@medplum/core 0.9.7 → 0.9.8

package/dist/cjs/index.js

@@ -55,9 +55,17 @@
             __classPrivateFieldSet(this, _LRUCache_max, max, "f");
             __classPrivateFieldSet(this, _LRUCache_cache, new Map(), "f");
         }
+        /**
+         * Deletes all values from the cache.
+         */
         clear() {
             __classPrivateFieldGet(this, _LRUCache_cache, "f").clear();
         }
+        /**
+         * Returns the value for the given key.
+         * @param key The key to retrieve.
+         * @returns The value if found; undefined otherwise.
+         */
         get(key) {
             const item = __classPrivateFieldGet(this, _LRUCache_cache, "f").get(key);
             if (item) {
@@ -66,6 +74,11 @@
             }
             return item;
         }
+        /**
+         * Sets the value for the given key.
+         * @param key The key to set.
+         * @param val The value to set.
+         */
         set(key, val) {
             if (__classPrivateFieldGet(this, _LRUCache_cache, "f").has(key)) {
                 __classPrivateFieldGet(this, _LRUCache_cache, "f").delete(key);
@@ -75,9 +88,20 @@
             }
             __classPrivateFieldGet(this, _LRUCache_cache, "f").set(key, val);
         }
+        /**
+         * Deletes the value for the given key.
+         * @param key The key to delete.
+         */
         delete(key) {
             __classPrivateFieldGet(this, _LRUCache_cache, "f").delete(key);
         }
+        /**
+         * Returns the list of all keys in the cache.
+         * @returns The array of keys in the cache.
+         */
+        keys() {
+            return __classPrivateFieldGet(this, _LRUCache_cache, "f").keys();
+        }
     }
     _LRUCache_max = new WeakMap(), _LRUCache_cache = new WeakMap(), _LRUCache_instances = new WeakSet(), _LRUCache_first = function _LRUCache_first() {
         // This works because the Map class maintains ordered keys.
@@ -786,6 +810,91 @@
         }
     }
 
+    /*
+     * This file attempts a unified "generatePdf" function that works both client-side and server-side.
+     * On client-side, it checks for a global "pdfMake" variable.
+     * On server-side, it dynamically loads "pdfmake" from the node_modules.
+     */
+    function generatePdf(docDefinition, tableLayouts, fonts) {
+        return __awaiter(this, void 0, void 0, function* () {
+            // Setup sane defaults
+            // See: https://pdfmake.github.io/docs/0.1/document-definition-object/styling/
+            docDefinition.pageSize = docDefinition.pageSize || 'LETTER';
+            docDefinition.pageMargins = docDefinition.pageMargins || [60, 60, 60, 60];
+            docDefinition.pageOrientation = docDefinition.pageOrientation || 'portrait';
+            docDefinition.defaultStyle = docDefinition.defaultStyle || {};
+            docDefinition.defaultStyle.font = docDefinition.defaultStyle.font || 'Helvetica';
+            docDefinition.defaultStyle.fontSize = docDefinition.defaultStyle.fontSize || 11;
+            docDefinition.defaultStyle.lineHeight = docDefinition.defaultStyle.lineHeight || 2.0;
+            if (typeof pdfMake === 'undefined') {
+                return generatePdfServerSide(docDefinition, tableLayouts, fonts);
+            }
+            else {
+                return generatePdfClientSide(docDefinition, tableLayouts, fonts);
+            }
+        });
+    }
+    function generatePdfServerSide(docDefinition, tableLayouts, fonts) {
+        return __awaiter(this, void 0, void 0, function* () {
+            if (!fonts) {
+                fonts = {
+                    Helvetica: {
+                        normal: 'Helvetica',
+                        bold: 'Helvetica-Bold',
+                        italics: 'Helvetica-Oblique',
+                        bolditalics: 'Helvetica-BoldOblique',
+                    },
+                    Roboto: {
+                        normal: 'https://static.medplum.com/fonts/Roboto-Regular.ttf',
+                        bold: 'https://static.medplum.com/fonts/Roboto-Medium.ttf',
+                        italics: 'https://static.medplum.com/fonts/Roboto-Italic.ttf',
+                        bolditalics: 'https://static.medplum.com/fonts/Roboto-MediumItalic.ttf',
+                    },
+                    Avenir: {
+                        normal: 'https://static.medplum.com/fonts/avenir.ttf',
+                    },
+                };
+            }
+            return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
+                // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-var-requires
+                const PdfPrinter = require('pdfmake');
+                const printer = new PdfPrinter(fonts);
+                const pdfDoc = printer.createPdfKitDocument(docDefinition, { tableLayouts });
+                const chunks = [];
+                pdfDoc.on('data', (chunk) => chunks.push(chunk));
+                pdfDoc.on('end', () => resolve(Buffer.concat(chunks)));
+                pdfDoc.on('error', reject);
+                pdfDoc.end();
+            });
+        });
+    }
+    function generatePdfClientSide(docDefinition, tableLayouts, fonts) {
+        return __awaiter(this, void 0, void 0, function* () {
+            if (!fonts) {
+                fonts = {
+                    Helvetica: {
+                        normal: 'https://static.medplum.com/fonts/Helvetica.ttf',
+                        bold: 'https://static.medplum.com/fonts/Helvetica-bold.ttf',
+                        italics: 'https://static.medplum.com/fonts/Helvetica-italic.ttf',
+                        bolditalics: 'https://static.medplum.com/fonts/Helvetica-bold-italic.ttf',
+                    },
+                    Roboto: {
+                        normal: 'https://static.medplum.com/fonts/Roboto-Regular.ttf',
+                        bold: 'https://static.medplum.com/fonts/Roboto-Medium.ttf',
+                        italics: 'https://static.medplum.com/fonts/Roboto-Italic.ttf',
+                        bolditalics: 'https://static.medplum.com/fonts/Roboto-MediumItalic.ttf',
+                    },
+                    Avenir: {
+                        normal: 'https://static.medplum.com/fonts/avenir.ttf',
+                    },
+                };
+            }
+            return new Promise((resolve) => {
+                pdfMake.createPdf(docDefinition, tableLayouts, fonts).getBlob(resolve);
+            });
+        });
+    }
+
     var _ReadablePromise_suspender, _ReadablePromise_status, _ReadablePromise_response, _ReadablePromise_error, _a;
     /**
      * The ReadablePromise class wraps a request promise suitable for React Suspense.
@@ -1472,6 +1581,26 @@
             __classPrivateFieldSet(this, _MedplumClient_config, undefined, "f");
             this.dispatchEvent({ type: 'change' });
         }
+        /**
+         * Invalidates any cached values or cached requests for the given URL.
+         * @param url The URL to invalidate.
+         */
+        invalidateUrl(url) {
+            url = url.toString();
+            __classPrivateFieldGet(this, _MedplumClient_requestCache, "f").delete(url);
+        }
+        /**
+         * Invalidates all cached search results or cached requests for the given resourceType.
+         * @param resourceType The resource type to invalidate.
+         */
+        invalidateSearches(resourceType) {
+            const url = 'fhir/R4/' + resourceType;
+            for (const key of __classPrivateFieldGet(this, _MedplumClient_requestCache, "f").keys()) {
+                if (key.endsWith(url) || key.includes(url + '?')) {
+                    __classPrivateFieldGet(this, _MedplumClient_requestCache, "f").delete(key);
+                }
+            }
+        }
         /**
          * Makes an HTTP GET request to the specified URL.
          *
@@ -1516,7 +1645,7 @@
             if (contentType) {
                 __classPrivateFieldGet(this, _MedplumClient_instances, "m", _MedplumClient_setRequestContentType).call(this, options, contentType);
             }
-            __classPrivateFieldGet(this, _MedplumClient_requestCache, "f").delete(url);
+            this.invalidateUrl(url);
             return __classPrivateFieldGet(this, _MedplumClient_instances, "m", _MedplumClient_request).call(this, 'POST', url, options);
         }
         /**
@@ -1540,7 +1669,7 @@
             if (contentType) {
                 __classPrivateFieldGet(this, _MedplumClient_instances, "m", _MedplumClient_setRequestContentType).call(this, options, contentType);
             }
-            __classPrivateFieldGet(this, _MedplumClient_requestCache, "f").delete(url);
+            this.invalidateUrl(url);
             return __classPrivateFieldGet(this, _MedplumClient_instances, "m", _MedplumClient_request).call(this, 'PUT', url, options);
         }
         /**
@@ -1559,7 +1688,7 @@
             url = url.toString();
             __classPrivateFieldGet(this, _MedplumClient_instances, "m", _MedplumClient_setRequestBody).call(this, options, operations);
             __classPrivateFieldGet(this, _MedplumClient_instances, "m", _MedplumClient_setRequestContentType).call(this, options, PATCH_CONTENT_TYPE);
-            __classPrivateFieldGet(this, _MedplumClient_requestCache, "f").delete(url);
+            this.invalidateUrl(url);
             return __classPrivateFieldGet(this, _MedplumClient_instances, "m", _MedplumClient_request).call(this, 'PATCH', url, options);
         }
         /**
@@ -1575,7 +1704,7 @@
          */
         delete(url, options = {}) {
             url = url.toString();
-            __classPrivateFieldGet(this, _MedplumClient_requestCache, "f").delete(url);
+            this.invalidateUrl(url);
             return __classPrivateFieldGet(this, _MedplumClient_instances, "m", _MedplumClient_request).call(this, 'DELETE', url, options);
         }
         /**
@@ -1653,6 +1782,19 @@
         fhirUrl(...path) {
             return new URL(__classPrivateFieldGet(this, _MedplumClient_baseUrl, "f") + 'fhir/R4/' + path.join('/'));
         }
+        /**
+         * Builds a FHIR search URL from a search query or structured query object.
+         * @param query The FHIR search query or structured query object.
+         * @returns The well-formed FHIR URL.
+         */
+        fhirSearchUrl(query) {
+            if (typeof query === 'string') {
+                return this.fhirUrl(query);
+            }
+            const url = this.fhirUrl(query.resourceType);
+            url.search = formatSearchQuery(query);
+            return url;
+        }
         /**
          * Sends a FHIR search request.
          *
@@ -1708,7 +1850,7 @@
          * @returns Promise to the search result bundle.
          */
         search(query, options = {}) {
-            return this.get(typeof query === 'string' ? 'fhir/R4/' + query : this.fhirUrl(query.resourceType) + formatSearchQuery(query), options);
+            return this.get(this.fhirSearchUrl(query), options);
         }
         /**
          * Sends a FHIR search request for a single resource.
@@ -1732,7 +1874,16 @@
         searchOne(query, options = {}) {
             const search = typeof query === 'string' ? parseSearchDefinition(query) : query;
             search.count = 1;
-            return new ReadablePromise(this.search(search, options).then((bundle) => { var _a, _b; return (_b = (_a = bundle.entry) === null || _a === void 0 ? void 0 : _a[0]) === null || _b === void 0 ? void 0 : _b.resource; }));
+            const cacheKey = this.fhirSearchUrl(query).toString() + '-searchOne';
+            if (!(options === null || options === void 0 ? void 0 : options.cache)) {
+                const cached = __classPrivateFieldGet(this, _MedplumClient_requestCache, "f").get(cacheKey);
+                if (cached) {
+                    return cached;
+                }
+            }
+            const promise = new ReadablePromise(this.search(search, options).then((b) => { var _a, _b; return (_b = (_a = b.entry) === null || _a === void 0 ? void 0 : _a[0]) === null || _b === void 0 ? void 0 : _b.resource; }));
+            __classPrivateFieldGet(this, _MedplumClient_requestCache, "f").set(cacheKey, promise);
+            return promise;
         }
         /**
          * Sends a FHIR search request for an array of resources.
@@ -1754,7 +1905,16 @@
          * @returns Promise to the search result bundle.
          */
         searchResources(query, options = {}) {
-            return new ReadablePromise(this.search(query, options).then((bundle) => { var _a, _b; return (_b = (_a = bundle.entry) === null || _a === void 0 ? void 0 : _a.map((entry) => entry.resource)) !== null && _b !== void 0 ? _b : []; }));
+            const cacheKey = this.fhirSearchUrl(query).toString() + '-searchResources';
+            if (!(options === null || options === void 0 ? void 0 : options.cache)) {
+                const cached = __classPrivateFieldGet(this, _MedplumClient_requestCache, "f").get(cacheKey);
+                if (cached) {
+                    return cached;
+                }
+            }
+            const promise = new ReadablePromise(this.search(query, options).then((b) => { var _a, _b; return (_b = (_a = b.entry) === null || _a === void 0 ? void 0 : _a.map((e) => e.resource)) !== null && _b !== void 0 ? _b : []; }));
+            __classPrivateFieldGet(this, _MedplumClient_requestCache, "f").set(cacheKey, promise);
+            return promise;
         }
         /**
          * Searches a ValueSet resource using the "expand" operation.
@@ -1809,27 +1969,6 @@
         readResource(resourceType, id) {
             return this.get(this.fhirUrl(resourceType, id));
         }
-        /**
-         * Reads a resource by resource type and ID using the in-memory resource cache.
-         *
-         * If the resource is not available in the cache, it will be read from the server.
-         *
-         * Example:
-         *
-         * ```typescript
-         * const patient = await medplum.readCached('Patient', '123');
-         * console.log(patient);
-         * ```
-         *
-         * See the FHIR "read" operation for full details: https://www.hl7.org/fhir/http.html#read
-         *
-         * @param resourceType The FHIR resource type.
-         * @param id The resource ID.
-         * @returns The resource if available; undefined otherwise.
-         */
-        readCached(resourceType, id) {
-            return this.get(this.fhirUrl(resourceType, id));
-        }
         /**
          * Reads a resource by `Reference`.
          *
@@ -1856,34 +1995,6 @@
             const [resourceType, id] = refString.split('/');
             return this.readResource(resourceType, id);
         }
-        /**
-         * Reads a resource by `Reference` using the in-memory resource cache.
-         *
-         * This is a convenience method for `readResource()` that accepts a `Reference` object.
-         *
-         * If the resource is not available in the cache, it will be read from the server.
-         *
-         * Example:
-         *
-         * ```typescript
-         * const serviceRequest = await medplum.readResource('ServiceRequest', '123');
-         * const patient = await medplum.readCachedReference(serviceRequest.subject);
-         * console.log(patient);
-         * ```
-         *
-         * See the FHIR "read" operation for full details: https://www.hl7.org/fhir/http.html#read
-         *
-         * @param reference The FHIR reference object.
-         * @returns The resource if available; undefined otherwise.
-         */
-        readCachedReference(reference) {
-            const refString = reference === null || reference === void 0 ? void 0 : reference.reference;
-            if (!refString) {
-                return new ReadablePromise(Promise.reject(new Error('Missing reference')));
-            }
-            const [resourceType, id] = refString.split('/');
-            return this.readCached(resourceType, id);
-        }
         /**
          * Returns a cached schema for a resource type.
          * If the schema is not cached, returns undefined.
@@ -2014,6 +2125,7 @@
             if (!resource.resourceType) {
                 throw new Error('Missing resourceType');
             }
+            this.invalidateSearches(resource.resourceType);
             return this.post(this.fhirUrl(resource.resourceType), resource);
         }
         /**
@@ -2108,15 +2220,14 @@
          *
          * See the pdfmake document definition for full details: https://pdfmake.github.io/docs/0.1/document-definition-object/
          *
-         * @param docDefinition The FHIR resource to create.
+         * @param docDefinition The PDF document definition.
          * @returns The result of the create operation.
          */
-        createPdf(docDefinition, filename) {
-            const url = this.fhirUrl('Binary', '$pdf');
-            if (filename) {
-                url.searchParams.set('_filename', filename);
-            }
-            return this.post(url, docDefinition, 'application/json');
+        createPdf(docDefinition, filename, tableLayouts, fonts) {
+            return __awaiter(this, void 0, void 0, function* () {
+                const blob = yield generatePdf(docDefinition, tableLayouts, fonts);
+                return this.createBinary(blob, filename, 'application/pdf');
+            });
         }
         /**
          * Creates a FHIR `Communication` resource with the provided data content.
@@ -2183,6 +2294,7 @@
             if (!resource.id) {
                 throw new Error('Missing id');
             }
+            this.invalidateSearches(resource.resourceType);
             return this.put(this.fhirUrl(resource.resourceType, resource.id), resource);
         }
         /**
@@ -2209,6 +2321,7 @@
          * @returns The result of the patch operations.
          */
         patchResource(resourceType, id, operations) {
+            this.invalidateSearches(resourceType);
             return this.patch(this.fhirUrl(resourceType, id), operations);
         }
         /**
@@ -2227,6 +2340,7 @@
          * @returns The result of the delete operation.
          */
         deleteResource(resourceType, id) {
+            this.invalidateSearches(resourceType);
             return this.delete(this.fhirUrl(resourceType, id));
         }
         /**
@@ -2442,7 +2556,10 @@
         const headers = options.headers;
         headers['Content-Type'] = contentType;
     }, _MedplumClient_setRequestBody = function _MedplumClient_setRequestBody(options, data) {
-        if (typeof data === 'string' || (typeof File !== 'undefined' && data instanceof File)) {
+        if (typeof data === 'string' ||
+            (typeof Blob !== 'undefined' && data instanceof Blob) ||
+            (typeof Buffer !== 'undefined' && data instanceof Buffer) ||
+            (typeof File !== 'undefined' && data instanceof File)) {
             options.body = data;
         }
         else if (data) {
@@ -2557,47 +2674,38 @@
     }
 
     /**
-     * Ensures that the value is wrapped in an array.
-     * @param input The input as a an array or a value.
-     * @returns The input as an array.
+     * Returns a single element array with a typed boolean value.
+     * @param value The primitive boolean value.
+     * @returns Single element array with a typed boolean value.
      */
-    function ensureArray(input) {
-        if (input === null || input === undefined) {
-            return [];
-        }
-        return Array.isArray(input) ? input : [input];
+    function booleanToTypedValue(value) {
+        return [{ type: exports.PropertyType.boolean, value }];
     }
     /**
-     * Applies a function to single value or an array of values.
-     * @param context The context which will be passed to the function.
-     * @param fn The function to apply.
-     * @returns The result of the function.
+     * Returns a "best guess" TypedValue for a given value.
+     * @param value The unknown value to check.
+     * @returns A "best guess" TypedValue for the given value.
      */
-    function applyMaybeArray(context, fn) {
-        if (context === undefined) {
-            return undefined;
+    function toTypedValue(value) {
+        if (Number.isSafeInteger(value)) {
+            return { type: exports.PropertyType.integer, value };
         }
-        if (Array.isArray(context)) {
-            return context
-                .map((e) => fn(e))
-                .filter((e) => !!e)
-                .flat();
+        else if (typeof value === 'number') {
+            return { type: exports.PropertyType.decimal, value };
+        }
+        else if (typeof value === 'boolean') {
+            return { type: exports.PropertyType.boolean, value };
+        }
+        else if (typeof value === 'string') {
+            return { type: exports.PropertyType.string, value };
+        }
+        else if (isQuantity(value)) {
+            return { type: exports.PropertyType.Quantity, value };
         }
         else {
-            return fn(context);
+            return { type: exports.PropertyType.BackboneElement, value };
         }
     }
-    /**
-     * Determines if the input is an empty array.
-     * @param obj Any value or array of values.
-     * @returns True if the input is an empty array.
-     */
-    function isEmptyArray(obj) {
-        return Array.isArray(obj) && obj.length === 0;
-    }
-    function isFalsy(obj) {
-        return !obj || isEmptyArray(obj);
-    }
     /**
      * Converts unknown object into a JavaScript boolean.
      * Note that this is different than the FHIRPath "toBoolean",
@@ -2606,10 +2714,7 @@
      * @returns The converted boolean value according to FHIRPath rules.
      */
     function toJsBoolean(obj) {
-        if (Array.isArray(obj)) {
-            return obj.length === 0 ? false : !!obj[0];
-        }
-        return !!obj;
+        return obj.length === 0 ? false : !!obj[0].value;
     }
     /**
      * Removes duplicates in array using FHIRPath equality rules.
@@ -2621,7 +2726,7 @@
         for (const i of arr) {
             let found = false;
             for (const j of result) {
-                if (fhirPathEquals(i, j)) {
+                if (toJsBoolean(fhirPathEquals(i, j))) {
                     found = true;
                     break;
                 }
@@ -2632,6 +2737,29 @@
         }
         return result;
     }
+    /**
+     * Returns a negated FHIRPath boolean expression.
+     * @param input The input array.
+     * @returns The negated type value array.
+     */
+    function fhirPathNot(input) {
+        return booleanToTypedValue(!toJsBoolean(input));
+    }
+    /**
+     * Determines if two arrays are equal according to FHIRPath equality rules.
+     * @param x The first array.
+     * @param y The second array.
+     * @returns FHIRPath true if the arrays are equal.
+     */
+    function fhirPathArrayEquals(x, y) {
+        if (x.length === 0 || y.length === 0) {
+            return [];
+        }
+        if (x.length !== y.length) {
+            return booleanToTypedValue(false);
+        }
+        return booleanToTypedValue(x.every((val, index) => toJsBoolean(fhirPathEquals(val, y[index]))));
+    }
     /**
      * Determines if two values are equal according to FHIRPath equality rules.
      * @param x The first value.
@@ -2639,69 +2767,89 @@
      * @returns True if equal.
      */
     function fhirPathEquals(x, y) {
-        if (isFalsy(x) && isFalsy(y)) {
-            return true;
-        }
-        if (isEmptyArray(x) || isEmptyArray(y)) {
-            return [];
+        const xValue = x.value;
+        const yValue = y.value;
+        if (typeof xValue === 'number' && typeof yValue === 'number') {
+            return booleanToTypedValue(Math.abs(xValue - yValue) < 1e-8);
         }
-        if (typeof x === 'number' && typeof y === 'number') {
-            return Math.abs(x - y) < 1e-8;
+        if (isQuantity(xValue) && isQuantity(yValue)) {
+            return booleanToTypedValue(isQuantityEquivalent(xValue, yValue));
         }
-        if (isQuantity(x) && isQuantity(y)) {
-            return isQuantityEquivalent(x, y);
+        if (typeof xValue === 'object' && typeof yValue === 'object') {
+            return booleanToTypedValue(deepEquals(x, y));
         }
-        if (Array.isArray(x) && Array.isArray(y)) {
-            return x.length === y.length && x.every((val, index) => fhirPathEquals(val, y[index]));
+        return booleanToTypedValue(xValue === yValue);
+    }
+    /**
+     * Determines if two arrays are equivalent according to FHIRPath equality rules.
+     * @param x The first array.
+     * @param y The second array.
+     * @returns FHIRPath true if the arrays are equivalent.
+     */
+    function fhirPathArrayEquivalent(x, y) {
+        if (x.length === 0 && y.length === 0) {
+            return booleanToTypedValue(true);
         }
-        if (typeof x === 'object' && typeof y === 'object') {
-            return deepEquals(x, y);
+        if (x.length !== y.length) {
+            return booleanToTypedValue(false);
         }
-        return x === y;
+        x.sort(fhirPathEquivalentCompare);
+        y.sort(fhirPathEquivalentCompare);
+        return booleanToTypedValue(x.every((val, index) => toJsBoolean(fhirPathEquivalent(val, y[index]))));
     }
     /**
-     * Determines if two values are equal according to FHIRPath equality rules.
+     * Determines if two values are equivalent according to FHIRPath equality rules.
      * @param x The first value.
      * @param y The second value.
-     * @returns True if equal.
+     * @returns True if equivalent.
      */
     function fhirPathEquivalent(x, y) {
-        if (isFalsy(x) && isFalsy(y)) {
-            return true;
-        }
-        if (isEmptyArray(x) || isEmptyArray(y)) {
-            // Note that this implies that if the collections have a different number of items to compare,
-            // or if one input is a value and the other is empty ({ }), the result will be false.
-            return false;
-        }
-        if (typeof x === 'number' && typeof y === 'number') {
+        const xValue = x.value;
+        const yValue = y.value;
+        if (typeof xValue === 'number' && typeof yValue === 'number') {
             // Use more generous threshold than equality
             // Decimal: values must be equal, comparison is done on values rounded to the precision of the least precise operand.
             // Trailing zeroes after the decimal are ignored in determining precision.
-            return Math.abs(x - y) < 0.01;
-        }
-        if (isQuantity(x) && isQuantity(y)) {
-            return isQuantityEquivalent(x, y);
+            return booleanToTypedValue(Math.abs(xValue - yValue) < 0.01);
         }
-        if (Array.isArray(x) && Array.isArray(y)) {
-            // If both operands are collections with multiple items:
-            //   1) Each item must be equivalent
-            //   2) Comparison is not order dependent
-            x.sort();
-            y.sort();
-            return x.length === y.length && x.every((val, index) => fhirPathEquals(val, y[index]));
+        if (isQuantity(xValue) && isQuantity(yValue)) {
+            return booleanToTypedValue(isQuantityEquivalent(xValue, yValue));
         }
-        if (typeof x === 'object' && typeof y === 'object') {
-            return deepEquals(x, y);
+        if (typeof xValue === 'object' && typeof yValue === 'object') {
+            return booleanToTypedValue(deepEquals(xValue, yValue));
         }
-        if (typeof x === 'string' && typeof y === 'string') {
+        if (typeof xValue === 'string' && typeof yValue === 'string') {
             // String: the strings must be the same, ignoring case and locale, and normalizing whitespace
             // (see String Equivalence for more details).
-            return x.toLowerCase() === y.toLowerCase();
+            return booleanToTypedValue(xValue.toLowerCase() === yValue.toLowerCase());
+        }
+        return booleanToTypedValue(xValue === yValue);
+    }
+    /**
+     * Returns the sort order of two values for FHIRPath array equivalence.
+     * @param x The first value.
+     * @param y The second value.
+     * @returns The sort order of the values.
+     */
+    function fhirPathEquivalentCompare(x, y) {
+        const xValue = x.value;
+        const yValue = y.value;
+        if (typeof xValue === 'number' && typeof yValue === 'number') {
+            return xValue - yValue;
         }
-        return x === y;
+        if (typeof xValue === 'string' && typeof yValue === 'string') {
+            return xValue.localeCompare(yValue);
+        }
+        return 0;
     }
-    function fhirPathIs(value, desiredType) {
+    /**
+     * Determines if the typed value is the desired type.
+     * @param typedValue The typed value to check.
+     * @param desiredType The desired type name.
+     * @returns True if the typed value is of the desired type.
+     */
+    function fhirPathIs(typedValue, desiredType) {
+        const { value } = typedValue;
         if (value === undefined || value === null) {
             return false;
         }
@@ -2781,6 +2929,7 @@
         return object !== null && typeof object === 'object';
     }
 
+    var _SymbolAtom_instances, _SymbolAtom_evalValue;
     class FhirPathAtom {
         constructor(original, child) {
             this.original = original;
@@ -2788,15 +2937,11 @@
         }
         eval(context) {
             try {
-                const result = applyMaybeArray(context, (e) => this.child.eval(e));
-                if (Array.isArray(result)) {
-                    return result.flat();
-                }
-                else if (result === undefined || result === null) {
-                    return [];
+                if (context.length > 0) {
+                    return context.map((e) => this.child.eval([e])).flat();
                 }
                 else {
-                    return [result];
+                    return this.child.eval(context);
                 }
             }
             catch (error) {
@@ -2809,34 +2954,53 @@
             this.value = value;
         }
         eval() {
-            return this.value;
+            return [this.value];
         }
     }
     class SymbolAtom {
         constructor(name) {
             this.name = name;
+            _SymbolAtom_instances.add(this);
         }
         eval(context) {
             if (this.name === '$this') {
                 return context;
             }
-            return applyMaybeArray(context, (e) => {
-                if (e && typeof e === 'object') {
-                    if ('resourceType' in e && e.resourceType === this.name) {
-                        return e;
-                    }
-                    if (this.name in e) {
-                        return e[this.name];
-                    }
-                    const propertyName = Object.keys(e).find((k) => k.startsWith(this.name));
-                    if (propertyName) {
-                        return e[propertyName];
-                    }
-                }
-                return undefined;
-            });
+            return context
+                .map((e) => __classPrivateFieldGet(this, _SymbolAtom_instances, "m", _SymbolAtom_evalValue).call(this, e))
+                .flat()
+                .filter((e) => (e === null || e === void 0 ? void 0 : e.value) !== undefined);
         }
     }
+    _SymbolAtom_instances = new WeakSet(), _SymbolAtom_evalValue = function _SymbolAtom_evalValue(typedValue) {
+        const input = typedValue.value;
+        if (!input || typeof input !== 'object') {
+            return undefined;
+        }
+        if ('resourceType' in input && input.resourceType === this.name) {
+            return typedValue;
+        }
+        let result = undefined;
+        if (this.name in input) {
+            result = input[this.name];
+        }
+        else {
+            const propertyName = Object.keys(input).find((k) => k.startsWith(this.name));
+            if (propertyName) {
+                result = input[propertyName];
+            }
+        }
+        if (result === undefined) {
+            return undefined;
+        }
+        // TODO: Get the PropertyType from the choice of type
+        if (Array.isArray(result)) {
+            return result.map(toTypedValue);
+        }
+        else {
+            return [toTypedValue(result)];
+        }
+    };
     class EmptySetAtom {
         eval() {
             return [];
@@ -2867,30 +3031,27 @@
             this.impl = impl;
         }
         eval(context) {
-            const leftValue = this.left.eval(context);
-            const rightValue = this.right.eval(context);
-            if (isQuantity(leftValue) && isQuantity(rightValue)) {
-                return Object.assign(Object.assign({}, leftValue), { value: this.impl(leftValue.value, rightValue.value) });
+            const leftEvalResult = this.left.eval(context);
+            if (leftEvalResult.length !== 1) {
+                return [];
             }
-            else {
-                return this.impl(leftValue, rightValue);
+            const rightEvalResult = this.right.eval(context);
+            if (rightEvalResult.length !== 1) {
+                return [];
             }
-        }
-    }
-    class ComparisonOperatorAtom {
-        constructor(left, right, impl) {
-            this.left = left;
-            this.right = right;
-            this.impl = impl;
-        }
-        eval(context) {
-            const leftValue = this.left.eval(context);
-            const rightValue = this.right.eval(context);
-            if (isQuantity(leftValue) && isQuantity(rightValue)) {
-                return this.impl(leftValue.value, rightValue.value);
+            const leftValue = leftEvalResult[0].value;
+            const rightValue = rightEvalResult[0].value;
+            const leftNumber = isQuantity(leftValue) ? leftValue.value : leftValue;
+            const rightNumber = isQuantity(rightValue) ? rightValue.value : rightValue;
+            const result = this.impl(leftNumber, rightNumber);
+            if (typeof result === 'boolean') {
+                return booleanToTypedValue(result);
+            }
+            else if (isQuantity(leftValue)) {
+                return [{ type: exports.PropertyType.Quantity, value: Object.assign(Object.assign({}, leftValue), { value: result }) }];
             }
             else {
-                return this.impl(leftValue, rightValue);
+                return [toTypedValue(result)];
             }
         }
     }
@@ -2902,21 +3063,9 @@
         eval(context) {
             const leftValue = this.left.eval(context);
             const rightValue = this.right.eval(context);
-            const result = [];
-            function add(value) {
-                if (value) {
-                    if (Array.isArray(value)) {
-                        result.push(...value);
-                    }
-                    else {
-                        result.push(value);
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-            add(leftValue);
-            add(rightValue);
-            if (result.length > 0 && result.every((e) => typeof e === 'string')) {
-                return result.join('');
+            const result = [...leftValue, ...rightValue];
+            if (result.length > 0 && result.every((e) => typeof e.value === 'string')) {
+                return [{ type: exports.PropertyType.string, value: result.map((e) => e.value).join('') }];
             }
             return result;
         }
@@ -2929,7 +3078,7 @@
         eval(context) {
             const leftValue = this.left.eval(context);
             const rightValue = this.right.eval(context);
-            return ensureArray(leftValue).includes(rightValue);
+            return booleanToTypedValue(leftValue.some((e) => e.value === rightValue[0].value));
         }
     }
     class InAtom {
@@ -2940,7 +3089,7 @@
         eval(context) {
             const leftValue = this.left.eval(context);
             const rightValue = this.right.eval(context);
-            return ensureArray(rightValue).includes(leftValue);
+            return booleanToTypedValue(rightValue.some((e) => e.value === leftValue[0].value));
         }
     }
     class DotAtom {
@@ -2960,20 +3109,7 @@
         eval(context) {
             const leftResult = this.left.eval(context);
             const rightResult = this.right.eval(context);
-            let resultArray;
-            if (leftResult !== undefined && rightResult !== undefined) {
-                resultArray = [leftResult, rightResult].flat();
-            }
-            else if (leftResult !== undefined) {
-                resultArray = ensureArray(leftResult);
-            }
-            else if (rightResult !== undefined) {
-                resultArray = ensureArray(rightResult);
-            }
-            else {
-                resultArray = [];
-            }
-            return removeDuplicates(resultArray);
+            return removeDuplicates([...leftResult, ...rightResult]);
         }
     }
     class EqualsAtom {
@@ -2984,10 +3120,7 @@
         eval(context) {
             const leftValue = this.left.eval(context);
             const rightValue = this.right.eval(context);
-            if (Array.isArray(leftValue) && Array.isArray(rightValue)) {
-                return fhirPathEquals(leftValue.flat(), rightValue);
-            }
-            return applyMaybeArray(leftValue, (e) => fhirPathEquals(e, rightValue));
+            return fhirPathArrayEquals(leftValue, rightValue);
         }
     }
     class NotEqualsAtom {
@@ -2998,14 +3131,7 @@
         eval(context) {
             const leftValue = this.left.eval(context);
             const rightValue = this.right.eval(context);
-            let result;
-            if (Array.isArray(rightValue)) {
-                result = fhirPathEquals(leftValue, rightValue);
-            }
-            else {
-                result = applyMaybeArray(leftValue, (e) => fhirPathEquals(e, rightValue));
-            }
-            return !toJsBoolean(result);
+            return fhirPathNot(fhirPathArrayEquals(leftValue, rightValue));
         }
     }
     class EquivalentAtom {
@@ -3016,10 +3142,7 @@
         eval(context) {
             const leftValue = this.left.eval(context);
             const rightValue = this.right.eval(context);
-            if (Array.isArray(rightValue)) {
-                return fhirPathEquivalent(leftValue, rightValue);
-            }
-            return applyMaybeArray(leftValue, (e) => fhirPathEquivalent(e, rightValue));
+            return fhirPathArrayEquivalent(leftValue, rightValue);
         }
     }
     class NotEquivalentAtom {
@@ -3030,14 +3153,7 @@
         eval(context) {
             const leftValue = this.left.eval(context);
             const rightValue = this.right.eval(context);
-            let result;
-            if (Array.isArray(rightValue)) {
-                result = fhirPathEquivalent(leftValue, rightValue);
-            }
-            else {
-                result = applyMaybeArray(leftValue, (e) => fhirPathEquivalent(e, rightValue));
-            }
-            return !toJsBoolean(result);
+            return fhirPathNot(fhirPathArrayEquivalent(leftValue, rightValue));
         }
     }
     class IsAtom {
@@ -3046,8 +3162,12 @@
             this.right = right;
         }
         eval(context) {
+            const leftValue = this.left.eval(context);
+            if (leftValue.length !== 1) {
+                return [];
+            }
             const typeName = this.right.name;
-            return applyMaybeArray(this.left.eval(context), (e) => fhirPathIs(e, typeName));
+            return booleanToTypedValue(fhirPathIs(leftValue[0], typeName));
         }
     }
     /**
@@ -3060,13 +3180,14 @@
             this.right = right;
         }
         eval(context) {
+            var _a, _b, _c, _d;
             const leftValue = this.left.eval(context);
             const rightValue = this.right.eval(context);
-            if (leftValue === true && rightValue === true) {
-                return true;
+            if (((_a = leftValue[0]) === null || _a === void 0 ? void 0 : _a.value) === true && ((_b = rightValue[0]) === null || _b === void 0 ? void 0 : _b.value) === true) {
+                return booleanToTypedValue(true);
             }
-            if (leftValue === false || rightValue === false) {
-                return false;
+            if (((_c = leftValue[0]) === null || _c === void 0 ? void 0 : _c.value) === false || ((_d = rightValue[0]) === null || _d === void 0 ? void 0 : _d.value) === false) {
+                return booleanToTypedValue(false);
             }
             return [];
         }
@@ -3100,13 +3221,18 @@
             this.right = right;
         }
         eval(context) {
-            const leftValue = this.left.eval(context);
-            const rightValue = this.right.eval(context);
+            const leftResult = this.left.eval(context);
+            const rightResult = this.right.eval(context);
+            if (leftResult.length === 0 && rightResult.length === 0) {
+                return [];
+            }
+            const leftValue = leftResult.length === 0 ? null : leftResult[0].value;
+            const rightValue = rightResult.length === 0 ? null : rightResult[0].value;
             if ((leftValue === true && rightValue !== true) || (leftValue !== true && rightValue === true)) {
-                return true;
+                return booleanToTypedValue(true);
             }
             if ((leftValue === true && rightValue === true) || (leftValue === false && rightValue === false)) {
-                return false;
+                return booleanToTypedValue(false);
             }
             return [];
         }
@@ -3118,7 +3244,7 @@
             this.impl = impl;
         }
         eval(context) {
-            return this.impl(ensureArray(context), ...this.args);
+            return this.impl(context, ...this.args);
         }
     }
     class IndexerAtom {
@@ -3127,7 +3253,11 @@
             this.expr = expr;
         }
         eval(context) {
-            const index = this.expr.eval(context);
+            const evalResult = this.expr.eval(context);
+            if (evalResult.length !== 1) {
+                return [];
+            }
+            const index = evalResult[0].value;
             if (typeof index !== 'number') {
                 throw new Error(`Invalid indexer expression: should return integer}`);
             }
@@ -3135,7 +3265,7 @@
             if (!(index in leftResult)) {
                 return [];
             }
-            return leftResult[index];
+            return [leftResult[index]];
         }
     }
 
@@ -3161,1414 +3291,1453 @@
         }
     }
 
-    /*
-     * Collection of FHIRPath
-     * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#functions
-     */
     /**
      * Temporary placholder for unimplemented methods.
      */
     const stub = () => [];
-    /*
-     * 5.1 Existence
-     * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#existence
-     */
-    /**
-     * Returns true if the input collection is empty ({ }) and false otherwise.
-     *
-     * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#empty-boolean
-     *
-     * @param input The input collection.
-     * @returns True if the input collection is empty ({ }) and false otherwise.
-     */
-    function empty(input) {
-        return [input.length === 0];
-    }
-    /**
-     * Returns true if the collection has unknown elements, and false otherwise.
-     * This is the opposite of empty(), and as such is a shorthand for empty().not().
-     * If the input collection is empty ({ }), the result is false.
-     *
-     * The function can also take an optional criteria to be applied to the collection
-     * prior to the determination of the exists. In this case, the function is shorthand
-     * for where(criteria).exists().
-     *
-     * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#existscriteria-expression-boolean
-     *
-     * @param input
-     * @param criteria
-     * @returns True if the collection has unknown elements, and false otherwise.
-     */
-    function exists(input, criteria) {
-        if (criteria) {
-            return [input.filter((e) => toJsBoolean(criteria.eval(e))).length > 0];
-        }
-        else {
-            return [input.length > 0];
-        }
-    }
-    /**
-     * Returns true if for every element in the input collection, criteria evaluates to true.
-     * Otherwise, the result is false.
-     *
-     * If the input collection is empty ({ }), the result is true.
-     *
-     * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#allcriteria-expression-boolean
-     *
-     * @param input The input collection.
-     * @param criteria The evaluation criteria.
-     * @returns True if for every element in the input collection, criteria evaluates to true.
-     */
-    function all(input, criteria) {
-        return [input.every((e) => toJsBoolean(criteria.eval(e)))];
-    }
-    /**
-     * Takes a collection of Boolean values and returns true if all the items are true.
-     * If unknown items are false, the result is false.
-     * If the input is empty ({ }), the result is true.
-     *
-     * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#alltrue-boolean
-     *
-     * @param input The input collection.
-     * @param criteria The evaluation criteria.
-     * @returns True if all the items are true.
-     */
-    function allTrue(input) {
-        for (const value of input) {
-            if (!value) {
-                return [false];
-            }
-        }
-        return [true];
-    }
-    /**
-     * Takes a collection of Boolean values and returns true if unknown of the items are true.
-     * If all the items are false, or if the input is empty ({ }), the result is false.
-     *
-     * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#anytrue-boolean
-     *
-     * @param input The input collection.
-     * @param criteria The evaluation criteria.
-     * @returns True if unknown of the items are true.
-     */
-    function anyTrue(input) {
-        for (const value of input) {
-            if (value) {
-                return [true];
+    const functions = {
+        /*
+         * 5.1 Existence
+         * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#existence
+         */
+        /**
+         * Returns true if the input collection is empty ({ }) and false otherwise.
+         *
+         * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#empty-boolean
+         *
+         * @param input The input collection.
+         * @returns True if the input collection is empty ({ }) and false otherwise.
+         */
+        empty: (input) => {
+            return booleanToTypedValue(input.length === 0);
+        },
+        /**
+         * Returns true if the collection has unknown elements, and false otherwise.
+         * This is the opposite of empty(), and as such is a shorthand for empty().not().
+         * If the input collection is empty ({ }), the result is false.
+         *
+         * The function can also take an optional criteria to be applied to the collection
+         * prior to the determination of the exists. In this case, the function is shorthand
+         * for where(criteria).exists().
+         *
+         * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#existscriteria-expression-boolean
+         *
+         * @param input
+         * @param criteria
+         * @returns True if the collection has unknown elements, and false otherwise.
+         */
+        exists: (input, criteria) => {
+            if (criteria) {
+                return booleanToTypedValue(input.filter((e) => toJsBoolean(criteria.eval([e]))).length > 0);
             }
-        }
-        return [false];
-    }
-    /**
-     * Takes a collection of Boolean values and returns true if all the items are false.
-     * If unknown items are true, the result is false.
-     * If the input is empty ({ }), the result is true.
-     *
-     * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#allfalse-boolean
-     *
-     * @param input The input collection.
-     * @param criteria The evaluation criteria.
-     * @returns True if all the items are false.
-     */
-    function allFalse(input) {
-        for (const value of input) {
-            if (value) {
-                return [false];
+            else {
+                return booleanToTypedValue(input.length > 0);
             }
-        }
-        return [true];
-    }
-    /**
-     * Takes a collection of Boolean values and returns true if unknown of the items are false.
-     * If all the items are true, or if the input is empty ({ }), the result is false.
-     *
-     * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#anyfalse-boolean
-     *
-     * @param input The input collection.
-     * @param criteria The evaluation criteria.
-     * @returns True if for every element in the input collection, criteria evaluates to true.
-     */
-    function anyFalse(input) {
-        for (const value of input) {
-            if (!value) {
-                return [true];
+        },
+        /**
+         * Returns true if for every element in the input collection, criteria evaluates to true.
+         * Otherwise, the result is false.
+         *
+         * If the input collection is empty ({ }), the result is true.
+         *
+         * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#allcriteria-expression-boolean
+         *
+         * @param input The input collection.
+         * @param criteria The evaluation criteria.
+         * @returns True if for every element in the input collection, criteria evaluates to true.
+         */
+        all: (input, criteria) => {
+            return booleanToTypedValue(input.every((e) => toJsBoolean(criteria.eval([e]))));
+        },
+        /**
+         * Takes a collection of Boolean values and returns true if all the items are true.
+         * If unknown items are false, the result is false.
+         * If the input is empty ({ }), the result is true.
+         *
+         * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#alltrue-boolean
+         *
+         * @param input The input collection.
+         * @param criteria The evaluation criteria.
+         * @returns True if all the items are true.
+         */
+        allTrue: (input) => {
+            for (const value of input) {
+                if (!value.value) {
+                    return booleanToTypedValue(false);
+                }
             }
-        }
-        return [false];
-    }
-    /**
-     * Returns true if all items in the input collection are members of the collection passed
-     * as the other argument. Membership is determined using the = (Equals) (=) operation.
-     *
-     * Conceptually, this function is evaluated by testing each element in the input collection
-     * for membership in the other collection, with a default of true. This means that if the
-     * input collection is empty ({ }), the result is true, otherwise if the other collection
-     * is empty ({ }), the result is false.
-     *
-     * See: http://hl7.org/fhirpath/#subsetofother-collection-boolean
-     */
-    const subsetOf = stub;
-    /**
-     * Returns true if all items in the collection passed as the other argument are members of
-     * the input collection. Membership is determined using the = (Equals) (=) operation.
-     *
-     * Conceptually, this function is evaluated by testing each element in the other collection
-     * for membership in the input collection, with a default of true. This means that if the
-     * other collection is empty ({ }), the result is true, otherwise if the input collection
-     * is empty ({ }), the result is false.
-     *
-     * See: http://hl7.org/fhirpath/#supersetofother-collection-boolean
-     */
-    const supersetOf = stub;
-    /**
-     * Returns the integer count of the number of items in the input collection.
-     * Returns 0 when the input collection is empty.
-     *
-     * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#count-integer
-     *
-     * @param input The input collection.
-     * @returns The integer count of the number of items in the input collection.
-     */
-    function count(input) {
-        return [input.length];
-    }
-    /**
-     * Returns a collection containing only the unique items in the input collection.
-     * To determine whether two items are the same, the = (Equals) (=) operator is used,
-     * as defined below.
-     *
-     * If the input collection is empty ({ }), the result is empty.
-     *
-     * Note that the order of elements in the input collection is not guaranteed to be
-     * preserved in the result.
-     *
-     * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#distinct-collection
-     *
-     * @param input The input collection.
-     * @returns The integer count of the number of items in the input collection.
-     */
-    function distinct(input) {
-        return Array.from(new Set(input));
-    }
-    /**
-     * Returns true if all the items in the input collection are distinct.
-     * To determine whether two items are distinct, the = (Equals) (=) operator is used,
-     * as defined below.
-     *
-     * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#isdistinct-boolean
-     *
-     * @param input The input collection.
-     * @returns The integer count of the number of items in the input collection.
-     */
-    function isDistinct(input) {
-        return [input.length === new Set(input).size];
-    }
-    /*
-     * 5.2 Filtering and projection
-     */
-    /**
-     * Returns a collection containing only those elements in the input collection
-     * for which the stated criteria expression evaluates to true.
-     * Elements for which the expression evaluates to false or empty ({ }) are not
-     * included in the result.
-     *
-     * If the input collection is empty ({ }), the result is empty.
-     *
-     * If the result of evaluating the condition is other than a single boolean value,
-     * the evaluation will end and signal an error to the calling environment,
-     * consistent with singleton evaluation of collections behavior.
-     *
-     * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#wherecriteria-expression-collection
-     *
-     * @param input The input collection.
-     * @param condition The condition atom.
-     * @returns A collection containing only those elements in the input collection for which the stated criteria expression evaluates to true.
-     */
-    function where(input, criteria) {
-        return input.filter((e) => toJsBoolean(criteria.eval(e)));
-    }
-    /**
-     * Evaluates the projection expression for each item in the input collection.
-     * The result of each evaluation is added to the output collection. If the
-     * evaluation results in a collection with multiple items, all items are added
-     * to the output collection (collections resulting from evaluation of projection
-     * are flattened). This means that if the evaluation for an element results in
-     * the empty collection ({ }), no element is added to the result, and that if
-     * the input collection is empty ({ }), the result is empty as well.
-     *
-     * See: http://hl7.org/fhirpath/#selectprojection-expression-collection
-     */
-    function select(input, criteria) {
-        return ensureArray(input.map((e) => criteria.eval(e)).flat());
-    }
-    /**
-     * A version of select that will repeat the projection and add it to the output
-     * collection, as long as the projection yields new items (as determined by
-     * the = (Equals) (=) operator).
-     *
-     * See: http://hl7.org/fhirpath/#repeatprojection-expression-collection
-     */
-    const repeat = stub;
-    /**
-     * Returns a collection that contains all items in the input collection that
-     * are of the given type or a subclass thereof. If the input collection is
-     * empty ({ }), the result is empty. The type argument is an identifier that
-     * must resolve to the name of a type in a model
-     *
-     * See: http://hl7.org/fhirpath/#oftypetype-type-specifier-collection
-     */
-    const ofType = stub;
-    /*
-     * 5.3 Subsetting
-     */
-    /**
-     * Will return the single item in the input if there is just one item.
-     * If the input collection is empty ({ }), the result is empty.
-     * If there are multiple items, an error is signaled to the evaluation environment.
-     * This function is useful for ensuring that an error is returned if an assumption
-     * about cardinality is violated at run-time.
-     *
-     * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#single-collection
-     *
-     * @param input The input collection.
-     * @returns The single item in the input if there is just one item.
-     */
-    function single(input) {
-        if (input.length > 1) {
-            throw new Error('Expected input length one for single()');
-        }
-        return input.length === 0 ? [] : input.slice(0, 1);
-    }
-    /**
-     * Returns a collection containing only the first item in the input collection.
-     * This function is equivalent to item[0], so it will return an empty collection if the input collection has no items.
-     *
-     * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#first-collection
-     *
-     * @param input The input collection.
-     * @returns A collection containing only the first item in the input collection.
-     */
-    function first(input) {
-        return input.length === 0 ? [] : [input[0]];
-    }
-    /**
-     * Returns a collection containing only the last item in the input collection.
-     * Will return an empty collection if the input collection has no items.
-     *
-     * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#last-collection
-     *
-     * @param input The input collection.
-     * @returns A collection containing only the last item in the input collection.
-     */
-    function last(input) {
-        return input.length === 0 ? [] : [input[input.length - 1]];
-    }
-    /**
-     * Returns a collection containing all but the first item in the input collection.
-     * Will return an empty collection if the input collection has no items, or only one item.
-     *
-     * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#tail-collection
-     *
-     * @param input The input collection.
-     * @returns A collection containing all but the first item in the input collection.
-     */
-    function tail(input) {
-        return input.length === 0 ? [] : input.slice(1, input.length);
-    }
-    /**
-     * Returns a collection containing all but the first num items in the input collection.
-     * Will return an empty collection if there are no items remaining after the
-     * indicated number of items have been skipped, or if the input collection is empty.
-     * If num is less than or equal to zero, the input collection is simply returned.
-     *
-     * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#skipnum-integer-collection
-     *
-     * @param input The input collection.
-     * @returns A collection containing all but the first item in the input collection.
-     */
-    function skip(input, num) {
-        const numValue = num.eval(0);
-        if (typeof numValue !== 'number') {
-            throw new Error('Expected a number for skip(num)');
-        }
-        if (numValue >= input.length) {
-            return [];
-        }
-        if (numValue <= 0) {
-            return input;
-        }
-        return input.slice(numValue, input.length);
-    }
-    /**
-     * Returns a collection containing the first num items in the input collection,
-     * or less if there are less than num items.
-     * If num is less than or equal to 0, or if the input collection is empty ({ }),
-     * take returns an empty collection.
-     *
-     * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#takenum-integer-collection
-     *
-     * @param input The input collection.
-     * @returns A collection containing the first num items in the input collection.
-     */
-    function take(input, num) {
-        const numValue = num.eval(0);
-        if (typeof numValue !== 'number') {
-            throw new Error('Expected a number for take(num)');
-        }
-        if (numValue >= input.length) {
-            return input;
-        }
-        if (numValue <= 0) {
-            return [];
-        }
-        return input.slice(0, numValue);
-    }
-    /**
-     * Returns the set of elements that are in both collections.
-     * Duplicate items will be eliminated by this function.
-     * Order of items is not guaranteed to be preserved in the result of this function.
-     *
-     * See: http://hl7.org/fhirpath/#intersectother-collection-collection
-     */
-    function intersect(input, other) {
-        if (!other) {
-            return input;
-        }
-        const otherArray = ensureArray(other.eval(0));
-        return removeDuplicates(input.filter((e) => otherArray.includes(e)));
-    }
-    /**
-     * Returns the set of elements that are not in the other collection.
-     * Duplicate items will not be eliminated by this function, and order will be preserved.
-     *
-     * e.g. (1 | 2 | 3).exclude(2) returns (1 | 3).
-     *
-     * See: http://hl7.org/fhirpath/#excludeother-collection-collection
-     */
-    function exclude(input, other) {
-        if (!other) {
-            return input;
-        }
-        const otherArray = ensureArray(other.eval(0));
-        return input.filter((e) => !otherArray.includes(e));
-    }
-    /*
-     * 5.4. Combining
-     *
-     * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#combining
-     */
-    /**
-     * Merge the two collections into a single collection,
-     * eliminating unknown duplicate values (using = (Equals) (=) to determine equality).
-     * There is no expectation of order in the resulting collection.
-     *
-     * In other words, this function returns the distinct list of elements from both inputs.
-     *
-     * See: http://hl7.org/fhirpath/#unionother-collection
-     */
-    function union(input, other) {
-        if (!other) {
-            return input;
-        }
-        return removeDuplicates([input, other.eval(0)].flat());
-    }
-    /**
-     * Merge the input and other collections into a single collection
-     * without eliminating duplicate values. Combining an empty collection
-     * with a non-empty collection will return the non-empty collection.
-     *
-     * There is no expectation of order in the resulting collection.
-     *
-     * See: http://hl7.org/fhirpath/#combineother-collection-collection
-     */
-    function combine(input, other) {
-        if (!other) {
-            return input;
-        }
-        return [input, other.eval(0)].flat();
-    }
-    /*
-     * 5.5. Conversion
-     *
-     * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#conversion
-     */
-    /**
-     * The iif function in FHIRPath is an immediate if,
-     * also known as a conditional operator (such as C’s ? : operator).
-     *
-     * The criterion expression is expected to evaluate to a Boolean.
-     *
-     * If criterion is true, the function returns the value of the true-result argument.
-     *
-     * If criterion is false or an empty collection, the function returns otherwise-result,
-     * unless the optional otherwise-result is not given, in which case the function returns an empty collection.
-     *
-     * Note that short-circuit behavior is expected in this function. In other words,
-     * true-result should only be evaluated if the criterion evaluates to true,
-     * and otherwise-result should only be evaluated otherwise. For implementations,
-     * this means delaying evaluation of the arguments.
-     *
-     * @param input
-     * @param criterion
-     * @param trueResult
-     * @param otherwiseResult
-     * @returns
-     */
-    function iif(input, criterion, trueResult, otherwiseResult) {
-        const evalResult = ensureArray(criterion.eval(input));
-        if (evalResult.length > 1 || (evalResult.length === 1 && typeof evalResult[0] !== 'boolean')) {
-            throw new Error('Expected criterion to evaluate to a Boolean');
-        }
-        if (toJsBoolean(evalResult)) {
-            return ensureArray(trueResult.eval(input));
-        }
-        if (otherwiseResult) {
-            return ensureArray(otherwiseResult.eval(input));
-        }
-        return [];
-    }
-    /**
-     * Converts an input collection to a boolean.
-     *
-     * If the input collection contains a single item, this function will return a single boolean if:
-     *   1) the item is a Boolean
-     *   2) the item is an Integer and is equal to one of the possible integer representations of Boolean values
-     *   3) the item is a Decimal that is equal to one of the possible decimal representations of Boolean values
-     *   4) the item is a String that is equal to one of the possible string representations of Boolean values
-     *
-     * If the item is not one the above types, or the item is a String, Integer, or Decimal, but is not equal to one of the possible values convertible to a Boolean, the result is empty.
-     *
-     * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#toboolean-boolean
-     *
-     * @param input
-     * @returns
-     */
-    function toBoolean(input) {
-        if (input.length === 0) {
-            return [];
-        }
-        const [value] = validateInput(input, 1);
-        if (typeof value === 'boolean') {
-            return [value];
-        }
-        if (typeof value === 'number') {
-            if (value === 0 || value === 1) {
-                return [!!value];
+            return booleanToTypedValue(true);
+        },
+        /**
+         * Takes a collection of Boolean values and returns true if unknown of the items are true.
+         * If all the items are false, or if the input is empty ({ }), the result is false.
+         *
+         * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#anytrue-boolean
+         *
+         * @param input The input collection.
+         * @param criteria The evaluation criteria.
+         * @returns True if unknown of the items are true.
+         */
+        anyTrue: (input) => {
+            for (const value of input) {
+                if (value.value) {
+                    return booleanToTypedValue(true);
+                }
             }
-        }
-        if (typeof value === 'string') {
-            const lowerStr = value.toLowerCase();
-            if (['true', 't', 'yes', 'y', '1', '1.0'].includes(lowerStr)) {
-                return [true];
+            return booleanToTypedValue(false);
+        },
+        /**
+         * Takes a collection of Boolean values and returns true if all the items are false.
+         * If unknown items are true, the result is false.
+         * If the input is empty ({ }), the result is true.
+         *
+         * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#allfalse-boolean
+         *
+         * @param input The input collection.
+         * @param criteria The evaluation criteria.
+         * @returns True if all the items are false.
+         */
+        allFalse: (input) => {
+            for (const value of input) {
+                if (value.value) {
+                    return booleanToTypedValue(false);
+                }
             }
-            if (['false', 'f', 'no', 'n', '0', '0.0'].includes(lowerStr)) {
-                return [false];
+            return booleanToTypedValue(true);
+        },
+        /**
+         * Takes a collection of Boolean values and returns true if unknown of the items are false.
+         * If all the items are true, or if the input is empty ({ }), the result is false.
+         *
+         * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#anyfalse-boolean
+         *
+         * @param input The input collection.
+         * @param criteria The evaluation criteria.
+         * @returns True if for every element in the input collection, criteria evaluates to true.
+         */
+        anyFalse: (input) => {
+            for (const value of input) {
+                if (!value.value) {
+                    return booleanToTypedValue(true);
+                }
+            }
+            return booleanToTypedValue(false);
+        },
+        /**
+         * Returns true if all items in the input collection are members of the collection passed
+         * as the other argument. Membership is determined using the = (Equals) (=) operation.
+         *
+         * Conceptually, this function is evaluated by testing each element in the input collection
+         * for membership in the other collection, with a default of true. This means that if the
+         * input collection is empty ({ }), the result is true, otherwise if the other collection
+         * is empty ({ }), the result is false.
+         *
+         * See: http://hl7.org/fhirpath/#subsetofother-collection-boolean
+         */
+        subsetOf: stub,
+        /**
+         * Returns true if all items in the collection passed as the other argument are members of
+         * the input collection. Membership is determined using the = (Equals) (=) operation.
+         *
+         * Conceptually, this function is evaluated by testing each element in the other collection
+         * for membership in the input collection, with a default of true. This means that if the
+         * other collection is empty ({ }), the result is true, otherwise if the input collection
+         * is empty ({ }), the result is false.
+         *
+         * See: http://hl7.org/fhirpath/#supersetofother-collection-boolean
+         */
+        supersetOf: stub,
+        /**
+         * Returns the integer count of the number of items in the input collection.
+         * Returns 0 when the input collection is empty.
+         *
+         * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#count-integer
+         *
+         * @param input The input collection.
+         * @returns The integer count of the number of items in the input collection.
+         */
+        count: (input) => {
+            return [{ type: exports.PropertyType.integer, value: input.length }];
+        },
+        /**
+         * Returns a collection containing only the unique items in the input collection.
+         * To determine whether two items are the same, the = (Equals) (=) operator is used,
+         * as defined below.
+         *
+         * If the input collection is empty ({ }), the result is empty.
+         *
+         * Note that the order of elements in the input collection is not guaranteed to be
+         * preserved in the result.
+         *
+         * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#distinct-collection
+         *
+         * @param input The input collection.
+         * @returns The integer count of the number of items in the input collection.
+         */
+        distinct: (input) => {
+            const result = [];
+            for (const value of input) {
+                if (!result.some((e) => e.value === value.value)) {
+                    result.push(value);
+                }
+            }
+            return result;
+        },
+        /**
+         * Returns true if all the items in the input collection are distinct.
+         * To determine whether two items are distinct, the = (Equals) (=) operator is used,
+         * as defined below.
+         *
+         * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#isdistinct-boolean
+         *
+         * @param input The input collection.
+         * @returns The integer count of the number of items in the input collection.
+         */
+        isDistinct: (input) => {
+            return booleanToTypedValue(input.length === functions.distinct(input).length);
+        },
+        /*
+         * 5.2 Filtering and projection
+         */
+        /**
+         * Returns a collection containing only those elements in the input collection
+         * for which the stated criteria expression evaluates to true.
+         * Elements for which the expression evaluates to false or empty ({ }) are not
+         * included in the result.
+         *
+         * If the input collection is empty ({ }), the result is empty.
+         *
+         * If the result of evaluating the condition is other than a single boolean value,
+         * the evaluation will end and signal an error to the calling environment,
+         * consistent with singleton evaluation of collections behavior.
+         *
+         * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#wherecriteria-expression-collection
+         *
+         * @param input The input collection.
+         * @param condition The condition atom.
+         * @returns A collection containing only those elements in the input collection for which the stated criteria expression evaluates to true.
+         */
+        where: (input, criteria) => {
+            return input.filter((e) => toJsBoolean(criteria.eval([e])));
+        },
+        /**
+         * Evaluates the projection expression for each item in the input collection.
+         * The result of each evaluation is added to the output collection. If the
+         * evaluation results in a collection with multiple items, all items are added
+         * to the output collection (collections resulting from evaluation of projection
+         * are flattened). This means that if the evaluation for an element results in
+         * the empty collection ({ }), no element is added to the result, and that if
+         * the input collection is empty ({ }), the result is empty as well.
+         *
+         * See: http://hl7.org/fhirpath/#selectprojection-expression-collection
+         */
+        select: (input, criteria) => {
+            return input.map((e) => criteria.eval([e])).flat();
+        },
+        /**
+         * A version of select that will repeat the projection and add it to the output
+         * collection, as long as the projection yields new items (as determined by
+         * the = (Equals) (=) operator).
+         *
+         * See: http://hl7.org/fhirpath/#repeatprojection-expression-collection
+         */
+        repeat: stub,
+        /**
+         * Returns a collection that contains all items in the input collection that
+         * are of the given type or a subclass thereof. If the input collection is
+         * empty ({ }), the result is empty. The type argument is an identifier that
+         * must resolve to the name of a type in a model
+         *
+         * See: http://hl7.org/fhirpath/#oftypetype-type-specifier-collection
+         */
+        ofType: stub,
+        /*
+         * 5.3 Subsetting
+         */
+        /**
+         * Will return the single item in the input if there is just one item.
+         * If the input collection is empty ({ }), the result is empty.
+         * If there are multiple items, an error is signaled to the evaluation environment.
+         * This function is useful for ensuring that an error is returned if an assumption
+         * about cardinality is violated at run-time.
+         *
+         * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#single-collection
+         *
+         * @param input The input collection.
+         * @returns The single item in the input if there is just one item.
+         */
+        single: (input) => {
+            if (input.length > 1) {
+                throw new Error('Expected input length one for single()');
+            }
+            return input.length === 0 ? [] : input.slice(0, 1);
+        },
+        /**
+         * Returns a collection containing only the first item in the input collection.
+         * This function is equivalent to item[0], so it will return an empty collection if the input collection has no items.
+         *
+         * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#first-collection
+         *
+         * @param input The input collection.
+         * @returns A collection containing only the first item in the input collection.
+         */
+        first: (input) => {
+            return input.length === 0 ? [] : input.slice(0, 1);
+        },
+        /**
+         * Returns a collection containing only the last item in the input collection.
+         * Will return an empty collection if the input collection has no items.
+         *
+         * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#last-collection
+         *
+         * @param input The input collection.
+         * @returns A collection containing only the last item in the input collection.
+         */
+        last: (input) => {
+            return input.length === 0 ? [] : input.slice(input.length - 1, input.length);
+        },
+        /**
+         * Returns a collection containing all but the first item in the input collection.
+         * Will return an empty collection if the input collection has no items, or only one item.
+         *
+         * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#tail-collection
+         *
+         * @param input The input collection.
+         * @returns A collection containing all but the first item in the input collection.
+         */
+        tail: (input) => {
+            return input.length === 0 ? [] : input.slice(1, input.length);
+        },
+        /**
+         * Returns a collection containing all but the first num items in the input collection.
+         * Will return an empty collection if there are no items remaining after the
+         * indicated number of items have been skipped, or if the input collection is empty.
+         * If num is less than or equal to zero, the input collection is simply returned.
+         *
+         * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#skipnum-integer-collection
+         *
+         * @param input The input collection.
+         * @returns A collection containing all but the first item in the input collection.
+         */
+        skip: (input, num) => {
+            var _a;
+            const numValue = (_a = num.eval([])[0]) === null || _a === void 0 ? void 0 : _a.value;
+            if (typeof numValue !== 'number') {
+                throw new Error('Expected a number for skip(num)');
+            }
+            if (numValue >= input.length) {
+                return [];
+            }
+            if (numValue <= 0) {
+                return input;
+            }
+            return input.slice(numValue, input.length);
+        },
+        /**
+         * Returns a collection containing the first num items in the input collection,
+         * or less if there are less than num items.
+         * If num is less than or equal to 0, or if the input collection is empty ({ }),
+         * take returns an empty collection.
+         *
+         * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#takenum-integer-collection
+         *
+         * @param input The input collection.
+         * @returns A collection containing the first num items in the input collection.
+         */
+        take: (input, num) => {
+            var _a;
+            const numValue = (_a = num.eval([])[0]) === null || _a === void 0 ? void 0 : _a.value;
+            if (typeof numValue !== 'number') {
+                throw new Error('Expected a number for take(num)');
+            }
+            if (numValue >= input.length) {
+                return input;
+            }
+            if (numValue <= 0) {
+                return [];
+            }
+            return input.slice(0, numValue);
+        },
+        /**
+         * Returns the set of elements that are in both collections.
+         * Duplicate items will be eliminated by this function.
+         * Order of items is not guaranteed to be preserved in the result of this function.
+         *
+         * See: http://hl7.org/fhirpath/#intersectother-collection-collection
+         */
+        intersect: (input, other) => {
+            if (!other) {
+                return input;
+            }
+            const otherArray = other.eval([]);
+            const result = [];
+            for (const value of input) {
+                if (!result.some((e) => e.value === value.value) && otherArray.some((e) => e.value === value.value)) {
+                    result.push(value);
+                }
+            }
+            return result;
+        },
+        /**
+         * Returns the set of elements that are not in the other collection.
+         * Duplicate items will not be eliminated by this function, and order will be preserved.
+         *
+         * e.g. (1 | 2 | 3).exclude(2) returns (1 | 3).
+         *
+         * See: http://hl7.org/fhirpath/#excludeother-collection-collection
+         */
+        exclude: (input, other) => {
+            if (!other) {
+                return input;
+            }
+            const otherArray = other.eval([]);
+            const result = [];
+            for (const value of input) {
+                if (!otherArray.some((e) => e.value === value.value)) {
+                    result.push(value);
+                }
+            }
+            return result;
+        },
+        /*
+         * 5.4. Combining
+         *
+         * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#combining
+         */
+        /**
+         * Merge the two collections into a single collection,
+         * eliminating unknown duplicate values (using = (Equals) (=) to determine equality).
+         * There is no expectation of order in the resulting collection.
+         *
+         * In other words, this function returns the distinct list of elements from both inputs.
+         *
+         * See: http://hl7.org/fhirpath/#unionother-collection
+         */
+        union: (input, other) => {
+            if (!other) {
+                return input;
+            }
+            const otherArray = other.eval([]);
+            return removeDuplicates([...input, ...otherArray]);
+        },
+        /**
+         * Merge the input and other collections into a single collection
+         * without eliminating duplicate values. Combining an empty collection
+         * with a non-empty collection will return the non-empty collection.
+         *
+         * There is no expectation of order in the resulting collection.
+         *
+         * See: http://hl7.org/fhirpath/#combineother-collection-collection
+         */
+        combine: (input, other) => {
+            if (!other) {
+                return input;
+            }
+            const otherArray = other.eval([]);
+            return [...input, ...otherArray];
+        },
+        /*
+         * 5.5. Conversion
+         *
+         * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#conversion
+         */
+        /**
+         * The iif function in FHIRPath is an immediate if,
+         * also known as a conditional operator (such as C’s ? : operator).
+         *
+         * The criterion expression is expected to evaluate to a Boolean.
+         *
+         * If criterion is true, the function returns the value of the true-result argument.
+         *
+         * If criterion is false or an empty collection, the function returns otherwise-result,
+         * unless the optional otherwise-result is not given, in which case the function returns an empty collection.
+         *
+         * Note that short-circuit behavior is expected in this function. In other words,
+         * true-result should only be evaluated if the criterion evaluates to true,
+         * and otherwise-result should only be evaluated otherwise. For implementations,
+         * this means delaying evaluation of the arguments.
+         *
+         * @param input
+         * @param criterion
+         * @param trueResult
+         * @param otherwiseResult
+         * @returns
+         */
+        iif: (input, criterion, trueResult, otherwiseResult) => {
+            const evalResult = criterion.eval(input);
+            if (evalResult.length > 1 || (evalResult.length === 1 && typeof evalResult[0].value !== 'boolean')) {
+                throw new Error('Expected criterion to evaluate to a Boolean');
+            }
+            if (toJsBoolean(evalResult)) {
+                return trueResult.eval(input);
+            }
+            if (otherwiseResult) {
+                return otherwiseResult.eval(input);
             }
-        }
-        return [];
-    }
-    /**
-     * If the input collection contains a single item, this function will return true if:
-     *   1) the item is a Boolean
-     *   2) the item is an Integer that is equal to one of the possible integer representations of Boolean values
-     *   3) the item is a Decimal that is equal to one of the possible decimal representations of Boolean values
-     *   4) the item is a String that is equal to one of the possible string representations of Boolean values
-     *
-     * If the item is not one of the above types, or the item is a String, Integer, or Decimal, but is not equal to one of the possible values convertible to a Boolean, the result is false.
-     *
-     * Possible values for Integer, Decimal, and String are described in the toBoolean() function.
-     *
-     * If the input collection contains multiple items, the evaluation of the expression will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
-     *
-     * If the input collection is empty, the result is empty.
-     *
-     * See: http://hl7.org/fhirpath/#convertstoboolean-boolean
-     *
-     * @param input
-     * @returns
-     */
-    function convertsToBoolean(input) {
-        if (input.length === 0) {
-            return [];
-        }
-        return [toBoolean(input).length === 1];
-    }
-    /**
-     * Returns the integer representation of the input.
-     *
-     * If the input collection contains a single item, this function will return a single integer if:
-     *   1) the item is an Integer
-     *   2) the item is a String and is convertible to an integer
-     *   3) the item is a Boolean, where true results in a 1 and false results in a 0.
-     *
-     * If the item is not one the above types, the result is empty.
-     *
-     * If the item is a String, but the string is not convertible to an integer (using the regex format (\\+|-)?\d+), the result is empty.
-     *
-     * If the input collection contains multiple items, the evaluation of the expression will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
-     *
-     * If the input collection is empty, the result is empty.
-     *
-     * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#tointeger-integer
-     *
-     * @param input The input collection.
-     * @returns The string representation of the input.
-     */
-    function toInteger(input) {
-        if (input.length === 0) {
-            return [];
-        }
-        const [value] = validateInput(input, 1);
-        if (typeof value === 'number') {
-            return [value];
-        }
-        if (typeof value === 'string' && value.match(/^[+-]?\d+$/)) {
-            return [parseInt(value, 10)];
-        }
-        if (typeof value === 'boolean') {
-            return [value ? 1 : 0];
-        }
-        return [];
-    }
-    /**
-     * Returns true if the input can be converted to string.
-     *
-     * If the input collection contains a single item, this function will return true if:
-     *   1) the item is an Integer
-     *   2) the item is a String and is convertible to an Integer
-     *   3) the item is a Boolean
-     *   4) If the item is not one of the above types, or the item is a String, but is not convertible to an Integer (using the regex format (\\+|-)?\d+), the result is false.
-     *
-     * If the input collection contains multiple items, the evaluation of the expression will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
-     *
-     * If the input collection is empty, the result is empty.
-     *
-     * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#convertstointeger-boolean
-     *
-     * @param input The input collection.
-     * @returns
-     */
-    function convertsToInteger(input) {
-        if (input.length === 0) {
-            return [];
-        }
-        return [toInteger(input).length === 1];
-    }
-    /**
-     * If the input collection contains a single item, this function will return a single date if:
-     *   1) the item is a Date
-     *   2) the item is a DateTime
-     *   3) the item is a String and is convertible to a Date
-     *
-     * If the item is not one of the above types, the result is empty.
-     *
-     * If the item is a String, but the string is not convertible to a Date (using the format YYYY-MM-DD), the result is empty.
-     *
-     * If the input collection contains multiple items, the evaluation of the expression will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
-     *
-     * If the input collection is empty, the result is empty.
-     *
-     * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#todate-date
-     */
-    function toDate(input) {
-        if (input.length === 0) {
-            return [];
-        }
-        const [value] = validateInput(input, 1);
-        if (typeof value === 'string' && value.match(/^\d{4}(-\d{2}(-\d{2})?)?/)) {
-            return [parseDateString(value)];
-        }
-        return [];
-    }
-    /**
-     * If the input collection contains a single item, this function will return true if:
-     *   1) the item is a Date
-     *   2) the item is a DateTime
-     *   3) the item is a String and is convertible to a Date
-     *
-     * If the item is not one of the above types, or is not convertible to a Date (using the format YYYY-MM-DD), the result is false.
-     *
-     * If the item contains a partial date (e.g. '2012-01'), the result is a partial date.
-     *
-     * If the input collection contains multiple items, the evaluation of the expression will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
-     *
-     * If the input collection is empty, the result is empty.
-     *
-     * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#convertstodate-boolean
-     */
-    function convertsToDate(input) {
-        if (input.length === 0) {
             return [];
-        }
-        return [toDate(input).length === 1];
-    }
-    /**
-     * If the input collection contains a single item, this function will return a single datetime if:
-     *   1) the item is a DateTime
-     *   2) the item is a Date, in which case the result is a DateTime with the year, month, and day of the Date, and the time components empty (not set to zero)
-     *   3) the item is a String and is convertible to a DateTime
-     *
-     * If the item is not one of the above types, the result is empty.
-     *
-     * If the item is a String, but the string is not convertible to a DateTime (using the format YYYY-MM-DDThh:mm:ss.fff(+|-)hh:mm), the result is empty.
-     *
-     * If the item contains a partial datetime (e.g. '2012-01-01T10:00'), the result is a partial datetime.
-     *
-     * If the input collection contains multiple items, the evaluation of the expression will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
-     *
-     * If the input collection is empty, the result is empty.
-
-     * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#todatetime-datetime
-     *
-     * @param input
-     * @returns
-     */
-    function toDateTime(input) {
-        if (input.length === 0) {
+        },
+        /**
+         * Converts an input collection to a boolean.
+         *
+         * If the input collection contains a single item, this function will return a single boolean if:
+         *   1) the item is a Boolean
+         *   2) the item is an Integer and is equal to one of the possible integer representations of Boolean values
+         *   3) the item is a Decimal that is equal to one of the possible decimal representations of Boolean values
+         *   4) the item is a String that is equal to one of the possible string representations of Boolean values
+         *
+         * If the item is not one the above types, or the item is a String, Integer, or Decimal, but is not equal to one of the possible values convertible to a Boolean, the result is empty.
+         *
+         * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#toboolean-boolean
+         *
+         * @param input
+         * @returns
+         */
+        toBoolean: (input) => {
+            if (input.length === 0) {
+                return [];
+            }
+            const [{ value }] = validateInput(input, 1);
+            if (typeof value === 'boolean') {
+                return [{ type: exports.PropertyType.boolean, value }];
+            }
+            if (typeof value === 'number') {
+                if (value === 0 || value === 1) {
+                    return booleanToTypedValue(!!value);
+                }
+            }
+            if (typeof value === 'string') {
+                const lowerStr = value.toLowerCase();
+                if (['true', 't', 'yes', 'y', '1', '1.0'].includes(lowerStr)) {
+                    return booleanToTypedValue(true);
+                }
+                if (['false', 'f', 'no', 'n', '0', '0.0'].includes(lowerStr)) {
+                    return booleanToTypedValue(false);
+                }
+            }
             return [];
-        }
-        const [value] = validateInput(input, 1);
-        if (typeof value === 'string' && value.match(/^\d{4}(-\d{2}(-\d{2})?)?/)) {
-            return [parseDateString(value)];
-        }
-        return [];
-    }
-    /**
-     * If the input collection contains a single item, this function will return true if:
-     *   1) the item is a DateTime
-     *   2) the item is a Date
-     *   3) the item is a String and is convertible to a DateTime
-     *
-     * If the item is not one of the above types, or is not convertible to a DateTime (using the format YYYY-MM-DDThh:mm:ss.fff(+|-)hh:mm), the result is false.
-     *
-     * If the input collection contains multiple items, the evaluation of the expression will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
-     *
-     * If the input collection is empty, the result is empty.
-     *
-     * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#convertstodatetime-boolean
-     *
-     * @param input
-     * @returns
-     */
-    function convertsToDateTime(input) {
-        if (input.length === 0) {
+        },
+        /**
+         * If the input collection contains a single item, this function will return true if:
+         *   1) the item is a Boolean
+         *   2) the item is an Integer that is equal to one of the possible integer representations of Boolean values
+         *   3) the item is a Decimal that is equal to one of the possible decimal representations of Boolean values
+         *   4) the item is a String that is equal to one of the possible string representations of Boolean values
+         *
+         * If the item is not one of the above types, or the item is a String, Integer, or Decimal, but is not equal to one of the possible values convertible to a Boolean, the result is false.
+         *
+         * Possible values for Integer, Decimal, and String are described in the toBoolean() function.
+         *
+         * If the input collection contains multiple items, the evaluation of the expression will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
+         *
+         * If the input collection is empty, the result is empty.
+         *
+         * See: http://hl7.org/fhirpath/#convertstoboolean-boolean
+         *
+         * @param input
+         * @returns
+         */
+        convertsToBoolean: (input) => {
+            if (input.length === 0) {
+                return [];
+            }
+            return booleanToTypedValue(functions.toBoolean(input).length === 1);
+        },
+        /**
+         * Returns the integer representation of the input.
+         *
+         * If the input collection contains a single item, this function will return a single integer if:
+         *   1) the item is an Integer
+         *   2) the item is a String and is convertible to an integer
+         *   3) the item is a Boolean, where true results in a 1 and false results in a 0.
+         *
+         * If the item is not one the above types, the result is empty.
+         *
+         * If the item is a String, but the string is not convertible to an integer (using the regex format (\\+|-)?\d+), the result is empty.
+         *
+         * If the input collection contains multiple items, the evaluation of the expression will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
+         *
+         * If the input collection is empty, the result is empty.
+         *
+         * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#tointeger-integer
+         *
+         * @param input The input collection.
+         * @returns The string representation of the input.
+         */
+        toInteger: (input) => {
+            if (input.length === 0) {
+                return [];
+            }
+            const [{ value }] = validateInput(input, 1);
+            if (typeof value === 'number') {
+                return [{ type: exports.PropertyType.integer, value }];
+            }
+            if (typeof value === 'string' && value.match(/^[+-]?\d+$/)) {
+                return [{ type: exports.PropertyType.integer, value: parseInt(value, 10) }];
+            }
+            if (typeof value === 'boolean') {
+                return [{ type: exports.PropertyType.integer, value: value ? 1 : 0 }];
+            }
             return [];
-        }
-        return [toDateTime(input).length === 1];
-    }
-    /**
-     * If the input collection contains a single item, this function will return a single decimal if:
-     *   1) the item is an Integer or Decimal
-     *   2) the item is a String and is convertible to a Decimal
-     *   3) the item is a Boolean, where true results in a 1.0 and false results in a 0.0.
-     *   4) If the item is not one of the above types, the result is empty.
-     *
-     * If the item is a String, but the string is not convertible to a Decimal (using the regex format (\\+|-)?\d+(\.\d+)?), the result is empty.
-     *
-     * If the input collection contains multiple items, the evaluation of the expression will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
-     *
-     * If the input collection is empty, the result is empty.
-     *
-     * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#decimal-conversion-functions
-     *
-     * @param input The input collection.
-     * @returns
-     */
-    function toDecimal(input) {
-        if (input.length === 0) {
+        },
+        /**
+         * Returns true if the input can be converted to string.
+         *
+         * If the input collection contains a single item, this function will return true if:
+         *   1) the item is an Integer
+         *   2) the item is a String and is convertible to an Integer
+         *   3) the item is a Boolean
+         *   4) If the item is not one of the above types, or the item is a String, but is not convertible to an Integer (using the regex format (\\+|-)?\d+), the result is false.
+         *
+         * If the input collection contains multiple items, the evaluation of the expression will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
+         *
+         * If the input collection is empty, the result is empty.
+         *
+         * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#convertstointeger-boolean
+         *
+         * @param input The input collection.
+         * @returns
+         */
+        convertsToInteger: (input) => {
+            if (input.length === 0) {
+                return [];
+            }
+            return booleanToTypedValue(functions.toInteger(input).length === 1);
+        },
+        /**
+         * If the input collection contains a single item, this function will return a single date if:
+         *   1) the item is a Date
+         *   2) the item is a DateTime
+         *   3) the item is a String and is convertible to a Date
+         *
+         * If the item is not one of the above types, the result is empty.
+         *
+         * If the item is a String, but the string is not convertible to a Date (using the format YYYY-MM-DD), the result is empty.
+         *
+         * If the input collection contains multiple items, the evaluation of the expression will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
+         *
+         * If the input collection is empty, the result is empty.
+         *
+         * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#todate-date
+         */
+        toDate: (input) => {
+            if (input.length === 0) {
+                return [];
+            }
+            const [{ value }] = validateInput(input, 1);
+            if (typeof value === 'string' && value.match(/^\d{4}(-\d{2}(-\d{2})?)?/)) {
+                return [{ type: exports.PropertyType.date, value: parseDateString(value) }];
+            }
             return [];
-        }
-        const [value] = validateInput(input, 1);
-        if (typeof value === 'number') {
-            return [value];
-        }
-        if (typeof value === 'string' && value.match(/^-?\d{1,9}(\.\d{1,9})?$/)) {
-            return [parseFloat(value)];
-        }
-        if (typeof value === 'boolean') {
-            return [value ? 1 : 0];
-        }
-        return [];
-    }
-    /**
-     * If the input collection contains a single item, this function will true if:
-     *   1) the item is an Integer or Decimal
-     *   2) the item is a String and is convertible to a Decimal
-     *   3) the item is a Boolean
-     *
-     * If the item is not one of the above types, or is not convertible to a Decimal (using the regex format (\\+|-)?\d+(\.\d+)?), the result is false.
-     *
-     * If the input collection contains multiple items, the evaluation of the expression will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
-     *
-     * If the input collection is empty, the result is empty.
-
-     * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#convertstodecimal-boolean
-     *
-     * @param input The input collection.
-     * @returns
-     */
-    function convertsToDecimal(input) {
-        if (input.length === 0) {
-            return [];
-        }
-        return [toDecimal(input).length === 1];
-    }
-    /**
-     * If the input collection contains a single item, this function will return a single quantity if:
-     *   1) the item is an Integer, or Decimal, where the resulting quantity will have the default unit ('1')
-     *   2) the item is a Quantity
-     *   3) the item is a String and is convertible to a Quantity
-     *   4) the item is a Boolean, where true results in the quantity 1.0 '1', and false results in the quantity 0.0 '1'
-     *
-     * If the item is not one of the above types, the result is empty.
-     *
-     * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#quantity-conversion-functions
-     *
-     * @param input The input collection.
-     * @returns
-     */
-    function toQuantity(input) {
-        if (input.length === 0) {
-            return [];
-        }
-        const [value] = validateInput(input, 1);
-        if (isQuantity(value)) {
-            return [value];
-        }
-        if (typeof value === 'number') {
-            return [{ value, unit: '1' }];
-        }
-        if (typeof value === 'string' && value.match(/^-?\d{1,9}(\.\d{1,9})?/)) {
-            return [{ value: parseFloat(value), unit: '1' }];
-        }
-        if (typeof value === 'boolean') {
-            return [{ value: value ? 1 : 0, unit: '1' }];
-        }
-        return [];
-    }
-    /**
-     * If the input collection contains a single item, this function will return true if:
-     *   1) the item is an Integer, Decimal, or Quantity
-     *   2) the item is a String that is convertible to a Quantity
-     *   3) the item is a Boolean
-     *
-     * If the item is not one of the above types, or is not convertible to a Quantity using the following regex format:
-     *
-     *     (?'value'(\+|-)?\d+(\.\d+)?)\s*('(?'unit'[^']+)'|(?'time'[a-zA-Z]+))?
-     *
-     * then the result is false.
-     *
-     * If the input collection contains multiple items, the evaluation of the expression will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
-     *
-     * If the input collection is empty, the result is empty.
-     *
-     * If the unit argument is provided, it must be the string representation of a UCUM code (or a FHIRPath calendar duration keyword), and is used to determine whether the input quantity can be converted to the given unit, according to the unit conversion rules specified by UCUM. If the input quantity can be converted, the result is true, otherwise, the result is false.
-     *
-     * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#convertstoquantityunit-string-boolean
-     *
-     * @param input The input collection.
-     * @returns
-     */
-    function convertsToQuantity(input) {
-        if (input.length === 0) {
-            return [];
-        }
-        return [toQuantity(input).length === 1];
-    }
-    /**
-     * Returns the string representation of the input.
-     *
-     * If the input collection contains a single item, this function will return a single String if:
-     *
-     *  1) the item in the input collection is a String
-     *  2) the item in the input collection is an Integer, Decimal, Date, Time, DateTime, or Quantity the output will contain its String representation
-     *  3) the item is a Boolean, where true results in 'true' and false in 'false'.
-     *
-     * If the item is not one of the above types, the result is false.
-     *
-     * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#tostring-string
-     *
-     * @param input The input collection.
-     * @returns The string representation of the input.
-     */
-    function toString(input) {
-        if (input.length === 0) {
-            return [];
-        }
-        const [value] = validateInput(input, 1);
-        if (value === null || value === undefined) {
-            return [];
-        }
-        if (isQuantity(value)) {
-            return [`${value.value} '${value.unit}'`];
-        }
-        return [value.toString()];
-    }
-    /**
-     * Returns true if the input can be converted to string.
-     *
-     * If the input collection contains a single item, this function will return true if:
-     *   1) the item is a String
-     *   2) the item is an Integer, Decimal, Date, Time, or DateTime
-     *   3) the item is a Boolean
-     *   4) the item is a Quantity
-     *
-     * If the item is not one of the above types, the result is false.
-     *
-     * If the input collection contains multiple items, the evaluation of the expression will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
-     *
-     * If the input collection is empty, the result is empty.
-     *
-     * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#tostring-string
-     *
-     * @param input The input collection.
-     * @returns
-     */
-    function convertsToString(input) {
-        if (input.length === 0) {
+        },
+        /**
+         * If the input collection contains a single item, this function will return true if:
+         *   1) the item is a Date
+         *   2) the item is a DateTime
+         *   3) the item is a String and is convertible to a Date
+         *
+         * If the item is not one of the above types, or is not convertible to a Date (using the format YYYY-MM-DD), the result is false.
+         *
+         * If the item contains a partial date (e.g. '2012-01'), the result is a partial date.
+         *
+         * If the input collection contains multiple items, the evaluation of the expression will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
+         *
+         * If the input collection is empty, the result is empty.
+         *
+         * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#convertstodate-boolean
+         */
+        convertsToDate: (input) => {
+            if (input.length === 0) {
+                return [];
+            }
+            return booleanToTypedValue(functions.toDate(input).length === 1);
+        },
+        /**
+       * If the input collection contains a single item, this function will return a single datetime if:
+       *   1) the item is a DateTime
+       *   2) the item is a Date, in which case the result is a DateTime with the year, month, and day of the Date, and the time components empty (not set to zero)
+       *   3) the item is a String and is convertible to a DateTime
+       *
+       * If the item is not one of the above types, the result is empty.
+       *
+       * If the item is a String, but the string is not convertible to a DateTime (using the format YYYY-MM-DDThh:mm:ss.fff(+|-)hh:mm), the result is empty.
+       *
+       * If the item contains a partial datetime (e.g. '2012-01-01T10:00'), the result is a partial datetime.
+       *
+       * If the input collection contains multiple items, the evaluation of the expression will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
+       *
+       * If the input collection is empty, the result is empty.
+      
+       * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#todatetime-datetime
+       *
+       * @param input
+       * @returns
+       */
+        toDateTime: (input) => {
+            if (input.length === 0) {
+                return [];
+            }
+            const [{ value }] = validateInput(input, 1);
+            if (typeof value === 'string' && value.match(/^\d{4}(-\d{2}(-\d{2})?)?/)) {
+                return [{ type: exports.PropertyType.dateTime, value: parseDateString(value) }];
+            }
             return [];
-        }
-        return [toString(input).length === 1];
-    }
-    /**
-     * If the input collection contains a single item, this function will return a single time if:
-     *   1) the item is a Time
-     *   2) the item is a String and is convertible to a Time
-     *
-     * If the item is not one of the above types, the result is empty.
-     *
-     * If the item is a String, but the string is not convertible to a Time (using the format hh:mm:ss.fff(+|-)hh:mm), the result is empty.
-     *
-     * If the item contains a partial time (e.g. '10:00'), the result is a partial time.
-     *
-     * If the input collection contains multiple items, the evaluation of the expression will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
-     *
-     * If the input collection is empty, the result is empty.
-     *
-     * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#totime-time
-     *
-     * @param input
-     * @returns
-     */
-    function toTime(input) {
-        if (input.length === 0) {
+        },
+        /**
+         * If the input collection contains a single item, this function will return true if:
+         *   1) the item is a DateTime
+         *   2) the item is a Date
+         *   3) the item is a String and is convertible to a DateTime
+         *
+         * If the item is not one of the above types, or is not convertible to a DateTime (using the format YYYY-MM-DDThh:mm:ss.fff(+|-)hh:mm), the result is false.
+         *
+         * If the input collection contains multiple items, the evaluation of the expression will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
+         *
+         * If the input collection is empty, the result is empty.
+         *
+         * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#convertstodatetime-boolean
+         *
+         * @param input
+         * @returns
+         */
+        convertsToDateTime: (input) => {
+            if (input.length === 0) {
+                return [];
+            }
+            return booleanToTypedValue(functions.toDateTime(input).length === 1);
+        },
+        /**
+         * If the input collection contains a single item, this function will return a single decimal if:
+         *   1) the item is an Integer or Decimal
+         *   2) the item is a String and is convertible to a Decimal
+         *   3) the item is a Boolean, where true results in a 1.0 and false results in a 0.0.
+         *   4) If the item is not one of the above types, the result is empty.
+         *
+         * If the item is a String, but the string is not convertible to a Decimal (using the regex format (\\+|-)?\d+(\.\d+)?), the result is empty.
+         *
+         * If the input collection contains multiple items, the evaluation of the expression will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
+         *
+         * If the input collection is empty, the result is empty.
+         *
+         * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#decimal-conversion-functions
+         *
+         * @param input The input collection.
+         * @returns
+         */
+        toDecimal: (input) => {
+            if (input.length === 0) {
+                return [];
+            }
+            const [{ value }] = validateInput(input, 1);
+            if (typeof value === 'number') {
+                return [{ type: exports.PropertyType.decimal, value }];
+            }
+            if (typeof value === 'string' && value.match(/^-?\d{1,9}(\.\d{1,9})?$/)) {
+                return [{ type: exports.PropertyType.decimal, value: parseFloat(value) }];
+            }
+            if (typeof value === 'boolean') {
+                return [{ type: exports.PropertyType.decimal, value: value ? 1 : 0 }];
+            }
             return [];
-        }
-        const [value] = validateInput(input, 1);
-        if (typeof value === 'string') {
-            const match = value.match(/^T?(\d{2}(:\d{2}(:\d{2})?)?)/);
-            if (match) {
-                return [parseDateString('T' + match[1])];
+        },
+        /**
+       * If the input collection contains a single item, this function will true if:
+       *   1) the item is an Integer or Decimal
+       *   2) the item is a String and is convertible to a Decimal
+       *   3) the item is a Boolean
+       *
+       * If the item is not one of the above types, or is not convertible to a Decimal (using the regex format (\\+|-)?\d+(\.\d+)?), the result is false.
+       *
+       * If the input collection contains multiple items, the evaluation of the expression will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
+       *
+       * If the input collection is empty, the result is empty.
+      
+       * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#convertstodecimal-boolean
+       *
+       * @param input The input collection.
+       * @returns
+       */
+        convertsToDecimal: (input) => {
+            if (input.length === 0) {
+                return [];
+            }
+            return booleanToTypedValue(functions.toDecimal(input).length === 1);
+        },
+        /**
+         * If the input collection contains a single item, this function will return a single quantity if:
+         *   1) the item is an Integer, or Decimal, where the resulting quantity will have the default unit ('1')
+         *   2) the item is a Quantity
+         *   3) the item is a String and is convertible to a Quantity
+         *   4) the item is a Boolean, where true results in the quantity 1.0 '1', and false results in the quantity 0.0 '1'
+         *
+         * If the item is not one of the above types, the result is empty.
+         *
+         * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#quantity-conversion-functions
+         *
+         * @param input The input collection.
+         * @returns
+         */
+        toQuantity: (input) => {
+            if (input.length === 0) {
+                return [];
+            }
+            const [{ value }] = validateInput(input, 1);
+            if (isQuantity(value)) {
+                return [{ type: exports.PropertyType.Quantity, value }];
+            }
+            if (typeof value === 'number') {
+                return [{ type: exports.PropertyType.Quantity, value: { value, unit: '1' } }];
+            }
+            if (typeof value === 'string' && value.match(/^-?\d{1,9}(\.\d{1,9})?/)) {
+                return [{ type: exports.PropertyType.Quantity, value: { value: parseFloat(value), unit: '1' } }];
+            }
+            if (typeof value === 'boolean') {
+                return [{ type: exports.PropertyType.Quantity, value: { value: value ? 1 : 0, unit: '1' } }];
             }
-        }
-        return [];
-    }
-    /**
-     * If the input collection contains a single item, this function will return true if:
-     *   1) the item is a Time
-     *   2) the item is a String and is convertible to a Time
-     *
-     * If the item is not one of the above types, or is not convertible to a Time (using the format hh:mm:ss.fff(+|-)hh:mm), the result is false.
-     *
-     * If the input collection contains multiple items, the evaluation of the expression will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
-     *
-     * If the input collection is empty, the result is empty.
-     *
-     * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#convertstotime-boolean
-     *
-     * @param input
-     * @returns
-     */
-    function convertsToTime(input) {
-        if (input.length === 0) {
             return [];
-        }
-        return [toTime(input).length === 1];
-    }
-    /*
-     * 5.6. String Manipulation.
-     *
-     * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#string-manipulation
-     */
-    /**
-     * Returns the 0-based index of the first position substring is found in the input string, or -1 if it is not found.
-     *
-     * If substring is an empty string (''), the function returns 0.
-     *
-     * If the input or substring is empty ({ }), the result is empty ({ }).
-     *
-     * If the input collection contains multiple items, the evaluation of the expression will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
-     *
-     * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#indexofsubstring-string-integer
-     *
-     * @param input The input collection.
-     * @returns The index of the substring.
-     */
-    function indexOf(input, substringAtom) {
-        return applyStringFunc((str, substring) => str.indexOf(substring), input, substringAtom);
-    }
-    /**
-     * Returns the part of the string starting at position start (zero-based). If length is given, will return at most length number of characters from the input string.
-     *
-     * If start lies outside the length of the string, the function returns empty ({ }). If there are less remaining characters in the string than indicated by length, the function returns just the remaining characters.
-     *
-     * If the input or start is empty, the result is empty.
-     *
-     * If an empty length is provided, the behavior is the same as if length had not been provided.
-     *
-     * If the input collection contains multiple items, the evaluation of the expression will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
-     *
-     * @param input The input collection.
-     * @returns The index of the substring.
-     */
-    function substring(input, startAtom, lengthAtom) {
-        return applyStringFunc((str, start, length) => {
-            const startIndex = start;
-            const endIndex = length ? startIndex + length : str.length;
-            return startIndex < 0 || startIndex >= str.length ? undefined : str.substring(startIndex, endIndex);
-        }, input, startAtom, lengthAtom);
-    }
-    /**
-     *
-     * @param input The input collection.
-     * @returns The index of the substring.
-     */
-    function startsWith(input, prefixAtom) {
-        return applyStringFunc((str, prefix) => str.startsWith(prefix), input, prefixAtom);
-    }
-    /**
-     *
-     * @param input The input collection.
-     * @returns The index of the substring.
-     */
-    function endsWith(input, suffixAtom) {
-        return applyStringFunc((str, suffix) => str.endsWith(suffix), input, suffixAtom);
-    }
-    /**
-     *
-     * @param input The input collection.
-     * @returns The index of the substring.
-     */
-    function contains(input, substringAtom) {
-        return applyStringFunc((str, substring) => str.includes(substring), input, substringAtom);
-    }
-    /**
-     *
-     * @param input The input collection.
-     * @returns The index of the substring.
-     */
-    function upper(input) {
-        return applyStringFunc((str) => str.toUpperCase(), input);
-    }
-    /**
-     *
-     * @param input The input collection.
-     * @returns The index of the substring.
-     */
-    function lower(input) {
-        return applyStringFunc((str) => str.toLowerCase(), input);
-    }
-    /**
-     *
-     * @param input The input collection.
-     * @returns The index of the substring.
-     */
-    function replace(input, patternAtom, substitionAtom) {
-        return applyStringFunc((str, pattern, substition) => str.replaceAll(pattern, substition), input, patternAtom, substitionAtom);
-    }
-    /**
-     *
-     * @param input The input collection.
-     * @returns The index of the substring.
-     */
-    function matches(input, regexAtom) {
-        return applyStringFunc((str, regex) => !!str.match(regex), input, regexAtom);
-    }
-    /**
-     *
-     * @param input The input collection.
-     * @returns The index of the substring.
-     */
-    function replaceMatches(input, regexAtom, substitionAtom) {
-        return applyStringFunc((str, pattern, substition) => str.replaceAll(pattern, substition), input, regexAtom, substitionAtom);
-    }
-    /**
-     *
-     * @param input The input collection.
-     * @returns The index of the substring.
-     */
-    function length(input) {
-        return applyStringFunc((str) => str.length, input);
-    }
-    /**
-     * Returns the list of characters in the input string. If the input collection is empty ({ }), the result is empty.
-     *
-     * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#tochars-collection
-     *
-     * @param input The input collection.
-     */
-    function toChars(input) {
-        return applyStringFunc((str) => (str ? str.split('') : undefined), input);
-    }
-    /*
-     * 5.7. Math
-     */
-    /**
-     * Returns the absolute value of the input. When taking the absolute value of a quantity, the unit is unchanged.
-     *
-     * If the input collection is empty, the result is empty.
-     *
-     * If the input collection contains multiple items, the evaluation of the expression will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
-     *
-     * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#abs-integer-decimal-quantity
-     *
-     * @param input The input collection.
-     * @returns A collection containing the result.
-     */
-    function abs(input) {
-        return applyMathFunc(Math.abs, input);
-    }
-    /**
-     * Returns the first integer greater than or equal to the input.
-     *
-     * If the input collection is empty, the result is empty.
-     *
-     * If the input collection contains multiple items, the evaluation of the expression will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
-     *
-     * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#ceiling-integer
-     *
-     * @param input The input collection.
-     * @returns A collection containing the result.
-     */
-    function ceiling(input) {
-        return applyMathFunc(Math.ceil, input);
-    }
-    /**
-     * Returns e raised to the power of the input.
-     *
-     * If the input collection contains an Integer, it will be implicitly converted to a Decimal and the result will be a Decimal.
-     *
-     * If the input collection is empty, the result is empty.
-     *
-     * If the input collection contains multiple items, the evaluation of the expression will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
-     *
-     * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#exp-decimal
-     *
-     * @param input The input collection.
-     * @returns A collection containing the result.
-     */
-    function exp(input) {
-        return applyMathFunc(Math.exp, input);
-    }
-    /**
-     * Returns the first integer less than or equal to the input.
-     *
-     * If the input collection is empty, the result is empty.
-     *
-     * If the input collection contains multiple items, the evaluation of the expression will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
-     *
-     * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#floor-integer
-     *
-     * @param input The input collection.
-     * @returns A collection containing the result.
-     */
-    function floor(input) {
-        return applyMathFunc(Math.floor, input);
-    }
-    /**
-     * Returns the natural logarithm of the input (i.e. the logarithm base e).
-     *
-     * When used with an Integer, it will be implicitly converted to a Decimal.
-     *
-     * If the input collection is empty, the result is empty.
-     *
-     * If the input collection contains multiple items, the evaluation of the expression will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
-     *
-     * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#ln-decimal
-     *
-     * @param input The input collection.
-     * @returns A collection containing the result.
-     */
-    function ln(input) {
-        return applyMathFunc(Math.log, input);
-    }
-    /**
-     * Returns the logarithm base base of the input number.
-     *
-     * When used with Integers, the arguments will be implicitly converted to Decimal.
-     *
-     * If base is empty, the result is empty.
-     *
-     * If the input collection is empty, the result is empty.
-     *
-     * If the input collection contains multiple items, the evaluation of the expression will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
-     *
-     * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#logbase-decimal-decimal
-     *
-     * @param input The input collection.
-     * @returns A collection containing the result.
-     */
-    function log(input, baseAtom) {
-        return applyMathFunc((value, base) => Math.log(value) / Math.log(base), input, baseAtom);
-    }
-    /**
-     * Raises a number to the exponent power. If this function is used with Integers, the result is an Integer. If the function is used with Decimals, the result is a Decimal. If the function is used with a mixture of Integer and Decimal, the Integer is implicitly converted to a Decimal and the result is a Decimal.
-     *
-     * If the power cannot be represented (such as the -1 raised to the 0.5), the result is empty.
-     *
-     * If the input is empty, or exponent is empty, the result is empty.
-     *
-     * If the input collection contains multiple items, the evaluation of the expression will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
-     *
-     * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#powerexponent-integer-decimal-integer-decimal
-     *
-     * @param input The input collection.
-     * @returns A collection containing the result.
-     */
-    function power(input, expAtom) {
-        return applyMathFunc(Math.pow, input, expAtom);
-    }
-    /**
-     * Rounds the decimal to the nearest whole number using a traditional round (i.e. 0.5 or higher will round to 1). If specified, the precision argument determines the decimal place at which the rounding will occur. If not specified, the rounding will default to 0 decimal places.
-     *
-     * If specified, the number of digits of precision must be >= 0 or the evaluation will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
-     *
-     * If the input collection contains a single item of type Integer, it will be implicitly converted to a Decimal.
-     *
-     * If the input collection is empty, the result is empty.
-     *
-     * If the input collection contains multiple items, the evaluation of the expression will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
-     *
-     * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#roundprecision-integer-decimal
-     *
-     * @param input The input collection.
-     * @returns A collection containing the result.
-     */
-    function round(input) {
-        return applyMathFunc(Math.round, input);
-    }
-    /**
-     * Returns the square root of the input number as a Decimal.
-     *
-     * If the square root cannot be represented (such as the square root of -1), the result is empty.
-     *
-     * If the input collection is empty, the result is empty.
-     *
-     * If the input collection contains multiple items, the evaluation of the expression will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
-     *
-     * Note that this function is equivalent to raising a number of the power of 0.5 using the power() function.
-     *
-     * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#sqrt-decimal
-     *
-     * @param input The input collection.
-     * @returns A collection containing the result.
-     */
-    function sqrt(input) {
-        return applyMathFunc(Math.sqrt, input);
-    }
-    /**
-     * Returns the integer portion of the input.
-     *
-     * If the input collection is empty, the result is empty.
-     *
-     * If the input collection contains multiple items, the evaluation of the expression will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
-     *
-     * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#truncate-integer
-     *
-     * @param input The input collection.
-     * @returns A collection containing the result.
-     */
-    function truncate(input) {
-        return applyMathFunc((x) => x | 0, input);
-    }
-    /*
-     * 5.8. Tree navigation
-     */
-    const children = stub;
-    const descendants = stub;
-    /*
-     * 5.9. Utility functions
-     */
-    /**
-     * Adds a String representation of the input collection to the diagnostic log,
-     * using the name argument as the name in the log. This log should be made available
-     * to the user in some appropriate fashion. Does not change the input, so returns
-     * the input collection as output.
-     *
-     * If the projection argument is used, the trace would log the result of evaluating
-     * the project expression on the input, but still return the input to the trace
-     * function unchanged.
-     *
-     * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#tracename-string-projection-expression-collection
-     *
-     * @param input The input collection.
-     * @param nameAtom The log name.
-     */
-    function trace(input, nameAtom) {
-        console.log('trace', input, nameAtom);
-        return input;
-    }
-    /**
-     * Returns the current date and time, including timezone offset.
-     *
-     * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#now-datetime
-     */
-    function now() {
-        return [new Date().toISOString()];
-    }
-    /**
-     * Returns the current time.
-     *
-     * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#timeofday-time
-     */
-    function timeOfDay() {
-        return [new Date().toISOString().substring(11)];
-    }
-    /**
-     * Returns the current date.
-     *
-     * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#today-date
-     */
-    function today() {
-        return [new Date().toISOString().substring(0, 10)];
-    }
-    /**
-     * Calculates the difference between two dates or date/times.
-     *
-     * This is not part of the official FHIRPath spec.
-     *
-     * IBM FHIR issue: https://github.com/IBM/FHIR/issues/1014
-     * IBM FHIR PR: https://github.com/IBM/FHIR/pull/1023
-     */
-    function between(context, startAtom, endAtom, unitsAtom) {
-        const startDate = toDateTime(ensureArray(startAtom.eval(context)));
-        if (startDate.length === 0) {
-            throw new Error('Invalid start date');
-        }
-        const endDate = toDateTime(ensureArray(endAtom.eval(context)));
-        if (endDate.length === 0) {
-            throw new Error('Invalid end date');
-        }
-        const unit = unitsAtom.eval(context);
-        if (unit !== 'years' && unit !== 'months' && unit !== 'days') {
-            throw new Error('Invalid units');
-        }
-        const age = calculateAge(startDate[0], endDate[0]);
-        return [{ value: age[unit], unit }];
-    }
-    /*
-     * 6.3 Types
-     */
-    /**
-     * The is() function is supported for backwards compatibility with previous
-     * implementations of FHIRPath. Just as with the is keyword, the type argument
-     * is an identifier that must resolve to the name of a type in a model.
-     *
-     * For implementations with compile-time typing, this requires special-case
-     * handling when processing the argument to treat it as a type specifier rather
-     * than an identifier expression:
-     *
-     * @param input
-     * @param typeAtom
-     * @returns
-     */
-    function is(input, typeAtom) {
-        const typeName = typeAtom.name;
-        return input.map((value) => fhirPathIs(value, typeName));
-    }
-    /*
-     * 6.5 Boolean logic
-     */
-    /**
-     * 6.5.3. not() : Boolean
-     *
-     * Returns true if the input collection evaluates to false, and false if it evaluates to true. Otherwise, the result is empty ({ }):
-     *
-     * @param input
-     * @returns
-     */
-    function not(input) {
-        return toBoolean(input).map((value) => !value);
-    }
-    /*
-     * Additional functions
-     * See: https://hl7.org/fhir/fhirpath.html#functions
-     */
-    /**
-     * For each item in the collection, if it is a string that is a uri (or canonical or url), locate the target of the reference, and add it to the resulting collection. If the item does not resolve to a resource, the item is ignored and nothing is added to the output collection.
-     * The items in the collection may also represent a Reference, in which case the Reference.reference is resolved.
-     * @param input The input collection.
-     * @returns
-     */
-    function resolve(input) {
-        return input
-            .map((e) => {
-            let refStr;
-            if (typeof e === 'string') {
-                refStr = e;
-            }
-            else if (typeof e === 'object') {
-                const ref = e;
-                if (ref.resource) {
-                    return ref.resource;
+        },
+        /**
+         * If the input collection contains a single item, this function will return true if:
+         *   1) the item is an Integer, Decimal, or Quantity
+         *   2) the item is a String that is convertible to a Quantity
+         *   3) the item is a Boolean
+         *
+         * If the item is not one of the above types, or is not convertible to a Quantity using the following regex format:
+         *
+         *     (?'value'(\+|-)?\d+(\.\d+)?)\s*('(?'unit'[^']+)'|(?'time'[a-zA-Z]+))?
+         *
+         * then the result is false.
+         *
+         * If the input collection contains multiple items, the evaluation of the expression will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
+         *
+         * If the input collection is empty, the result is empty.
+         *
+         * If the unit argument is provided, it must be the string representation of a UCUM code (or a FHIRPath calendar duration keyword), and is used to determine whether the input quantity can be converted to the given unit, according to the unit conversion rules specified by UCUM. If the input quantity can be converted, the result is true, otherwise, the result is false.
+         *
+         * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#convertstoquantityunit-string-boolean
+         *
+         * @param input The input collection.
+         * @returns
+         */
+        convertsToQuantity: (input) => {
+            if (input.length === 0) {
+                return [];
+            }
+            return booleanToTypedValue(functions.toQuantity(input).length === 1);
+        },
+        /**
+         * Returns the string representation of the input.
+         *
+         * If the input collection contains a single item, this function will return a single String if:
+         *
+         *  1) the item in the input collection is a String
+         *  2) the item in the input collection is an Integer, Decimal, Date, Time, DateTime, or Quantity the output will contain its String representation
+         *  3) the item is a Boolean, where true results in 'true' and false in 'false'.
+         *
+         * If the item is not one of the above types, the result is false.
+         *
+         * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#tostring-string
+         *
+         * @param input The input collection.
+         * @returns The string representation of the input.
+         */
+        toString: (input) => {
+            if (input.length === 0) {
+                return [];
+            }
+            const [{ value }] = validateInput(input, 1);
+            if (value === null || value === undefined) {
+                return [];
+            }
+            if (isQuantity(value)) {
+                return [{ type: exports.PropertyType.string, value: `${value.value} '${value.unit}'` }];
+            }
+            return [{ type: exports.PropertyType.string, value: value.toString() }];
+        },
+        /**
+         * Returns true if the input can be converted to string.
+         *
+         * If the input collection contains a single item, this function will return true if:
+         *   1) the item is a String
+         *   2) the item is an Integer, Decimal, Date, Time, or DateTime
+         *   3) the item is a Boolean
+         *   4) the item is a Quantity
+         *
+         * If the item is not one of the above types, the result is false.
+         *
+         * If the input collection contains multiple items, the evaluation of the expression will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
+         *
+         * If the input collection is empty, the result is empty.
+         *
+         * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#tostring-string
+         *
+         * @param input The input collection.
+         * @returns
+         */
+        convertsToString: (input) => {
+            if (input.length === 0) {
+                return [];
+            }
+            return booleanToTypedValue(functions.toString(input).length === 1);
+        },
+        /**
+         * If the input collection contains a single item, this function will return a single time if:
+         *   1) the item is a Time
+         *   2) the item is a String and is convertible to a Time
+         *
+         * If the item is not one of the above types, the result is empty.
+         *
+         * If the item is a String, but the string is not convertible to a Time (using the format hh:mm:ss.fff(+|-)hh:mm), the result is empty.
+         *
+         * If the item contains a partial time (e.g. '10:00'), the result is a partial time.
+         *
+         * If the input collection contains multiple items, the evaluation of the expression will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
+         *
+         * If the input collection is empty, the result is empty.
+         *
+         * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#totime-time
+         *
+         * @param input
+         * @returns
+         */
+        toTime: (input) => {
+            if (input.length === 0) {
+                return [];
+            }
+            const [{ value }] = validateInput(input, 1);
+            if (typeof value === 'string') {
+                const match = value.match(/^T?(\d{2}(:\d{2}(:\d{2})?)?)/);
+                if (match) {
+                    return [{ type: exports.PropertyType.time, value: parseDateString('T' + match[1]) }];
                 }
-                refStr = ref.reference;
             }
-            if (!refStr) {
-                return undefined;
+            return [];
+        },
+        /**
+         * If the input collection contains a single item, this function will return true if:
+         *   1) the item is a Time
+         *   2) the item is a String and is convertible to a Time
+         *
+         * If the item is not one of the above types, or is not convertible to a Time (using the format hh:mm:ss.fff(+|-)hh:mm), the result is false.
+         *
+         * If the input collection contains multiple items, the evaluation of the expression will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
+         *
+         * If the input collection is empty, the result is empty.
+         *
+         * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#convertstotime-boolean
+         *
+         * @param input
+         * @returns
+         */
+        convertsToTime: (input) => {
+            if (input.length === 0) {
+                return [];
             }
-            const [resourceType, id] = refStr.split('/');
-            return { resourceType, id };
-        })
-            .filter((e) => !!e);
-    }
-    /**
-     * The as operator can be used to treat a value as a specific type.
-     * @param context The context value.
-     * @returns The value as the specific type.
-     */
-    function as(context) {
-        return context;
-    }
-    /*
-     * 12. Formal Specifications
-     */
-    /**
-     * Returns the type of the input.
-     *
-     * 12.2. Model Information
-     *
-     * The model information returned by the reflection function type() is specified as an
-     * XML Schema document (xsd) and included in this specification at the following link:
-     * https://hl7.org/fhirpath/modelinfo.xsd
-     *
-     * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#model-information
-     *
-     * @param input The input collection.
-     * @returns
-     */
-    function type(input) {
-        return input.map((value) => {
-            if (typeof value === 'boolean') {
-                return { namespace: 'System', name: 'Boolean' };
+            return booleanToTypedValue(functions.toTime(input).length === 1);
+        },
+        /*
+         * 5.6. String Manipulation.
+         *
+         * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#string-manipulation
+         */
+        /**
+         * Returns the 0-based index of the first position substring is found in the input string, or -1 if it is not found.
+         *
+         * If substring is an empty string (''), the function returns 0.
+         *
+         * If the input or substring is empty ({ }), the result is empty ({ }).
+         *
+         * If the input collection contains multiple items, the evaluation of the expression will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
+         *
+         * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#indexofsubstring-string-integer
+         *
+         * @param input The input collection.
+         * @returns The index of the substring.
+         */
+        indexOf: (input, substringAtom) => {
+            return applyStringFunc((str, substring) => str.indexOf(substring), input, substringAtom);
+        },
+        /**
+         * Returns the part of the string starting at position start (zero-based). If length is given, will return at most length number of characters from the input string.
+         *
+         * If start lies outside the length of the string, the function returns empty ({ }). If there are less remaining characters in the string than indicated by length, the function returns just the remaining characters.
+         *
+         * If the input or start is empty, the result is empty.
+         *
+         * If an empty length is provided, the behavior is the same as if length had not been provided.
+         *
+         * If the input collection contains multiple items, the evaluation of the expression will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
+         *
+         * @param input The input collection.
+         * @returns The index of the substring.
+         */
+        substring: (input, startAtom, lengthAtom) => {
+            return applyStringFunc((str, start, length) => {
+                const startIndex = start;
+                const endIndex = length ? startIndex + length : str.length;
+                return startIndex < 0 || startIndex >= str.length ? undefined : str.substring(startIndex, endIndex);
+            }, input, startAtom, lengthAtom);
+        },
+        /**
+         *
+         * @param input The input collection.
+         * @returns The index of the substring.
+         */
+        startsWith: (input, prefixAtom) => {
+            return applyStringFunc((str, prefix) => str.startsWith(prefix), input, prefixAtom);
+        },
+        /**
+         *
+         * @param input The input collection.
+         * @returns The index of the substring.
+         */
+        endsWith: (input, suffixAtom) => {
+            return applyStringFunc((str, suffix) => str.endsWith(suffix), input, suffixAtom);
+        },
+        /**
+         *
+         * @param input The input collection.
+         * @returns The index of the substring.
+         */
+        contains: (input, substringAtom) => {
+            return applyStringFunc((str, substring) => str.includes(substring), input, substringAtom);
+        },
+        /**
+         *
+         * @param input The input collection.
+         * @returns The index of the substring.
+         */
+        upper: (input) => {
+            return applyStringFunc((str) => str.toUpperCase(), input);
+        },
+        /**
+         *
+         * @param input The input collection.
+         * @returns The index of the substring.
+         */
+        lower: (input) => {
+            return applyStringFunc((str) => str.toLowerCase(), input);
+        },
+        /**
+         *
+         * @param input The input collection.
+         * @returns The index of the substring.
+         */
+        replace: (input, patternAtom, substitionAtom) => {
+            return applyStringFunc((str, pattern, substition) => str.replaceAll(pattern, substition), input, patternAtom, substitionAtom);
+        },
+        /**
+         *
+         * @param input The input collection.
+         * @returns The index of the substring.
+         */
+        matches: (input, regexAtom) => {
+            return applyStringFunc((str, regex) => !!str.match(regex), input, regexAtom);
+        },
+        /**
+         *
+         * @param input The input collection.
+         * @returns The index of the substring.
+         */
+        replaceMatches: (input, regexAtom, substitionAtom) => {
+            return applyStringFunc((str, pattern, substition) => str.replaceAll(pattern, substition), input, regexAtom, substitionAtom);
+        },
+        /**
+         *
+         * @param input The input collection.
+         * @returns The index of the substring.
+         */
+        length: (input) => {
+            return applyStringFunc((str) => str.length, input);
+        },
+        /**
+         * Returns the list of characters in the input string. If the input collection is empty ({ }), the result is empty.
+         *
+         * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#tochars-collection
+         *
+         * @param input The input collection.
+         */
+        toChars: (input) => {
+            return applyStringFunc((str) => (str ? str.split('') : undefined), input);
+        },
+        /*
+         * 5.7. Math
+         */
+        /**
+         * Returns the absolute value of the input. When taking the absolute value of a quantity, the unit is unchanged.
+         *
+         * If the input collection is empty, the result is empty.
+         *
+         * If the input collection contains multiple items, the evaluation of the expression will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
+         *
+         * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#abs-integer-decimal-quantity
+         *
+         * @param input The input collection.
+         * @returns A collection containing the result.
+         */
+        abs: (input) => {
+            return applyMathFunc(Math.abs, input);
+        },
+        /**
+         * Returns the first integer greater than or equal to the input.
+         *
+         * If the input collection is empty, the result is empty.
+         *
+         * If the input collection contains multiple items, the evaluation of the expression will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
+         *
+         * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#ceiling-integer
+         *
+         * @param input The input collection.
+         * @returns A collection containing the result.
+         */
+        ceiling: (input) => {
+            return applyMathFunc(Math.ceil, input);
+        },
+        /**
+         * Returns e raised to the power of the input.
+         *
+         * If the input collection contains an Integer, it will be implicitly converted to a Decimal and the result will be a Decimal.
+         *
+         * If the input collection is empty, the result is empty.
+         *
+         * If the input collection contains multiple items, the evaluation of the expression will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
+         *
+         * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#exp-decimal
+         *
+         * @param input The input collection.
+         * @returns A collection containing the result.
+         */
+        exp: (input) => {
+            return applyMathFunc(Math.exp, input);
+        },
+        /**
+         * Returns the first integer less than or equal to the input.
+         *
+         * If the input collection is empty, the result is empty.
+         *
+         * If the input collection contains multiple items, the evaluation of the expression will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
+         *
+         * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#floor-integer
+         *
+         * @param input The input collection.
+         * @returns A collection containing the result.
+         */
+        floor: (input) => {
+            return applyMathFunc(Math.floor, input);
+        },
+        /**
+         * Returns the natural logarithm of the input (i.e. the logarithm base e).
+         *
+         * When used with an Integer, it will be implicitly converted to a Decimal.
+         *
+         * If the input collection is empty, the result is empty.
+         *
+         * If the input collection contains multiple items, the evaluation of the expression will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
+         *
+         * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#ln-decimal
+         *
+         * @param input The input collection.
+         * @returns A collection containing the result.
+         */
+        ln: (input) => {
+            return applyMathFunc(Math.log, input);
+        },
+        /**
+         * Returns the logarithm base base of the input number.
+         *
+         * When used with Integers, the arguments will be implicitly converted to Decimal.
+         *
+         * If base is empty, the result is empty.
+         *
+         * If the input collection is empty, the result is empty.
+         *
+         * If the input collection contains multiple items, the evaluation of the expression will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
+         *
+         * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#logbase-decimal-decimal
+         *
+         * @param input The input collection.
+         * @returns A collection containing the result.
+         */
+        log: (input, baseAtom) => {
+            return applyMathFunc((value, base) => Math.log(value) / Math.log(base), input, baseAtom);
+        },
+        /**
+         * Raises a number to the exponent power. If this function is used with Integers, the result is an Integer. If the function is used with Decimals, the result is a Decimal. If the function is used with a mixture of Integer and Decimal, the Integer is implicitly converted to a Decimal and the result is a Decimal.
+         *
+         * If the power cannot be represented (such as the -1 raised to the 0.5), the result is empty.
+         *
+         * If the input is empty, or exponent is empty, the result is empty.
+         *
+         * If the input collection contains multiple items, the evaluation of the expression will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
+         *
+         * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#powerexponent-integer-decimal-integer-decimal
+         *
+         * @param input The input collection.
+         * @returns A collection containing the result.
+         */
+        power: (input, expAtom) => {
+            return applyMathFunc(Math.pow, input, expAtom);
+        },
+        /**
+         * Rounds the decimal to the nearest whole number using a traditional round (i.e. 0.5 or higher will round to 1). If specified, the precision argument determines the decimal place at which the rounding will occur. If not specified, the rounding will default to 0 decimal places.
+         *
+         * If specified, the number of digits of precision must be >= 0 or the evaluation will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
+         *
+         * If the input collection contains a single item of type Integer, it will be implicitly converted to a Decimal.
+         *
+         * If the input collection is empty, the result is empty.
+         *
+         * If the input collection contains multiple items, the evaluation of the expression will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
+         *
+         * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#roundprecision-integer-decimal
+         *
+         * @param input The input collection.
+         * @returns A collection containing the result.
+         */
+        round: (input) => {
+            return applyMathFunc(Math.round, input);
+        },
+        /**
+         * Returns the square root of the input number as a Decimal.
+         *
+         * If the square root cannot be represented (such as the square root of -1), the result is empty.
+         *
+         * If the input collection is empty, the result is empty.
+         *
+         * If the input collection contains multiple items, the evaluation of the expression will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
+         *
+         * Note that this function is equivalent to raising a number of the power of 0.5 using the power() function.
+         *
+         * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#sqrt-decimal
+         *
+         * @param input The input collection.
+         * @returns A collection containing the result.
+         */
+        sqrt: (input) => {
+            return applyMathFunc(Math.sqrt, input);
+        },
+        /**
+         * Returns the integer portion of the input.
+         *
+         * If the input collection is empty, the result is empty.
+         *
+         * If the input collection contains multiple items, the evaluation of the expression will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
+         *
+         * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#truncate-integer
+         *
+         * @param input The input collection.
+         * @returns A collection containing the result.
+         */
+        truncate: (input) => {
+            return applyMathFunc((x) => x | 0, input);
+        },
+        /*
+         * 5.8. Tree navigation
+         */
+        children: stub,
+        descendants: stub,
+        /*
+         * 5.9. Utility functions
+         */
+        /**
+         * Adds a String representation of the input collection to the diagnostic log,
+         * using the name argument as the name in the log. This log should be made available
+         * to the user in some appropriate fashion. Does not change the input, so returns
+         * the input collection as output.
+         *
+         * If the projection argument is used, the trace would log the result of evaluating
+         * the project expression on the input, but still return the input to the trace
+         * function unchanged.
+         *
+         * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#tracename-string-projection-expression-collection
+         *
+         * @param input The input collection.
+         * @param nameAtom The log name.
+         */
+        trace: (input, nameAtom) => {
+            console.log('trace', input, nameAtom);
+            return input;
+        },
+        /**
+         * Returns the current date and time, including timezone offset.
+         *
+         * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#now-datetime
+         */
+        now: () => {
+            return [{ type: exports.PropertyType.dateTime, value: new Date().toISOString() }];
+        },
+        /**
+         * Returns the current time.
+         *
+         * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#timeofday-time
+         */
+        timeOfDay: () => {
+            return [{ type: exports.PropertyType.time, value: new Date().toISOString().substring(11) }];
+        },
+        /**
+         * Returns the current date.
+         *
+         * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#today-date
+         */
+        today: () => {
+            return [{ type: exports.PropertyType.date, value: new Date().toISOString().substring(0, 10) }];
+        },
+        /**
+         * Calculates the difference between two dates or date/times.
+         *
+         * This is not part of the official FHIRPath spec.
+         *
+         * IBM FHIR issue: https://github.com/IBM/FHIR/issues/1014
+         * IBM FHIR PR: https://github.com/IBM/FHIR/pull/1023
+         */
+        between: (context, startAtom, endAtom, unitsAtom) => {
+            const startDate = functions.toDateTime(startAtom.eval(context));
+            if (startDate.length === 0) {
+                throw new Error('Invalid start date');
             }
-            if (typeof value === 'number') {
-                return { namespace: 'System', name: 'Integer' };
+            const endDate = functions.toDateTime(endAtom.eval(context));
+            if (endDate.length === 0) {
+                throw new Error('Invalid end date');
             }
-            if (value && typeof value === 'object' && 'resourceType' in value) {
-                return { namespace: 'FHIR', name: value.resourceType };
+            const unit = unitsAtom.eval(context)[0].value;
+            if (unit !== 'years' && unit !== 'months' && unit !== 'days') {
+                throw new Error('Invalid units');
             }
-            return null;
-        });
-    }
-    function conformsTo(input, systemAtom) {
-        const system = systemAtom.eval(undefined);
-        if (!system.startsWith('http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/')) {
-            throw new Error('Expected a StructureDefinition URL');
-        }
-        const expectedResourceType = system.replace('http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/', '');
-        return input.map((resource) => (resource === null || resource === void 0 ? void 0 : resource.resourceType) === expectedResourceType);
-    }
+            const age = calculateAge(startDate[0].value, endDate[0].value);
+            return [{ type: exports.PropertyType.Quantity, value: { value: age[unit], unit } }];
+        },
+        /*
+         * 6.3 Types
+         */
+        /**
+         * The is() function is supported for backwards compatibility with previous
+         * implementations of FHIRPath. Just as with the is keyword, the type argument
+         * is an identifier that must resolve to the name of a type in a model.
+         *
+         * For implementations with compile-time typing, this requires special-case
+         * handling when processing the argument to treat it as a type specifier rather
+         * than an identifier expression:
+         *
+         * @param input
+         * @param typeAtom
+         * @returns
+         */
+        is: (input, typeAtom) => {
+            let typeName = '';
+            if (typeAtom instanceof SymbolAtom) {
+                typeName = typeAtom.name;
+            }
+            else if (typeAtom instanceof DotAtom) {
+                typeName = typeAtom.left.name + '.' + typeAtom.right.name;
+            }
+            if (!typeName) {
+                return [];
+            }
+            return input.map((value) => ({ type: exports.PropertyType.boolean, value: fhirPathIs(value, typeName) }));
+        },
+        /*
+         * 6.5 Boolean logic
+         */
+        /**
+         * 6.5.3. not() : Boolean
+         *
+         * Returns true if the input collection evaluates to false, and false if it evaluates to true. Otherwise, the result is empty ({ }):
+         *
+         * @param input
+         * @returns
+         */
+        not: (input) => {
+            return functions.toBoolean(input).map((value) => ({ type: exports.PropertyType.boolean, value: !value.value }));
+        },
+        /*
+         * Additional functions
+         * See: https://hl7.org/fhir/fhirpath.html#functions
+         */
+        /**
+         * For each item in the collection, if it is a string that is a uri (or canonical or url), locate the target of the reference, and add it to the resulting collection. If the item does not resolve to a resource, the item is ignored and nothing is added to the output collection.
+         * The items in the collection may also represent a Reference, in which case the Reference.reference is resolved.
+         * @param input The input collection.
+         * @returns
+         */
+        resolve: (input) => {
+            return input
+                .map((e) => {
+                const value = e.value;
+                let refStr;
+                if (typeof value === 'string') {
+                    refStr = value;
+                }
+                else if (typeof value === 'object') {
+                    const ref = value;
+                    if (ref.resource) {
+                        return { type: exports.PropertyType.BackboneElement, value: ref.resource };
+                    }
+                    refStr = ref.reference;
+                }
+                if (!refStr) {
+                    return { type: exports.PropertyType.BackboneElement, value: null };
+                }
+                const [resourceType, id] = refStr.split('/');
+                return { type: exports.PropertyType.BackboneElement, value: { resourceType, id } };
+            })
+                .filter((e) => !!e.value);
+        },
+        /**
+         * The as operator can be used to treat a value as a specific type.
+         * @param context The context value.
+         * @returns The value as the specific type.
+         */
+        as: (context) => {
+            return context;
+        },
+        /*
+         * 12. Formal Specifications
+         */
+        /**
+         * Returns the type of the input.
+         *
+         * 12.2. Model Information
+         *
+         * The model information returned by the reflection function type() is specified as an
+         * XML Schema document (xsd) and included in this specification at the following link:
+         * https://hl7.org/fhirpath/modelinfo.xsd
+         *
+         * See: https://hl7.org/fhirpath/#model-information
+         *
+         * @param input The input collection.
+         * @returns
+         */
+        type: (input) => {
+            return input.map(({ value }) => {
+                if (typeof value === 'boolean') {
+                    return { type: exports.PropertyType.BackboneElement, value: { namespace: 'System', name: 'Boolean' } };
+                }
+                if (typeof value === 'number') {
+                    return { type: exports.PropertyType.BackboneElement, value: { namespace: 'System', name: 'Integer' } };
+                }
+                if (value && typeof value === 'object' && 'resourceType' in value) {
+                    return {
+                        type: exports.PropertyType.BackboneElement,
+                        value: { namespace: 'FHIR', name: value.resourceType },
+                    };
+                }
+                return { type: exports.PropertyType.BackboneElement, value: null };
+            });
+        },
+        conformsTo: (input, systemAtom) => {
+            const system = systemAtom.eval([])[0].value;
+            if (!system.startsWith('http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/')) {
+                throw new Error('Expected a StructureDefinition URL');
+            }
+            const expectedResourceType = system.replace('http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/', '');
+            return input.map((value) => {
+                var _a;
+                return ({
+                    type: exports.PropertyType.boolean,
+                    value: ((_a = value.value) === null || _a === void 0 ? void 0 : _a.resourceType) === expectedResourceType,
+                });
+            });
+        },
+    };
     /*
      * Helper utilities
      */
@@ -4576,115 +4745,46 @@
         if (input.length === 0) {
             return [];
         }
-        const [value] = validateInput(input, 1);
+        const [{ value }] = validateInput(input, 1);
         if (typeof value !== 'string') {
             throw new Error('String function cannot be called with non-string');
         }
-        const result = func(value, ...argsAtoms.map((atom) => atom && atom.eval(value)));
-        return result === undefined ? [] : [result];
+        const result = func(value, ...argsAtoms.map((atom) => { var _a, _b; return atom && ((_b = (_a = atom.eval(input)) === null || _a === void 0 ? void 0 : _a[0]) === null || _b === void 0 ? void 0 : _b.value); }));
+        if (result === undefined) {
+            return [];
+        }
+        if (Array.isArray(result)) {
+            return result.map(toTypedValue);
+        }
+        return [toTypedValue(result)];
     }
     function applyMathFunc(func, input, ...argsAtoms) {
         if (input.length === 0) {
             return [];
         }
-        const [value] = validateInput(input, 1);
+        const [{ value }] = validateInput(input, 1);
         const quantity = isQuantity(value);
         const numberInput = quantity ? value.value : value;
         if (typeof numberInput !== 'number') {
             throw new Error('Math function cannot be called with non-number');
         }
-        const result = func(numberInput, ...argsAtoms.map((atom) => atom.eval(undefined)));
-        return quantity ? [Object.assign(Object.assign({}, value), { value: result })] : [result];
+        const result = func(numberInput, ...argsAtoms.map((atom) => { var _a, _b; return (_b = (_a = atom.eval([])) === null || _a === void 0 ? void 0 : _a[0]) === null || _b === void 0 ? void 0 : _b.value; }));
+        const type = quantity ? exports.PropertyType.Quantity : input[0].type;
+        const returnValue = quantity ? Object.assign(Object.assign({}, value), { value: result }) : result;
+        return [{ type, value: returnValue }];
     }
     function validateInput(input, count) {
         if (input.length !== count) {
             throw new Error(`Expected ${count} arguments`);
         }
+        for (const element of input) {
+            if (element === null || element === undefined) {
+                throw new Error('Expected non-null argument');
+            }
+        }
         return input;
     }
 
-    var functions = /*#__PURE__*/Object.freeze({
-        __proto__: null,
-        empty: empty,
-        exists: exists,
-        all: all,
-        allTrue: allTrue,
-        anyTrue: anyTrue,
-        allFalse: allFalse,
-        anyFalse: anyFalse,
-        subsetOf: subsetOf,
-        supersetOf: supersetOf,
-        count: count,
-        distinct: distinct,
-        isDistinct: isDistinct,
-        where: where,
-        select: select,
-        repeat: repeat,
-        ofType: ofType,
-        single: single,
-        first: first,
-        last: last,
-        tail: tail,
-        skip: skip,
-        take: take,
-        intersect: intersect,
-        exclude: exclude,
-        union: union,
-        combine: combine,
-        iif: iif,
-        toBoolean: toBoolean,
-        convertsToBoolean: convertsToBoolean,
-        toInteger: toInteger,
-        convertsToInteger: convertsToInteger,
-        toDate: toDate,
-        convertsToDate: convertsToDate,
-        toDateTime: toDateTime,
-        convertsToDateTime: convertsToDateTime,
-        toDecimal: toDecimal,
-        convertsToDecimal: convertsToDecimal,
-        toQuantity: toQuantity,
-        convertsToQuantity: convertsToQuantity,
-        toString: toString,
-        convertsToString: convertsToString,
-        toTime: toTime,
-        convertsToTime: convertsToTime,
-        indexOf: indexOf,
-        substring: substring,
-        startsWith: startsWith,
-        endsWith: endsWith,
-        contains: contains,
-        upper: upper,
-        lower: lower,
-        replace: replace,
-        matches: matches,
-        replaceMatches: replaceMatches,
-        length: length,
-        toChars: toChars,
-        abs: abs,
-        ceiling: ceiling,
-        exp: exp,
-        floor: floor,
-        ln: ln,
-        log: log,
-        power: power,
-        round: round,
-        sqrt: sqrt,
-        truncate: truncate,
-        children: children,
-        descendants: descendants,
-        trace: trace,
-        now: now,
-        timeOfDay: timeOfDay,
-        today: today,
-        between: between,
-        is: is,
-        not: not,
-        resolve: resolve,
-        as: as,
-        type: type,
-        conformsTo: conformsTo
-    });
-
     var _Tokenizer_instances, _Tokenizer_str, _Tokenizer_pos, _Tokenizer_peekToken, _Tokenizer_consumeToken, _Tokenizer_consumeWhitespace, _Tokenizer_consumeMultiLineComment, _Tokenizer_consumeSingleLineComment, _Tokenizer_consumeString, _Tokenizer_consumeBacktickSymbol, _Tokenizer_consumeDateTime, _Tokenizer_consumeNumber, _Tokenizer_consumeSymbol, _Tokenizer_consumeOperator, _Tokenizer_consumeWhile, _Tokenizer_curr, _Tokenizer_prev, _Tokenizer_peek;
     function tokenize(str) {
         return new Tokenizer(str).tokenize();
@@ -5003,24 +5103,24 @@
     }
     const parserBuilder = new ParserBuilder()
         .registerPrefix('String', {
-        parse: (_, token) => new LiteralAtom(token.value),
+        parse: (_, token) => new LiteralAtom({ type: exports.PropertyType.string, value: token.value }),
     })
         .registerPrefix('DateTime', {
-        parse: (_, token) => new LiteralAtom(parseDateString(token.value)),
+        parse: (_, token) => new LiteralAtom({ type: exports.PropertyType.dateTime, value: parseDateString(token.value) }),
     })
         .registerPrefix('Quantity', {
-        parse: (_, token) => new LiteralAtom(parseQuantity(token.value)),
+        parse: (_, token) => new LiteralAtom({ type: exports.PropertyType.Quantity, value: parseQuantity(token.value) }),
     })
         .registerPrefix('Number', {
-        parse: (_, token) => new LiteralAtom(parseFloat(token.value)),
+        parse: (_, token) => new LiteralAtom({ type: exports.PropertyType.decimal, value: parseFloat(token.value) }),
     })
         .registerPrefix('Symbol', {
         parse: (_, token) => {
             if (token.value === 'false') {
-                return new LiteralAtom(false);
+                return new LiteralAtom({ type: exports.PropertyType.boolean, value: false });
             }
             if (token.value === 'true') {
-                return new LiteralAtom(true);
+                return new LiteralAtom({ type: exports.PropertyType.boolean, value: true });
             }
             return new SymbolAtom(token.value);
         },
@@ -5041,10 +5141,10 @@
         .infixLeft('!=', 9 /* Precedence.Equals */, (left, _, right) => new NotEqualsAtom(left, right))
         .infixLeft('~', 9 /* Precedence.Equivalent */, (left, _, right) => new EquivalentAtom(left, right))
         .infixLeft('!~', 9 /* Precedence.NotEquivalent */, (left, _, right) => new NotEquivalentAtom(left, right))
-        .infixLeft('<', 8 /* Precedence.LessThan */, (left, _, right) => new ComparisonOperatorAtom(left, right, (x, y) => x < y))
-        .infixLeft('<=', 8 /* Precedence.LessThanOrEquals */, (left, _, right) => new ComparisonOperatorAtom(left, right, (x, y) => x <= y))
-        .infixLeft('>', 8 /* Precedence.GreaterThan */, (left, _, right) => new ComparisonOperatorAtom(left, right, (x, y) => x > y))
-        .infixLeft('>=', 8 /* Precedence.GreaterThanOrEquals */, (left, _, right) => new ComparisonOperatorAtom(left, right, (x, y) => x >= y))
+        .infixLeft('<', 8 /* Precedence.LessThan */, (left, _, right) => new ArithemticOperatorAtom(left, right, (x, y) => x < y))
+        .infixLeft('<=', 8 /* Precedence.LessThanOrEquals */, (left, _, right) => new ArithemticOperatorAtom(left, right, (x, y) => x <= y))
+        .infixLeft('>', 8 /* Precedence.GreaterThan */, (left, _, right) => new ArithemticOperatorAtom(left, right, (x, y) => x > y))
+        .infixLeft('>=', 8 /* Precedence.GreaterThanOrEquals */, (left, _, right) => new ArithemticOperatorAtom(left, right, (x, y) => x >= y))
         .infixLeft('&', 5 /* Precedence.Ampersand */, (left, _, right) => new ConcatAtom(left, right))
         .infixLeft('Symbol', 6 /* Precedence.Is */, (left, symbol, right) => {
         switch (symbol.value) {
@@ -5093,7 +5193,21 @@
      * @returns The result of the FHIRPath expression against the resource or object.
      */
     function evalFhirPath(input, context) {
-        return parseFhirPath(input).eval(context);
+        // eval requires a TypedValue array
+        // As a convenience, we can accept array or non-array, and TypedValue or unknown value
+        if (!Array.isArray(context)) {
+            context = [context];
+        }
+        const array = Array.isArray(context) ? context : [context];
+        for (let i = 0; i < array.length; i++) {
+            const el = array[i];
+            if (!(typeof el === 'object' && 'type' in el && 'value' in el)) {
+                array[i] = { type: exports.PropertyType.BackboneElement, value: el };
+            }
+        }
+        return parseFhirPath(input)
+            .eval(array)
+            .map((e) => e.value);
     }
 
     const SEGMENT_SEPARATOR = '\r';
@@ -5286,7 +5400,12 @@
         let type = exports.SearchParameterType.TEXT;
         switch (searchParam.type) {
             case 'date':
-                type = exports.SearchParameterType.DATE;
+                if (propertyType === exports.PropertyType.dateTime || propertyType === exports.PropertyType.instant) {
+                    type = exports.SearchParameterType.DATETIME;
+                }
+                else {
+                    type = exports.SearchParameterType.DATE;
+                }
                 break;
             case 'number':
                 type = exports.SearchParameterType.NUMBER;