;
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Struct template specialisation for extracting function traits
+     * from const member function types.
+     *
+     * @tparam R The return type of the const member function.
+     * @tparam T The class type to which the member function belongs.
+     * @tparam Args_T The argument types of the const member function.
+     *
+     * @details
+     * This specialisation of the `function_traits` struct template provides
+     * compile-time introspection for const member function types. It exposes
+     * the return type and argument types of a const member function, enabling
+     * advanced template metaprogramming and type deduction within the µTest++
+     * framework.
+     *
+     * The `result_type` member defines the return type of the const member
+     * function, while the `args` member is a type list containing all argument
+     * types.
+     *
+     * @headerfile micro-test-plus.h <micro-os-plus/micro-test-plus.h>
+     */
+    template <class R, class T, class... Args_T>
+    struct function_traits<R (T::*) (Args_T...) const>
+    {
+      /**
+       * @brief The return type of the const member function.
+       */
+      using result_type = R;
+
+      /**
+       * @brief Type list of all argument types.
+       */
+      using args = list<Args_T...>;
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Utility function template to simulate std::declval for type
+     * deduction.
+     *
+     * @tparam T The type for which an rvalue reference is required.
+     *
+     * @par Parameters
+     *	 None.
+     * @return An rvalue reference to type `T`.
+     *
+     * @details
+     * The `declval` function template provides a mechanism for obtaining an
+     * rvalue reference to a type `T` without requiring an actual object. This
+     * is primarily used in unevaluated contexts, such as within `decltype`, to
+     * deduce types during template metaprogramming in the µTest++ framework.
+     */
+    template <class T>
+    T&&
+    declval (void);
+    template <class... Ts, class Expr_T>
+    constexpr auto
+    is_valid (Expr_T expr) -> decltype (expr (declval<Ts...> ()), bool ())
+    {
+      return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Fallback function template for is_valid, returns false if the
+     * expression is not valid.
+     *
+     * @tparam Ts The argument types to be tested.
+     *
+     * @return `false` indicating the expression is not valid for the given
+     * argument types.
+     *
+     * @details
+     * This overload is selected when the primary `is_valid` template cannot be
+     * instantiated, providing a `false` result for invalid expressions.
+     */
+    template <class... Ts>
+    constexpr auto
+    is_valid (...) -> bool
+    {
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Variable template to determine if a type models a container.
+     *
+     * @tparam T The type to be checked for container-like behaviour.
+     *
+     * @retval true if `T` has both `begin()` and `end()` member functions.
+     * @retval false otherwise.
+     *
+     * @details
+     * The `is_container_v` variable template evaluates to `true` if the given
+     * type `T` provides both `begin()` and `end()` member functions,
+     * indicating that it models a standard container concept. This trait is
+     * determined at compile time using SFINAE and is_valid, and is used
+     * throughout the µTest++ framework to enable generic handling of container
+     * types in template metaprogramming.
+     */
+    template <class T>
+    static constexpr auto is_container_v = is_valid<T> (
+        [] (auto t) -> decltype (t.begin (), t.end (), void ()) {});
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Variable template to determine if a type provides a static `npos`
+     * member.
+     *
+     * @tparam T The type to be checked for the presence of a static `npos`
+     * member.
+     *
+     * @retval true if `T` has a static member named `npos`.
+     * @retval false otherwise.
+     *
+     * @details
+     * The `has_npos_v` variable template evaluates to `true` if the given type
+     * `T` defines a static member named `npos`. This trait is determined at
+     * compile time using SFINAE and the `is_valid` utility, and is used
+     * throughout the µTest++ framework to enable generic handling of types
+     * that follow the standard string or container conventions.
+     */
+    template <class T>
+    static constexpr auto has_npos_v
+        = is_valid<T> ([] (auto t) -> decltype (void (t.npos)) {});
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Variable template to determine if a type provides a `value`
+     * member.
+     *
+     * @tparam T The type to be checked for the presence of a `value` member.
+     *
+     * @retval true if `T` has a member named `value`.
+     * @retval false otherwise.
+     *
+     * @details
+     * The `has_value_v` variable template evaluates to `true` if the given
+     * type `T` defines a member named `value`. This trait is determined at
+     * compile time using SFINAE and the `is_valid` utility, and is used
+     * throughout the µTest++ framework to enable generic handling of types
+     * that encapsulate a value, such as wrappers or constant types.
+     */
+    template <class T>
+    static constexpr auto has_value_v
+        = is_valid<T> ([] (auto t) -> decltype (void (t.value)) {});
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Variable template to determine if a type provides an `epsilon`
+     * member.
+     *
+     * @tparam T The type to be checked for the presence of an `epsilon`
+     * member.
+     *
+     * @retval true if `T` has a member named `epsilon`.
+     * @retval false otherwise.
+     *
+     * @details
+     * The `has_epsilon_v` variable template evaluates to `true` if the given
+     * type `T` defines a member named `epsilon`. This trait is determined at
+     * compile time using SFINAE and the `is_valid` utility, and is used
+     * throughout the µTest++ framework to enable generic handling of types
+     * that represent floating-point values or require precision control.
+     */
+    template <class T>
+    static constexpr auto has_epsilon_v
+        = is_valid<T> ([] (auto t) -> decltype (void (t.epsilon)) {});
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Variable template to determine if a type is a floating point
+     * type.
+     *
+     * @tparam T The type to be checked for floating point classification.
+     *
+     * @retval true if `T` is a floating point type.
+     * @retval false otherwise.
+     *
+     * @details
+     * The `is_floating_point_v` variable template evaluates to `true` if the
+     * given type `T` is a floating point type (`float`, `double`, or `long
+     * double`). For all other types, it evaluates to `false`. This trait is
+     * used throughout the µTest++ framework to enable type-safe handling and
+     * specialisation for floating point types in template metaprogramming.
+     *
+     * Specialisations are provided for `float`, `double`, and `long double`,
+     * each evaluating to `true`.
+     */
+    template <class T>
+    inline constexpr auto is_floating_point_v = false;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Variable template specialisation indicating that `float` is a
+     * floating point type.
+     *
+     * @details
+     * This specialisation of the `is_floating_point_v` variable template
+     * evaluates to `true` for the `float` type, confirming that it is
+     * recognised as a floating point type within the µTest++ framework. This
+     * enables type-safe handling and specialisation for floating point types
+     * in template metaprogramming.
+     *
+     * @see is_floating_point_v
+     */
+    template <>
+    inline constexpr auto is_floating_point_v<float> = true;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Variable template specialisation indicating that `double` is a
+     * floating point type.
+     *
+     * @details
+     * This specialisation of the `is_floating_point_v` variable template
+     * evaluates to `true` for the `double` type, confirming that it is
+     * recognised as a floating point type within the µTest++ framework. This
+     * enables type-safe handling and specialisation for floating point types
+     * in template metaprogramming.
+     *
+     * @see is_floating_point_v
+     */
+    template <>
+    inline constexpr auto is_floating_point_v<double> = true;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Variable template specialisation indicating that `long double` is
+     * a floating point type.
+     *
+     * @details
+     * This specialisation of the `is_floating_point_v` variable template
+     * evaluates to `true` for the `long double` type, confirming that it is
+     * recognised as a floating point type within the µTest++ framework. This
+     * enables type-safe handling and specialisation for floating point types
+     * in template metaprogramming.
+     *
+     * @see is_floating_point_v
+     */
+    template <>
+    inline constexpr auto is_floating_point_v<long double> = true;
+
+#if defined(__clang__) or defined(_MSC_VER)
+    /**
+     * @brief Variable template to determine if one type is convertible to
+     * another.
+     *
+     * @tparam From The source type to be checked for convertibility.
+     * @tparam To The target type to which conversion is tested.
+     *
+     * @retval true if `From` is convertible to `To`.
+     * @retval false otherwise.
+     *
+     * @details
+     * The `is_convertible_v` variable template evaluates to `true` if the type
+     * `From` is implicitly convertible to the type `To`, and `false`
+     * otherwise. This trait is determined at compile time and is used
+     * throughout the µTest++ framework to enable type-safe conversions and
+     * requirements checking in template metaprogramming.
+     *
+     * On supported compilers, this trait leverages compiler intrinsics for
+     * optimal performance and accuracy.
+     */
+    template <class From, class To>
+    static constexpr auto is_convertible_v = __is_convertible_to (From, To);
+#else
+    /**
+     * @brief Function template to determine if one type is convertible to
+     * another.
+     *
+     * @tparam From The source type to be checked for convertibility.
+     * @tparam To The target type to which conversion is tested.
+     *
+     * @param n Dummy parameter used for overload resolution.
+     * @retval true if `From` is convertible to `To`.
+     *
+     * @details
+     * The `is_convertible` function template checks, at compile time, whether
+     * a value of type `From` can be implicitly converted to type `To`. This is
+     * achieved using SFINAE and is primarily used as an implementation detail
+     * for the `is_convertible_v` variable template within the µTest++
+     * framework.
+     *
+     * If the conversion is valid, this overload is selected and returns
+     * `true`.
+     */
+    template <class From, class To>
+    constexpr auto
+    is_convertible (int n) -> decltype (bool (To (declval<From> ())))
+    {
+      (void)n; // Prevent the unused parameter warning.
+      return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Fallback function template for is_convertible, returns false if
+     * the conversion is not valid.
+     *
+     * @tparam ...Unused Unused template parameters.
+     *
+     * @retval false indicating the conversion is not valid.
+     *
+     * @details
+     * This overload is selected when the primary `is_convertible` template
+     * cannot be instantiated, providing a `false` result for invalid
+     * conversions.
+     */
+    template <class...>
+    constexpr auto
+    is_convertible (...)
+    {
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Variable template to determine if one type is convertible to
+     * another.
+     *
+     * @tparam From The source type to be checked for convertibility.
+     * @tparam To The target type to which conversion is tested.
+     *
+     * @retval true if `From` is convertible to `To`.
+     * @retval false otherwise.
+     *
+     * @details
+     * The `is_convertible_v` variable template evaluates to `true` if the type
+     * `From` is implicitly convertible to the type `To`, and `false`
+     * otherwise. This trait is determined at compile time and is used
+     * throughout the µTest++ framework to enable type-safe conversions and
+     * requirements checking in template metaprogramming.
+     */
+    template <class From, class To>
+    constexpr auto is_convertible_v = is_convertible<From, To> (0);
+#endif
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Struct template for SFINAE requirements.
+     *
+     * @details
+     * The `requires_` struct template is a utility for SFINAE (Substitution
+     * Failure Is Not An Error) in template metaprogramming. It is typically
+     * used to enable or disable template specialisations and function
+     * templates based on compile-time boolean conditions.
+     *
+     * When the boolean template parameter is `true`, the specialisation
+     * provides a nested `type` alias, which can be used in conjunction with
+     * `typename` and `requires_t` to enforce requirements in template
+     * declarations.
+     *
+     * @headerfile micro-test-plus.h <micro-os-plus/micro-test-plus.h>
+     */
+    template <bool Cond>
+    struct requires_
+    {
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Specialisation of the requirements struct template for `true`.
+     *
+     * @details
+     * When the condition is `true`, this specialisation provides a nested
+     * `type` alias, typically used for SFINAE and requirements checking in
+     * template metaprogramming.
+     *
+     * @headerfile micro-test-plus.h <micro-os-plus/micro-test-plus.h>
+     */
+    template <>
+    struct requires_<true>
+    {
+      /**
+       * @brief Alias type provided when the requirement is satisfied.
+       */
+      using type = int;
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Alias template for extracting the `type` member from `requires_`.
+     *
+     * @tparam Cond The boolean condition to be checked at compile time.
+     *
+     * @details
+     * The `requires_t` alias template simplifies the use of the `requires_`
+     * struct template by directly exposing the nested `type` member. It is
+     * commonly used to enforce compile-time requirements in template
+     * declarations.
+     */
+    template <bool Cond>
+    using requires_t = typename requires_<Cond>::type;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Empty base struct for all operator types.
+     *
+     * @details
+     * The `op` struct serves as a common base for all operator and value
+     * wrapper types used in the µTest++ framework's type traits and
+     * metaprogramming utilities. It provides a unified type hierarchy,
+     * enabling compile-time detection and generic handling of operator-like
+     * types within the framework.
+     *
+     * This struct is intended for internal use as a base for integral
+     * constants, floating point constants, and other value wrappers,
+     * supporting advanced template metaprogramming and type introspection.
+     *
+     * @headerfile micro-test-plus.h <micro-os-plus/micro-test-plus.h>
+     */
+    struct op
+    {
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Struct template representing a generic integral constant.
+     *
+     * @tparam N The compile-time constant value.
+     *
+     * @details
+     * The `integral_constant` struct template provides a compile-time constant
+     * value of an integral type, with additional utility features. It inherits
+     * from `op` to enable unified handling within the µTest++ framework's type
+     * traits and metaprogramming utilities.
+     *
+     * This struct template exposes the constant value via a static member, a
+     * getter method, and explicit conversion operators. It also provides a
+     * unary minus operator to obtain the negative value as a new
+     * `integral_constant` instance.
+     *
+     * @headerfile micro-test-plus.h <micro-os-plus/micro-test-plus.h>
+     */
+    template <auto N>
+    struct integral_constant : op
+    {
+      /**
+       * @brief The type of the constant value.
+       */
+      using value_type = decltype (N);
+
+      /**
+       * @brief The constant value.
+       */
+      static constexpr auto value = N;
+
+      /**
+       * @brief Unary minus operator.
+       *
+       * @return An `integral_constant` with value `-N`.
+       *
+       * @details
+       * Returns a new `integral_constant` instance representing the negative
+       * of the current value.
+       */
+      [[nodiscard]] constexpr auto
+      operator- () const
+      {
+        return integral_constant<-N>{};
+      }
+
+      /**
+       * @brief Explicit conversion operator to value_type.
+       *
+       * @par Parameters
+       *	 None.
+       * @return The constant value as type `value_type`.
+       *
+       * @details
+       * Allows explicit conversion to the underlying value type.
+       */
+      [[nodiscard]] constexpr explicit
+      operator value_type (void) const
+      {
+        return N;
+      }
+
+      /**
+       * @brief Getter for the constant value.
+       *
+       * @par Parameters
+       *	 None.
+       * @return The constant value.
+       *
+       * @details
+       * Returns the compile-time constant value.
+       */
+      [[nodiscard]] constexpr auto
+      get (void) const
+      {
+        return N;
+      }
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Struct template representing a generic floating point constant
+     * with custom size and precision.
+     *
+     * @tparam T The floating point type (e.g., float, double).
+     * @tparam N The integral part of the constant value.
+     * @tparam D The fractional part of the constant value.
+     * @tparam Size The number of decimal digits for the fractional part.
+     * @tparam P The sign of the value (1 for positive, -1 for negative).
+     * Defaults to 1.
+     *
+     * @details
+     * The `floating_point_constant` struct template provides a compile-time
+     * constant value of a floating point type, supporting custom size and
+     * precision. It inherits from `op` to enable unified handling within the
+     * µTest++ framework's type traits and metaprogramming utilities.
+     *
+     * This struct template exposes the constant value via a static member, a
+     * getter method, and explicit conversion operators. It also provides a
+     * unary minus operator to obtain the negative value as a new
+     * `floating_point_constant` instance. The `epsilon` member defines the
+     * precision used for floating point comparisons, calculated based on the
+     * specified size.
+     *
+     * @headerfile micro-test-plus.h <micro-os-plus/micro-test-plus.h>
+     */
+    template <class T, auto N, auto D, auto Size, auto P = 1>
+    struct floating_point_constant : op
+    {
+      /**
+       * @brief The type of the constant value.
+       */
+      using value_type = T;
+
+      /**
+       * @brief The epsilon value used for floating point comparisons.
+       *
+       * @details
+       * Calculated as 1 divided by 10 raised to the power of (Size - 1).
+       */
+      static constexpr auto epsilon = T (1) / math::pow (T (10), Size - 1);
+
+      /**
+       * @brief The constant value.
+       *
+       * @details
+       * Computed as `P * (N + D / 10^Size)`.
+       */
+      static constexpr auto value
+          = T (P) * (T (N) + (T (D) / math::pow (T (10), Size)));
+
+      /**
+       * @brief Unary minus operator.
+       *
+       * @return A `floating_point_constant` with value `-value`.
+       *
+       * @details
+       * Returns a new `floating_point_constant` instance representing the
+       * negative of the current value.
+       */
+      [[nodiscard]] constexpr auto
+      operator- () const
+      {
+        return floating_point_constant<T, N, D, Size, -1>{};
+      }
+
+      /**
+       * @brief Explicit conversion operator to value_type.
+       *
+       * @return The constant value as type `value_type`.
+       *
+       * @details
+       * Allows explicit conversion to the underlying floating point value
+       * type.
+       */
+      [[nodiscard]] constexpr explicit
+      operator value_type () const
+      {
+        return value;
+      }
+
+      /**
+       * @brief Getter for the constant value.
+       *
+       * @return The constant value.
+       *
+       * @details
+       * Returns the compile-time floating point constant value.
+       */
+      [[nodiscard]] constexpr auto
+      get () const
+      {
+        return value;
+      }
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Struct template representing a genuine integral value.
+     *
+     * @tparam T The type of the integral value.
+     *
+     * @details
+     * The `genuine_integral_value` struct template encapsulates a runtime
+     * integral value, providing a consistent interface for value access and
+     * conversion. It inherits from `op` to enable unified handling within the
+     * µTest++ framework's type traits and metaprogramming utilities.
+     *
+     * This struct template exposes the value via a member variable, a getter
+     * method, and an explicit conversion operator. It is intended for use
+     * cases where a value must be wrapped and treated generically within the
+     * framework, supporting advanced template metaprogramming and type
+     * introspection.
+     *
+     * @headerfile micro-test-plus.h <micro-os-plus/micro-test-plus.h>
+     */
+    template <class T>
+    struct genuine_integral_value : op
+    {
+      /**
+       * @brief The type of the encapsulated value.
+       */
+      using value_type = T;
+
+      /**
+       * @brief Constructs a genuine_integral_value with the specified value.
+       *
+       * @param _value The integral value to be stored.
+       */
+      constexpr genuine_integral_value (const T& _value) : value_{ _value }
+      {
+      }
+
+      /**
+       * @brief Explicit conversion operator to the underlying value type.
+       *
+       * @return The stored value as type `T`.
+       *
+       * @details
+       * Allows explicit conversion to the encapsulated value.
+       */
+      [[nodiscard]] constexpr explicit
+      operator T () const
+      {
+        return value_;
+      }
+
+      /**
+       * @brief Getter for the encapsulated value.
+       *
+       * @return The value of type `T`.
+       *
+       * @details
+       * Returns the stored integral value.
+       */
+      [[nodiscard]] constexpr decltype (auto)
+      get () const
+      {
+        return value_;
+      }
+
+      /**
+       * @brief The encapsulated integral value.
+       */
+      T value_{};
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Variable template to determine if a type derives from `op`.
+     *
+     * @tparam T The type to be checked for derivation from `op`.
+     *
+     * @retval true if `T` is derived from `type_traits::op`.
+     * @retval false otherwise.
+     *
+     * @details
+     * The `is_op_v` variable template evaluates to `true` if the given type
+     * `T` is derived from the `type_traits::op` base struct, and `false`
+     * otherwise. This trait is determined at compile time using compiler
+     * intrinsics and is used throughout the µTest++ framework to enable
+     * generic handling and detection of operator-like or value wrapper types
+     * in template metaprogramming.
+     */
+    template <class T>
+    inline constexpr auto is_op_v = __is_base_of (type_traits::op, T);
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Struct template representing a generic value, accessible via a
+     * getter.
+     *
+     * @tparam T The type of the value to be encapsulated.
+     * @tparam Opt An optional parameter for SFINAE or specialisation,
+     * defaults to `int`.
+     *
+     * @details
+     * The `value` struct template encapsulates a value of type `T`, providing
+     * a consistent interface for value access and conversion. It inherits from
+     * `type_traits::op` to enable unified handling within the µTest++
+     * framework's type traits and metaprogramming utilities.
+     *
+     * This struct template exposes the value via a member variable, a getter
+     * method, and an explicit conversion operator. It is intended for use
+     * cases where a value must be wrapped and treated generically within the
+     * framework, supporting advanced template metaprogramming and type
+     * introspection.
+     *
+     * @headerfile micro-test-plus.h <micro-os-plus/micro-test-plus.h>
+     */
+    template <class T, class Opt = int>
+    struct value : type_traits::op
+    {
+      /**
+       * @brief The type of the encapsulated value.
+       */
+      using value_type = T;
+
+      /**
+       * @brief Constructs a value object with the specified value.
+       *
+       * @param _value The value to be stored.
+       */
+      constexpr value (const T& _value) : value_{ _value }
+      {
+      }
+
+      /**
+       * @brief Explicit conversion operator to the underlying value type.
+       *
+       * @return The stored value as type `T`.
+       *
+       * @details
+       * Allows explicit conversion to the encapsulated value.
+       */
+      [[nodiscard]] constexpr explicit
+      operator T () const
+      {
+        return value_;
+      }
+
+      /**
+       * @brief Getter for the encapsulated value.
+       *
+       * @par Parameters
+       *	 None.
+       * @return The value of type `T`.
+       *
+       * @details
+       * Returns the stored value.
+       */
+      [[nodiscard]] constexpr decltype (auto)
+      get (void) const
+      {
+        return value_;
+      }
+
+      /**
+       * @brief The encapsulated value.
+       */
+      T value_{};
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Struct template representing a floating point value with
+     * precision control.
+     *
+     * @tparam T The floating point type to be encapsulated.
+     *
+     * @details
+     * The `value` struct template specialisation for floating point types
+     * encapsulates a value of type `T` and provides an associated `epsilon`
+     * for precision control during comparisons. It inherits from
+     * `type_traits::op` to enable unified handling within the µTest++
+     * framework's type traits and metaprogramming utilities.
+     *
+     * This struct template exposes the value via a member variable, a getter
+     * method, and an explicit conversion operator. The `epsilon` member
+     * defines the precision used for floating point comparisons and can be set
+     * explicitly or computed as a default based on the number of decimal
+     * digits in the value.
+     *
+     * This specialisation is intended for use cases where floating point
+     * values require controlled precision, supporting advanced template
+     * metaprogramming and type-safe comparisons within the framework.
+     *
+     * @headerfile micro-test-plus.h <micro-os-plus/micro-test-plus.h>
+     */
+    template <class T>
+    struct value<T,
+                 type_traits::requires_t<type_traits::is_floating_point_v<T>>>
+        : type_traits::op
+    {
+      /**
+       * @brief The type of the encapsulated value.
+       */
+      using value_type = T;
+
+      /**
+       * @brief The epsilon value used for floating point comparisons.
+       *
+       * @details
+       * This static inline member defines the precision for comparisons. It
+       * can be set explicitly via the constructor or computed as a default
+       * based on the number of decimal digits in the value.
+       */
+      static inline auto epsilon = T{}; // Why static?
+
+      /**
+       * @brief Constructs a floating point value with a specified precision.
+       *
+       * @param _value The floating point value to be stored.
+       * @param precision The epsilon value to be used for comparisons.
+       */
+      constexpr value (const T& _value, const T precision) : value_{ _value }
+      {
+        epsilon = precision;
+      }
+
+      /**
+       * @brief Constructs a floating point value with default precision.
+       *
+       * @param val The floating point value to be stored.
+       *
+       * @details
+       * The epsilon is computed as 1 divided by 10 raised to the number of
+       * decimal digits in the value.
+       */
+      constexpr /*explicit(false)*/ value (const T& val)
+          : value{ val,
+                   T (1)
+                       / math::pow (T (10),
+                                    math::den_size<unsigned long long> (val)) }
+      {
+      }
+
+      /**
+       * @brief Explicit conversion operator to the underlying value type.
+       *
+       * @return The stored value as type `T`.
+       *
+       * @details
+       * Allows explicit conversion to the encapsulated floating point value.
+       */
+      [[nodiscard]] constexpr explicit
+      operator T () const
+      {
+        return value_;
+      }
+
+      /**
+       * @brief Getter for the encapsulated value.
+       *
+       * @par Parameters
+       *	 None.
+       * @return The value of type `T`.
+       *
+       * @details
+       * Returns the stored floating point value.
+       */
+      [[nodiscard]] constexpr decltype (auto)
+      get (void) const
+      {
+        return value_;
+      }
+
+      /**
+       * @brief The encapsulated floating point value.
+       */
+      T value_{};
+    };
+
+    // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+  } // namespace type_traits
+
+  // --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+} // namespace micro_os_plus::micro_test_plus
+
+#if defined(__GNUC__)
+#pragma GCC diagnostic pop
+#endif
+
+// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+#endif // __cplusplus
+
+// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+#endif // MICRO_TEST_PLUS_TYPE_TRAITS_H_
+
+// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------