@mathzetta/inlinemath 0.1.0 → 0.2.0

package/dist/inlinemath-cas.external.global.min.js

@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
-/* Inline Math 0.1.0 — MIT licence; MathZetta not included: load a MathZetta <script> (mathzetta.min.js or mathzetta.maths-display.min.js) first */
-var InlineMath=function(e,n,t,r,i){"use strict";const s={"(":{fill:"M0.92,0 C0.1,0.2 0.1,0.8 0.92,1 L1,0.975 C0.48,0.75 0.48,0.25 1,0.025 Z"},")":{fill:"M0.08,0 C0.9,0.2 0.9,0.8 0.08,1 L0,0.975 C0.52,0.75 0.52,0.25 0,0.025 Z"},"{":{fill:"M1,0 C0.45,0 0.5,0.05 0.5,0.2 L0.5,0.38 C0.5,0.46 0.35,0.49 0.05,0.5 C0.35,0.51 0.5,0.54 0.5,0.62 L0.5,0.8 C0.5,0.95 0.45,1 1,1 L1,0.985 C0.68,0.985 0.64,0.95 0.64,0.8 L0.64,0.62 C0.64,0.53 0.55,0.505 0.3,0.5 C0.55,0.495 0.64,0.47 0.64,0.38 L0.64,0.2 C0.64,0.05 0.68,0.015 1,0.015 Z"},"}":{fill:"M0,0 C0.55,0 0.5,0.05 0.5,0.2 L0.5,0.38 C0.5,0.46 0.65,0.49 0.95,0.5 C0.65,0.51 0.5,0.54 0.5,0.62 L0.5,0.8 C0.5,0.95 0.55,1 0,1 L0,0.985 C0.32,0.985 0.36,0.95 0.36,0.8 L0.36,0.62 C0.36,0.53 0.45,0.505 0.7,0.5 C0.45,0.495 0.36,0.47 0.36,0.38 L0.36,0.2 C0.36,0.05 0.32,0.015 0,0.015 Z"},sqrt:{stroke:"M0,0.62 L0.18,0.55 L0.45,0.97 L0.98,0.015"},int:{stroke:"M0.95,0.09 C0.9,0.01 0.72,0 0.66,0.12 C0.6,0.25 0.42,0.75 0.34,0.88 C0.28,0.99 0.1,0.99 0.05,0.91"},sum:{fill:"M0.04,0 L0.94,0 L0.98,0.24 L0.94,0.24 C0.9,0.1 0.8,0.07 0.62,0.07 L0.24,0.07 L0.58,0.5 L0.2,0.93 L0.64,0.93 C0.82,0.93 0.92,0.9 0.95,0.76 L0.99,0.76 L0.94,1 L0.02,1 L0.47,0.47 Z"},prod:{fill:"M0,0 L1,0 L1,0.04 L0.88,0.05 L0.88,0.95 L1,0.96 L1,1 L0.62,1 L0.62,0.96 L0.74,0.95 L0.74,0.06 L0.26,0.06 L0.26,0.95 L0.38,0.96 L0.38,1 L0,1 L0,0.96 L0.12,0.95 L0.12,0.05 L0,0.04 Z"}};function o(e,n,t=""){const r=s[e];return`<svg class="${n}" viewBox="0 0 1 1" preserveAspectRatio="none" aria-hidden="true"${t?` style="${t}"`:""}>${r.fill?`<path d="${r.fill}" fill="currentColor"/>`:`<path d="${r.stroke}" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke"/>`}</svg>`}const a=.8,l=.2,u=.25,c=.7,p="−",f={"+":"add","-":"sub","*":"mul","/":"frac","^":"pow",_:"subscript",neg:"neg",pm:"pm","!":"factorial","=":"eq","===":"eq","≠":"neq","≠=":"neq","<":"lt",">":"gt","≤":"le","≥":"ge","≈":"approx","≡":"equiv","∈":"in","∉":"notin","∪":"union","∩":"intersect","→":"to","±":"pm","&":"and","|":"or","\\not":"not","\\xor":"xor","\\nand":"nand","\\nor":"nor","?:":"cases","()":"tuple","[]":"list","{}":"set","(]":"interval","[)":"interval","\\sumidx":"sum","\\prodidx":"prod",mod:"mod",pmod:"pmod"},h={"=":"=","===":"=","≠":"≠","≠=":"≠","<":"<",">":">","≤":"≤","≥":"≥","∈":"∈","∉":"∉","→":"→","≈":"≈","≡":"≡","&":"∧","|":"∨","\\xor":"⊕","\\nand":"↑","\\nor":"↓"},d={"±":"±","∪":"∪","∩":"∩",mod:"mod"},m=["sin","cos","tan","csc","sec","cot","sinh","cosh","tanh"],g={arcsin:"sin",arccos:"cos",arctan:"tan",arcsinh:"sinh",arccosh:"cosh",arctanh:"tanh"},v=[...m,...Object.keys(g),"ln"],b={atan2:"atan2",max:"max",min:"min",gcd:"gcd",mean:"mean",round:"round",fixed:"fixed",expm1:"expm1",random:"random"},y={"()":["(",")"],"[]":["[","]"],"{}":["{","}"],"(]":["(","]"],"[)":["[",")"]},w={"\\partial":"∂","\\nabla":"∇","\\ell":"ℓ","\\infty":"∞","\\emptyset":"∅"},x={vec:"→",hat:"ˆ",widehat:"ˆ",tilde:"˜",dot:"˙",ddot:"¨"},k=["boxed","overline","bar","underline","cancel",...Object.keys(x)],q={prefix:"mv",display:!0,fnParens:"auto",trigPowers:!0,inverseTrig:"arc",derivativeBrackets:"[",scriptFractions:"slash",cases:!0,label:!0,attributes:null,style:null},$=e=>String(e).replace(/&/g,"&amp;").replace(/</g,"&lt;").replace(/>/g,"&gt;").replace(/"/g,"&quot;"),S=e=>+e.toFixed(3)+"em",M=(e,n=a,t=l)=>({html:e,h:n,d:t});function O(...e){const n=e.flat().filter(Boolean);return{html:n.map(e=>e.html).join(""),h:Math.max(a,...n.map(e=>e.h)),d:Math.max(l,...n.map(e=>e.d))}}function A(e,n={}){const t=new N({...q,...n}),i=t.render(e,{level:0}),s=`${t.p}${t.o.display?` ${t.p}-display`:""}`,o=function(e,n){if(!1===n||null===n)return null;if("string"==typeof n)return n;try{return"function"==typeof n?n(e):r.toSpeech(e)}catch{return null}}(e,t.o.label),a=null===o?i.html:i.html.replace(/^<span /,'<span aria-hidden="true" ');return{html:`<span class="${s}"${null===o?"":` role="math" aria-label="${$(o)}"`}>${a}</span>`,h:i.h,d:i.d}}class N{constructor(e){this.o=e,this.p=e.prefix}el(e,n,t="",r=""){return`<span class="${e.split(" ").map(e=>`${this.p}-${e}`).join(" ")}"${t?` style="${t}"`:""}${r}>${n}</span>`}text(e,n){const t=M(this.el(e,$(n)));return t.leaf={kind:e,content:$(n)},t}bin(e){return this.text("bin",e)}rel(e){return this.text("rel",e)}punct(e){return this.text("punct",e)}word(e){return this.text("word",e)}wrap(e,n,t){let r="";void 0!==e.id&&(r+=` data-node="${e.id}"`),"op"===e.type&&(r+=` data-op="${$(e.op)}"`);const i=this.o.attributes&&this.o.attributes(e)||{};for(const[e,n]of Object.entries(i))"class"!==e&&"style"!==e&&(r+=` ${e}="${$(n)}"`);const s=[i.style,this.o.style&&this.o.style(e)].filter(Boolean).join(";"),o=(t.leaf?["n",...n,t.leaf.kind]:["n",...n]).map(e=>`${this.p}-${e}`).concat(i.class?[i.class]:[]).join(" "),a=t.leaf?t.leaf.content:t.html;return{html:`<span class="${o}"${s?` style="${$(s)}"`:""}${r}>${a}</span>`,h:t.h,d:t.d}}render(e,n){return"number"===e.type?this.number(e):"string"===e.type?this.wrap(e,["text"],this.text("text",e.value.replace(/^["'`]|["'`]$/g,""))):"symbol"===e.type?this.wrap(e,["symbol"],this.symbol(e.value)):this.operation(e,n)}number(e){return this.wrap(e,["number"],this.text("num",e.value.replace(/^-/,p)))}symbol(e){return t.GREEK[e]&&(e=t.GREEK[e]),w[e]?this.text("ord",w[e]):"\\+"===e||"\\-"===e?this.text("ord",e[1]):"-∞"===e?this.text("ord","−∞"):/^[A-Za-z]$/.test(e)||/^[α-ω]$/.test(e)?this.text("var",e):/^[A-Za-z]′+$/.test(e)?M(this.el("var",$(e[0]))+this.el("prime",$(e.slice(1)))):/^Δ[A-Za-z]$/.test(e)?M(this.el("ord","Δ")+this.el("var",e[1])):e.endsWith("⁻¹")?this.script(this.symbol(e.slice(0,-2)),this.text("num","−1"),{level:0}):/^\\[A-Za-z]+$/.test(e)?this.text("name",e.slice(1)):/^[A-Za-z]{2,}$/.test(e)?this.text("name",e):this.text("ord",e)}operation(e,n){const{op:r,args:i}=e,[s,o]=i,a=(e,t={})=>this.render(e,{...n,...t,forceParens:t.forceParens||!1,before:t.before||!1}),l=f[r]??(/^[a-z0-9]+$/i.test(r)?r:"other"),u=n=>this.wrap(e,["op",`op-${l}`],n),c=(n,r)=>t.needsBrackets(e,n,r)&&"/"!==n.op?this.fence(a(n)):a(n);if(v.includes(r)||"log"===r)return u(this.named(e,n));if(b[r])return u(O(this.word(b[r]),this.fence(this.list(i,n))));if(t.isCustomFunction(r))return u(this.custom(e,n));if(y[r])return u(this.fence(this.list(i,n),...y[r]));if(h[r]&&2===i.length)return u(O(c(s,"left"),this.rel(h[r]),c(o,"right")));if(d[r]&&2===i.length)return u(O(c(s,"left"),this.bin(d[r]),c(o,"right")));switch(r){case"+":return t.isMinusOneTimes(o)?u(O(c(s,"left"),this.bin(p),this.wrap(o,["op","op-mul"],this.render(o.args[1],n)))):"number"===o.type&&o.value.startsWith("-")?u(O(c(s,"left"),this.bin(p),this.wrap(o,["number"],this.text("num",o.value.slice(1))))):u(O(c(s,"left"),this.bin("+"),this.signed(o,c(o,"right"))));case"-":return u(O(c(s,"left"),this.bin(p),this.signed(o,c(o,"right"))));case"*":return u(this.product(e,n));case"/":return u(this.fraction(e,n));case"^":return u(this.power(e,n));case"_":return u(this.script(a(s,{forceParens:!0}),null,n,a(o,{level:n.level+1})));case"neg":return u(O(this.text("sign",p),t.unaryNeedsBrackets(r,s)?this.fence(a(s)):a(s,{before:n.before})));case"pm":return u(O(this.text("sign","±"),t.unaryNeedsBrackets(r,s)?this.fence(a(s)):a(s)));case"!":return u(O(t.unaryNeedsBrackets(r,s)?this.fence(a(s)):a(s,{forceParens:!0}),this.text("ord","!")));case"\\not":return u(O(this.text("sign","¬"),t.unaryNeedsBrackets(r,s)?this.fence(a(s)):a(s)));case"pmod":return u(O(a(s),this.fence(O(this.word("mod"),this.text("space",""),a(o)))));case"sqrt":return u(this.radical(a(s)));case"root":return u(this.radical(a(o),this.render(s,{level:n.level+2})));case"abs":return u(this.fence(a(s),"|","|"));case"floor":return u(this.fence(a(s),"⌊","⌋"));case"ceil":return u(this.fence(a(s),"⌈","⌉"));case"loglog":return u(O(this.word("ln"),this.fence(O(this.word("ln"),this.fence(a(s))))));case"logloglog":return u(O(this.word("ln"),this.fence(O(this.word("ln"),this.fence(O(this.word("ln"),this.fence(a(s))))))));case"perm":return u(this.script(this.script(M(""),this.render(s,{level:n.level+1}),n),null,n,this.render(o,{level:n.level+1}),this.word("P")));case"comb":return u(this.fence(this.stack(a(s),a(o),!1)));case"?:":return u(this.o.cases?this.cases(e,n):O(a(s),this.bin("?"),a(o),this.bin(":"),a(i[2])));case"sum":return u(O(i.map((e,n)=>n?[this.bin("+"),a(e)]:[a(e)]).flat()));case"prod":return u(O(i.map((e,n)=>n?[this.bin("·"),a(e)]:[a(e)]).flat()));case"der":return u(this.derivative(e,n));case"int":return u(this.integral(i,n));case"lim":return u(this.limit(i,n));case"\\sumidx":return u(this.bigOperator("sum",i,n));case"\\prodidx":return u(this.bigOperator("prod",i,n))}throw new Error(`Inline Math cannot draw '${r}'`)}signed(e,n){return("number"===e.type?e.value.startsWith("-"):"neg"===e.op||"pm"===e.op)&&!n.fenced?this.fence(n):n}list(e,n){return O(e.map((e,t)=>t?[this.punct(","),this.render(e,n)]:[this.render(e,n)]).flat())}product(e,n){const[r,i]=e.args;if(t.isMinusOneTimes(e))return O(this.text("sign",p),this.render(i,n));const s=t.bracketedSides(e),o=t.isImplicitProduct(r,i,s),a=function(e){for(;"op"===e.type;){if(v.includes(e.op)||"log"===e.op||b[e.op]||t.isCustomFunction(e.op))return!0;if("^"!==e.op&&"*"!==e.op)return!1;e=e.args[0]}return!1}(i),l=s.left?this.fence(this.render(r,n)):this.render(r,{...n,before:o&&!a}),u=s.right?this.fence(this.render(i,n)):this.render(i,{...n,before:n.before});return O(l,o?M(this.el(a?"fnspace":"times","")):this.bin("·"),u)}named(e,n,t=null){const{op:r,args:i}=e,s="log"===r?i[1]:i[0];let o;o=g[r]&&"power"===this.o.inverseTrig?this.script(this.word(g[r]),this.text("num","−1"),n):this.word(r),t&&(o=this.script(o,t,n)),"log"===r&&(o=this.script(o,null,n,this.render(i[0],{level:n.level+1})));const a="auto"===this.o.fnParens&&!n.forceParens&&!n.before&&I(s),l=this.render(s,{...n,forceParens:!1,before:!1});return O(o,a?O(M(this.el("fnspace","")),l):this.fence(l))}custom(e,n){const r=t.customName(e.op),i=e.args;if(k.includes(r)&&1===i.length)return this.decorate(r,this.render(i[0],n));return O(/^[A-Za-z]′*(⁻¹)?$/.test(r)?this.symbol(r):this.word(r),M(this.el("callgap","")),this.fence(this.list(i,n)))}decorate(e,n){switch(e){case"boxed":return M(this.el("boxed",n.html),n.h+.22,n.d+.22);case"cancel":return M(this.el("cancel",n.html),n.h,n.d);case"underline":return M(this.el("underline",n.html),n.h,n.d+.12);case"overline":case"bar":return M(this.el("over",n.html),n.h+.14,n.d);default:return M(this.el("accent",this.el("accent-mark",x[e])+n.html),n.h+.3,n.d)}}fraction(e,n){const[t,r]=e.args;if(n.level>0&&"slash"===this.o.scriptFractions&&I(t,!0)&&I(r,!0)){const e=e=>"op"!==e.type||I(e)?this.render(e,n):this.fence(this.render(e,n));return O(e(t),this.text("ord","/"),e(r))}const i=n.level>0||n.inFraction||!this.o.display?.8:1,s={...n,inFraction:!0,forceParens:!1,before:!1};return this.stack(this.render(t,s),this.render(r,s),!0,i)}stack(e,n,t=!0,r=1){const i=e=>1===r?e.html:this.el("scaled",e.html,`font-size:${S(r)}`),s=t?.06:0,o=u+s/2+.1+Math.max(l,r*e.d),c=this.el("frac"+(t?"":" frac-nobar"),this.el("numer",i(e))+this.el("denom",i(n)),`vertical-align:${S(o)}`);return M(c,o+Math.max(a,r*e.h),Math.max(a,r*n.h)+Math.max(l,r*n.d)+.1+s/2-u)}power(e,n){const[r,i]=e.args,s={...n,level:n.level+1,forceParens:!1,before:!1,inFraction:!1},o=()=>this.render(i,s);if(this.o.trigPowers&&m.includes(r.op)&&T(i))return this.wrap(r,["op",`op-${r.op}`],this.named(r,n,o()));if("_"===r.op){const e=this.render(r.args[1],s);return this.wrap(r,["op","op-subscript"],this.script(this.render(r.args[0],{...n,forceParens:!0}),o(),n,e))}const a=t.needsBrackets(e,r,"left")||"number"===r.type&&r.value.startsWith("-")||"/"===r.op||v.includes(r.op)?this.fence(this.render(r,n)):this.render(r,{...n,forceParens:!0});return this.script(a,o(),n)}script(e,n,t,r=null,i=null){const s=t.level>0?.8:c,o=i?O(e,i):e;let a=n?Math.max(.42,e.h-.38,s*n.d+.12):0,l=r?Math.max(.2,e.d-.05,s*r.h-.45):0;if(n&&r){const e=.1-(a-s*n.d-(s*r.h-l));e>0&&(l+=e)}const u=e=>this.el("script",e.html,`font-size:${S(s)}`);if(n&&!r)return M(e.html+this.el("sup",n.html,`font-size:${S(s)};vertical-align:${S(a/s)}`),Math.max(o.h,a+s*n.h),Math.max(o.d,s*n.d-a));if(r&&!n)return M(o.html+this.el("sub",r.html,`font-size:${S(s)};vertical-align:${S(-l/s)}`),Math.max(o.h,s*r.h-l),Math.max(o.d,l+s*r.d));const p=a+s*n.h,f=l+s*r.d,h=this.el("subsup",u(n)+u(r),`vertical-align:${S(a)};height:${S(p+f)}`);return M(o.html+h,Math.max(o.h,p),Math.max(o.d,f))}radical(e,n=null){const t=Math.max(e.h,a)+.1+.06,r=Math.max(e.d,l),i=t+r,s=o("sqrt",`${this.p}-hook`,`height:${S(i)};width:${S(.5+.06*(i-1))};vertical-align:${S(-r)}`);let u="";if(n){const e=.8*c;u=this.el("rootindex",n.html,`font-size:${S(e)};vertical-align:${S((.55*i-r)/e)}`)}return M(this.el("sqrt",u+s+this.el("radicand",e.html)),t,r)}fence(e,n="(",t=")"){const r=Math.max(e.h,a)+Math.max(e.d,l),i=r>1.25,s=i?.1:0,u=(e,n)=>{if(!e)return{html:"",w:0};const t={"(":.26,")":.26,"{":.36,"}":.36}[e];if(t){const s=t+(i?Math.min(.2,.05*(r-1)):0);return{html:o(e,`${this.p}-delim ${this.p}-delim-${n}`,`width:${S(s)}`),w:s+.1}}const s={"[":"lbrack","]":"rbrack","|":"vert","⌊":"lfloor","⌋":"rfloor","⌈":"lceil","⌉":"rceil"}[e];return{html:this.el(`delim ${s} delim-${n}`,""),w:"|"===e?.18:.3}},c=u(n,"l"),p=u(t,"r"),f=`padding:${S(s)} ${S(p.w)} ${S(s)} ${S(c.w)}`,h=M(this.el("fence",c.html+e.html+p.html,f),Math.max(e.h,a)+s,Math.max(e.d,l)+s);return h.fenced=!0,h}derivative(e,n){const{n:r,body:i,by:s,variable:o}=t.derivativeOrder(e),a={...n,level:n.level+1},l=()=>this.text("d","d"),u=()=>r>1?this.render({type:"number",value:String(r)},a):null,c={...n,inFraction:!0},p=O(l(),u()?this.script(this.render(s,c),u(),c):this.render(s,c)),f=e=>O(u()?this.script(l(),u(),c):l(),e||[]),h=n.level>0||n.inFraction||!this.o.display?.8:1;if(o)return this.stack(f(this.render(i,c)),p,!0,h);const d=t.bracketOp(i)&&t.precedenceOf(t.bracketOp(i))<100,[m,g]="("===this.o.derivativeBrackets?["(",")"]:["[","]"],v=d?this.fence(this.render(i,n),m,g):this.render(i,n);return O(this.stack(f(),p,!0,h),v)}integral(e,n){const[r,i,s,o]=e,a=e=>this.render(e,n),l=e=>e?this.render(e,{...n,level:n.level+1}):null,u=()=>this.text("var",t.firstVariable(r)||"x");let c,p=null,f=null;switch(e.length){case 1:c=u();break;case 2:t.isVariable(i)?c=a(i):(c=u(),p=l(i));break;case 3:t.isVariable(i)?(c=a(i),p=l(s)):(c=u(),p=l(i),f=l(s));break;default:c=a(i),p=l(s),f=l(o)}const h=a(r),d=M(this.el("dx",this.el("d","d")+c.html),c.h,c.d);return O(this.bigSign("int",h,p,f,n),h,d)}bigSign(e,n,t,r,i){const s=!this.o.display||i.level>0,a=Math.max(s?.6:.95,Math.max(n.h-u,n.d+u)+.12),l=o(e,`${this.p}-bigsign ${this.p}-${e}sign`,`height:${S(2*a)};width:${S(s?.38:.5)};vertical-align:${S(u-a)}`);if(!t&&!r)return M(l,u+a,a-u);const p=c,f=r||M(""),h=t||M(""),d=u+a-p*f.h;h.d;const m=this.el("limits",this.el("script",f.html,`font-size:${S(p)}`)+this.el("script lower",h.html,`font-size:${S(p)}`),`vertical-align:${S(d)};height:${S(2*a)}`);return M(l+m,u+a,a-u)}limit(e,n){const[r,i,s,o]=e,a={...n,level:n.level+1},l=e=>this.render(e,a),u=()=>this.rel("→");let c;switch(e.length){case 1:return O(this.word("lim"),M(this.el("fnspace","")),this.render(r,n));case 2:{const e=t.firstVariable(r),n="number"===i.type||"symbol"===i.type&&i.value.includes("∞");c=e&&n?O(this.text("var",e),u(),l(i)):l(i);break}case 3:c=O(l(i),u(),l(s));break;default:{const e=t.firstLeaf(o).toLowerCase().startsWith("r")?"+":p;c=O(l(i),u(),this.script(l(s),this.wrap(o,["symbol"],this.text("ord",e)),a))}}return O(this.under(this.word("lim"),c,n),this.render(r,n))}under(e,n,t){return!this.o.display||t.level>0?this.script(e,null,t,n):M(this.el("under",e.html+this.el("script",n.html,`font-size:${S(.7)}`)),e.h,Math.max(e.d,l)+.05+.7*(n.h+n.d))}bigOperator(e,n,t){const[r,i,s]=n,a={...t,level:t.level+1},l=i?this.render(i,a):null,p=s?this.render(s,a):null,f=this.render(r,t);if(!this.o.display||t.level>0){const n=.55,r=o(e,`${this.p}-bigsign`,`height:${S(2*n)};width:${S(.8)};vertical-align:${S(u-n)}`);return O(this.script(M(r,u+n,n-u),p,t,l),f)}const h=.68,d=c,m=o(e,`${this.p}-bigsign`,`height:${S(1.36)};width:${S("sum"===e?1:1.05)}`),g=p?1.01+d*p.d:u-h,v=e=>this.el("script",e.html,`font-size:${S(d)}`),b=this.el("bigop",(p?v(p):"")+m+(l?v(l):""),`vertical-align:${S(g)}`);return O(M(b,.93+(p?.08+d*(p.h+p.d):0),h-u+(l?.08+d*(l.h+l.d):0)),f)}cases(e,n){const t=[];let r=e;for(;"op"===r.type&&"?:"===r.op;)t.push([this.render(r.args[1],n),O(this.word("if"),this.text("space",""),this.render(r.args[0],n))]),r=r.args[2];t.push([this.render(r,n),this.word("otherwise")]);const i=t.map(([e,n])=>({h:Math.max(e.h,n.h),d:Math.max(e.d,n.d)})),s=i.reduce((e,n)=>e+n.h+n.d,0)+.25*(t.length-1),o=u+s/2-i[0].h,a=t.map(([e,n])=>this.el("case-value",e.html)+this.el("case-cond",n.html)).join(""),l=M(this.el("cases",a,`vertical-align:${S(o)}`),u+s/2,s/2-u);return this.fence(l,"{","")}}function I(e,n=!1){return"number"===e.type?!e.value.startsWith("-")||n:"symbol"===e.type||"op"===e.type&&("abs"===e.op?!n:!n||"neg"!==e.op&&"^"!==e.op?"*"===e.op&&!t.isMinusOneTimes(e)&&e.args.every(e=>"number"===e.type&&!e.value.startsWith("-")||E(e)||"*"===e.op&&I(e,n)):I(e.args[0],!0)&&("neg"===e.op||I(e.args[1],!0)))}const E=e=>"symbol"===e.type&&(1===e.value.length||/^[α-ωΑ-Ω]$/.test(e.value)||Boolean(t.GREEK[e.value])),T=e=>"number"===e.type&&/^[1-9]\d*$/.test(e.value)&&Number(e.value)<10;const j=e=>t.toPostfix(e).join(" ");function C(e,n){const r=new Set;L(e,n,r);const i=[];return t.walk(e,e=>{r.has(e)&&i.push(e)}),i}function L(e,n,r){if(null!=n)if(Array.isArray(n))n.forEach(n=>L(e,n,r));else if("number"!=typeof n)if("function"!=typeof n){if("string"==typeof n){const i=j(t.parseTree(n));return void t.walk(e,e=>{j(e)===i&&r.add(e)})}if(n.path){const t=Z(e,n.path);return void(t&&r.add(t))}if(n.type){const i=j(n);t.walk(e,e=>{e!==n&&j(e)!==i||r.add(e)})}}else t.walk(e,(e,t)=>{n(e,t)&&r.add(e)});else t.walk(e,e=>{e.id===n&&r.add(e)})}function Z(e,n){let t=e;for(const e of n){if("op"!==t.type||!t.args[e])return null;t=t.args[e]}return t}function z(e,n){const t=[],r=e=>{if(e.id===n)return!0;if("op"!==e.type)return!1;for(let n=0;n<e.args.length;n++){if(t.push(n),r(e.args[n]))return!0;t.pop()}return!1};return r(e)?t:null}function B(e){let n=0;const r=e=>{"op"===e.type&&(e.args.forEach(r),t.operator(e.op)?.arity===t.VARIADIC&&n++),e.id=n++};return r(e),e}function D(e,n={}){const{blocks:r}=n;if("string"==typeof e)return t.parseTree(e,r?{blocks:e=>r(e,n.scope)}:{});if(Array.isArray(e))return t.fromPostfix(e);if(e&&"object"==typeof e&&e.type)return void 0===e.id?B(structuredClone(e)):e;throw new Error("Inline Math needs an expression, standard postfix or a tree")}function F(e,n){const{colors:t,highlight:r,scope:i,blocks:s,...o}=n,a=new Map;for(const[n,r]of function(e){return e?Array.isArray(e)?e:Object.entries(e).map(([e,n])=>[/^\d+$/.test(e)?Number(e):e,n]):[]}(t))if(R(r))for(const t of C(e,n))a.set(t,`color:${r}`);const l=new Set(void 0===r?[]:C(e,r));if(!a.size&&!l.size)return o;const u=o.prefix||"mv";return{...o,style:e=>[a.get(e),o.style&&o.style(e)].filter(Boolean).join(";"),attributes:e=>{const n={...o.attributes?o.attributes(e):{}};return l.has(e)&&(n.class=[n.class,`${u}-hl`].filter(Boolean).join(" ")),n}}}function R(e){return"string"==typeof e&&/^[#\w\s.,%()/+-]+$/.test(e)&&!/url\s*\(|expression/i.test(e)}function P(e,t={}){return D(e,{...t,blocks:t.blocks??n.calculateBlock})}function V(e,t={}){return function(e,n={}){const t=D(e,n);return A(t,F(t,n)).html}(e,{...t,blocks:t.blocks??n.calculateBlock})}class W{constructor(e,n,t={}){this.element=e,this.options=t,this.p=t.prefix||"mv",this.handlers=[],this.set(n)}set(e,{animate:n=!1,duration:t=600,easing:r="ease-in-out"}={}){const i=n&&this.tree?this.snapshot():null;return this.tree=P(e,this.options),this.element.innerHTML=A(this.tree,F(this.tree,this.options)).html,this.root=this.element.firstElementChild,this.handlers.length&&this.root.classList.add(`${this.p}-clickable`),i&&this.morph(i,{duration:t,easing:r}),this}nodes(e){return C(this.tree,e)}elements(e){return this.nodes(e).map(e=>this.elementOf(e)).filter(Boolean)}elementOf(e){return void 0===e.id?null:this.root.querySelector(`[data-node="${e.id}"]`)}highlight(e,n=`${this.p}-hl`){return this.elements(e).forEach(e=>e.classList.add(n)),this}unhighlight(e=null,n=`${this.p}-hl`){return(null===e?this.root.querySelectorAll(`.${n}`):this.elements(e)).forEach(e=>e.classList.remove(n)),this}color(e,n){return this.elements(e).forEach(e=>{e.style.color=n||""}),this}on(e,n){const t=e=>{const t=e.target.closest?.("[data-node]");if(!t||!this.root.contains(t))return;const r=Number(t.dataset.node),i=C(this.tree,r)[0];n({node:i,id:r,path:z(this.tree,r),element:t,event:e})};return this.element.addEventListener(e,t),this.handlers.push([e,t]),this.root.classList.add(`${this.p}-clickable`),()=>this.element.removeEventListener(e,t)}segments(e={}){return r.toSpeechSegments(this.tree,e)}showSegment(e,n=`${this.p}-hl`){return this.unhighlight(null,n),e&&void 0!==e.id&&this.highlight(e.id,n),this}snapshot(){const e=new Map,n=t=>{const r=this.elementOf(t);if(r){const n=j(t);e.has(n)||e.set(n,[]),e.get(n).push(r.getBoundingClientRect())}"op"===t.type&&t.args.forEach(n)};return n(this.tree),e}morph(e,{duration:n,easing:t}){if("undefined"==typeof Element||!Element.prototype.animate)return;const r=i=>{const s=this.elementOf(i),o=s&&e.get(j(i));if(o&&o.length){const e=o.shift(),r=s.getBoundingClientRect(),i=e.left-r.left,a=e.top-r.top,l=r.width?e.width/r.width:1,u=r.height?e.height/r.height:1;return void((Math.abs(i)+Math.abs(a)>.5||Math.abs(l-1)+Math.abs(u-1)>.01)&&s.animate([{transformOrigin:"0 0",transform:`translate(${i}px, ${a}px) scale(${l}, ${u})`},{transformOrigin:"0 0",transform:"none"}],{duration:n,easing:t}))}"op"===i.type?i.args.forEach(r):s&&s.animate([{opacity:0},{opacity:0},{opacity:1}],{duration:n,easing:t})};r(this.tree)}}const U=new RegExp("(\\d+)","g");function _(e,{delimiters:n=["$$","$","\\[","\\("]}={}){const t=[];let r="",i=0;const s=String(e),o=e=>0===e||"\n"===s[e-1],a=(e,n,r)=>(t.push({source:e,display:n,raw:r}),`${t.length-1}`);for(;i<s.length;){if(o(i)){const e=/^( {0,3})(`{3,}|~{3,})([^\n]*)\n?/.exec(s.slice(i));if(e){const n=e[2],t=new RegExp(`\\n {0,3}${"`"===n[0]?"`":"~"}{${n.length},}[ \\t]*(?=\\n|$)`),o=s.slice(i+e[0].length),l=t.exec(`\n${o}`),u=l?o.slice(0,Math.max(0,l.index-1)):o,c=e[0].length+(l?l.index-1+l[0].length:o.length),p=s.slice(i,i+c);"math"===e[3].trim()?r+=a(u,!0,p):r+=p,i+=c;continue}}const e=s[i];if("`"===e){const e=/^`+/.exec(s.slice(i))[0],n=s.indexOf(e,i+e.length);if(n>-1){r+=s.slice(i,n+e.length),i=n+e.length;continue}r+=e,i+=e.length;continue}if("\\"===e){const e=s.slice(i,i+2),t="\\["===e?"\\]":"\\("===e?"\\)":null;if(t&&n.includes(e)){const n=s.indexOf(t,i+2);if(n>-1){r+=a(s.slice(i+2,n),"\\["===e,s.slice(i,n+2)),i=n+2;continue}}r+=e,i+=2;continue}if("$"===e)if("$"===s[i+1]&&n.includes("$$")){const e=s.indexOf("$$",i+2);if(e>-1){r+=a(s.slice(i+2,e),!0,s.slice(i,e+2)),i=e+2;continue}}else if(n.includes("$")&&s[i+1]&&!/\s/.test(s[i+1])){const e=H(s,i+1);if(e>-1){r+=a(s.slice(i+1,e),!1,s.slice(i,e+1)),i=e+1;continue}}r+=e,i++}return{text:r,math:t}}function H(e,n){for(let t=n;t<e.length;t++){const n=e[t];if("\\"!==n){if("`"===n)return-1;if("\n"===n&&/^\n[ \t]*\n/.test(e.slice(t)))return-1;if("$"===n&&!/\s/.test(e[t-1])&&!/\d/.test(e[t+1]??"")&&"$"!==e[t+1])return t}else t++}return-1}const J=e=>String(e).replace(/&/g,"&amp;").replace(/</g,"&lt;").replace(/>/g,"&gt;").replace(/"/g,"&quot;"),K=/^\s*([A-Za-zͰ-Ͽ](?:_\{?\w+\}?)?)\s*(?::=|=)\s*([^=<>≤≥]+)$/;function G(e,t,r){const{source:i,display:s}=e;try{const e=V(i,{...t.math,display:s,blocks:t.blocks,scope:r});return!1!==t.define&&function(e,t){const r=K.exec(e);if(!r||/\{\{/.test(r[2]))return;try{const e=n.calculate(r[2],t);"number"!=typeof e.value&&"bigint"!=typeof e.value||(t[r[1].replace(/[{}]/g,"")]=e.exact?e.text:e.value)}catch{}}(i,r),s?`<span class="mv-md-display">${e}</span>`:`<span class="mv-md-math">${e}</span>`}catch(n){return`<span class="mv-md-error" title="${J(n.message)}"><code>${J(e.raw)}</code></span>`}}const Q=/^(https?:|mailto:|#|\/|\.{0,2}\/|[^:]*$)/i,Y=e=>Q.test(e.trim())?J(e.trim()):"#";function X(e,n,t){const r=[],i=e=>(r.push(e),`${r.length-1}`);let s=e;return s=s.replace(/(`+)([\s\S]*?[^`])\1(?!`)/g,(e,n,r)=>i(`<code>${J(t(r.trim()))}</code>`)),s=s.replace(/\\([\\`*_{}[\]()#+\-.!|~$<>"'])/g,(e,n)=>i(J(n))),s=s.replace(/<((?:https?:\/\/|mailto:)[^\s>]+)>/g,(e,n)=>i(`<a href="${Y(n)}">${J(n)}</a>`)),n.html&&(s=s.replace(/<\/?[A-Za-z][^>]*>/g,e=>i(e))),s=s.replace(/!\[([^\]]*)\]\(\s*((?:[^\s()]|\([^\s()]*\))+)(?:\s+"([^"]*)")?\s*\)/g,(e,n,t,r)=>i(`<img src="${Y(t)}" alt="${J(n)}"${r?` title="${J(r)}"`:""}>`)),s=s.replace(/\[([^\]]+)\]\(\s*((?:[^\s()]|\([^\s()]*\))+)(?:\s+"([^"]*)")?\s*\)/g,(e,r,s,o)=>i(`<a href="${Y(s)}"${o?` title="${J(o)}"`:""}>${X(r,n,t)}</a>`)),s=J(s),s=s.replace(/(\*\*|__)(?=\S)([\s\S]*?\S)\1/g,"<strong>$2</strong>"),s=s.replace(/(^|[^*\w])\*(?=\S)([\s\S]*?\S)\*(?!\*)/g,"$1<em>$2</em>"),s=s.replace(/(^|[^_\w])_(?=\S)([\s\S]*?\S)_(?![_\w])/g,"$1<em>$2</em>"),s=s.replace(/~~(?=\S)([\s\S]*?\S)~~/g,"<del>$1</del>"),s=s.replace(/( {2,}|\\)\n/g,"<br>\n"),s.replace(/(\d+)/g,(e,n)=>r[Number(n)])}const ee=/^( {0,3})(#{1,6}\s|>|```|~~~|([-*+]|\d{1,9}[.)])\s|(\*[ \t]*){3,}$|(-[ \t]*){3,}$|(_[ \t]*){3,}$)/,ne=/^( {0,3})([-*+]|\d{1,9}[.)])(\s+|$)/,te=/^\s*\|?\s*:?-+:?\s*(\|\s*:?-+:?\s*)*\|?\s*$/;function re(e,n,t){const r=[];let i=0;const s=e=>X(e,n,t);for(;i<e.length;){const o=e[i];if(!o.trim()){i++;continue}const a=/^ {0,3}(`{3,}|~{3,})\s*([^\s`]*)/.exec(o);if(a){const n=[];for(i++;i<e.length&&!new RegExp(`^ {0,3}${"`"===a[1][0]?"`":"~"}{${a[1].length},}\\s*$`).test(e[i]);)n.push(e[i++]);i++;const s=a[2]?` class="language-${J(a[2])}"`:"";r.push(`<pre><code${s}>${J(t(n.join("\n")))}</code></pre>`);continue}const l=/^ {0,3}(#{1,6})\s+(.*?)\s*#*\s*$/.exec(o);if(l){r.push(`<h${l[1].length}>${s(l[2])}</h${l[1].length}>`),i++;continue}if(/^ {0,3}((\*[ \t]*){3,}|(-[ \t]*){3,}|(_[ \t]*){3,})$/.test(o)){r.push("<hr>"),i++;continue}if(/^ {0,3}>/.test(o)){const s=[];for(;i<e.length&&e[i].trim()&&(/^ {0,3}>/.test(e[i])||s.length);)s.push(e[i].replace(/^ {0,3}> ?/,"")),i++;r.push(`<blockquote>\n${re(s,n,t)}\n</blockquote>`);continue}const u=ne.exec(o);if(u){const s=/\d/.test(u[2]),o=s?parseInt(u[2],10):1,a=[];let l=!1;for(;i<e.length;){const n=ne.exec(e[i]);if(!n||/\d/.test(n[2])!==s)break;const t=n[0].length,r=[e[i].slice(t)];for(i++;i<e.length;){const n=e[i];if(!n.trim()){const n=e[i+1];if(void 0!==n&&n.startsWith(" ".repeat(Math.min(t,4)))&&n.trim()){r.push(""),l=!0,i++;continue}void 0!==n&&ne.test(n)&&(l=!0);break}if(n.startsWith(" ".repeat(Math.min(t,4))))r.push(n.slice(Math.min(t,4)));else{if(ne.test(n)||ee.test(n))break;r.push(n)}i++}for(a.push(r);i<e.length&&!e[i].trim()&&void 0!==e[i+1]&&ne.test(e[i+1]);)i++}const c=s?"ol":"ul",p=a.map(e=>{let r=re(e,n,t);return l||(r=r.replace(/^<p>([\s\S]*?)<\/p>/,"$1").replace(/\n<p>([\s\S]*?)<\/p>/g,"\n$1")),`<li>${r}</li>`});r.push(`<${c}${s&&1!==o?` start="${o}"`:""}>\n${p.join("\n")}\n</${c}>`);continue}if(o.includes("|")&&void 0!==e[i+1]&&te.test(e[i+1])&&e[i+1].includes("-")){const n=e=>e.trim().replace(/^\|/,"").replace(/\|$/,"").split(/(?<!\\)\|/).map(e=>e.trim()),t=n(e[i+1]).map(e=>e.startsWith(":")&&e.endsWith(":")?"center":e.endsWith(":")?"right":e.startsWith(":")?"left":""),a=(e,n,r)=>`<${e}${t[r]?` style="text-align:${t[r]}"`:""}>${s(n)}</${e}>`,l=n(o);i+=2;const u=[];for(;i<e.length&&e[i].trim()&&e[i].includes("|");)u.push(n(e[i++]));r.push(`<table>\n<thead><tr>${l.map((e,n)=>a("th",e,n)).join("")}</tr></thead>\n<tbody>\n${u.map(e=>`<tr>${l.map((n,t)=>a("td",e[t]??"",t)).join("")}</tr>`).join("\n")}\n</tbody>\n</table>`);continue}if(/^( {4}|\t)/.test(o)){const n=[];for(;i<e.length&&(/^( {4}|\t)/.test(e[i])||!e[i].trim());)n.push(e[i++].replace(/^( {4}|\t)/,""));for(;n.length&&!n[n.length-1].trim();)n.pop();r.push(`<pre><code>${J(t(n.join("\n")))}</code></pre>`);continue}const c=[];for(;i<e.length&&e[i].trim()&&(!c.length||!ee.test(e[i])||/^ {0,3}[-=]+\s*$/.test(e[i]));){if(c.length&&/^ {0,3}(=+|-+)\s*$/.test(e[i])){const n="="===e[i].trim()[0]?1:2;r.push(`<h${n}>${s(c.join("\n"))}</h${n}>`),c.length=0,i++;break}c.push(e[i].replace(/^ {0,3}/,"")),i++}c.length&&r.push(`<p>${s(c.join("\n"))}</p>`)}return r.join("\n")}function ie(e,n={},t=e=>e){return re(String(e).replace(/\r\n?/g,"\n").split("\n"),n,t)}function se(e,n={}){const{text:t,math:r}=_(e,n),i={...n.scope??{}},s=r.map(e=>G(e,n,i));return(n.render?n.render(t):ie(t,n,e=>e.replace(U,(e,n)=>r[Number(n)].raw))).replace(new RegExp("<p>\\s*(\\d+)\\s*</p>","g"),(e,n)=>r[Number(n)].display?`<div class="mv-md-block">${s[Number(n)]}</div>`:e).replace(U,(e,n)=>s[Number(n)])}const oe=new Map,ae=-1,le="\\:",ue=e=>"string"==typeof e&&e.startsWith(le)&&e.length>2;function ce(e){if(!e||!e.symbol)throw new Error("operator needs a symbol");if(!Number.isInteger(e.arity)||e.arity<0&&e.arity!==ae)throw new Error(`operator "${e.symbol}" needs an integer arity >= 0, or VARIADIC`);if(e.commutative&&2!==e.arity)throw new Error(`only binary operators can be commutative ("${e.symbol}")`);const n={symbol:e.symbol,arity:e.arity,commutative:!!e.commutative,fold:"function"==typeof e.fold?e.fold:null,label:e.label||e.symbol};return oe.set(n.symbol,n),n}const pe=Object.freeze({symbol:le,arity:ae,commutative:!1,fold:null,label:"function"});function fe(e){const n=oe.get(e);return n||(ue(e)?{...pe,symbol:e,label:e.slice(2)}:null)}function he(e){return oe.has(e)||ue(e)}const de=e=>Number.isFinite(e)&&Number.isInteger(e)?e:null,me=e=>Number.isFinite(e)?e:null;!function(){ce({symbol:"+",arity:2,commutative:!0,label:"add",fold:(e,n)=>me(e+n)}),ce({symbol:"-",arity:2,label:"subtract",fold:(e,n)=>me(e-n)}),ce({symbol:"*",arity:2,commutative:!0,label:"multiply",fold:(e,n)=>me(e*n)}),ce({symbol:"/",arity:2,label:"divide",fold:(e,n)=>0===n?null:de(e/n)}),ce({symbol:"^",arity:2,label:"power",fold:(e,n)=>Number.isInteger(n)&&Math.abs(n)<=64?me(e**n):null}),ce({symbol:"neg",arity:1,label:"negate",fold:e=>me(-e)}),ce({symbol:"pm",arity:1,label:"plus or minus"}),ce({symbol:"±",arity:2,label:"plus or minus"}),ce({symbol:"mod",arity:2,label:"modulo",fold:(e,n)=>0===n?null:de((e%n+n)%n)}),ce({symbol:"!",arity:1,label:"factorial",fold:e=>Number.isInteger(e)&&e>=0&&e<=18?[...Array(e).keys()].reduce((e,n)=>e*(n+1),1):null}),ce({symbol:"_",arity:2,label:"subscript"}),ce({symbol:"der",arity:2,label:"derivative"}),ce({symbol:"int",arity:ae,label:"integral"}),ce({symbol:"lim",arity:ae,label:"limit"}),ce({symbol:"\\sumidx",arity:ae,label:"sum over an index"}),ce({symbol:"\\prodidx",arity:ae,label:"product over an index"}),ce({symbol:"abs",arity:1,label:"absolute value",fold:e=>me(Math.abs(e))}),ce({symbol:"floor",arity:1,label:"floor",fold:e=>me(Math.floor(e))}),ce({symbol:"ceil",arity:1,label:"ceiling",fold:e=>me(Math.ceil(e))}),ce({symbol:"round",arity:2,label:"round",fold:(e,n)=>Number.isInteger(n)?me(Math.round(e*10**n)/10**n):null}),ce({symbol:"fixed",arity:2,label:"fixed",fold:()=>null}),ce({symbol:"sqrt",arity:1,label:"square root",fold:e=>de(Math.sqrt(e))}),ce({symbol:"root",arity:2,label:"nth root",fold:(e,n)=>de(Math.round(n**(1/e))**e===n?Math.round(n**(1/e)):NaN)});for(const e of["sin","cos","tan","csc","sec","cot","sinh","cosh","tanh","arcsin","arccos","arctan","arcsinh","arccosh","arctanh","ln","loglog","logloglog","expm1"])ce({symbol:e,arity:1,label:e});ce({symbol:"log",arity:2,label:"log to a base"}),ce({symbol:"atan2",arity:2,label:"atan2"}),ce({symbol:"perm",arity:2,label:"permutations"}),ce({symbol:"comb",arity:2,label:"combinations"}),ce({symbol:"random",arity:0,label:"random"});for(const e of["max","min","gcd","mean","sum","prod"])ce({symbol:e,arity:ae,label:e});for(const e of["()","[]","{}","(]","[)"])ce({symbol:e,arity:ae,label:"group"});for(const e of["=","===","≠","≠=","<",">","≤","≥","∈","∉","∪","∩","≈","≡","→","pmod","&","|","\\xor","\\nand","\\nor"])ce({symbol:e,arity:2,label:e});ce({symbol:"\\not",arity:1,label:"not"}),ce({symbol:"?:",arity:3,label:"if then else"})}();const ge="num",ve="sym",be="op",ye=Object.freeze([]);class we extends Error{constructor(e){super(e),this.name="ExprError"}}function xe(e){if("number"!=typeof e||!Number.isFinite(e))throw new we(`not a finite number: ${e}`);const n=(t=e,Object.is(t,-0)?"0":String(t));var t;return Object.freeze({type:ge,token:n,value:e,args:ye,s:n})}function ke(e){if("string"!=typeof e||""===e)throw new we("symbol needs a non-empty token");return Object.freeze({type:ve,token:e,value:null,args:ye,s:e})}function qe(e){const n=/^(-?)0*(\d+?)(?:\.(\d*?)0*)?$/.exec(String(e));if(!n)throw new we(`not an exact decimal: ${e}`);const[,t,r,i=""]=n,s=i?`${r}.${i}`:r,o=/^0(\.0*)?$/.test(s)?"0":t+s;return Object.freeze({type:ge,token:o,value:Number(o),args:ye,s:o})}const $e=/^-?\d+(\.\d+)?$/;function Se(e){const n=String(e);if($e.test(n))return qe(n);if(""!==n&&!/\s/.test(n)){const e=Number(n);if(Number.isFinite(e))return xe(e)}return ke(n)}function Me(e,n){const t=fe(e);if(!t)throw new we(`unknown operator "${e}"`);if(t.arity!==ae&&n.length!==t.arity)throw new we(`"${e}" takes ${t.arity} operand(s), got ${n.length}`);const r=Object.freeze(n.slice()),i=t.arity===ae?` ${r.length}`:"",s=`${r.length?r.map(e=>e.s).join(" "):""}${r.length,""}${i} ${e}`.trimStart();return Object.freeze({type:be,op:e,token:e,value:null,args:r,s:s})}const Oe=e=>e.type===ge,Ae=e=>e.type===be;function Ne(e){return Ie(function(e){const n=String(e).trim();return""===n?[]:n.split(/\s+/)}(e))}function Ie(e){if(!Array.isArray(e))throw new we("fromPostfix needs an array of tokens");if(0===e.length)throw new we("empty expression");const n=[];for(let t=0;t<e.length;t++){const r=String(e[t]);if(he(r)){let e=fe(r).arity;if(e===ae){const i=n.pop();if(e=i&&i.type===ge&&Number.isInteger(i.value)&&i.value>=0?i.value:-1,e<0)throw new we(`"${r}" at position ${t+1} takes any number of operands, so a count must come before it`)}if(n.length<e)throw new we(`"${r}" at position ${t+1} needs ${e} operand(s), only ${n.length} on the stack`);const i=n.splice(n.length-e,e);n.push(Me(r,i))}else n.push(Se(r))}if(1!==n.length){const t=[...new Set(e.filter(e=>!he(e)))];throw new we(`expression leaves ${n.length} values on the stack; it should leave exactly 1. Read as operands: ${t.join(", ")} — is one of those meant to be an operator?`)}return n[0]}function Ee(e){if(e.type!==be)return 0;let n=0;for(const t of e.args)n=Math.max(n,Ee(t));return n+1}function Te(e){if(e.type!==be)return 1;let n=1;for(const t of e.args)n+=Te(t);return n}function je(e,n=[]){if(e.type!==be)n.push(e.token);else for(const t of e.args)je(t,n);return n}function Ce(e){return e.type===ge||e.type!==ve&&e.args.every(Ce)}function Le(e,n="pre",t=[],r=[]){"pre"===n&&r.push({node:e,path:t});for(let i=0;i<e.args.length;i++)Le(e.args[i],n,t.concat(i),r);return"post"===n&&r.push({node:e,path:t}),r}function Ze(e,n,t){if(0===n.length)return t;const[r,...i]=n,s=e.args.slice();return s[r]=Ze(s[r],i,t),Me(e.op,s)}class ze extends Error{constructor(e){super(e),this.name="CasError"}}const Be=1e5,De=e=>e<0n?-e:e,Fe=e=>0n===e?0:De(e).toString(2).length;function Re(e,n){for(e=De(e),n=De(n);n;)[e,n]=[n,e%n];return e}class Pe{constructor(e,n=1n){if(0n===n)throw new ze("division by zero");n<0n&&(e=-e,n=-n);const t=Re(e,n)||1n;if(this.n=e/t,this.d=n/t,Fe(this.n)>Be||Fe(this.d)>Be)throw new ze("a number too large to keep exactly")}static of(e){return new Pe(BigInt(e))}add(e){return new Pe(this.n*e.d+e.n*this.d,this.d*e.d)}sub(e){return new Pe(this.n*e.d-e.n*this.d,this.d*e.d)}mul(e){return new Pe(this.n*e.n,this.d*e.d)}div(e){if(0n===e.n)throw new ze("division by zero");return new Pe(this.n*e.d,this.d*e.n)}neg(){return new Pe(-this.n,this.d)}abs(){return this.n<0n?this.neg():this}inv(){return Pe.ONE.div(this)}pow(e){if((e=BigInt(e))<0n)return this.inv().pow(-e);if((0n===this.n||1n===De(this.n))&&1n===this.d)return 0n===e||-1n===this.n&&e%2n==0n?Pe.ONE:this;if(BigInt(Math.max(Fe(this.n),Fe(this.d)))*e>BigInt(Be))throw new ze("a power too large to work out exactly");return new Pe(this.n**e,this.d**e)}get isZero(){return 0n===this.n}get isOne(){return 1n===this.n&&1n===this.d}get isInteger(){return 1n===this.d}get sign(){return this.n<0n?-1:this.n>0n?1:0}equals(e){return this.n===e.n&&this.d===e.d}compare(e){const n=this.n*e.d,t=e.n*this.d;return n<t?-1:n>t?1:0}floor(){const e=this.n/this.d;return new Pe(this.n<0n&&e*this.d!==this.n?e-1n:e)}ceil(){return this.neg().floor().neg()}toNumber(){const e=Number(this.n),n=Number(this.d);if(Number.isFinite(e)&&Number.isFinite(n))return e/n;const t=BigInt(Math.max(Fe(this.n),Fe(this.d))-1e3);return Number(this.n>>t)/Number(this.d>>t)}toString(){return 1n===this.d?String(this.n):`${this.n}/${this.d}`}}function Ve(e){const n=/^(-?)(\d*)(?:\.(\d*))?(?:[eE]([+-]?\d+))?$/.exec(String(e));if(!n||""===n[2]&&!n[3])return null;const[,t,r,i="",s="0"]=n;let o=new Pe(BigInt((r||"0")+i),10n**BigInt(i.length));const a=Number(s);return a&&(o=o.mul(Pe.of(10).pow(a))),t?o.neg():o}function We(e,n){if(e<2n)return e;if(n>=Fe(e))return 1n;const t=BigInt(n);let r=1n<<BigInt(Math.ceil(Fe(e)/n));for(;;){const n=((t-1n)*r+e/r**(t-1n))/t;if(n>=r)break;r=n}for(;r**t>e;)r--;for(;(r+1n)**t<=e;)r++;return r}Pe.ZERO=new Pe(0n),Pe.ONE=new Pe(1n),Pe.MINUS_ONE=new Pe(-1n),Pe.HALF=new Pe(1n,2n);const Ue=(()=>{const e=[],n=new Uint8Array(1e4);for(let t=2;t<n.length;t++)if(!n[t]){e.push(BigInt(t));for(let e=t*t;e<n.length;e+=t)n[e]=1}return e})();function _e(e,n){const t=BigInt(n);let r=1n,i=1n,s=e;for(const e of Ue){if(e*e>s)break;if(s%e)continue;let n=0n;for(;s%e===0n;)s/=e,n++;r*=e**(n/t),i*=e**(n%t)}if(s>1n){const e=function(e,n){if(e<0n)return null;if(e<2n)return e;const t=We(e,n);return t**BigInt(n)===e?t:null}(s,n);null!==e?r*=e:i*=s}return{outside:r,inside:i}}const He=new Set(["pi","e","π"]),Je={complex:!1};function Ke(e,n){const t=Je.complex;Je.complex=Boolean(e);try{return n()}finally{Je.complex=t}}const Ge=e=>He.has(e)||Je.complex&&"i"===e,Qe=e=>Je.complex&&"atom"===e.k&&"sym"===e.node.type&&"i"===e.node.token,Ye=e=>({k:"num",q:e}),Xe=Ye(Pe.ONE),en=Ye(Pe.ZERO),nn=Ye(Pe.HALF),tn=e=>"num"===e.k,rn=e=>({k:"atom",node:e}),sn=new WeakMap;function on(e){let n=sn.get(e);return void 0===n&&sn.set(e,n=Bn(e).s),n}function an(e){if("num"===e.k)return 0;if("atom"===e.k)return"sym"===e.node.type&&Ge(e.node.token)?0:1;if("add"===e.k)return Math.max(...e.terms.map(e=>an(e.x)));let n=0;for(const t of e.fs){const e=an(t.b);e&&(n+=e*(tn(t.e)?t.e.q.toNumber():1))}return n}function ln(e,n){return"num"===e.k?n&&!tn(n)?3:0:Qe(e)?1.5:"atom"===e.k&&"sym"===e.node.type?Ge(e.node.token)?n&&!tn(n)?3:1:2:"atom"===e.k?3:4}const un=(e,n)=>e<n?-1:e>n?1:0;function cn(e){const n=new Map,t=(e,t)=>{"atom"!==e.k||"sym"!==e.node.type||Ge(e.node.token)||n.set(e.node.token,(n.get(e.node.token)??0)+t)};if("mul"===e.k)for(const n of e.fs)t(n.b,tn(n.e)?n.e.q.toNumber():1);else t(e,1);return n}function pn(e,n){const t=an(n.x)-an(e.x);if(t)return t;const r=cn(e.x),i=cn(n.x);for(const e of[...new Set([...r.keys(),...i.keys()])].sort()){const n=(i.get(e)??0)-(r.get(e)??0);if(n)return n}return un(on(e.x),on(n.x))}function fn(e,n){return e.isOne?n:e.isZero?en:gn([Ye(e),n])}function hn(e){if("num"===e.k)return{coef:e.q,rest:null};if("mul"!==e.k||e.c.isOne)return{coef:Pe.ONE,rest:e};const n=1===e.fs.length&&tn(e.fs[0].e)&&e.fs[0].e.q.isOne?e.fs[0].b:{k:"mul",c:Pe.ONE,fs:e.fs};return{coef:e.c,rest:n}}function dn(e){let n=Pe.ZERO;const t=new Map,r=(e,n)=>{const r=on(n),i=t.get(r);i?i.coef=i.coef.add(e):t.set(r,{coef:e,x:n})};for(const t of e)if("num"===t.k)n=n.add(t.q);else if("add"===t.k){n=n.add(t.c);for(const e of t.terms)r(e.coef,e.x)}else{const{coef:e,rest:n}=hn(t);r(e,n)}const i=[...t.values()].filter(e=>!e.coef.isZero);return i.length?n.isZero&&1===i.length?fn(i[0].coef,i[0].x):(i.sort(pn),{k:"add",c:n,terms:i}):Ye(n)}function mn(e,n){if(!tn(n))return e.isOne?{coef:Pe.ONE,fs:[]}:{coef:Pe.ONE,fs:[{b:Ye(e),e:n}]};const t=n.q;if(t.isInteger)return{coef:e.pow(t.n),fs:[]};if(e.isZero){if(t.sign<0)throw new ze("division by zero");return{coef:Pe.ZERO,fs:[]}}if(e.isOne)return{coef:Pe.ONE,fs:[]};if(e.sign<0){if(t.d%2n==1n){const{coef:r,fs:i}=mn(e.neg(),n);return{coef:t.n%2n==0n?r:r.neg(),fs:i}}if(Je.complex&&2n===t.d){const{coef:r,fs:i}=mn(e.neg(),n);return{coef:r,fs:[...i,{b:yn,e:Ye(new Pe(t.n))}]}}return{coef:Pe.ONE,fs:[{b:Ye(e),e:n}]}}if(!e.isInteger){const r=mn(new Pe(e.n),n),i=mn(new Pe(e.d),Ye(t.neg()));return{coef:r.coef.mul(i.coef),fs:[...r.fs,...i.fs]}}const r=t.floor(),i=t.sub(r);if(BigInt(Fe(e.n))*i.n>BigInt(Be)||i.d>1000n)return{coef:Pe.ONE,fs:[{b:Ye(e),e:n}]};let s=r.isZero?Pe.ONE:e.pow(r.n);const{outside:o,inside:a}=_e(e.n**i.n,Number(i.d));s=s.mul(new Pe(o));return{coef:s,fs:a>1n?[{b:Ye(new Pe(a)),e:Ye(new Pe(1n,i.d))}]:[]}}function gn(e){let n=Pe.ONE;const t=new Map,r=(e,n)=>{const r=on(e),i=t.get(r);i?i.e=dn([i.e,n]):t.set(r,{b:e,e:n})};for(const t of e)if("num"===t.k)n=n.mul(t.q);else if("mul"===t.k){n=n.mul(t.c);for(const e of t.fs)r(e.b,e.e)}else r(t,Xe);if(n.isZero)return en;const i=[],s=new Map;for(const e of t.values())if(!tn(e.e)||!e.e.q.isZero){if("num"===e.b.k){if(tn(e.e)&&!e.e.q.isInteger&&e.b.q.sign>0&&e.b.q.isInteger){const n=e.e.q.toString(),t=s.get(n);t?t.n*=e.b.q.n:s.set(n,{n:e.b.q.n,e:e.e});continue}const t=mn(e.b.q,e.e);n=n.mul(t.coef),i.push(...t.fs);continue}if("mul"===e.b.k&&tn(e.e)&&e.e.q.isInteger){const t=vn(e.b,e.e);"mul"===t.k?(n=n.mul(t.c),i.push(...t.fs)):"num"===t.k?n=n.mul(t.q):i.push({b:t,e:Xe});continue}i.push(e)}for(const{n:e,e:t}of s.values()){const r=mn(new Pe(e),t);n=n.mul(r.coef),i.push(...r.fs)}if(n.isZero)return en;const o=new Map;for(const e of i){const n=on(e.b),t=o.get(n);t?t.e=dn([t.e,e.e]):o.set(n,{...e})}let a=[...o.values()].filter(e=>!(tn(e.e)&&e.e.q.isZero));if(Je.complex){a=a.flatMap(e=>{if(!Qe(e.b)||!tn(e.e)||!e.e.q.isInteger)return[e];const t=(e.e.q.n%4n+4n)%4n;return t>=2n&&(n=n.neg()),t%2n?[{b:e.b,e:Xe}]:[]});const e=a.filter(e=>"add"===e.b.k&&tn(e.e)&&e.e.q.isInteger&&xn(e.b)),t=a.some(e=>Qe(e.b)),r=e.every(e=>(e.e.q.sign<0?-e.e.q.n:e.e.q.n)<=60n);if(e.length&&r&&(e.length>1||t||!e[0].e.q.isOne)){const r=a.filter(n=>!e.includes(n)&&!Qe(n.b));let i=t?[yn]:[Xe];for(const n of e){const e=n.e.q.sign<0?$n(n.b):n.b;for(let t=0n;t<(n.e.q.sign<0?-n.e.q.n:n.e.q.n);t++)i=kn(i,Pn(e))}return gn([Ye(n),dn(i),...r.map(e=>bn(e.b,e.e))])}}if(a.some(e=>"num"===e.b.k&&tn(e.e)&&e.e.q.compare(Pe.ONE)>=0))return gn([Ye(n),...a.map(e=>"num"===e.b.k?vn(e.b,e.e):{k:"mul",c:Pe.ONE,fs:[e]})]);if(!a.length)return Ye(n);if(1===a.length&&!n.isOne&&"add"===a[0].b.k&&tn(a[0].e)&&a[0].e.q.isOne){const e=a[0].b;return dn([Ye(n.mul(e.c)),...e.terms.map(e=>fn(n.mul(e.coef),e.x))])}return n.isOne&&1===a.length&&tn(a[0].e)&&a[0].e.q.isOne?a[0].b:(a=a.sort((e,n)=>ln(e.b,e.e)-ln(n.b,n.e)||un(on(e.b),on(n.b))),{k:"mul",c:n,fs:a})}function vn(e,n){if(Je.complex&&tn(n)&&n.q.isInteger){if(Qe(e))return gn([{k:"mul",c:Pe.ONE,fs:[{b:e,e:n}]}]);if("add"===e.k&&xn(e)&&!n.q.isOne)return gn([{k:"mul",c:Pe.ONE,fs:[{b:e,e:n}]}])}if(tn(n)){if(n.q.isZero){if(tn(e)&&e.q.isZero)throw new ze("0^0 is undefined");return Xe}if(n.q.isOne)return e}if(tn(e)){const t=mn(e.q,n);if(!t.fs.length)return Ye(t.coef);if(t.fs.some(e=>Qe(e.b)))return gn([Ye(t.coef),...t.fs.map(e=>({k:"mul",c:Pe.ONE,fs:[e]}))]);const r={k:"mul",c:t.coef,fs:t.fs};return t.coef.isOne&&1===t.fs.length&&tn(t.fs[0].e)&&t.fs[0].e.q.isOne?t.fs[0].b:r}if(Je.complex&&tn(n)&&2n===n.q.d&&xn(e)){const t=qn(e);if(t&&tn(t.im)&&!t.im.q.isZero){const e=e=>vn(e,Ye(Pe.of(2))),r=vn(dn([e(t.re),e(t.im)]),nn),i=vn(gn([dn([r,t.re]),Ye(Pe.HALF)]),nn),s=vn(gn([dn([r,On(t.re)]),Ye(Pe.HALF)]),nn);return vn(dn([i,gn([Ye(Pe.of(t.im.q.sign)),s,yn])]),Ye(new Pe(n.q.n)))}}if("mul"===e.k){if(tn(n)&&n.q.isInteger)return gn([Ye(e.c.pow(n.q.n)),...e.fs.map(e=>bn(e.b,gn([e.e,n])))]);if(!e.c.isOne&&e.c.sign>0)return gn([vn(Ye(e.c),n),vn({k:"mul",c:Pe.ONE,fs:e.fs},n)]);if(e.c.isOne&&1===e.fs.length){const[t]=e.fs;if(tn(t.e)&&tn(n)&&1n===t.e.q.n&&t.e.q.d%2n==1n)return bn(t.b,gn([t.e,n]))}}return{k:"mul",c:Pe.ONE,fs:[{b:e,e:n}]}}function bn(e,n){return tn(n)&&n.q.isZero?Xe:tn(e)?vn(e,n):tn(n)&&n.q.isOne?e:{k:"mul",c:Pe.ONE,fs:[{b:e,e:n}]}}const yn=rn(ke("i")),wn=e=>Je.complex&&Bn(e).s.split(" ").includes("i");function xn(e){return Je.complex&&wn(e)&&0===Rn(Bn(e)).size}function kn(e,n){const t=[];for(const r of e)for(const e of n)t.push(gn([r,e]));return Pn(dn(t))}function qn(e){const n=[],t=[];for(const r of Pn(e)){const{coef:e,rest:i}=hn(r),s=i?Vn(i):[],o=s.filter(e=>Qe(e)),a=s.filter(e=>!Qe(e));if(a.some(e=>wn(e)))return null;(o.length?t:n).push(gn([Ye(e),...a]))}return{re:dn(n),im:dn(t)}}function $n(e){const n=qn(e);if(!n)return vn(e,Ye(Pe.MINUS_ONE));const t=dn([vn(n.re,Ye(Pe.of(2))),vn(n.im,Ye(Pe.of(2)))]);return gn([dn([n.re,gn([Ye(Pe.MINUS_ONE),n.im,yn])]),vn(t,Ye(Pe.MINUS_ONE))])}const Sn={re:([e])=>qn(e)?.re??null,im:([e])=>qn(e)?.im??null,conj:([e])=>{const n=qn(e);return n?dn([n.re,gn([Ye(Pe.MINUS_ONE),n.im,yn])]):null},arg:([e])=>{const n=qn(e);return n?En("atan2",[n.im,n.re]):null},abs:([e])=>{const n=qn(e);return!n||tn(n.im)&&n.im.q.isZero?null:vn(dn([vn(n.re,Ye(Pe.of(2))),vn(n.im,Ye(Pe.of(2)))]),nn)}},Mn={Re:"re",re:"re",Im:"im",im:"im",conj:"conj",overline:"conj",bar:"conj",arg:"arg"},On=e=>gn([Ye(Pe.MINUS_ONE),e]),An=(e,n)=>gn([e,vn(n,Ye(Pe.MINUS_ONE))]),Nn=3000n,In={abs:([e])=>tn(e)?Ye(e.q.abs()):"mul"!==e.k||e.c.isOne?null:gn([Ye(e.c.abs()),En("abs",[hn(e).rest])]),floor:([e])=>tn(e)?Ye(e.q.floor()):null,ceil:([e])=>tn(e)?Ye(e.q.ceil()):null,"!":([e])=>{if(!tn(e)||!e.q.isInteger||e.q.sign<0||e.q.n>Nn)return null;let n=1n;for(let t=2n;t<=e.q.n;t++)n*=t;return Ye(new Pe(n))},mod:([e,n])=>tn(e)&&tn(n)&&!n.q.isZero?Ye(e.q.sub(n.q.mul(e.q.div(n.q).floor()))):null,max:e=>e.every(tn)&&e.length?e.reduce((e,n)=>n.q.compare(e.q)>0?n:e):null,min:e=>e.every(tn)&&e.length?e.reduce((e,n)=>n.q.compare(e.q)<0?n:e):null,gcd:e=>e.length&&e.every(e=>tn(e)&&e.q.isInteger)?Ye(new Pe(e.reduce((e,n)=>Re(e,n.q.n),0n))):null,log:([e,n])=>{if(!tn(e)||!tn(n)||e.q.sign<=0||n.q.sign<=0||e.q.isOne)return null;if(n.q.isOne)return en;const t=Math.log(n.q.toNumber())/Math.log(e.q.toNumber());if(!Number.isFinite(t))return null;for(let r=1;r<=12;r++){const i=Math.round(t*r);if(!(Math.abs(t*r-i)>1e-9||0===i)&&(Math.abs(i)<=256&&e.q.pow(BigInt(i)).equals(n.q.pow(BigInt(r)))))return Ye(new Pe(BigInt(i),BigInt(r)))}return null},comb:([e,n])=>tn(e)&&tn(n)&&e.q.isInteger&&n.q.isInteger&&e.q.sign>=0&&n.q.sign>=0&&e.q.n<=Nn?Ye(function(e,n){if(n>e)return Pe.ZERO;n>e-n&&(n=e-n);let t=1n;for(let r=1n;r<=n;r++)t=t*(e-n+r)/r;return new Pe(t)}(e.q.n,n.q.n)):null,perm:([e,n])=>{if(!(tn(e)&&tn(n)&&e.q.isInteger&&n.q.isInteger&&e.q.sign>=0&&n.q.sign>=0&&e.q.n<=Nn))return null;if(n.q.n>e.q.n)return en;let t=1n;for(let r=0n;r<n.q.n;r++)t*=e.q.n-r;return Ye(new Pe(t))}};function En(e,n){if(Je.complex&&Sn[e]){const t=Sn[e](n);if(t)return t}const t=In[e];if(t){const e=t(n);if(e)return e}return rn(Me(e,n.map(Bn)))}const Tn=new Map;function jn(e){const n=Je.complex?`ℂ ${e.s}`:e.s,t=Tn.get(n);if(t)return t;const r=function(e){if("num"===e.type){const n=Ve(e.token);if(!n)throw new ze(`not an exact number: ${e.token}`);return Ye(n)}if("sym"===e.type)return"π"===e.token?rn(ke("pi")):rn(e);const n=e.args.map(jn);switch(e.op){case"+":return dn(n);case"-":return((e,n)=>dn([e,On(n)]))(n[0],n[1]);case"neg":return On(n[0]);case"*":return gn(n);case"/":return An(n[0],n[1]);case"^":return vn(n[0],n[1]);case"sqrt":return vn(n[0],nn);case"root":return vn(n[1],vn(n[0],Ye(Pe.MINUS_ONE)));default:{const t=e.op.startsWith("\\:")?e.op.slice(2):null;return t&&Je.complex&&Mn[t]&&1===n.length?En(Mn[t],n):t&&he(t)&&fe(t).arity===n.length?En(t,n):En(e.op,n)}}}(e);return Tn.size>2e4&&Tn.clear(),Tn.set(n,r),r}const Cn=e=>Bn(jn(e)),Ln=e=>qe(String(e));function Zn(e){return e.isInteger?Ln(e.n):Me("/",[Ln(e.n),Ln(e.d)])}const zn=new WeakMap;function Bn(e){let n=zn.get(e);return n||zn.set(e,n=function(e){switch(e.k){case"num":return Zn(e.q);case"atom":return e.node;case"mul":return function(e,n){const t=[],r=[];for(const e of n)tn(e.e)&&e.e.q.sign<0?r.push(Dn(e.b,Ye(e.e.q.neg()))):t.push(Dn(e.b,e.e));let i=1n!==e.n&&-1n!==e.n||!t.length?Fn([Ln(e.n),...t]):Fn(t);-1n===e.n&&t.length&&(i=Me("neg",[i]));1n!==e.d&&r.unshift(Ln(e.d));return r.length?Me("/",[i,Fn(r)]):i}(e.c,e.fs);case"add":return function(e){let n=null;const t=e=>Je.complex&&wn(e.x)&&0===Rn(Bn(e.x)).size,r=[...e.terms.filter(e=>!t(e)),...e.terms.filter(t)],i=e.c,s=()=>{i.isZero||(n=n?i.sign<0?Me("-",[n,Zn(i.neg())]):Me("+",[n,Zn(i)]):Zn(i))};let o=!1;for(const e of r)!o&&t(e)&&(s(),o=!0),n=n?e.coef.sign<0?Me("-",[n,Bn(fn(e.coef.neg(),e.x))]):Me("+",[n,Bn(fn(e.coef,e.x))]):Bn(fn(e.coef,e.x));o||s();return n}(e);default:throw new Error(`bad form ${e.k}`)}}(e)),n}function Dn(e,n){const t=Bn(e);if(tn(n)){const e=n.q;if(e.isOne)return t;if(1n===e.n&&2n===e.d)return Me("sqrt",[t]);if(1n===e.n)return Me("root",[Ln(e.d),t])}return Me("^",[t,Bn(n)])}const Fn=e=>e.reduce((e,n)=>e?Me("*",[e,n]):n,null);function Rn(e,n=new Set){if("sym"===e.type)Ge(e.token)||n.add(e.token);else if(Ae(e))for(const t of e.args)Rn(t,n);return n}function Pn(e){if("add"!==e.k)return[e];const n=e.terms.map(e=>fn(e.coef,e.x));return e.c.isZero||n.push(Ye(e.c)),n}function Vn(e){if("num"===e.k)return[e];if("mul"!==e.k)return[e];const n=e.c.isOne?[]:[Ye(e.c)];for(const t of e.fs)n.push(bn(t.b,t.e));return n}const Wn="_",Un=new WeakMap;function _n(e,n){return[...n,...fe(e.op)?.arity===ae?[String(e.args.length)]:[],e.op].join(" ")}function Hn(e,n){let t=Un.get(e);t||Un.set(e,t=new Map);const r=t.get(n);if(r)return r;const i=function(e,n){const t={key:Wn,slots:[e]};if(e.type!==be||n<=0)return[t];const r=e.args.map(e=>Hn(e,n-1)),i=[t],s=new Array(r.length).fill(0);for(;;){const n=[],t=[];for(let e=0;e<r.length;e++){const i=r[e][s[e]];n.push(i.key);for(const e of i.slots)t.push(e)}if(i.push({key:_n(e,n),slots:t}),i.length>=4096)break;let o=r.length-1;for(;o>=0&&!(++s[o]<r[o].length);o--)s[o]=0;if(o<0)break}return i}(e,n);return t.set(n,i),i}function Jn(e){return e.type!==be?Wn:_n(e,e.args.map(Jn))}function Kn(e,n=[]){if(e.type!==be)n.push(e);else for(const t of e.args)Kn(t,n);return n}const Gn=new Map,Qn=new Map;class Yn extends Error{constructor(e){super(e),this.name="RequirementError"}}function Xn(e,n,t=""){Gn.set(e,{name:e,fn:n,doc:t,arity:Math.max(0,n.length-1)})}function et(e,n,t=""){Qn.set(e,{name:e,fn:n,doc:t})}function nt(e){return Gn.get(e)||null}function tt(e){return Qn.get(e)||null}const rt=e=>e.type===ge;function it(e,n){return e.type===be&&(e.op===n||e.args.some(e=>it(e,n)))}Xn("always",()=>!0,"matches anything"),Xn("never",()=>!1,"matches nothing"),Xn("isLeaf",e=>e.type!==be,"a bare operand, not an operation"),Xn("isCompound",e=>e.type===be,"an operation, not a bare operand"),Xn("isSymbol",e=>e.type===ve,"a non-numeric operand such as x"),Xn("isOperation",(e,n)=>e.type===be&&e.op===n,"is this specific operation"),Xn("notOperation",(e,n)=>!(e.type===be&&e.op===n),"is anything except this operation"),Xn("isNumber",rt,"a numeric literal"),Xn("isInteger",e=>rt(e)&&Number.isInteger(e.value),"a whole number"),Xn("isPositive",e=>rt(e)&&e.value>0,"greater than zero"),Xn("isNegative",e=>rt(e)&&e.value<0,"less than zero"),Xn("isNonNegative",e=>rt(e)&&e.value>=0,"zero or greater"),Xn("isZero",e=>rt(e)&&0===e.value,"exactly 0"),Xn("isOne",e=>rt(e)&&1===e.value,"exactly 1"),Xn("isNonZero",e=>rt(e)&&0!==e.value,"a number that is provably not 0"),Xn("isNotZeroLiteral",e=>!(rt(e)&&0===e.value),"anything except a literal 0"),Xn("isPositiveInteger",e=>rt(e)&&Number.isInteger(e.value)&&e.value>0,"a whole number above 0"),Xn("isNegativeInteger",e=>rt(e)&&Number.isInteger(e.value)&&e.value<0,"a whole number below 0"),Xn("isEven",e=>rt(e)&&Number.isInteger(e.value)&&e.value%2==0,"a whole even number"),Xn("isOdd",e=>rt(e)&&Number.isInteger(e.value)&&1===Math.abs(e.value%2),"a whole odd number"),Xn("greaterThan",(e,n)=>rt(e)&&e.value>Number(n),"above a given value"),Xn("lessThan",(e,n)=>rt(e)&&e.value<Number(n),"below a given value"),Xn("isValue",(e,n)=>rt(e)&&e.value===Number(n),"equals a given number"),Xn("isNumeric",Ce,"contains no symbols: a constant (it need not fold to a number: 1 sin)"),Xn("hasSymbol",e=>!Ce(e),"mentions a symbol somewhere, so it is not just a number"),Xn("isVar",(e,n)=>e.type===ve&&e.token===String(n),"is exactly this symbol"),Xn("contains",(e,n)=>je(e).includes(String(n)),"mentions this operand somewhere"),Xn("isFree",(e,n)=>!je(e).includes(String(n)),"never mentions this operand"),Xn("hasOperation",(e,n)=>it(e,String(n)),"uses this operation somewhere inside"),Xn("equals",(e,n)=>e.s===String(n),"is exactly this postfix expression");const st=e=>e.type===be?null:e.token;function ot(e){if("string"==typeof e)return{name:e,args:[]};if(Array.isArray(e)&&e.length>0&&"string"==typeof e[0])return{name:e[0],args:e.slice(1)};throw new Yn(`bad requirement: ${JSON.stringify(e)}`)}et("freeOf",(e,n)=>{const t=st(n);return null!==t&&!je(e).includes(t)},"the first operand never mentions the second"),et("dependsOn",(e,n)=>{const t=st(n);return null!==t&&je(e).includes(t)},"the first operand does mention the second"),et("sameAs",(...e)=>e.every(n=>n.s===e[0].s),"these operands are structurally identical"),et("differs",(...e)=>new Set(e.map(e=>e.s)).size===e.length,"these operands are all different"),et("sameValue",(...e)=>e.every(e=>rt(e))&&e.every(n=>n.value===e[0].value),"these operands are the same number");const at="simplify";class lt extends Error{constructor(e,n){super(n?`rule "${n}": ${e}`:e),this.name="RuleError",this.ruleId=n}}const ut=/^[A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]*$/;function ct(e,n){if(Oe(e))return{literal:e.value};const t=e.token;if(t.startsWith("=")){const e=t.slice(1);if(""===e)throw new lt('"=" needs an operand after it',n);return{token:e}}if(!ut.test(t))throw new lt(`"${t}" is not a usable slot name; use letters, digits and _`,n);if(he(t))throw new lt(`slot name "${t}" collides with an operator`,n);return{name:t}}function pt(e){if(!Ae(e))return[e];const n=e.args.map(pt),t=fe(e.op),r=[];for(const i of function(e){let n=[[]];for(const t of e){const e=[];for(const r of n)for(const n of t)e.push(r.concat([n]));if(n=e,n.length>64)return n.slice(0,64)}return n}(n))if(r.push(Me(e.op,i)),t.commutative&&2===i.length&&i[0].s!==i[1].s&&r.push(Me(e.op,[i[1],i[0]])),r.length>=64)break;return r}function ft(e,n=[]){return"op"===e.kind?e.args.forEach(e=>ft(e,n)):"const"===e.kind&&e.free&&n.push(e.node.token),n}function ht(e){if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)throw new lt("rule must be a mapping");const n=e.id||e.name;if(!n)throw new lt("rule needs an id");if(!e.pattern)throw new lt("rule needs a pattern",n);if(void 0===e.output||null===e.output)throw new lt("rule needs an output",n);let t;try{t=Ne(String(e.pattern))}catch(e){if(e instanceof we)throw new lt(`bad pattern: ${e.message}`,n);throw e}const r=Kn(t).map(e=>ct(e,n)),i=new Set(r.filter(e=>e.name).map(e=>e.name)),s=function(e,n,t){const r=[],i=e.when||{};if("object"!=typeof i||Array.isArray(i))throw new lt('"when" must map slot names to lists of requirements',t);for(const[e,s]of Object.entries(i)){if(!n.has(e))throw new lt(`"when" mentions "${e}", which is not a slot in the pattern`,t);const i=Array.isArray(s)?s:[s];for(const n of i){const{name:i,args:s}=ot(n),o=nt(i);if(!o)throw new lt(`unknown requirement "${i}"`,t);r.push({slot:e,name:i,args:s,fn:o.fn})}}return r}(e,i,n),o=function(e,n,t){const r=[],i=e.require||[];if(!Array.isArray(i))throw new lt('"require" must be a list of relations',t);for(const e of i){const{name:i,args:s}=ot(e),o=tt(i);if(!o)throw new lt(`unknown relation "${i}"`,t);if(s.length<2)throw new lt(`relation "${i}" needs at least two operands`,t);for(const e of s)if("string"==typeof e&&!n.has(e)&&ut.test(e))throw new lt(`relation "${i}" mentions "${e}", which is not a slot in the pattern`,t);r.push({name:i,args:s,fn:o.fn})}return r}(e,i,n),a=function(e,n,t){let r;try{r=Ne(e)}catch(n){throw new lt(`bad output "${e}": ${n.message}`,t)}const i=e=>Ae(e)?{kind:"op",op:e.op,args:e.args.map(i)}:Oe(e)?{kind:"const",node:e}:n.has(e.token)?{kind:"slot",name:e.token}:e.token.startsWith("=")?{kind:"const",node:ke(e.token.slice(1))}:{kind:"const",node:e,free:!0};return i(r)}(String(e.output),i,n),l=e.commutative?pt(t):[t],u=[],c=new Set;for(const e of l){const t=Jn(e),r=Kn(e).map(e=>ct(e,n)),i=t+"\0"+r.map(e=>e.name??(void 0!==e.literal?`#${e.literal}`:`=${e.token}`)).join(",");c.has(i)||(c.add(i),u.push({key:t,slots:r}))}const p={id:String(n),name:e.name?String(e.name):String(n),pattern:String(e.pattern),patternTree:t,output:String(e.output),outputTemplate:a,explain:e.explain?String(e.explain).trim():"",mode:e.mode?String(e.mode):at,tags:Array.isArray(e.tags)?e.tags.map(String):[],priority:Number.isFinite(e.priority)?e.priority:0,fold:!!e.fold,commutative:!!e.commutative,enabled:void 0===e.enabled||!!e.enabled,when:s,require:o,slots:[...i],depth:Ee(t),bindings:u,freeSymbols:ft(a),source:e};for(const e of u)e.rule=p;return p}function dt(e){const n={};for(const t of e.when)(n[t.slot]||=[]).push(t.args.length?[t.name,...t.args]:t.name);const t={id:e.id};return e.name!==e.id&&(t.name=e.name),e.mode!==at&&(t.mode=e.mode),t.pattern=e.pattern,Object.keys(n).length&&(t.when=n),e.require.length&&(t.require=e.require.map(e=>[e.name,...e.args])),t.output=e.output,e.explain&&(t.explain=e.explain),e.fold&&(t.fold=!0),e.commutative&&(t.commutative=!0),e.priority&&(t.priority=e.priority),e.tags.length&&(t.tags=e.tags),e.enabled||(t.enabled=!1),t}class mt extends Error{constructor(e,n){super(null==n?e:`${e} (line ${n+1})`),this.name="YamlError",this.line=n}}class gt{constructor(e){this.records=e,this.i=0,this.pushed=[]}peek(){if(this.pushed.length)return this.pushed[this.pushed.length-1];for(;this.i<this.records.length&&this.records[this.i].blank;)this.i++;return this.i<this.records.length?this.records[this.i]:null}next(){if(this.pushed.length)return this.pushed.pop();const e=this.peek();return e&&this.i++,e}push(e){this.pushed.push(e)}}const vt=e=>"-"===e||e.startsWith("- ");function bt(e){let n=null,t=0;for(let r=0;r<e.length;r++){const i=e[r];if(n)i===n?"'"===n&&"'"===e[r+1]?r++:n=null:'"'===n&&"\\"===i&&r++;else if('"'===i||"'"===i)n=i;else if("["===i||"{"===i)t++;else if("]"===i||"}"===i)t--;else if(":"===i&&0===t&&(r+1===e.length||" "===e[r+1])){const n=e.slice(0,r).trim();return""===n?null:{key:yt(n),rest:e.slice(r+1).trim()}}}return null}function yt(e){return e.length>=2&&'"'===e[0]&&'"'===e[e.length-1]?JSON.parse(e):e.length>=2&&"'"===e[0]&&"'"===e[e.length-1]?e.slice(1,-1).replace(/''/g,"'"):e}function wt(e){const n=new gt(function(e){return String(e).split(/\r?\n/).map((e,n)=>{const t=e.search(/\S/);if(-1===t)return{raw:e,n:n,indent:0,text:"",blank:!0};const r=function(e){let n=null;for(let t=0;t<e.length;t++){const r=e[t];if(n)r===n?"'"===n&&"'"===e[t+1]?t++:n=null:'"'===n&&"\\"===r&&t++;else if('"'===r||"'"===r)n=r;else if("#"===r&&(0===t||/\s/.test(e[t-1])))return e.slice(0,t)}return e}(e.slice(t)).trimEnd();return{raw:e,n:n,indent:t,text:r,blank:""===r}})}(e));let t=n.peek();if(t&&"---"===t.text&&(n.next(),t=n.peek()),!t)return null;const r=kt(n,t.indent),i=n.peek();if(i&&"..."!==i.text&&"---"!==i.text)throw new mt(`unexpected content "${i.text}"`,i.n);return r}const xt=/^[|>][-+]?\d*$/;function kt(e,n){const t=e.peek();return!t||t.indent<n?null:vt(t.text)?qt(e,t.indent):bt(t.text)?function(e,n){const t={};for(;;){const r=e.peek();if(!r||r.indent!==n)break;const i=bt(r.text);if(!i)break;e.next();const{key:s,rest:o}=i;if(""===o){const r=e.peek();r&&r.indent>n?t[s]=kt(e,r.indent):r&&r.indent===n&&vt(r.text)?t[s]=qt(e,n):t[s]=null}else xt.test(o)?t[s]=$t(e,o,n):t[s]=St(o,r.n)}return t}(e,t.indent):(e.next(),xt.test(t.text)?$t(e,t.text,t.indent-1):St(t.text,t.n))}function qt(e,n){const t=[];for(;;){const r=e.peek();if(!r||r.indent!==n||!vt(r.text))break;if(e.next(),"-"===r.text){const r=e.peek();t.push(r&&r.indent>n?kt(e,r.indent):null);continue}if(xt.test(r.text.slice(2).trim())){t.push($t(e,r.text.slice(2).trim(),n));continue}const i=r.text.slice(2),s=n+2+(i.length-i.trimStart().length);e.push({raw:r.raw,n:r.n,indent:s,text:i.trim(),blank:!1}),t.push(kt(e,s))}return t}function $t(e,n,t){const r=n[0],i=(n.match(/[-+]/)||[""])[0],s=(n.match(/\d+/)||[null])[0];let o=s?t+Number(s):null;const a=[];for(;e.i<e.records.length;){const n=e.records[e.i];if(""===n.raw.trim()){a.push(""),e.i++;continue}const r=n.raw.search(/\S/);if(r<=t)break;if(null===o&&(o=r),r<o)break;a.push(n.raw.slice(o)),e.i++}for(;a.length&&""===a[a.length-1];)a.pop();let l;if("|"===r)l=a.join("\n");else{const e=[];for(const n of a)""===n?e.push("\n"):e.length&&"\n"!==e[e.length-1]?e[e.length-1]+=" "+n:e.push(n);l=e.join("").replace(/\n(?!$)/g,"\n")}return"-"===i?l:"+"===i?l+"\n":""===l?"":l+"\n"}function St(e,n){const t=e.trim();return""===t||"~"===t||"null"===t||"Null"===t||"NULL"===t?null:"true"===t||"True"===t||"TRUE"===t||"false"!==t&&"False"!==t&&"FALSE"!==t&&("["===t[0]||"{"===t[0]?function(e,n){const t={text:e,i:0,line:n},r=Ot(t);if(Mt(t),t.i<t.text.length)throw new mt(`unexpected "${t.text.slice(t.i)}" in flow value`,n);return r}(t,n):'"'===t[0]||"'"===t[0]?yt(t):/^[-+]?(\d+\.?\d*|\.\d+)([eE][-+]?\d+)?$/.test(t)?Number(t):t)}const Mt=e=>{for(;e.i<e.text.length&&/\s/.test(e.text[e.i]);)e.i++};function Ot(e){Mt(e);const n=e.text[e.i];return"["===n?function(e){e.i++;const n=[];for(;;){if(Mt(e),e.i>=e.text.length)throw new mt("unterminated [",e.line);if("]"===e.text[e.i])return e.i++,n;if(n.push(Ot(e)),Mt(e),","===e.text[e.i])e.i++;else if("]"!==e.text[e.i])throw new mt(`expected , or ] near "${e.text.slice(e.i)}"`,e.line)}}(e):"{"===n?function(e){e.i++;const n={};for(;;){if(Mt(e),e.i>=e.text.length)throw new mt("unterminated {",e.line);if("}"===e.text[e.i])return e.i++,n;const t=String(Ot(e));if(Mt(e),":"!==e.text[e.i])throw new mt(`expected : after "${t}"`,e.line);if(e.i++,n[t]=Ot(e),Mt(e),","===e.text[e.i])e.i++;else if("}"!==e.text[e.i])throw new mt(`expected , or } near "${e.text.slice(e.i)}"`,e.line)}}(e):St(function(e){const n=e.text[e.i];if('"'===n||"'"===n){const t=e.i;for(e.i++;e.i<e.text.length;)if("\\"===e.text[e.i]&&'"'===n)e.i+=2;else if(e.text[e.i]===n){if("'"!==n||"'"!==e.text[e.i+1])return e.i++,e.text.slice(t,e.i);e.i+=2}else e.i++;throw new mt("unterminated quoted string",e.line)}const t=e.i;for(;e.i<e.text.length;){const n=e.text[e.i];if(","===n||"]"===n||"}"===n)break;if(":"===n){const n=e.text[e.i+1];if(void 0===n||/[\s,\]}]/.test(n))break}e.i++}return e.text.slice(t,e.i).trim()}(e),e.line)}const At=/^(true|false|null|yes|no|on|off|~)$/i;function Nt(e){if(null==e)return"null";if("boolean"==typeof e)return e?"true":"false";if("number"==typeof e){if(!Number.isFinite(e))throw new mt(`cannot serialise ${e}`);return String(e)}const n=String(e);return function(e){return!!(""===e||/^\s|\s$/.test(e)||/[\u0000-\u001f\u007f]/.test(e)||/^[-?:,[\]{}#&*!|>'"%@`]/.test(e)||/: |\s#/.test(e)||At.test(e)||/^[-+]?(\d+\.?\d*|\.\d+)([eE][-+]?\d+)?$/.test(e))}(n)?JSON.stringify(n):n}const It=e=>null==e||"object"!=typeof e;function Et(e){return Array.isArray(e)?`[${e.map(Et).join(", ")}]`:e&&"object"==typeof e?`{${Object.entries(e).map(([e,n])=>`${Nt(e)}: ${Et(n)}`).join(", ")}}`:Nt(e)}function Tt(e){return Array.isArray(e)?!!e.every(e=>It(e)||Array.isArray(e)&&e.every(It))&&Et(e).length<=72:!(!e||"object"!=typeof e)&&(Object.values(e).every(e=>It(e)||Array.isArray(e)&&e.every(It))&&Et(e).length<=72)}function jt(e){const n=[];return Ct(e,0,n),n.length?n.join("\n")+"\n":""}function Ct(e,n,t){const r=" ".repeat(n);if(Array.isArray(e)){if(0===e.length)return void t.push(r+"[]");for(const r of e)Lt(r,n,t)}else{if(e&&"object"==typeof e){const i=Object.entries(e).filter(([,e])=>void 0!==e);if(0===i.length)return void t.push(r+"{}");for(const[e,r]of i)Zt(e,r,n,t);return}!function(e,n,t){if("string"==typeof e&&e.includes("\n")){t.push(n+"|-");for(const r of e.replace(/\n+$/,"").split("\n"))t.push(n+"  "+r);return}t.push(n+Nt(e))}(e,r,t)}}function Lt(e,n,t){const r=" ".repeat(n);if(null!==e&&"object"==typeof e&&!Tt(e)){const i=[];if(Ct(e,n+2,i),0===i.length)return void t.push(r+"-");t.push(r+"- "+i[0].slice(n+2));for(let e=1;e<i.length;e++)t.push(i[e]);return}if(null===e||"object"!=typeof e)if("string"==typeof e&&e.includes("\n")){t.push(r+"- |-");for(const r of e.replace(/\n+$/,"").split("\n"))t.push(" ".repeat(n+4)+r)}else t.push(r+"- "+Nt(e));else t.push(r+"- "+Et(e))}function Zt(e,n,t,r){const i=" ".repeat(t),s=Nt(e);if("string"==typeof n&&n.includes("\n")){r.push(`${i}${s}: |-`);for(const e of n.replace(/\n+$/,"").split("\n"))r.push(" ".repeat(t+2)+e)}else{if(null!==n&&"object"==typeof n)return Tt(n)?void r.push(`${i}${s}: ${Et(n)}`):(r.push(`${i}${s}:`),void Ct(n,Array.isArray(n)?t:t+2,r));r.push(`${i}${s}: ${Nt(n)}`)}}class zt{constructor(e=[]){this.index=new Map,this.rules=[],this.maxDepth=0,this.name="",this.views=new Map;for(const n of e)this.add(n)}add(e){const n=e&&e.bindings?e:ht(e);if(this.rules.some(e=>e.id===n.id))throw new lt(`duplicate rule id "${n.id}"`);return this.rules.push(n),n.enabled&&this.link(n),n.depth>this.maxDepth&&(this.maxDepth=n.depth),this.views.clear(),n}view(e){if(!e)return this;let n=this.views.get(e);return n||(n=new zt(this.rules.filter(n=>n.mode===e)),n.name=this.name,this.views.set(e,n)),n}modes(){return[...new Set(this.rules.map(e=>e.mode))].sort((e,n)=>e===at?-1:n===at?1:e.localeCompare(n))}link(e){for(const n of e.bindings){let e=this.index.get(n.key);e||this.index.set(n.key,e=[]),e.push(n),e.sort((e,n)=>n.rule.priority-e.rule.priority||n.rule.depth-e.rule.depth)}}remove(e){const n=this.rules.findIndex(n=>n.id===e);return-1!==n&&(this.rules.splice(n,1),this.reindex(),!0)}setEnabled(e,n){const t=this.get(e);return!!t&&(t.enabled=!!n,this.reindex(),!0)}reindex(){this.index=new Map,this.maxDepth=0,this.views.clear();for(const e of this.rules)e.enabled&&this.link(e),e.depth>this.maxDepth&&(this.maxDepth=e.depth)}get(e){return this.rules.find(n=>n.id===e)||null}candidates(e){return this.index.get(e)||null}get size(){return this.rules.length}static fromYaml(e,{strict:n=!0}={}){const t=wt(e);return zt.fromSpecs(t,{strict:n})}static fromSpecs(e,{strict:n=!0}={}){let t=e,r="";if(e&&!Array.isArray(e)&&"object"==typeof e&&(t=e.rules,r=e.name?String(e.name):""),!Array.isArray(t))throw new lt('expected a list of rules, or a mapping with a "rules" list');const i=new zt;i.name=r;const s=[];for(let e=0;e<t.length;e++)try{i.add(t[e])}catch(n){s.push(`#${e+1}: ${n.message}`)}if(s.length&&n)throw new lt(`${s.length} rule(s) failed to compile:\n  ${s.join("\n  ")}`);return i.errors=s,i}toSpecs(){return this.rules.map(dt)}toYaml(){const e=this.toSpecs();return this.name?jt({name:this.name,rules:e}):jt(e)}keyReport(){return[...this.index.entries()].map(([e,n])=>({key:e,rules:n.map(e=>e.rule.id)})).sort((e,n)=>e.key.localeCompare(n.key))}}function Bt(e,n){const t=Object.create(null),r=e.slots;for(let e=0;e<r.length;e++){const i=r[e],s=n[e];if(void 0!==i.literal){if(!Oe(s)||s.value!==i.literal)return null;continue}if(void 0!==i.token){if(s.s!==i.token)return null;continue}const o=t[i.name];if(void 0!==o){if(o.s!==s.s)return null}else t[i.name]=s}return t}function Dt(e,n){for(const t of e.when){const e=n[t.slot];if(void 0===e)return!1;if(!t.fn(e,...t.args))return!1}for(const t of e.require){const e=t.args.map(e=>void 0!==n[e]?n[e]:e);if(!t.fn(...e))return!1}return!0}function Ft(e,n){return n.rule.priority-e.rule.priority||n.rule.depth-e.rule.depth}function Rt(e,n){const t=[];if(0===n.maxDepth)return t;for(const{key:r,slots:i}of function(e,n){const t=Hn(e,n),r=[];for(const e of t)e.key!==Wn&&r.push(e);return r}(e,n.maxDepth)){const e=n.candidates(r);if(e)for(const n of e){const e=Bt(n,i);e&&(Dt(n.rule,e)&&t.push({rule:n.rule,binding:n,key:r,bound:e}))}}return t.sort(Ft)}function Pt(e,n){switch(e.kind){case"slot":{const t=n[e.name];if(!t)throw new Error(`output references unbound slot "${e.name}"`);return t}case"const":return e.node;case"op":return Me(e.op,e.args.map(e=>Pt(e,n)));default:throw new Error(`bad output template: ${JSON.stringify(e)}`)}}const Vt=4e5,Wt=()=>new ze("a number too large to approximate"),Ut=e=>e<0n?-e:e;class _t{constructor(e){this.P=e,this.S=10n**BigInt(e),this.cache=new Map}fromQ(e){return e.n*this.S/e.d}mul(e,n){return e*n/this.S}div(e,n){if(0n===n)throw new ze("division by zero");return e*this.S/n}sqrt(e){if(e<0n)throw new ze("the square root of a negative number is not real");return We(e*this.S,2)}series(e,n){let t=0n,r=e;for(let e=1;0n!==r;e++)if(t+=r,r=n(r,e),e>1e5)throw new ze("a series did not converge");return t}atanhInv(e){const n=BigInt(e),t=n*n;let r=this.S/n,i=0n;for(let e=1n;0n!==r;e+=2n)i+=r/e,r/=t;return i}atanInv(e){const n=BigInt(e),t=n*n;let r=this.S/n,i=0n;for(let e=1n,n=1n;0n!==r;e+=2n,n=-n)i+=n*r/e,r/=t;return i}get pi(){return this.memo("pi",()=>16n*this.atanInv(5)-4n*this.atanInv(239))}get ln2(){return this.memo("ln2",()=>2n*this.atanhInv(3))}get e(){return this.memo("e",()=>this.exp(this.S))}memo(e,n){return this.cache.has(e)||this.cache.set(e,n()),this.cache.get(e)}exp(e){const n=(e+(e>=0n?this.ln2/2n:-this.ln2/2n))/this.ln2;if(n>BigInt(Vt))throw Wt();if(n<-BigInt(Vt))return 0n;const t=e-n*this.ln2,r=this.series(this.S,(e,n)=>e*t/this.S/BigInt(n));return n>=0n?r<<n:r>>-n}ln(e){if(e<=0n)throw new ze("the log of a number that is not positive is not real");let n=0n,t=e;for(;t>=this.S;)t>>=1n,n++;for(;t<this.S/2n;)t<<=1n,n--;const r=this.div(t-this.S,t+this.S),i=this.mul(r,r);let s=r,o=0n;for(let e=1n;0n!==s;e+=2n)o+=s/e,s=this.mul(s,i);return 2n*o+n*this.ln2}sin(e){const n=2n*this.pi;let t=e%n;t>this.pi&&(t-=n),t<-this.pi&&(t+=n);const r=this.mul(t,t);return this.series(t,(e,n)=>-e*r/this.S/BigInt(2*n*(2*n+1)))}cos(e){return this.sin(e+this.pi/2n)}atan(e){if(Ut(e)>this.S){const n=this.pi/2n;return(e>0n?n:-n)-this.atan(this.div(this.S,e))}let n=e;for(let e=0;e<2;e++)n=this.div(n,this.S+this.sqrt(this.S+this.mul(n,n)));const t=this.mul(n,n);let r=n,i=0n;for(let e=1n,n=1n;0n!==r;e+=2n,n=-n)i+=n*r/e,r=this.mul(r,t);return 4n*i}asin(e){if(Ut(e)>this.S)throw new ze("arcsin of a number beyond ±1 is not real");return Ut(e)===this.S?e>0n?this.pi/2n:-this.pi/2n:this.atan(this.div(e,this.sqrt(this.S-this.mul(e,e))))}}function Ht(e,n,t){if(t>0n)return e.atan(e.div(n,t));if(t<0n)return e.atan(e.div(n,t))+(n>=0n?e.pi:-e.pi);if(0n===n)throw new ze("the argument of 0 is undefined");return n>0n?e.pi/2n:-e.pi/2n}const Jt={add:(e,n)=>[e[0]+n[0],e[1]+n[1]],sub:(e,n)=>[e[0]-n[0],e[1]-n[1]],mul:(e,n,t)=>[e.mul(n[0],t[0])-e.mul(n[1],t[1]),e.mul(n[0],t[1])+e.mul(n[1],t[0])],div(e,n,t){const r=e.mul(t[0],t[0])+e.mul(t[1],t[1]);if(0n===r)throw new ze("division by zero");return[e.div(e.mul(n[0],t[0])+e.mul(n[1],t[1]),r),e.div(e.mul(n[1],t[0])-e.mul(n[0],t[1]),r)]},abs:(e,n)=>e.sqrt(e.mul(n[0],n[0])+e.mul(n[1],n[1])),exp(e,n){const t=e.exp(n[0]);return[e.mul(t,e.cos(n[1])),e.mul(t,e.sin(n[1]))]},ln(e,n){const t=Jt.abs(e,n);if(0n===t)throw new ze("the log of 0 is undefined");return[e.ln(t),Ht(e,n[1],n[0])]},pow(e,n,t,r){if(0n===n[0]&&0n===n[1])return[0n,0n];if(r&&r.isInteger){let t=r.n<0n?-r.n:r.n,i=[e.S,0n],s=n;for(;t>0n;)1n&t&&(i=Jt.mul(e,i,s)),s=Jt.mul(e,s,s),t>>=1n;return r.n<0n?Jt.div(e,[e.S,0n],i):i}return Jt.exp(e,Jt.mul(e,t,Jt.ln(e,n)))},sinh:(e,n)=>(e.exp(n)-e.exp(-n))/2n,cosh:(e,n)=>(e.exp(n)+e.exp(-n))/2n},Kt={sin:(e,[n,t])=>[e.mul(e.sin(n),Jt.cosh(e,t)),e.mul(e.cos(n),Jt.sinh(e,t))],cos:(e,[n,t])=>[e.mul(e.cos(n),Jt.cosh(e,t)),-e.mul(e.sin(n),Jt.sinh(e,t))],tan:(e,n)=>Jt.div(e,Kt.sin(e,n),Kt.cos(e,n)),ln:(e,n)=>Jt.ln(e,n),sqrt:(e,n)=>Jt.exp(e,Jt.mul(e,[e.S/2n,0n],Jt.ln(e,n))),sinh:(e,[n,t])=>[e.mul(Jt.sinh(e,n),e.cos(t)),e.mul(Jt.cosh(e,n),e.sin(t))],cosh:(e,[n,t])=>[e.mul(Jt.cosh(e,n),e.cos(t)),e.mul(Jt.sinh(e,n),e.sin(t))]},Gt=e=>({q:e}),Qt=([e,n])=>0n===n?{f:e}:{z:[e,n]};function Yt(e,n,t){const r=e=>((e,n)=>n.z??[Xt(e,n),0n])(t,n[e]);switch(e.op){case"+":return Qt(Jt.add(r(0),r(1)));case"-":return Qt(Jt.sub(r(0),r(1)));case"neg":return Qt([-r(0)[0],-r(0)[1]]);case"*":return Qt(Jt.mul(t,r(0),r(1)));case"/":return Qt(Jt.div(t,r(0),r(1)));case"^":return Qt(Jt.pow(t,r(0),r(1),n[1].q));case"sqrt":return Qt(Kt.sqrt(t,r(0)));case"root":return Qt(Jt.pow(t,r(1),Jt.div(t,[t.S,0n],r(0)),n[0].q?.inv()));case"abs":return{f:Jt.abs(t,r(0))};case"arg":return{f:Ht(t,r(0)[1],r(0)[0])};case"re":return{f:r(0)[0]};case"im":return{f:r(0)[1]};case"conj":return Qt([r(0)[0],-r(0)[1]]);case"log":return Qt(Jt.div(t,Jt.ln(t,r(1)),Jt.ln(t,r(0))));default:{const i=Kt[e.op];if(!i||1!==n.length)throw new ze(`no complex value for ${e.op}`);return Qt(i(t,r(0)))}}}function Xt(e,n){return n.q?e.fromQ(n.q):n.f}const er={sin:(e,n)=>e.sin(n),cos:(e,n)=>e.cos(n),tan:(e,n)=>e.div(e.sin(n),e.cos(n)),sec:(e,n)=>e.div(e.S,e.cos(n)),csc:(e,n)=>e.div(e.S,e.sin(n)),cot:(e,n)=>e.div(e.cos(n),e.sin(n)),arcsin:(e,n)=>e.asin(n),arccos:(e,n)=>e.pi/2n-e.asin(n),arctan:(e,n)=>e.atan(n),sinh:(e,n)=>(e.exp(n)-e.exp(-n))/2n,cosh:(e,n)=>(e.exp(n)+e.exp(-n))/2n,tanh:(e,n)=>{const t=e.exp(n),r=e.exp(-n);return e.div(t-r,t+r)},arcsinh:(e,n)=>e.ln(n+e.sqrt(e.mul(n,n)+e.S)),arccosh:(e,n)=>{if(n<e.S)throw new ze("arccosh of a number below 1 is not real");return e.ln(n+e.sqrt(e.mul(n,n)-e.S))},arctanh:(e,n)=>{if(Ut(n)>=e.S)throw new ze("arctanh of a number beyond ±1 is not real");return e.ln(e.div(e.S+n,e.S-n))/2n},ln:(e,n)=>e.ln(n),loglog:(e,n)=>e.ln(e.ln(n)),logloglog:(e,n)=>e.ln(e.ln(e.ln(n))),expm1:(e,n)=>e.exp(n)-e.S};function nr(e,n,t){if("num"===e.type)return Gt(Ve(e.token));if("sym"===e.type){if("pi"===e.token||"π"===e.token)return{f:n.pi};if("e"===e.token)return{f:n.e};if("i"===e.token&&Je.complex)return{z:[0n,n.S]};if(t&&e.token in t){const n=t[e.token],r="number"==typeof n||"string"==typeof n||"bigint"==typeof n?Ve(String(n)):null;if(!r)throw new ze(`the value of ${e.token} is not a number`);return Gt(r)}throw new ze(`${e.token} has no value`)}Je.complex&&e.op.startsWith("\\:")&&Mn[e.op.slice(2)]&&(e=Me(Mn[e.op.slice(2)],e.args));const r=e.args.map(e=>nr(e,n,t));if(r.some(e=>e.z)||["re","im","conj","arg"].includes(e.op)||function(e,n){if(!Je.complex)return!1;const t=e=>e.q?e.q.sign<0:void 0!==e.f&&e.f<0n;return"sqrt"===e.op||"ln"===e.op||"log"===e.op?t(n["log"===e.op?1:0])||"log"===e.op&&t(n[0]):"^"===e.op?t(n[0])&&!(n[1].q&&n[1].q.d%2n==1n):"root"===e.op&&t(n[1])&&!(n[0].q&&n[0].q.isInteger&&n[0].q.n%2n==1n)}(e,r))return Yt(e,r,n);const i=r.every(e=>e.q),s=e=>Xt(n,r[e]);switch(e.op){case"+":return i?Gt(r[0].q.add(r[1].q)):{f:s(0)+s(1)};case"-":return i?Gt(r[0].q.sub(r[1].q)):{f:s(0)-s(1)};case"neg":return r[0].q?Gt(r[0].q.neg()):{f:-r[0].f};case"*":return i?Gt(r[0].q.mul(r[1].q)):{f:n.mul(s(0),s(1))};case"/":return i?Gt(r[0].q.div(r[1].q)):{f:n.div(s(0),s(1))};case"^":return rr(n,r[0],r[1]);case"sqrt":return rr(n,r[0],Gt(Pe.HALF));case"root":return rr(n,r[1],r[0].q?Gt(r[0].q.inv()):{f:n.div(n.S,r[0].f)});case"abs":return r[0].q?Gt(r[0].q.abs()):{f:Ut(r[0].f)};case"floor":return Gt(r[0].q?r[0].q.floor():new Pe(tr(r[0].f,n.S)));case"ceil":return Gt(r[0].q?r[0].q.ceil():new Pe(-tr(-r[0].f,n.S)));case"log":return{f:n.div(n.ln(s(1)),n.ln(s(0)))};case"atan2":return{f:Ht(n,s(0),s(1))};case"max":case"min":if(!r.length)throw new ze(`${e.op} of nothing`);return i?Gt(r.map(e=>e.q).reduce((n,t)=>("max"===e.op?t.sub(n).sign>0:t.sub(n).sign<0)?t:n)):{f:r.map((e,n)=>s(n)).reduce((n,t)=>"max"===e.op?t>n?t:n:t<n?t:n)};case"sum":return i?Gt(r.reduce((e,n)=>e.add(n.q),Pe.ZERO)):{f:r.reduce((e,n,t)=>e+s(t),0n)};case"prod":return i?Gt(r.reduce((e,n)=>e.mul(n.q),Pe.ONE)):{f:r.reduce((e,t,r)=>n.mul(e,s(r)),n.S)};case"mean":if(!r.length)throw new ze("mean of nothing");return i?Gt(r.reduce((e,n)=>e.add(n.q),Pe.ZERO).div(new Pe(BigInt(r.length)))):{f:r.reduce((e,n,t)=>e+s(t),0n)/BigInt(r.length)};case"mod":{if(i){if(r[1].q.isZero)throw new ze("mod 0 is undefined");return Gt(r[0].q.sub(r[1].q.mul(r[0].q.div(r[1].q).floor())))}const e=s(1);if(0n===e)throw new ze("mod 0 is undefined");return{f:s(0)-n.mul(e,tr(n.div(s(0),e),n.S)*n.S)}}case"round":{if(!r[1].q?.isInteger)throw new ze("round needs a whole number of places");const e=10n**Ut(r[1].q.n),t=r[0].q??new Pe(s(0),n.S),i=r[1].q.sign>=0,o=(i?t.mul(new Pe(e)):t.div(new Pe(e))).add(Pe.HALF).floor();return Gt(i?o.div(new Pe(e)):o.mul(new Pe(e)))}case"!":{if(!r[0].q?.isInteger||r[0].q.sign<0)throw new ze("factorial is only worked out for whole numbers");let e=1n;for(let n=2n;n<=r[0].q.n;n++)if(e*=n,0n==(255n&n)&&Fe(e)>Vt)throw Wt();return Gt(new Pe(e))}default:{const t=er[e.op];if(!t||1!==r.length)throw new ze(`no numeric value for ${e.op}`);return{f:t(n,s(0))}}}}const tr=(e,n)=>{const t=e/n;return e<0n&&t*n!==e?t-1n:t};function rr(e,n,t){if(t.q&&t.q.isInteger){if(n.q)return Gt(n.q.pow(t.q.n));let r=t.q.n;const i=r<0n;i&&(r=-r);let s=e.S,o=n.f;for(;r>0n;){if(1n&r&&(s=e.mul(s,o)),o=e.mul(o,o),Fe(s)>Vt+4*e.P||Fe(o)>8e5){if(i)return{f:0n};throw Wt()}r>>=1n}return{f:i?e.div(e.S,s):s}}const r=Xt(e,n);if(0n===r){if(t.q?t.q.sign>0:t.f>0n)return Gt(Pe.ZERO);throw new ze("0 to a power that is not positive is undefined")}if(r<0n){if(t.q&&t.q.d%2n==1n){const n=rr(e,{f:-r},t).f;return{f:t.q.n%2n==0n?n:-n}}throw new ze("a negative number to a fractional power is not real")}if(t.q&&1n===Ut(t.q.n)&&t.q.d<=64n){const n=We(r*e.S**(t.q.d-1n),Number(t.q.d));return{f:t.q.n<0n?e.div(e.S,n):n}}return{f:e.exp(e.mul(Xt(e,t),e.ln(r)))}}function ir(e,n,t){const r=e<0n?"-":"",i=Ut(e);if(0n===i)return{sign:"",digits:"0",point:1};const s=i.toString(),o=s.length-n.P;let a=s.slice(0,t);s.length>t&&s[t]>="5"&&(a=(BigInt(a)+1n).toString());let l=o;return a.length>t&&(a=a.slice(0,t),l++),{sign:r,digits:a.replace(/0+$/,"")||"0",point:l}}function sr({sign:e,digits:n,point:t}){if("0"===n)return"0";if(t>21||t<-6){return`${e}${n.length>1?`${n[0]}.${n.slice(1)}`:n}e${t-1}`}return t<=0?`${e}0.${"0".repeat(-t)}${n}`:t>=n.length?`${e}${n}${"0".repeat(t-n.length)}`:`${e}${n.slice(0,t)}.${n.slice(t)}`}function or(e){let n=0n,t=0n,r=e.d;for(;r%2n==0n;)r/=2n,n++;for(;r%5n==0n;)r/=5n,t++;const i=n>t?n:t;let s=Ut(e.n)*10n**i/e.d;if(0n===s)return 1;for(;s%10n==0n;)s/=10n;return s.toString().length}function ar(e){let n=e.d;for(;n%2n==0n;)n/=2n;for(;n%5n==0n;)n/=5n;return 1n===n}function lr(e){const n=/^(-?[\d.]+)e(-?\d+)$/.exec(e);return n?Me("*",[qe(n[1]),Me("^",[qe("10"),qe(n[2])])]):qe(e)}function ur(e,{digits:n=15,scope:t}={}){if(!Number.isInteger(n)||n<1||n>1e5)throw new ze("digits must be a whole number from 1 to 100000");let r=n+25,i=null;for(let s=0;s<4;s++){const o=new _t(r),a=nr(e,o,t);if(a.z){const e=pr(a.z,o,n);if(e.retry&&s<3){r+=e.retry;continue}return void 0===e.real?e:cr(e.real,o,n,null)}if(a.q&&a.q.isInteger&&Ut(a.q.n).toString().length<=n)return{text:a.q.n.toString(),node:qe(a.q.n.toString()),number:Number(a.q.n),re:Number(a.q.n),im:0,exact:!0};const l=Xt(o,a);if(0n===l&&(!a.q||!a.q.isZero)&&s<3){i=null,r*=4;continue}const u=ir(l,o,n);if(i&&u.point<-10&&i.point-u.point>=(r-i.P)/2)return{text:"0",node:qe("0"),number:0,re:0,im:0,exact:!1};if(!(u.point<-10&&s<3)||i&&i.point===u.point)return cr(l,o,n,a.q);i={point:u.point,P:r},r+=10-u.point}throw new ze("could not approximate")}function cr(e,n,t,r){const i=sr(ir(e,n,t));return{text:i,node:lr(i),number:Number(i),re:Number(i),im:0,exact:Boolean(r)&&ar(r)&&or(r)<=t}}function pr([e,n],t,r){const i=10n**BigInt(Math.max(0,t.P-r-12)),s=e=>Ut(e)>i;if(!s(n))return{real:e};const o=ir(n,t,r);if(o.point<-10&&s(n))return{retry:10-o.point};const a=sr(o),l="1"===a?"i":"-1"===a?"-i":`${a}i`,u="1"===a?ke("i"):Me("*",[lr(a.replace(/^-/,"")),ke("i")]);if(!s(e))return{text:l,node:a.startsWith("-")?Me("neg",[u]):u,number:NaN,re:0,im:Number(a),exact:!1};const c=sr(ir(e,t,r)),p=a.startsWith("-"),f="1"===a.replace(/^-/,"")?ke("i"):Me("*",[lr(a.replace(/^-/,"")),ke("i")]);return{text:`${c} ${p?"-":"+"} ${l.replace(/^-/,"")}`,node:Me(p?"-":"+",[lr(c),f]),number:NaN,re:Number(c),im:Number(a),exact:!1}}function fr(e,n={}){const t=e=>(e=>0===Rn(e).size)(e)?"num"===e.type&&/^-?\d+$/.test(e.token)?e:ur(e,n).node:Ae(e)?Me(e.op,e.args.map(t)):e;return t(e)}const hr={variable:null},dr=(e,n)=>null!==n&&Rn(e).has(n);function mr(e){if("num"===e.type)return Ve(e.token);if(Ae(e)&&"/"===e.op&&e.args.every(e=>"num"===e.type)){const n=Ve(e.args[0].token),t=Ve(e.args[1].token);return n&&t&&!t.isZero?n.div(t):null}return null}const gr=e=>0===Rn(e).size;function vr(e,n,t){const r=function(e){const n=jn(e);return"num"===n.k?n.q.isZero?n.q:null:"atom"===n.k&&"sym"===n.node.type&&"pi"===n.node.token?Ve("1"):"mul"===n.k&&1===n.fs.length&&"atom"===n.fs[0].b.k&&"pi"===n.fs[0].b.node.token&&"num"===n.fs[0].e.k&&n.fs[0].e.q.isOne?n.c:null}(e);if(!r)return!1;const[i,s="1"]=String(n).split("/");return t(r.compare(Ve(i).div(Ve(s))))}function br(e){if(!gr(e))return NaN;try{const{number:n}=ur(e,{digits:30});return Math.sign(n)}catch{return NaN}}function yr(){nt("hasVariable")||(Xn("hasVariable",e=>dr(e,hr.variable),"mentions the variable being solved for"),Xn("freeOfVariable",e=>null!==hr.variable&&!dr(e,hr.variable),"does not mention the variable being solved for"),Xn("isRational",e=>null!==mr(e),"an exact number: 3, -2, 1/2"),Xn("isWhole",e=>mr(e)?.isInteger??!1,"a whole number (any size)"),Xn("isEvenWhole",e=>{const n=mr(e);return Boolean(n?.isInteger&&n.n%2n==0n)},"an even whole number"),Xn("isOddWhole",e=>{const n=mr(e);return Boolean(n?.isInteger&&n.n%2n!=0n)},"an odd whole number"),Xn("isPositiveRational",e=>(mr(e)?.sign??0)>0,"an exact number above 0"),Xn("isNegativeRational",e=>(mr(e)?.sign??0)<0,"an exact number below 0"),Xn("isConstant",gr,"has no unknowns (numbers, π and e only)"),Xn("notOne",e=>{const n=mr(e);return!n||!n.isOne},"anything except the number 1"),Xn("notMinusOne",e=>{const n=mr(e);return!n||!n.equals(Ve("-1"))},"anything except the number -1"),Xn("hasMinusSign",e=>function(e){const n=jn(e);return"num"===n.k?n.q.sign<0:"mul"===n.k&&n.c.sign<0}(e),"written with a leading minus: -x, -2x, -π/6"),Xn("piMultipleAtLeast",(e,n)=>vr(e,n,e=>e>=0),"a multiple of π, at least k·π"),Xn("piMultipleAbove",(e,n)=>vr(e,n,e=>e>0),"a multiple of π, above k·π"),Xn("piMultipleBelow",(e,n)=>vr(e,n,e=>e<0),"a multiple of π, below k·π"),Xn("piMultipleAtMost",(e,n)=>vr(e,n,e=>e<=0),"a multiple of π, at most k·π"),Xn("isPositiveConstant",e=>br(e)>0,"no unknowns, and above 0 (e, π, √2, 3)"),Xn("isNegativeConstant",e=>br(e)<0,"no unknowns, and below 0"),Xn("hasImaginaryPart",e=>{if(!Je.complex)return!1;const n=qn(jn(e));return Boolean(n)&&!("num"===n.im.k&&n.im.q.isZero)},"complex mode: has a nonzero imaginary part (unknowns count as real)"),Xn("isSymbolNode",e=>"sym"===e.type&&!He.has(e.token),"a single unknown such as x"))}function wr(e){const n=new Map;for(const t of e){const e=t.id??t.name;if(!e)throw new Error(`a rule needs an id (pattern ${t.pattern})`);n.set(String(e),{...n.get(String(e))??{},...t})}const t=[...n.values()].map(e=>{const n={...e};try{void 0!==n.pattern&&(n.pattern=function(e){const n=Ne(e),t=e=>"num"===e.type||("sym"===e.type?e.token.startsWith("="):e.args.every(t)),r=e=>"sym"===e.type?ke(e.token.slice(1)):"num"===e.type?e:Me(e.op,e.args.map(r)),i=e=>"sym"===e.type?ke(`=${e.token}`):"num"===e.type?e:Me(e.op,e.args.map(i)),s=e=>"op"!==e.type?e:t(e)?i(Cn(r(e))):Me(e.op,e.args.map(s));return s(n).s}(String(n.pattern)))}catch(e){throw new Error(`rule "${n.id}": bad pattern "${n.pattern}": ${e.message}`)}return"hidden"===n.step&&(n.tags=[...n.tags??[],"hidden"]),n});return zt.fromSpecs(t,{strict:!0})}function xr(e,n,t,r){return e.explain?e.explain.replace(/\{(\w+)\}/g,(e,i)=>"result"===i?t?r(t):e:n[i]?r(n[i]):e).trim():""}const kr=e=>Ae(e)&&("+"===e.op||"-"===e.op),qr=e=>Ae(e)&&("*"===e.op||"/"===e.op);function*$r(e,n,{order:t="pre"}={}){for(const r of function(e,n,{order:t="post"}={}){const r=[];for(const{node:i,path:s}of Le(e,t))for(const e of Rt(i,n))r.push({...e,node:i,path:s});return r}(e,n,{order:t})){const n=Pt(r.rule.outputTemplate,r.bound);yield{rule:r.rule,bound:r.bound,path:r.path,before:r.node,after:n,next:()=>Cn(Ze(e,r.path,n))}}for(const{node:r,path:i}of Le(e,t)){const t=kr(r);if(!t&&!qr(r))continue;const s=t?Pn(jn(r)):Vn(jn(r));if(s.length<3)continue;const o=t?dn:gn;for(let t=0;t<s.length;t++)for(let r=t+1;r<s.length;r++){const a=Bn(o([s[t],s[r]]));for(const l of Rt(a,n)){const n=Pt(l.rule.outputTemplate,l.bound),u=s.filter((e,n)=>n!==t&&n!==r);yield{rule:l.rule,bound:l.bound,path:i,before:a,after:n,next:()=>Cn(Ze(e,i,Bn(o([jn(n),...u]))))}}}}}function Sr(e,n,{format:t,order:r="pre",maxSteps:i=200,variable:s=null}={}){const o=hr.variable;hr.variable=s;try{let s=Cn(e);const o=new Set([s.s]),a=[];for(let e=0;e<i;e++){let e=null;for(const t of $r(s,n,{order:r})){const n=t.next();if(n.s!==s.s&&!o.has(n.s)){e={c:t,next:n};break}}if(!e)break;const{c:i,next:l}=e;a.push({id:i.rule.id,name:i.rule.name,tags:i.rule.tags,from:s.s,to:l.s,path:i.path,before:i.before.s,after:i.after.s,explanation:xr(i.rule,i.bound,Cn(i.after),t)}),s=l,o.add(s.s)}return{node:s,steps:a}}finally{hr.variable=o}}const Mr={full:[],normal:["hidden"],brief:["hidden","tidy","identity","value","split","base","arithmetic"]},Or=(e,n)=>"all"===n||"*"===n||Array.isArray(n)&&n.some(n=>n===e.id||e.tags?.includes(n));function Ar(e){if(!1===e)return null;if(void 0===e||!0===e)return{show:"all",hide:Mr.normal,explain:!0};if("string"==typeof e){if(!Mr[e])throw new Error(`steps: "${e}" is not one of ${Object.keys(Mr).join(", ")}`);return{show:"all",hide:Mr[e],explain:!0}}const n=e.detail??"normal";if(!Mr[n])throw new Error(`steps.detail: "${n}" is not one of ${Object.keys(Mr).join(", ")}`);return{show:e.show??"all",hide:[...Mr[n],...e.hide??[]],explain:e.explain??!0}}function Nr(e,n){if(!n)return[];const t=[];let r=null;for(const i of e){if(!(Or(i,n.show)&&!Or(i,n.hide))){r=r??{from:i.from,ids:[]},r.ids.push(i.id);continue}const e={...i};r&&(e.from=r.from,e.also=r.ids,e.path=null,r=null);!0===n.explain||!1!==n.explain&&Or(i,n.explain)||delete e.explanation,t.push(e)}if(r&&t.length){const n=t[t.length-1];n.to=e[e.length-1].to,n.also=[...n.also??[],...r.ids]}return t}const Ir=Ye(Pe.ONE),Er=(e,n)=>"atom"===e.k&&"sym"===e.node.type&&e.node.token===n;function Tr(e){switch(e.k){case"num":default:return e;case"atom":return"op"===e.node.type?En(e.node.op,e.node.args.map(e=>Tr(jn(e)))):e;case"add":return dn(Pn(e).map(Tr));case"mul":{let n=[Ye(e.c)];for(const t of e.fs){const e=Tr(t.b);if("add"===e.k&&tn(t.e)&&t.e.q.isInteger&&t.e.q.sign>0&&t.e.q.n<=BigInt(60))for(let r=0n;r<t.e.q.n;r++)n=jr(n,Pn(e));else n=jr(n,[bn(e,t.e)])}return dn(n)}}}function jr(e,n){const t=[];for(const r of e)for(const e of n)t.push(gn([r,e]));return Pn(dn(t))}function Cr(e,n){const t=new Map;for(const r of Pn(Tr(e))){const{coef:e,rest:i}=hn(r);let s=0;const o=[Ye(e)];for(const e of i?Vn(i):[]){const{b:t,e:r}="mul"===e.k&&1===e.fs.length&&e.c.isOne?e.fs[0]:{b:e,e:Ir};if(Er(t,n)){if(!tn(r)||!r.q.isInteger||r.q.sign<0)return null;s+=Number(r.q.n)}else{if(Lr(t,n)||Lr(r,n))return null;o.push(e)}}t.set(s,dn([t.get(s)??Ye(Pe.ZERO),gn(o)]))}for(const[e,n]of t)tn(n)&&n.q.isZero&&t.delete(e);return t}const Lr=(e,n)=>Rn(Bn(e)).has(n);function Zr(e){if(!e)return null;const n=Math.max(0,...e.keys());if(n>256)return null;const t=[];for(let r=0;r<=n;r++){const n=e.get(r)??Ye(Pe.ZERO);if(!tn(n))return null;t.push(n.q)}return t}function zr(e,n){const t=jn(ke(n));return dn(e.map((e,n)=>gn([Ye(e),vn(t,Ye(Pe.of(n)))])))}const Br=e=>{const n=e.slice();for(;n.length>1&&n[n.length-1].isZero;)n.pop();return n},Dr=(e,n)=>e.reduceRight((e,t)=>e.mul(n).add(t),Pe.ZERO);function Fr(e,n){const t=e.length-1,r=new Array(t);let i=Pe.ZERO;for(let s=t;s>=1;s--)i=e[s].add(i.mul(n)),r[s-1]=i;return r}function Rr(e){if(0n===(e=(e=>e<0n?-e:e)(e)))return null;if(e>10n**14n)return null;const n=[];let t=e;for(let e=2n;e*e<=t;e+=2n===e?1n:2n){if(t%e)continue;let r=0;for(;t%e===0n;)t/=e,r++;n.push([e,r])}t>1n&&n.push([t,1]);let r=[1n];for(const[e,t]of n){const n=[];for(const i of r)for(let r=0,s=1n;r<=t;r++,s*=e)n.push(i*s);if(r=n,r.length>2e4)return null}return r.sort((e,n)=>e<n?-1:e>n?1:0)}function Pr(e){let n=Br(e);const t=[];for(;n.length>1&&n[0].isZero;)t.push(Pe.ZERO),n=n.slice(1);if(n.length<=1)return{roots:t,rest:n};const r=n.reduce((e,n)=>e*n.d/Re(e,n.d),1n),i=n.map(e=>e.n*r/e.d),s=Rr(i[0]),o=Rr(i[i.length-1]);if(!s||!o)return{roots:t,rest:n};const a=new Map;for(const e of s)for(const n of o)for(const t of[1n,-1n]){const r=new Pe(t*e,n);a.set(r.toString(),r)}const l=[...a.values()].sort((e,n)=>e.compare(n));for(const e of l)for(;n.length>1&&Dr(n,e).isZero;)t.push(e),n=Fr(n,e);return{roots:t.sort((e,n)=>e.compare(n)),rest:n}}function Vr(e){if("num"===e.k)return{coef:e.q,factors:[],notes:[]};if("atom"===e.k)return{coef:Pe.ONE,factors:[{base:e,exp:Ir}],notes:[]};if("mul"===e.k){let n=e.c;const t=[],r=[];for(const i of e.fs)if("add"===i.b.k&&tn(i.e)&&i.e.q.isInteger){const e=Vr(i.b);n=n.mul(e.coef.pow(i.e.q.n));for(const n of e.factors)t.push({base:n.base,exp:gn([n.exp,i.e])});r.push(...e.notes)}else t.push({base:i.b,exp:i.e});return Wr(n,t,r)}return function(e){const n=Pn(e),t=[],r=n.map(e=>{const{coef:n,rest:t}=hn(e);return{coef:n,fs:t?Vn(t).map(_r):[]}}),i=r.reduce((e,n)=>({n:Re(e.n,n.coef.n),d:e.d*n.coef.d/Re(e.d,n.coef.d)}),{n:0n,d:1n});let s=new Pe(i.n||1n,i.d);Ur(e)<0&&(s=s.neg());const o=[];for(const e of r[0].fs){if(!tn(e.e)||e.e.q.sign<=0)continue;let n=e.e.q;const t=on(e.b);let i=!0;for(const e of r.slice(1)){const r=e.fs.find(e=>on(e.b)===t&&tn(e.e)&&e.e.q.sign>0);if(!r){i=!1;break}r.e.q.compare(n)<0&&(n=r.e.q)}i&&o.push({base:e.b,exp:Ye(n)})}let a=e;if(!s.isOne||o.length){const e=gn([Ye(s),...o.map(e=>bn(e.base,e.exp))]);a=dn(n.map(n=>gn([n,vn(e,Ye(Pe.MINUS_ONE))]))),t.push({id:"factor.common",values:{common:e}})}const l="add"===a.k?function(e,n){const t=[...Hr(e)];for(const r of t){const i=Zr(Cr(e,r));if(!i||i.length<3)continue;if(1!==t.length)break;const{roots:s,rest:o}=Pr(i);if(!s.length)break;const a=[];let l=o[o.length-1]??Pe.ONE;const u=o.map(e=>e.div(l)),c=[...s].sort((e,n)=>e.abs().compare(n.abs())||n.sign-e.sign);for(const e of c){const t=zr([new Pe(-e.n),new Pe(e.d)],r);a.push({base:t,exp:Ir}),l=l.div(new Pe(e.d)),n.push({id:"factor.root",values:{root:Ye(e),factor:t}})}if(u.length>1){const e=u.reduce((e,n)=>e*n.d/Re(e,n.d),1n),n=u.map(n=>n.mul(new Pe(e))),t=n.reduce((e,n)=>Re(e,n.n),0n)||1n;l=l.mul(new Pe(t,e)),a.push({base:zr(n.map(e=>e.div(new Pe(t))),r),exp:Ir})}return Wr(l,a,[])}const r=Pn(e);if(2===r.length){const[e,t]=r;for(const r of[2,3]){const i=Jr(e,r),s=Jr(On(t),r),o=3===r?Jr(t,r):null;if(i&&s&&2===r){n.push({id:"factor.squares",values:{a:i,b:s}});const e=Vr(dn([i,On(s)])),t=Vr(dn([i,s]));return Wr(e.coef.mul(t.coef),[...e.factors,...t.factors],[...e.notes,...t.notes])}if(3===r&&i&&(s||o)){const e=s??o,t=s?-1:1;n.push({id:t<0?"factor.cubes-difference":"factor.cubes-sum",values:{a:i,b:e}});const r=dn(t<0?[i,On(e)]:[i,e]),a=dn([vn(i,Ye(Pe.of(2))),t<0?gn([i,e]):On(gn([i,e])),vn(e,Ye(Pe.of(2)))]),l=Vr(r);return Wr(l.coef,[...l.factors,{base:a,exp:Ir}],l.notes)}}}return{coef:Pe.ONE,factors:[{base:e,exp:Ir}],notes:[]}}(a,t):Vr(a);return Wr(s.mul(l.coef),[...o,...l.factors],[...t,...l.notes.filter(e=>!t.includes(e))])}(e)}function Wr(e,n,t){const r=new Map;for(const e of n){const n=on(e.base),t=r.get(n);t?t.exp=dn([t.exp,e.exp]):r.set(n,{...e})}return{coef:e,factors:[...r.values()].filter(e=>!(tn(e.exp)&&e.exp.q.isZero)),notes:t}}const Ur=e=>hn(Pn(e)[0]).coef.sign;const _r=e=>"mul"===e.k&&e.c.isOne&&1===e.fs.length?{b:e.fs[0].b,e:e.fs[0].e}:{b:e,e:Ir},Hr=e=>Rn(Bn(e));function Jr(e,n){const{coef:t,rest:r}=hn(e);if(t.sign<0)return null;const i=function(e,n){const t=e=>{if(e<0n)return null;let t=0n,r=1n;for(;r**BigInt(n)<=e;)r*=2n;for(;t<r-1n;){const i=(t+r)/2n;i**BigInt(n)<=e?t=i:r=i}return t**BigInt(n)===e?t:null},r=t(e.n),i=t(e.d);return null!==r&&null!==i?new Pe(r,i):null}(t,n);if(!i)return null;const s=[Ye(i)];for(const e of r?Vn(r).map(_r):[]){if(!tn(e.e))return null;const t=e.e.q.div(Pe.of(n));if(!t.isInteger)return null;s.push(bn(e.b,Ye(t)))}return gn(s)}function Kr({coef:e,factors:n}){const t=[],r=[];for(const e of n){const n=tn(e.exp)&&e.exp.q.sign<0,i=n?Ye(e.exp.q.neg()):e.exp,s=Bn(bn(e.base,i));(n?r:t).push(s)}const i=e=>e.reduce((e,n)=>e?Me("*",[e,n]):n,null),s=e.n<0n?-e.n:e.n;let o=t.length?i(1n===s?t:[Bn(Ye(new Pe(s))),...t]):Bn(Ye(new Pe(s)));return e.n<0n&&(o=Me("neg",[o])),1n!==e.d&&r.unshift(Bn(Ye(new Pe(e.d)))),r.length?Me("/",[o,i(r)]):o}function Gr(e){if("mul"!==e.k)return{num:e,den:Ir};const n=[Ye(new Pe(e.c.n))],t=[Ye(new Pe(e.c.d))];for(const r of e.fs)tn(r.e)&&r.e.q.sign<0?t.push(bn(r.b,Ye(r.e.q.neg()))):n.push(bn(r.b,r.e));return{num:gn(n),den:gn(t)}}function Qr(e){if("add"!==e.k)return Gr(e);const n=Pn(e).map(Gr),t=new Map;let r=1n;for(const e of n){const{coef:n,rest:i}=hn(e.den);r=r*n.n/Re(r,n.n);for(const e of i?Vn(i).map(_r):[]){const n=on(e.b),r=t.get(n);(!r||tn(e.e)&&tn(r.e)&&e.e.q.compare(r.e.q)>0)&&t.set(n,e)}}const i=gn([Ye(new Pe(r)),...[...t.values()].map(e=>bn(e.b,e.e))]);if(tn(i)&&i.q.isOne)return{num:e,den:Ir};return{num:Tr(dn(n.map(e=>gn([e.num,i,vn(e.den,Ye(Pe.MINUS_ONE))])))),den:i}}function Yr(e){const{num:n,den:t}=Qr(e);if(tn(t)&&t.q.isOne)return null;const r=Vr(n),i=Vr(t),s=new Set(r.factors.map(e=>on(e.base))),o=i.factors.filter(e=>s.has(on(e.base))),a=[...r.factors,...i.factors.map(e=>({base:e.base,exp:On(e.exp)}))];return{...Wr(r.coef.div(i.coef),a,[...r.notes,...i.notes]),cancelled:o.map(e=>e.base)}}const Xr=(e,n)=>Me("=",[e,n]),ei=Cn(Me("+",[ke("x"),Me("neg",[ke("x")])])),ni=e=>Ae(e)&&"="===e.op;function ti(e,n,t,r={}){const i=[],s=(n,t,r,s,o,a={})=>i.push(e.step(n,t,r,s,o,a));s.raw=e=>i.push(e);const o=ni(n)?n:Xr(n,ei),a=Xr(Cn(o.args[0]),Cn(o.args[1]));a.s!==o.s&&s("normal","Work out each side",["tidy","arithmetic"],o,a);const l=[],u=[],c=new Set;l.numeric=c,li(e,a,t,r,s,l,u,0);const p=[],f=new Set;for(const n of l.map(n=>c.has(n)?n:(n=>Sr(n,e.set.view("simplify"),{format:e.format}).node)(n))){const e=n.s;if(f.has(e))continue;f.add(e);const r=c.has(n)?null:si(o,t,n);r?s("solve.reject","Check the answer",["check"],Xr(ke(t),n),Xr(ke(t),n),{value:n,reason:r}):p.push(n)}return p.sort(ri),{solutions:p,unsolved:u,steps:i,always:u.some(e=>e.always)}}function ri(e,n){const t=ii(e),r=ii(n);return null===t||null===r?e.s<n.s?-1:1:(Math.abs(t.im)>0)-(Math.abs(r.im)>0)||t.re-r.re||t.im-r.im}function ii(e){if(Rn(e).size)return null;try{const{re:n,im:t}=ur(e,{digits:20});return{re:n,im:t}}catch{return null}}function si(e,n,t){const[r,i]=e.args,s=new Set([...Rn(r),...Rn(i),...Rn(t)]);if(s.delete(n),s.size)return null;const o=e=>oi(e,n,t);try{const e=ur(o(r),{digits:40}),n=ur(o(i),{digits:40}),t=Math.max(1,Math.hypot(e.re,e.im),Math.hypot(n.re,n.im));return Math.hypot(e.re-n.re,e.im-n.im)>1e-12*t?"it does not make the two sides equal":null}catch(e){return`the original equation has no value there (${e.message})`}}function oi(e,n,t){return"sym"===e.type?e.token===n?t:e:Ae(e)?Me(e.op,e.args.map(e=>oi(e,n,t))):e}const ai=24;function li(e,n,t,r,i,s,o,a){if(a>ai)return mi(e,n,t,r,i,s,o);const l=function(e){const n=[],t=e=>{if(Ae(e)&&"|"===e.op)return void e.args.forEach(t);if(!ni(e))return void n.push(e);const r=e.args[1],i=Le(r,"pre").find(({node:e})=>Ae(e)&&"pm"===e.op);if(!i)return void n.push(e);const s=i.node.args[0],o=Cn(Ze(r,i.path,s)),a=Cn(Ze(r,i.path,Me("neg",[s])));t(Xr(e.args[0],o)),a.s!==o.s&&t(Xr(e.args[0],a))};return t(e),n}(n);if(l.length>1){i("solve.split","Two cases",["split"],n,l.reduce((e,n)=>e?Me("|",[e,n]):n,null));for(const n of l)li(e,n,t,r,i,s,o,a+1);return}if(1===l.length&&l[0].s!==n.s)return li(e,l[0],t,r,i,s,o,a+1);const[u,c]=n.args;if("sym"===u.type&&u.token===t&&!Lr(jn(c),t))return void s.push(c);const p=dn([jn(u),On(jn(c))]);if(!Lr(p,t))return tn(p)&&p.q.isZero?(i("solve.always","Always true",["check"],n,n,{v:t}),void o.push(Object.assign(Object.create(n),{always:!0}))):void i("solve.never","No solution",["check"],n,n,{v:t});const f=Pn(p).filter(e=>Lr(e,t)),h=Pn(p).filter(e=>!Lr(e,t)),d=dn(f),m=On(dn(h));if(Je.complex){const l=Cr(p,t);if(l&&[...l.values()].every(e=>!Lr(e,t))&&Math.max(...l.keys())>=2){const u=Xr(Bn(p),ei);return u.s!==n.s&&i("solve.one-side","Everything on one side",["move"],n,u,{v:t}),hi(e,p,l,t,r,i,s,o,a,u)}}if(1===f.length)return ui(e,n,d,m,t,r,i,s,o,a);const g=Xr(Bn(p),ei),v=Cr(p,t);if(v&&[...v.values()].every(e=>!Lr(e,t))&&Math.max(...v.keys())>=2)return g.s!==n.s&&i("solve.one-side","Everything on one side",["move"],n,g,{v:t}),hi(e,p,v,t,r,i,s,o,a,g);const b=Vr(p),y=b.factors.filter(e=>Lr(e.base,t)&&!(tn(e.exp)&&e.exp.q.sign<0));if(y.length>=2||1===y.length&&b.factors.length>1){const l=Xr(Kr(b),ei);g.s!==n.s&&i("solve.one-side","Everything on one side",["move"],n,g,{v:t}),l.s!==g.s&&i("solve.factor","Factor",["factor"],g,l,{});const u=y.map(e=>Xr(Bn(e.base),ei));u.length>1&&i("solve.zero-product","A product is zero when a factor is",["split"],l,u.reduce((e,n)=>e?Me("|",[e,n]):n,null),{});for(const n of u)li(e,n,t,r,i,s,o,a+1);return}const w=Qr(p);if(Lr(w.den,t)){const l=Xr(Bn(w.num),ei);return i("solve.clear-denominator","Clear the denominator",["move"],n,l,{den:Bn(w.den)}),li(e,l,t,r,i,s,o,a+1)}const x=f.filter(e=>!fi(e,t));if(1===x.length&&/\b(sqrt|root|abs)\b/.test(Bn(x[0]).s))return ui(e,n,x[0],On(dn(Pn(p).filter(e=>e!==x[0]))),t,r,i,s,o,a);const k=function(e,n){const t=Bn(e),r=new Map;for(const{node:e}of Le(t,"pre"))if(Ae(e)&&Rn(e).has(n))if("^"!==e.op||Rn(e.args[0]).has(n))["sin","cos","tan","ln","sqrt","abs"].includes(e.op)&&e.args[0].s===n&&r.set(e.s,e);else{const t=jn(e.args[1]),{coef:i,rest:s}=hn(t);if(s&&i.isInteger&&Bn(s).s===n){const t=Bn(vn(jn(e.args[0]),jn(ke(n))));r.set(t.s,t)}}const i="u"===n?"w":"u";for(const e of r.values()){const r=di(t,e,n,i);if(!r||Rn(r).has(n))continue;const s=jn(r),o=Cr(s,i);if(o&&Math.max(...o.keys())>=1)return{kernel:jn(e),poly:s,symbol:i}}return null}(p,t);if(k){const n=k.symbol;i("solve.substitute","Substitute",["substitute"],g,Xr(Bn(k.poly),ei),{u:ke(n),kernel:Bn(k.kernel)});const l=[];li(e,Xr(Bn(k.poly),ei),n,r,i,l,o,a+1);for(const n of l)li(e,Xr(Bn(k.kernel),n),t,r,i,s,o,a+1);return}return mi(e,g,t,r,i,s,o)}function ui(e,n,t,r,i,s,o,a,l,u){let c=Xr(Bn(t),Bn(r));c.s!==n.s&&o("solve.move","Move the terms",["move"],n,c,{v:i});const{coef:p,rest:f}=hn(t),h=f?Vn(f):[],d=gn([Ye(p),...h.filter(e=>!Lr(e,i))]);if(!tn(d)||!d.q.isOne){const e=gn(h.filter(e=>Lr(e,i))),n=Xr(Bn(e),Bn(An(r,d))),t=tn(d)&&!d.q.isInteger&&(1n===d.q.n||-1n===d.q.n);o(t?"solve.multiply":"solve.divide",t?"Multiply both sides":"Divide both sides",["move"],c,n,{by:Bn(t?Ye(d.q.inv()):d),v:i}),c=n}if("sym"===c.args[0].type&&c.args[0].token===i)return void a.push(c.args[1]);const m=jn(c.args[1]);if(tn(m)&&m.q.isZero){const n=jn(c.args[0]),t=Vn(n).filter(e=>Lr(e,i)&&!ci(e));if(t.length>1||t.length<Vn(n).filter(e=>Lr(e,i)).length){const n=t.map(e=>Xr(Bn(pi(e)),ei));o("solve.zero-product","A product is zero when a factor is",["split"],c,n.reduce((e,n)=>e?Me("|",[e,n]):n,null),{});for(const t of n)li(e,t,i,s,o,a,l,u+1);return}}const g=Sr(c,e.set.view("isolate"),{format:e.format,maxSteps:1,variable:i});return g.steps.length?(function(e,n){for(const t of n)e.raw(t)}(o,g.steps),li(e,g.node,i,s,o,a,l,u+1)):mi(e,c,i,s,o,a,l)}const ci=e=>"mul"===e.k&&e.c.isOne&&1===e.fs.length&&tn(e.fs[0].e)&&e.fs[0].e.q.sign<0,pi=e=>"mul"===e.k&&e.c.isOne&&1===e.fs.length&&tn(e.fs[0].e)&&e.fs[0].e.q.sign>0?e.fs[0].b:e,fi=(e,n)=>{const t=Cr(e,n);return Boolean(t)&&[...t.values()].every(e=>!Lr(e,n))};function hi(e,n,t,r,i,s,o,a,l,u){const c=Math.max(...t.keys()),p=Zr(t);if(Je.complex&&c>=3&&c<=64&&p&&p.every((e,n)=>0===n||n===c||e.isZero)&&!p[0].isZero){const n=p[0].neg().div(p[c]),t=vn(Ye(n.abs()),Ye(new Pe(1n,BigInt(c)))),i=[];for(let r=0;r<c;r++){const s=gn([Ye(new Pe(BigInt((n.sign<0?1:0)+2*r),BigInt(c))),jn(ke("pi"))]),o=Me("*",[Bn(t),Me("+",[Me("cos",[Bn(s)]),Me("*",[ke("i"),Me("sin",[Bn(s)])])])]);i.push(Sr(o,e.set.view("simplify"),{format:e.format}).node)}return s("solve.roots","All n roots",["complex"],u,i.map(e=>Xr(ke(r),e)).reduce((e,n)=>e?Me("|",[e,n]):n),{v:r,n:String(c),last:String(c-1),r:Bn(Ye(n))}),void o.push(...i)}if(p){const{roots:t}=Pr(p);if(t.length){const t=Vr(n),c=Xr(Kr(t),ei);if(t.factors.length>1||t.factors.some(e=>!(tn(e.exp)&&e.exp.q.isOne))){s("solve.factor","Factor",["factor"],u,c,{});const n=t.factors.filter(e=>Lr(e.base,r)).map(e=>Xr(Bn(e.base),ei));n.length>1&&s("solve.zero-product","A product is zero when a factor is",["split"],c,n.reduce((e,n)=>e?Me("|",[e,n]):n,null),{});for(const t of n)li(e,t,r,i,s,o,a,l+1);return}}}if(2===c){const e=t.get(2),n=t.get(1)??Ye(Pe.ZERO),i=t.get(0)??Ye(Pe.ZERO),a=dn([vn(n,Ye(Pe.of(2))),gn([Ye(Pe.of(-4)),e,i])]);if(tn(a)&&a.q.sign<0&&!Je.complex)return void s("solve.no-real","No real solutions",["quadratic"],u,u,{D:Bn(a)});const l=gn([Ye(Pe.of(2)),e]),c=vn(a,Ye(Pe.HALF)),p=Bn(An(dn([On(n),c]),l)),f=Bn(An(dn([On(n),On(c)]),l)),h=p.s===f.s?Xr(ke(r),p):Me("|",[Xr(ke(r),p),Xr(ke(r),f)]);return s(Je.complex&&tn(a)&&a.q.sign<0?"solve.quadratic-complex":"solve.quadratic","The quadratic formula",["quadratic"],u,h,{a:Bn(e),b:Bn(n),c:Bn(i),D:Bn(a),root:Bn(c),v:r}),o.push(p),void(f.s!==p.s&&o.push(f))}return mi(e,u,r,i,s,o,a)}function di(e,n,t,r){if(e.s===n.s)return ke(r);if(!Ae(e))return e;if("^"===e.op&&"^"===n.op&&e.args[0].s===n.args[0].s){const n=jn(e.args[1]),{coef:i,rest:s}=hn(n);if(s&&Bn(s).s===t&&i.isInteger)return Me("^",[ke(r),Bn(Ye(i))])}return Me(e.op,e.args.map(e=>di(e,n,t,r)))}function mi(e,n,t,r,i,s,o){if(r.approximate){const e="number"==typeof r.approximate?r.approximate:15,o=jn(Me("-",[n.args[0],n.args[1]])),a=Je.complex?Zr(Cr(o,t)):null,l=a&&a.length>2?function(e,n){const t=e.length-1,r=e[t],i=e.map(e=>e/r),s=(e,n)=>{let r=1,s=0;for(let o=t-1;o>=0;o--)[r,s]=[r*e-s*n+i[o],r*n+s*e];return[r,s]};let o=Array.from({length:t},(e,n)=>[1.3*Math.cos(2*Math.PI*n/t+.4),1.3*Math.sin(2*Math.PI*n/t+.4)]);for(let e=0;e<500;e++){let e=0;if(o=o.map(([n,r],i)=>{let[a,l]=s(n,r);for(let e=0;e<t;e++){if(e===i)continue;const t=n-o[e][0],s=r-o[e][1],u=t*t+s*s;[a,l]=[(a*t+l*s)/u,(l*t-a*s)/u]}return e=Math.max(e,Math.hypot(a,l)),[n-a,r-l]}),e<1e-15)break}const a=e=>Math.abs(e)<1e-12?0:Number(e.toPrecision(n));return o.map(([e,n])=>[a(e),a(n)]).sort((e,n)=>(0!==e[1])-(0!==n[1])||e[0]-n[0]||e[1]-n[1]).map(([e,n])=>{const t=gi(e);if(0===n)return t;const r=Me("*",[gi(Math.abs(n)),ke("i")]);return 0===e?n<0?Me("neg",[r]):r:Me(n<0?"-":"+",[t,r])})}(a.map(e=>e.toNumber()),Math.min(e,14)):function(e,n,t){const r=jn(Me("-",[e.args[0],e.args[1]])),i=Bn(r),s=e=>{try{return ur(oi(i,n,vi(e)),{digits:30}).number}catch{return NaN}},o=[],a=[];for(let e=-400;e<=400;e++)a.push(Math.sign(e)*(Math.abs(e)/20)**2);for(let e=0;e+1<a.length;e++){let n=a[e],r=a[e+1],i=s(n);const l=s(r);if(Number.isNaN(i)||Number.isNaN(l))continue;if(0===i){o.push(vi(n));continue}if(i*l>0)continue;for(let e=0;e<200&&r-n>1e-16*Math.abs(n);e++){const e=(n+r)/2,t=s(e);if(Number.isNaN(t))break;i*t<=0?r=e:(n=e,i=t)}const u=(n+r)/2;Math.abs(s(u))<1e-6&&o.push(vi(Number(u.toPrecision(Math.min(t,15)))))}return o}(n,t,e);for(const e of l)s.numeric?.add(e);return i("solve.numeric","Numeric solutions",["numeric"],n,l.length?l.map(e=>Xr(ke(t),e)).reduce((e,n)=>e?Me("|",[e,n]):n):n,{v:t,count:String(l.length)}),void s.push(...l)}i("solve.unsolved","No exact method",["unsolved"],n,n,{v:t}),o.push(n)}const gi=e=>qe(String(e).includes("e")?e.toFixed(20):String(e)),vi=e=>qe(Number.isInteger(e)?String(e):e.toFixed(17));const bi=(e,n)=>Me("int",[e,"string"==typeof n?ke(n):n]);function yi(e,n,t,r=0){if(r>6)throw new ze("integration went too deep");const i=[],s=e.set.view("integrate"),o=Sr(n,e.set.view("simplify"),{format:e.format});i.push(...o.steps);let a=Cn(bi(o.node,t));for(let n=0;n<40;n++){const n=Sr(a,s,{format:e.format});i.push(...n.steps),a=n.node;const t=Le(a,"pre").find(({node:e})=>{return Ae(n=e)&&"int"===n.op&&2===n.args.length;var n});if(!t)return{node:a,steps:i};const o=wi(e,t.node,r);if(!o)throw new ze(`no rule for ∫ ${e.format(t.node.args[0])} d${t.node.args[1].token}`);i.push(...o.steps),a=Cn(Ze(a,t.path,o.node))}throw new ze("integration did not finish")}function wi(e,n,t){const[r,i]=n.args,s=i.token,o=jn(r),a=function(e,n){const{num:t,den:r}=Qr(e),i=Vr(t),s=Vr(r),o=i.coef.div(s.coef);if(o.isOne||!Lr(e,n))return null;const a=gn([...i.factors.map(e=>bn(e.base,e.exp)),...s.factors.map(e=>bn(e.base,On(e.exp)))]);return{c:o,rest:a}}(o,s);if(a){const t=Me("*",[Bn(Ye(a.c)),bi(Bn(a.rest),i)]);return{node:t,steps:[e.step("integrate.constant","Take the number out",["split"],n,t,{c:Bn(Ye(a.c))})]}}const l=Tr(o);if(Bn(l).s!==r.s&&"add"===l.k){const t=bi(Bn(l),i);return{node:t,steps:[e.step("integrate.expand","Multiply out",["expand"],n,t,{})]}}const u=function(e,n){const t=new Map;for(const{node:r}of Le(e,"pre")){if(!Ae(r))continue;const e="^"===r.op?r.args:"/"===r.op?[r.args[1]]:"der"===r.op||"int"===r.op?[]:1===r.args.length||"root"===r.op?[r.args[r.args.length-1]]:[];for(const r of e){if("sym"===r.type||!Rn(r).has(n))continue;const e=Cr(jn(r),n);if(!e||1!==Math.max(...e.keys()))continue;const i=e.get(1);Lr(i,n)||tn(i)&&i.q.isZero||t.set(r.s,{node:r,a:i})}}for(const r of t.values()){if(!Rn(xi(e,r.node,ke("§"))).has(n))return r}return null}(r,s);if(u){const i="u"===s?"t":"u",o=xi(r,u.node,ke(i));if(!Rn(o).has(s)){const r=yi(e,Cn(o),i,t+1),a=Cn(oi(r.node,i,u.node)),l=Bn(An(jn(a),u.a));return{node:l,steps:[e.step("integrate.substitute","Substitute",["substitute"],n,Cn(bi(o,i)),{u:ke(i),inside:u.node,a:Bn(u.a),v:s}),...r.steps,e.step("integrate.back","Substitute back",["substitute"],r.node,l,{u:ke(i),inside:u.node})]}}}const c=function(e,n,t,r){const{num:i,den:s}=Qr(t);if(!Lr(s,r))return null;const o=Zr(Cr(i,r)),a=Zr(Cr(s,r));if(!o||!a||a.length<2)return null;const l=jn(ke(r)),u=e=>zr(e,r);if(o.length>=a.length){const{q:t,r:i}=function(e,n){const t=Br(n);let r=Br(e);const i=t[t.length-1];if(i.isZero)throw new ze("division by the zero polynomial");const s=new Array(Math.max(1,r.length-t.length+1)).fill(Pe.ZERO);for(;r.length>=t.length&&(1!==r.length||!r[0].isZero);){const e=r.length-t.length,n=r[r.length-1].div(i);if(s[e]=n,r=Br(r.map((r,i)=>i>=e&&i-e<t.length?r.sub(n.mul(t[i-e])):r)),r.length-1<e+t.length-1&&r[r.length-1].isZero)break;if(r.length<t.length)break}return{q:Br(s),r:r}}(o,a),s=bi(Bn(dn([u(t),An(u(i),u(a))])),ke(r));return{node:s,steps:[e.step("integrate.divide","Divide the polynomials",["divide"],n,s,{})]}}const{roots:c,rest:p}=Pr(a),f=new Set(c.map(String)).size===c.length;if(!c.length||!f||1!==p.length)return null;const h=(e=>e.length<=1?[Pe.ZERO]:e.slice(1).map((e,n)=>e.mul(Pe.of(n+1))))(a),d=c.map(e=>An(Ye(Dr(o,e).div(Dr(h,e))),dn([l,Ye(e.neg())]))),m=bi(Bn(dn(d)),ke(r));return{node:m,steps:[e.step("integrate.partial-fractions","Partial fractions",["partial-fractions"],n,m,{})]}}(e,n,o,s);return c||function(e,n,t,r,i){if(i>=6)return null;const s=Vn(t),o=s.filter(e=>ki(e,r)||!Lr(e,r)),a=s.filter(e=>!o.includes(e));if(1!==a.length)return null;const l=gn(o),u=a[0];if(!Lr(l,r))return null;const c=Bn(u),p=Ae(c)?c.op:"";let f,h,d;"ln"===p||"arctan"===p||"arcsin"===p?(f=u,h=l):(f=l,h=u);try{d=yi(e,Bn(h),r,i+1)}catch{return null}const m=jn(e.differentiate(Bn(f),r)),g=gn([f,jn(d.node)]),v=bi(Bn(gn([m,jn(d.node)])),ke(r)),b=Cn(Me("-",[Bn(g),v]));return{node:b,steps:[e.step("integrate.parts","Integration by parts",["parts"],n,b,{u:Bn(f),dv:Bn(h),V:d.node,du:Bn(m),v:r})]}}(e,n,o,s,t)}function xi(e,n,t){return e.s===n.s?t:Ae(e)?Me(e.op,e.args.map(e=>xi(e,n,t))):e}const ki=(e,n)=>{const t=Cr(e,n);return Boolean(t)&&[...t.values()].every(e=>!Lr(e,n))&&Math.max(...t.keys())>=1};function qi(e,n,t,r,i,s){for(const e of[r,i])if(Rn(e).has("∞")||/∞|infinity/.test(e.s))throw new ze("integrals to infinity need limits, which this CAS does not do yet");if(s&&!Rn(r).size&&!Rn(i).size){const o=ur(r,{digits:20}).number,a=ur(i,{digits:20}).number,l=[...Rn(s)].filter(e=>e!==t);if(!l.length){const[r,i]=o<=a?[o,a]:[a,o];for(const o of function(e,n){const t=[],r={tan:"cos",sec:"cos",csc:"sin",cot:"sin"};return Le(e,"pre").forEach(({node:e})=>{if(!Ae(e))return;let i=null;"/"===e.op?i=e.args[1]:"^"===e.op&&"num"===e.args[1].type&&e.args[1].value<0||"^"===e.op&&Ae(e.args[1])&&"neg"===e.args[1].op?i=e.args[0]:r[e.op]&&(i=Me(r[e.op],[e.args[0]])),i&&Rn(i).has(n)&&!t.some(e=>e.s===i.s)&&t.push(i)}),t}(s,t)){let s=[];try{s=e.solve(Me("=",[o,qe("0")]),t,{steps:!1}).solutions}catch{continue}for(const o of s){const s=ur(o,{digits:20});if(!Number.isFinite(s.number)||s.im||s.number<r||s.number>i)continue;if(s.number>r&&s.number<i)throw new ze(`the integrand has no value at ${t} = ${e.format(o)}, between the limits, so F(b) - F(a) would be wrong`);let a=NaN;try{a=ur(Cn(oi(n,t,o)),{digits:15}).number}catch{}if(!Number.isFinite(a))throw new ze(`the integral diverges at ${t} = ${e.format(o)}: F has no value at that limit`)}}}for(let e=0;!l.length&&e<=64;e++){const n=o+(a-o)*(e+.5)/65;try{const e=ur(oi(s,t,qe(n.toFixed(15))),{digits:15}).number;if(!Number.isFinite(e))throw new ze("not finite")}catch(e){throw new ze(`the integrand has no value at ${t} = ${n.toPrecision(6)}, between the limits, so F(b) - F(a) would be wrong`)}}}const o=e=>Cn(oi(n,t,e)),a=Cn(Me("-",[o(i),o(r)])),l=Me("-",[o(i),o(r)]);return{value:a,step:e.step("integrate.evaluate","Between the limits",["evaluate"],n,l,{a:r,b:i,F:n,v:t})}}const $i={"=":1,"≠":1,"<":1,">":1,"≤":1,"≥":1,"+":2,"-":2,"±":2,"*":3,"/":3,neg:4,pm:4,"^":5},Si={pi:"π","≤":"≤","≥":"≥"};function Mi(e){return Ei(e).text}function Oi(e,n,t=!1){return e.prec<n||t&&e.prec===n?`(${e.text})`:e.text}const Ai=e=>"op"===e.type?e.op:null,Ni=e=>e.text.startsWith("-"),Ii={"()":["(",")"],"[]":["[","]"],"{}":["{","}"],"(]":["(","]"],"[)":["[",")"]};function Ei(e){if("num"===e.type)return{text:e.token,prec:e.token.startsWith("-")?4:9};if("sym"===e.type)return{text:Si[e.token]??e.token,prec:9};const n=e.args.map(Ei),t=$i[e.op];switch(e.op){case"+":case"-":case"±":{const r="+"===e.op&&["+","-"].includes(Ai(e.args[1])),i=Ni(n[1])?`(${n[1].text})`:r?n[1].text:Oi(n[1],t,!0);return{text:`${Oi(n[0],t)} ${"±"===e.op?"±":e.op} ${i}`,prec:t}}case"*":{const r=Oi(n[0],t),i=Ni(n[1])?`(${n[1].text})`:"*"===Ai(e.args[1])?n[1].text:Oi(n[1],t,!0);return{text:"num"===e.args[0].type&&"num"!==e.args[1].type&&!/^[\d(-]/.test(i)||"sym"===e.args[1].type&&"i"===e.args[1].token&&!/[\dA-Za-z]$/.test(r)?`${r}${i}`:`${r}·${i}`,prec:t}}case"/":return{text:`${Oi(n[0],t)}/${Oi(n[1],t,!0)}`,prec:t};case"^":return{text:`${Oi(n[0],t+1)}^${Oi(n[1],t)}`,prec:t};case"neg":return{text:`-${Oi(n[0],3)}`,prec:4};case"pm":return{text:`±${Oi(n[0],4)}`,prec:4};case"!":return{text:`${Oi(n[0],9)}!`,prec:6};case"abs":return{text:`|${n[0].text}|`,prec:9};case"root":return{text:`root(${n[0].text}, ${n[1].text})`,prec:9};case"der":return{text:`d/d${n[1].text} (${n[0].text})`,prec:6};case"int":return{text:4===n.length?`∫ from ${n[2].text} to ${n[3].text} of ${n[0].text} d${n[1].text}`:`∫ ${n[0].text} d${n[1].text}`,prec:1};case"|":return{text:`${n[0].text} or ${n[1].text}`,prec:0};case"_":return{text:`${Oi(n[0],9)}_${n[1].prec>=9&&!/\s/.test(n[1].text)?n[1].text:`(${n[1].text})`}`,prec:9};case"()":case"[]":case"{}":case"(]":case"[)":return{text:`${Ii[e.op][0]}${n.map(e=>e.text).join(", ")}${Ii[e.op][1]}`,prec:9};case"&":return{text:`${n[0].text} and ${n[1].text}`,prec:0};default:return void 0!==t?{text:`${Oi(n[0],t)} ${e.op} ${Oi(n[1],t,!0)}`,prec:t}:{text:`${e.op.replace(/^\\:?/,"")}(${n.map(e=>e.text).join(", ")})`,prec:9}}}const Ti=['name: Differentiation\n\n# `u v der` means d(u)/dv (MathZetta\'s postfix: mathzetta/docs/postfix.md). Every rule here rewrites one derivative into smaller\n# derivatives, so differentiating always terminates: the expressions sitting\n# under a `D` get strictly smaller at every step.\n#\n# The variable is a slot, not a fixed letter, so these rules work for d/dx,\n# d/dt or anything else. That is what freeOf and dependsOn are for: they ask\n# whether one operand mentions whatever the variable slot bound to.\n#\n# Where two rules share a structure key, requirements keep them apart and\n# priority picks the one that reads better. The constant-multiple rule outranks\n# the product rule for exactly that reason.\n\nrules:\n  # ---- the two base cases ----------------------------------------------\n  - id: d-constant\n    name: Derivative of a constant\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: c v der\n    require:\n      - [freeOf, c, v]\n    output: "0"\n    priority: 10\n    explain: "{c} does not change when {v} changes, so its rate of change is 0."\n    tags: [base]\n\n  - id: d-variable\n    name: Derivative of the variable\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u v der\n    require:\n      - [sameAs, u, v]\n    output: "1"\n    priority: 10\n    explain: "{v} changes exactly as fast as itself, so the rate is 1."\n    tags: [base]\n\n  # ---- splitting a derivative into smaller ones ------------------------\n  - id: d-sum\n    name: Sum rule\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u w + v der\n    output: u v der w v der +\n    explain: "Differentiate {u} and {w} separately, then add the two results."\n    tags: [split]\n\n  - id: d-difference\n    name: Difference rule\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u w - v der\n    output: u v der w v der -\n    explain: "Differentiate {u} and {w} separately, then subtract the second from the first."\n    tags: [split]\n\n  - id: d-negate\n    name: Derivative of a negative\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u neg v der\n    output: u v der neg\n    explain: "The minus sign just carries through to the derivative of {u}."\n    tags: [split]\n\n  - id: d-constant-multiple\n    name: Constant multiple rule\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: c u * v der\n    commutative: true\n    require:\n      - [freeOf, c, v]\n      - [dependsOn, u, v]\n    output: c u v der *\n    priority: 5\n    explain: "{c} is only a scale factor, so it comes along unchanged while {u} is differentiated."\n    tags: [split]\n\n  - id: d-constant-divisor\n    name: Dividing by a constant\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u c / v der\n    require:\n      - [freeOf, c, v]\n    output: u v der c /\n    priority: 5\n    explain: "Dividing by {c} is only a scale factor, so differentiate {u} and keep the division."\n    tags: [split]\n\n  - id: d-product\n    name: Product rule\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u w * v der\n    require:\n      - [dependsOn, u, v]\n      - [dependsOn, w, v]\n    output: u v der w * u w v der * +\n    explain: "Differentiate {u} and keep {w}, then keep {u} and differentiate {w}, and add the two."\n    tags: [split]\n\n  - id: d-quotient\n    name: Quotient rule\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u w / v der\n    output: u v der w * u w v der * - w 2 ^ /\n    explain: "Bottom times the derivative of the top, minus top times the derivative of the bottom, all over {w} squared."\n    tags: [split]\n\n  # ---- powers -----------------------------------------------------------\n  - id: d-power-of-variable\n    name: Power rule\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u n ^ v der\n    require:\n      - [sameAs, u, v]\n      - [freeOf, n, v]\n    output: n u n 1 - ^ *\n    fold: true\n    priority: 6\n    explain: "Bring the {n} down in front and drop the power by one."\n    tags: [power]\n\n  - id: d-power-chain\n    name: Power rule with the chain rule\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u n ^ v der\n    require:\n      - [freeOf, n, v]\n      - [dependsOn, u, v]\n    output: n u n 1 - ^ * u v der *\n    fold: true\n    explain: "Bring the {n} down and drop the power by one, then multiply by the derivative of {u}."\n    tags: [power, chain]\n\n  - id: d-exponential-base\n    name: Derivative of a constant to a power\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: a u ^ v der\n    require:\n      - [freeOf, a, v]\n      - [dependsOn, u, v]\n    output: a u ^ a ln * u v der *\n    explain: "A constant base gives itself back, multiplied by the natural log of {a} and the derivative of {u}."\n    tags: [power, chain]\n\n  # ---- the standard functions, each with its chain-rule factor ---------\n  # e^u is `=e u ^`: the base is the literal symbol e. Outranks the general\n  # a^u rule (which would give e^u · ln e · u\').\n  - id: d-exp\n    name: Derivative of e to a power\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: =e u ^ v der\n    require:\n      - [dependsOn, u, v]\n    output: =e u ^ u v der *\n    priority: 7\n    explain: "e to a power is its own derivative, times the derivative of {u}."\n    tags: [chain]\n\n  - id: d-ln\n    name: Derivative of a natural log\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u ln v der\n    output: u v der u /\n    explain: "The derivative of {u} over {u} itself."\n    tags: [chain]\n\n  - id: d-sqrt\n    name: Derivative of a square root\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u sqrt v der\n    output: u v der 2 u sqrt * /\n    explain: "The derivative of {u}, over twice the square root of {u}."\n    tags: [chain]\n\n  - id: d-sin\n    name: Derivative of sine\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u sin v der\n    output: u cos u v der *\n    explain: "Sine differentiates to cosine, times the derivative of {u}."\n    tags: [chain, trig]\n\n  - id: d-cos\n    name: Derivative of cosine\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u cos v der\n    output: u sin u v der * neg\n    explain: "Cosine differentiates to minus sine, times the derivative of {u}."\n    tags: [chain, trig]\n\n  - id: d-tan\n    name: Derivative of tangent\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u tan v der\n    output: u v der u cos 2 ^ /\n    explain: "The derivative of {u}, over cosine squared of {u}."\n    tags: [chain, trig]\n\n  # ---- the rest of the standard functions -----------------------------\n  - id: d-csc\n    name: Derivative of cosecant\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u csc v der\n    output: u csc u cot * u v der * neg\n    explain: "Cosecant differentiates to minus cosecant times cotangent, times the derivative of {u}."\n    tags: [chain, trig]\n\n  - id: d-sec\n    name: Derivative of secant\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u sec v der\n    output: u sec u tan * u v der *\n    explain: "Secant differentiates to secant times tangent, times the derivative of {u}."\n    tags: [chain, trig]\n\n  - id: d-cot\n    name: Derivative of cotangent\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u cot v der\n    output: u v der u sin 2 ^ / neg\n    explain: "Minus the derivative of {u}, over sine squared of {u}."\n    tags: [chain, trig]\n\n  - id: d-arcsin\n    name: Derivative of arcsine\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u arcsin v der\n    output: u v der 1 u 2 ^ - sqrt /\n    explain: "The derivative of {u}, over the square root of 1 minus {u} squared."\n    tags: [chain, trig]\n\n  - id: d-arccos\n    name: Derivative of arccosine\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u arccos v der\n    output: u v der 1 u 2 ^ - sqrt / neg\n    explain: "Minus the derivative of {u}, over the square root of 1 minus {u} squared."\n    tags: [chain, trig]\n\n  - id: d-arctan\n    name: Derivative of arctangent\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u arctan v der\n    output: u v der 1 u 2 ^ + /\n    explain: "The derivative of {u}, over 1 plus {u} squared."\n    tags: [chain, trig]\n\n  - id: d-sinh\n    name: Derivative of hyperbolic sine\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u sinh v der\n    output: u cosh u v der *\n    explain: "Hyperbolic sine differentiates to hyperbolic cosine, times the derivative of {u}."\n    tags: [chain, hyperbolic]\n\n  - id: d-cosh\n    name: Derivative of hyperbolic cosine\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u cosh v der\n    output: u sinh u v der *\n    explain: "Hyperbolic cosine differentiates to hyperbolic sine — no minus sign, unlike cosine — times the derivative of {u}."\n    tags: [chain, hyperbolic]\n\n  - id: d-tanh\n    name: Derivative of hyperbolic tangent\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u tanh v der\n    output: u v der u cosh 2 ^ /\n    explain: "The derivative of {u}, over hyperbolic cosine squared of {u}."\n    tags: [chain, hyperbolic]\n\n  - id: d-arcsinh\n    name: Derivative of inverse hyperbolic sine\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u arcsinh v der\n    output: u v der u 2 ^ 1 + sqrt /\n    explain: "The derivative of {u}, over the square root of {u} squared plus 1."\n    tags: [chain, hyperbolic]\n\n  - id: d-arccosh\n    name: Derivative of inverse hyperbolic cosine\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u arccosh v der\n    output: u v der u 2 ^ 1 - sqrt /\n    explain: "The derivative of {u}, over the square root of {u} squared minus 1."\n    tags: [chain, hyperbolic]\n\n  - id: d-arctanh\n    name: Derivative of inverse hyperbolic tangent\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u arctanh v der\n    output: u v der 1 u 2 ^ - /\n    explain: "The derivative of {u}, over 1 minus {u} squared."\n    tags: [chain, hyperbolic]\n\n  # log base a: `a u log` in MathZetta\'s postfix\n  - id: d-log\n    name: Derivative of a logarithm\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: a u log v der\n    require:\n      - [freeOf, a, v]\n    output: u v der u a ln * /\n    explain: "The derivative of {u}, over {u} times the natural log of {a}."\n    tags: [chain]\n\n  - id: d-abs\n    name: Derivative of an absolute value\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u abs v der\n    output: u u abs / u v der *\n    explain: "The absolute value keeps the sign of {u}: {u} over its absolute value, times the derivative of {u}."\n    tags: [chain]\n\n  # n-th root: `n u root`\n  - id: d-root\n    name: Derivative of a root\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: n u root v der\n    require:\n      - [freeOf, n, v]\n    output: u v der n n u root n 1 - ^ * /\n    fold: true\n    explain: "The derivative of {u}, over {n} times the {n}th root of {u} to the power {n} minus 1."\n    tags: [chain]\n','name: More derivatives\n\n# Derivative rules the CAS adds to rules/calculus.yaml (which calcvidnew also uses).\n\nrules:\n  - id: d-general-power\n    name: A power with the variable in both places\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u w ^ v der\n    require:\n      - [dependsOn, u, v]\n      - [dependsOn, w, v]\n    output: u w ^ w v der u ln * w u v der * u / + *\n    explain: "Write {u}^{w} as e^({w} ln {u}) and use the chain rule: the derivative is {u}^{w} times the derivative of {w} ln {u}."\n    tags: [chain]\n','name: Integrals\n\n# mode: integrate. `f v 2 int` is ∫ f dv (MathZetta\'s postfix; the 2 counts f and v).\n# Each rule turns one integral into smaller ones, or into an answer. The CAS also\n# tries, when no rule fits: multiplying out, a linear substitution (∫ f(ax + b) dx\n# from the rule for ∫ f(u) du), and integration by parts for polynomial × e^, sin,\n# cos, ln, arctan. Definite integrals are the antiderivative between the limits.\n#\n# Patterns see the normal form: 1/x is "1 x /", x^-2 is "1 x 2 ^ /", √x is "x sqrt",\n# 1/√(1 - x²) is "1 x 2 ^ neg 1 + sqrt /".\n\nrules:\n  # ---- splitting -----------------------------------------------------------\n  - id: i-sum\n    name: Sum rule\n    mode: integrate\n    pattern: u w + v 2 int\n    output: u v 2 int w v 2 int +\n    explain: "Integrate {u} and {w} separately, and add."\n    tags: [split]\n\n  - id: i-difference\n    name: Difference rule\n    mode: integrate\n    pattern: u w - v 2 int\n    output: u v 2 int w v 2 int -\n    explain: "Integrate {u} and {w} separately, and subtract."\n    tags: [split]\n\n  - id: i-negate\n    name: A minus sign\n    mode: integrate\n    pattern: u neg v 2 int\n    output: u v 2 int neg\n    explain: "The minus sign comes out of the integral."\n    tags: [split]\n\n  - id: i-constant-multiple\n    name: Constant multiple\n    mode: integrate\n    pattern: c u * v 2 int\n    commutative: true\n    require:\n      - [freeOf, c, v]\n      - [dependsOn, u, v]\n    output: c u v 2 int *\n    priority: 5\n    explain: "{c} doesn\'t change with {v}, so it comes out of the integral."\n    tags: [split]\n\n  - id: i-constant-divisor\n    name: Dividing by a constant\n    mode: integrate\n    pattern: u c / v 2 int\n    require:\n      - [freeOf, c, v]\n      - [dependsOn, u, v]\n    output: u v 2 int c /\n    priority: 5\n    explain: "Dividing by {c} comes out of the integral."\n    tags: [split]\n\n  - id: i-constant-over\n    name: A constant over something\n    mode: integrate\n    pattern: c u / v 2 int\n    require:\n      - [freeOf, c, v]\n      - [dependsOn, u, v]\n    when:\n      c: [notOne]\n    output: c 1 u / v 2 int *\n    priority: 4\n    explain: "{c} comes out of the integral, leaving ∫ 1/{u}."\n    tags: [split]\n\n  # ---- the table -----------------------------------------------------------\n  - id: i-constant\n    name: Integral of a constant\n    mode: integrate\n    pattern: c v 2 int\n    require:\n      - [freeOf, c, v]\n    output: c v *\n    priority: 10\n    explain: "A constant {c} integrates to {c}·{v}."\n    tags: [base]\n\n  - id: i-variable\n    name: Integral of the variable\n    mode: integrate\n    pattern: u v 2 int\n    require:\n      - [sameAs, u, v]\n    output: v 2 ^ 2 /\n    priority: 10\n    explain: "∫ {v} d{v} = {v}²/2."\n    tags: [base]\n\n  - id: i-power\n    name: Power rule\n    mode: integrate\n    pattern: u n ^ v 2 int\n    require:\n      - [sameAs, u, v]\n      - [freeOf, n, v]\n    when:\n      n: [notMinusOne]\n    output: v n 1 + ^ n 1 + /\n    explain: "Add 1 to the power and divide by the new power: {result}."\n    tags: [power]\n\n  - id: i-reciprocal\n    name: Integral of 1/x\n    mode: integrate\n    pattern: 1 u / v 2 int\n    require:\n      - [sameAs, u, v]\n    output: v abs ln\n    explain: "∫ 1/{v} d{v} = ln|{v}| (the power rule can\'t divide by 0 here)."\n    tags: [log]\n\n  - id: i-reciprocal-power\n    name: Power rule (a power below)\n    mode: integrate\n    pattern: 1 u n ^ / v 2 int\n    require:\n      - [sameAs, u, v]\n      - [freeOf, n, v]\n    when:\n      n: [notOne]\n    output: v 1 n - ^ 1 n - /\n    explain: "1/{v}^{n} is {v}^(-{n}): add 1 to the power and divide by it."\n    tags: [power]\n\n  - id: i-sqrt\n    name: Integral of a square root\n    mode: integrate\n    pattern: u sqrt v 2 int\n    require:\n      - [sameAs, u, v]\n    output: 2 v 3 2 / ^ * 3 /\n    explain: "√{v} is {v}^(1/2): add 1 to the power and divide by 3/2."\n    tags: [power]\n\n  - id: i-reciprocal-sqrt\n    name: Integral of 1/√x\n    mode: integrate\n    pattern: 1 u sqrt / v 2 int\n    require:\n      - [sameAs, u, v]\n    output: 2 v sqrt *\n    explain: "1/√{v} is {v}^(-1/2): add 1 to the power and divide by 1/2."\n    tags: [power]\n\n  - id: i-root\n    name: Integral of a root\n    mode: integrate\n    pattern: n u root v 2 int\n    require:\n      - [sameAs, u, v]\n      - [freeOf, n, v]\n    output: v 1 n / 1 + ^ 1 n / 1 + /\n    explain: "The {n}th root of {v} is {v}^(1/{n}): add 1 to the power and divide by it."\n    tags: [power]\n\n  - id: i-exp\n    name: Integral of e^x\n    mode: integrate\n    pattern: =e u ^ v 2 int\n    require:\n      - [sameAs, u, v]\n    output: =e v ^\n    explain: "e^{v} is its own integral."\n    tags: [exp]\n\n  - id: i-exponential\n    name: Integral of a^x\n    mode: integrate\n    pattern: a u ^ v 2 int\n    require:\n      - [sameAs, u, v]\n      - [freeOf, a, v]\n    output: a v ^ a ln /\n    explain: "∫ {a}^{v} d{v} = {a}^{v} / ln {a}."\n    tags: [exp]\n\n  - id: i-ln\n    name: Integral of ln x\n    mode: integrate\n    pattern: u ln v 2 int\n    require:\n      - [sameAs, u, v]\n    output: v v ln * v -\n    explain: "By parts: ∫ ln {v} d{v} = {v} ln {v} - {v}."\n    tags: [log]\n\n  - { id: i-sin, name: Integral of sin, mode: integrate, pattern: u sin v 2 int, require: [[sameAs, u, v]], output: v cos neg, tags: [trig], explain: "The derivative of -cos {v} is sin {v}." }\n  - { id: i-cos, name: Integral of cos, mode: integrate, pattern: u cos v 2 int, require: [[sameAs, u, v]], output: v sin, tags: [trig], explain: "The derivative of sin {v} is cos {v}." }\n  - { id: i-tan, name: Integral of tan, mode: integrate, pattern: u tan v 2 int, require: [[sameAs, u, v]], output: v cos abs ln neg, tags: [trig], explain: "tan = sin/cos, and -ln|cos {v}| differentiates to it." }\n  - { id: i-sec-squared, name: Integral of sec², mode: integrate, pattern: 1 u cos 2 ^ / v 2 int, require: [[sameAs, u, v]], output: v tan, tags: [trig], explain: "The derivative of tan {v} is 1/cos²{v}." }\n  - { id: i-sec-squared-written, name: Integral of sec², mode: integrate, pattern: u sec 2 ^ v 2 int, require: [[sameAs, u, v]], output: v tan, tags: [trig], explain: "The derivative of tan {v} is sec²{v}." }\n  - { id: i-csc-squared, name: Integral of csc², mode: integrate, pattern: 1 u sin 2 ^ / v 2 int, require: [[sameAs, u, v]], output: v cot neg, tags: [trig], explain: "The derivative of -cot {v} is 1/sin²{v}." }\n  - { id: i-sin-squared, name: Integral of sin², mode: integrate, pattern: u sin 2 ^ v 2 int, require: [[sameAs, u, v]], output: v 2 / 2 v * sin 4 / -, tags: [trig], explain: "sin²{v} = (1 - cos 2{v})/2, which integrates term by term." }\n  - { id: i-cos-squared, name: Integral of cos², mode: integrate, pattern: u cos 2 ^ v 2 int, require: [[sameAs, u, v]], output: v 2 / 2 v * sin 4 / +, tags: [trig], explain: "cos²{v} = (1 + cos 2{v})/2, which integrates term by term." }\n  - { id: i-sinh, name: Integral of sinh, mode: integrate, pattern: u sinh v 2 int, require: [[sameAs, u, v]], output: v cosh, tags: [trig], explain: "The derivative of cosh {v} is sinh {v}." }\n  - { id: i-cosh, name: Integral of cosh, mode: integrate, pattern: u cosh v 2 int, require: [[sameAs, u, v]], output: v sinh, tags: [trig], explain: "The derivative of sinh {v} is cosh {v}." }\n  - { id: i-arctan, name: Integral of 1/(1 + x²), mode: integrate, pattern: 1 u 2 ^ 1 + / v 2 int, require: [[sameAs, u, v]], output: v arctan, tags: [trig], explain: "The derivative of arctan {v} is 1/(1 + {v}²)." }\n  - { id: i-arcsin, name: Integral of 1/√(1 - x²), mode: integrate, pattern: 1 u 2 ^ neg 1 + sqrt / v 2 int, require: [[sameAs, u, v]], output: v arcsin, tags: [trig], explain: "The derivative of arcsin {v} is 1/√(1 - {v}²)." }\n','name: Values and identities\n\n# The CAS\'s simplify rules (mode: simplify). They see expressions in normal form\n# (src/cas/form.js), as drawn: x/2, 2x - 3, -x, √x is "x sqrt",\n# ∛x is "3 x root", π/6 is "=pi 6 /", 2π/3 is "2 =pi * 3 /", e^x is "=e x ^".\n#\n#   - a word is a slot (u, v, n …); a fixed symbol is written =pi, =e\n#   - a number is itself; "1 2 /" is ½\n#   - arithmetic (2 + 3, x + x, √8 = 2√2) is done for you before and after every rule\n#   - a rule for a sum or product of two parts also fires on any two parts of a longer one\n#   - tags pick what a step list shows (steps: \'brief\' hides value, identity, tidy …)\n#\n# To change one: copy it into a file of your own with the same id and edit it;\n# to turn one off: give its id with enabled: false. createCAS({ rules: [yours] }).\n\nrules:\n  # ---- logs and exponentials -------------------------------------------\n  - id: ln-one\n    name: Log of 1\n    pattern: 1 ln\n    output: "0"\n    explain: "e^0 = 1, so ln 1 = 0."\n    tags: [value]\n\n  - id: ln-e\n    name: Log of e\n    pattern: =e ln\n    output: "1"\n    explain: "e^1 = e, so ln e = 1."\n    tags: [value]\n\n  - id: ln-exp\n    name: Log undoes e to a power\n    pattern: =e u ^ ln\n    output: u\n    explain: "ln and e^ undo each other: ln(e^{u}) = {u}."\n    tags: [inverse]\n\n  - id: exp-ln\n    name: e to a power undoes the log\n    pattern: =e u ln ^\n    output: u\n    explain: "e^ and ln undo each other: e^(ln {u}) = {u} (for {u} > 0)."\n    tags: [inverse]\n\n  - id: exp-multiple-ln\n    name: A multiple of a log in a power\n    pattern: =e n u ln * ^\n    when:\n      n: [isRational]\n    output: u n ^\n    explain: "e^({n} ln {u}) = (e^(ln {u}))^{n} = {result}."\n    tags: [inverse]\n\n  - id: log-same-base\n    name: Log of its own base\n    pattern: b b log\n    output: "1"\n    explain: "{b}^1 = {b}, so the log of {b} to base {b} is 1."\n    tags: [value]\n\n  - id: log-of-power\n    name: Log undoes a power of its base\n    pattern: b b u ^ log\n    output: u\n    explain: "log base {b} and {b}^ undo each other."\n    tags: [inverse]\n\n  - id: power-of-log\n    name: A power undoes the log to its base\n    pattern: b b u log ^\n    output: u\n    explain: "{b}^(log base {b} of {u}) = {u}."\n    tags: [inverse]\n\n  # ---- roots and absolute value --------------------------------------------\n  - id: sqrt-of-square\n    name: Square root of a square\n    pattern: u 2 ^ sqrt\n    output: u abs\n    explain: "√({u}²) is the size of {u}, whatever its sign: |{u}|."\n    tags: [identity]\n\n  - id: abs-squared\n    name: Absolute value squared\n    pattern: u abs 2 ^\n    output: u 2 ^\n    explain: "Squaring removes the sign anyway: |{u}|² = {u}²."\n    tags: [identity]\n\n  - id: abs-of-abs\n    name: Absolute value twice\n    pattern: u abs abs\n    output: u abs\n    explain: "|{u}| is never negative, so its absolute value is itself."\n    tags: [identity]\n\n  - id: abs-positive\n    name: Absolute value of a positive number\n    pattern: u abs\n    when:\n      u: [isPositiveConstant]\n    output: u\n    explain: "{u} is positive, so |{u}| = {u}."\n    tags: [value]\n\n  - id: abs-negative\n    name: Absolute value of a negative number\n    pattern: u abs\n    when:\n      u: [isNegativeConstant]\n    output: u neg\n    explain: "{u} is negative, so |{u}| = -({u})."\n    tags: [value]\n\n  - id: abs-of-exp\n    name: e to a power is positive\n    pattern: =e u ^ abs\n    output: =e u ^\n    explain: "e to any power is positive, so the absolute value changes nothing."\n    tags: [identity]\n\n  # ---- trigonometry: signs and turns ---------------------------------------\n  - id: sin-odd\n    name: Sine of a negative angle\n    pattern: u sin\n    when:\n      u: [hasMinusSign]\n    output: u neg sin neg\n    explain: "sin(-θ) = -sin θ."\n    tags: [symmetry]\n\n  - id: cos-even\n    name: Cosine of a negative angle\n    pattern: u cos\n    when:\n      u: [hasMinusSign]\n    output: u neg cos\n    explain: "cos(-θ) = cos θ."\n    tags: [symmetry]\n\n  - id: tan-odd\n    name: Tangent of a negative angle\n    pattern: u tan\n    when:\n      u: [hasMinusSign]\n    output: u neg tan neg\n    explain: "tan(-θ) = -tan θ."\n    tags: [symmetry]\n\n  - id: sin-full-turn\n    name: A full turn\n    pattern: u sin\n    when:\n      u: [[piMultipleAtLeast, 2]]\n    output: u 2 =pi * - sin\n    explain: "Turning a full 2π brings you back: sin({u}) = sin({u} - 2π)."\n    tags: [symmetry]\n\n  - id: cos-full-turn\n    name: A full turn\n    pattern: u cos\n    when:\n      u: [[piMultipleAtLeast, 2]]\n    output: u 2 =pi * - cos\n    explain: "Turning a full 2π brings you back: cos({u}) = cos({u} - 2π)."\n    tags: [symmetry]\n\n  - id: tan-half-turn\n    name: Tangent repeats every π\n    pattern: u tan\n    when:\n      u: [[piMultipleAtLeast, 1]]\n    output: u =pi - tan\n    explain: "tan repeats every π: tan({u}) = tan({u} - π)."\n    tags: [symmetry]\n\n  - id: sin-half-turn\n    name: A half turn\n    pattern: u sin\n    when:\n      u: [[piMultipleAbove, 1], [piMultipleBelow, 2]]\n    output: u =pi - sin neg\n    explain: "Half a turn flips the sign: sin({u}) = -sin({u} - π)."\n    tags: [symmetry]\n\n  - id: cos-half-turn\n    name: A half turn\n    pattern: u cos\n    when:\n      u: [[piMultipleAbove, 1], [piMultipleBelow, 2]]\n    output: u =pi - cos neg\n    explain: "Half a turn flips the sign: cos({u}) = -cos({u} - π)."\n    tags: [symmetry]\n\n  - id: sin-second-quarter\n    name: The second quarter turn\n    pattern: u sin\n    when:\n      u: [[piMultipleAbove, 1/2], [piMultipleAtMost, 1]]\n    output: =pi u - sin\n    explain: "sin({u}) = sin(π - {u})."\n    tags: [symmetry]\n\n  - id: cos-second-quarter\n    name: The second quarter turn\n    pattern: u cos\n    when:\n      u: [[piMultipleAbove, 1/2], [piMultipleAtMost, 1]]\n    output: =pi u - cos neg\n    explain: "cos({u}) = -cos(π - {u})."\n    tags: [symmetry]\n\n  - id: tan-second-quarter\n    name: The second quarter turn\n    pattern: u tan\n    when:\n      u: [[piMultipleAbove, 1/2], [piMultipleBelow, 1]]\n    output: =pi u - tan neg\n    explain: "tan({u}) = -tan(π - {u})."\n    tags: [symmetry]\n\n  # ---- trigonometry: the standard angles -------------------------------------\n  - { id: sin-0, name: Sine of 0, pattern: 0 sin, output: "0", tags: [value], explain: "sin 0 = 0." }\n  - { id: sin-pi-6, name: Sine of π/6, pattern: =pi 6 / sin, output: 1 2 /, tags: [value], explain: "sin(π/6) = 1/2." }\n  - { id: sin-pi-4, name: Sine of π/4, pattern: =pi 4 / sin, output: 2 sqrt 2 /, tags: [value], explain: "sin(π/4) = √2/2." }\n  - { id: sin-pi-3, name: Sine of π/3, pattern: =pi 3 / sin, output: 3 sqrt 2 /, tags: [value], explain: "sin(π/3) = √3/2." }\n  - { id: sin-pi-2, name: Sine of π/2, pattern: =pi 2 / sin, output: "1", tags: [value], explain: "sin(π/2) = 1." }\n  - { id: sin-pi, name: Sine of π, pattern: =pi sin, output: "0", tags: [value], explain: "sin π = 0." }\n  - { id: cos-0, name: Cosine of 0, pattern: 0 cos, output: "1", tags: [value], explain: "cos 0 = 1." }\n  - { id: cos-pi-6, name: Cosine of π/6, pattern: =pi 6 / cos, output: 3 sqrt 2 /, tags: [value], explain: "cos(π/6) = √3/2." }\n  - { id: cos-pi-4, name: Cosine of π/4, pattern: =pi 4 / cos, output: 2 sqrt 2 /, tags: [value], explain: "cos(π/4) = √2/2." }\n  - { id: cos-pi-3, name: Cosine of π/3, pattern: =pi 3 / cos, output: 1 2 /, tags: [value], explain: "cos(π/3) = 1/2." }\n  - { id: cos-pi-2, name: Cosine of π/2, pattern: =pi 2 / cos, output: "0", tags: [value], explain: "cos(π/2) = 0." }\n  - { id: cos-pi, name: Cosine of π, pattern: =pi cos, output: "-1", tags: [value], explain: "cos π = -1." }\n  - { id: tan-0, name: Tangent of 0, pattern: 0 tan, output: "0", tags: [value], explain: "tan 0 = 0." }\n  - { id: tan-pi-6, name: Tangent of π/6, pattern: =pi 6 / tan, output: 3 sqrt 3 /, tags: [value], explain: "tan(π/6) = √3/3." }\n  - { id: tan-pi-4, name: Tangent of π/4, pattern: =pi 4 / tan, output: "1", tags: [value], explain: "tan(π/4) = 1." }\n  - { id: tan-pi-3, name: Tangent of π/3, pattern: =pi 3 / tan, output: 3 sqrt, tags: [value], explain: "tan(π/3) = √3." }\n  - { id: arcsin-0, name: Arcsine of 0, pattern: 0 arcsin, output: "0", tags: [value], explain: "sin 0 = 0, so arcsin 0 = 0." }\n  - { id: arcsin-half, name: Arcsine of 1/2, pattern: 1 2 / arcsin, output: =pi 6 /, tags: [value], explain: "sin(π/6) = 1/2, so arcsin(1/2) = π/6." }\n  - { id: arcsin-1, name: Arcsine of 1, pattern: 1 arcsin, output: =pi 2 /, tags: [value], explain: "sin(π/2) = 1, so arcsin 1 = π/2." }\n  - { id: arccos-0, name: Arccosine of 0, pattern: 0 arccos, output: =pi 2 /, tags: [value], explain: "cos(π/2) = 0, so arccos 0 = π/2." }\n  - { id: arccos-half, name: Arccosine of 1/2, pattern: 1 2 / arccos, output: =pi 3 /, tags: [value], explain: "cos(π/3) = 1/2, so arccos(1/2) = π/3." }\n  - { id: arccos-1, name: Arccosine of 1, pattern: 1 arccos, output: "0", tags: [value], explain: "cos 0 = 1, so arccos 1 = 0." }\n  - { id: arccos-minus-1, name: Arccosine of -1, pattern: -1 arccos, output: =pi, tags: [value], explain: "cos π = -1, so arccos(-1) = π." }\n  - { id: arctan-0, name: Arctangent of 0, pattern: 0 arctan, output: "0", tags: [value], explain: "tan 0 = 0, so arctan 0 = 0." }\n  - { id: arctan-1, name: Arctangent of 1, pattern: 1 arctan, output: =pi 4 /, tags: [value], explain: "tan(π/4) = 1, so arctan 1 = π/4." }\n  - { id: sinh-0, name: sinh of 0, pattern: 0 sinh, output: "0", tags: [value], explain: "sinh 0 = 0." }\n  - { id: cosh-0, name: cosh of 0, pattern: 0 cosh, output: "1", tags: [value], explain: "cosh 0 = 1." }\n  - { id: tanh-0, name: tanh of 0, pattern: 0 tanh, output: "0", tags: [value], explain: "tanh 0 = 0." }\n\n  - { id: arctan-sqrt3, name: Arctangent of √3, pattern: 3 sqrt arctan, output: =pi 3 /, tags: [value], explain: "tan(π/3) = √3, so arctan √3 = π/3." }\n  - { id: arctan-sqrt3-over-3, name: Arctangent of √3/3, pattern: 3 sqrt 3 / arctan, output: =pi 6 /, tags: [value], explain: "tan(π/6) = √3/3, so arctan(√3/3) = π/6." }\n\n  # atan2(y, x): the angle of the point (x, y), in (-π, π]\n  - id: atan2-right\n    name: The angle of a point to the right\n    pattern: y x atan2\n    when:\n      x: [isPositiveConstant]\n    output: y x / arctan\n    explain: "For x > 0, atan2(y, x) = arctan(y/x)."\n    tags: [value]\n  - id: atan2-left-up\n    name: The angle of a point to the left\n    pattern: y x atan2\n    when:\n      x: [isNegativeConstant]\n      y: [isPositiveConstant]\n    output: y x / arctan =pi +\n    explain: "For x < 0 and y > 0, atan2(y, x) = arctan(y/x) + π."\n    tags: [value]\n  - id: atan2-left-down\n    name: The angle of a point to the left\n    pattern: y x atan2\n    when:\n      x: [isNegativeConstant]\n      y: [isNegativeConstant]\n    output: y x / arctan =pi -\n    explain: "For x < 0 and y < 0, atan2(y, x) = arctan(y/x) - π."\n    tags: [value]\n  - { id: atan2-negative-axis, name: The angle of a point on the negative axis, pattern: 0 x atan2, when: { x: [isNegativeConstant] }, output: =pi, tags: [value], explain: "A point on the negative x-axis is at angle π." }\n  - { id: atan2-up, name: Straight up, pattern: y 0 atan2, when: { y: [isPositiveConstant] }, output: =pi 2 /, tags: [value], explain: "A point straight up is at angle π/2." }\n  - { id: atan2-down, name: Straight down, pattern: y 0 atan2, when: { y: [isNegativeConstant] }, output: =pi 2 / neg, tags: [value], explain: "A point straight down is at angle -π/2." }\n\n  # the odd inverses take the sign out; arccos(-u) = π - arccos u\n  - id: arcsin-odd\n    name: Arcsine of a negative\n    pattern: u arcsin\n    when:\n      u: [hasMinusSign]\n    output: u neg arcsin neg\n    explain: "arcsin(-x) = -arcsin x."\n    tags: [symmetry]\n\n  - id: arctan-odd\n    name: Arctangent of a negative\n    pattern: u arctan\n    when:\n      u: [hasMinusSign]\n    output: u neg arctan neg\n    explain: "arctan(-x) = -arctan x."\n    tags: [symmetry]\n\n  - id: arccos-negative\n    name: Arccosine of a negative\n    pattern: u arccos\n    when:\n      u: [hasMinusSign]\n    output: =pi u neg arccos -\n    explain: "arccos(-x) = π - arccos x."\n    tags: [symmetry]\n\n  # ---- trigonometry: identities --------------------------------------------\n  - id: pythagorean\n    name: sin² + cos² = 1\n    pattern: u sin 2 ^ u cos 2 ^ +\n    commutative: true\n    output: "1"\n    explain: "sin²{u} + cos²{u} = 1 for every angle."\n    tags: [identity]\n\n  - id: pythagorean-multiple\n    name: sin² + cos² = 1\n    pattern: a u sin 2 ^ * a u cos 2 ^ * +\n    commutative: true\n    output: a\n    explain: "{a}·sin²{u} + {a}·cos²{u} = {a}(sin²{u} + cos²{u}) = {a}."\n    tags: [identity]\n\n  - id: one-minus-sin-squared\n    name: 1 - sin² = cos²\n    pattern: u sin 2 ^ neg 1 +\n    output: u cos 2 ^\n    explain: "1 - sin²{u} = cos²{u}."\n    tags: [identity]\n\n  - id: one-minus-cos-squared\n    name: 1 - cos² = sin²\n    pattern: u cos 2 ^ neg 1 +\n    output: u sin 2 ^\n    explain: "1 - cos²{u} = sin²{u}."\n    tags: [identity]\n\n  - id: sin-over-cos\n    name: sin/cos is tan\n    pattern: u sin u cos /\n    output: u tan\n    explain: "sin {u} / cos {u} = tan {u}."\n    tags: [identity]\n\n  - id: cos-over-sin\n    name: cos/sin is cot\n    pattern: u cos u sin /\n    output: u cot\n    explain: "cos {u} / sin {u} = cot {u}."\n    tags: [identity]\n\n  - id: sin-arcsin\n    name: sin undoes arcsin\n    pattern: u arcsin sin\n    output: u\n    explain: "sin(arcsin {u}) = {u}."\n    tags: [inverse]\n\n  - id: cos-arccos\n    name: cos undoes arccos\n    pattern: u arccos cos\n    output: u\n    explain: "cos(arccos {u}) = {u}."\n    tags: [inverse]\n\n  - id: tan-arctan\n    name: tan undoes arctan\n    pattern: u arctan tan\n    output: u\n    explain: "tan(arctan {u}) = {u}."\n    tags: [inverse]\n\n  - id: cosh-squared-minus-sinh-squared\n    name: cosh² - sinh² = 1\n    pattern: u cosh 2 ^ u sinh 2 ^ -\n    output: "1"\n    explain: "cosh²{u} - sinh²{u} = 1."\n    tags: [identity]\n\n  # ---- logs: opt-in rewrites (run with cas.rewrite(x, \'expand-log\') or \'combine-log\') ----\n  - id: ln-product\n    name: Log of a product\n    mode: expand-log\n    pattern: a b * ln\n    output: a ln b ln +\n    explain: "ln({a}·{b}) = ln {a} + ln {b} (for positive {a}, {b})."\n    tags: [log]\n\n  - id: ln-quotient\n    name: Log of a quotient\n    mode: expand-log\n    pattern: a b / ln\n    output: a ln b ln -\n    explain: "ln({a}/{b}) = ln {a} - ln {b} (for positive {a}, {b})."\n    tags: [log]\n\n  - id: ln-power\n    name: Log of a power\n    mode: expand-log\n    pattern: a n ^ ln\n    output: n a ln *\n    explain: "ln({a}^{n}) = {n}·ln {a} (for positive {a})."\n    tags: [log]\n\n  - id: ln-root\n    name: Log of a square root\n    mode: expand-log\n    pattern: a sqrt ln\n    output: a ln 2 /\n    explain: "ln √{a} = ½ ln {a}."\n    tags: [log]\n\n  - id: ln-sum-combine\n    name: Sum of logs\n    mode: combine-log\n    pattern: a ln b ln +\n    commutative: true\n    output: a b * ln\n    explain: "ln {a} + ln {b} = ln({a}·{b})."\n    tags: [log]\n\n  - id: ln-difference-combine\n    name: Difference of logs\n    mode: combine-log\n    pattern: a ln b ln -\n    output: a b / ln\n    explain: "ln {a} - ln {b} = ln({a}/{b})."\n    tags: [log]\n\n  - id: ln-multiple-combine\n    name: A multiple of a log\n    mode: combine-log\n    pattern: n a ln *\n    when:\n      n: [isRational]\n    output: a n ^ ln\n    explain: "{n}·ln {a} = ln({a}^{n})."\n    tags: [log]\n','name: Solving by undoing\n\n# mode: isolate. Each rule undoes the outermost function on the side with the\n# unknown: ln u = r → u = e^r. The predicates hasVariable and freeOfVariable mean\n# "mentions / doesn\'t mention the unknown being solved for".\n#\n# The CAS does the rest itself: it moves terms without the unknown to the other\n# side, divides by a coefficient, and when the unknown appears in several places\n# it uses the polynomial methods (factoring, the quadratic formula) or splits a\n# product equal to 0. Every answer is checked in the original equation, so a\n# rule may give extra candidates (squaring both sides does): the wrong ones are\n# dropped, with a step saying so.\n#\n# An output can give several answers: `pm` (±) splits into two, and so does\n# `|` (or): "u r arcsin = u =pi r arcsin - = |".\n\nrules:\n  - id: iso-swap\n    name: Unknown on the left\n    mode: isolate\n    pattern: l r =\n    when:\n      l: [freeOfVariable]\n      r: [hasVariable]\n    output: r l =\n    priority: 20\n    explain: "Swap the sides so the unknown is on the left."\n    tags: [tidy]\n\n  - id: iso-ln\n    name: Undo the log\n    mode: isolate\n    pattern: u ln r =\n    when:\n      u: [hasVariable]\n    output: u =e r ^ =\n    explain: "Raise e to each side: e^(ln {u}) = {u}."\n    tags: [inverse]\n\n  - id: iso-log\n    name: Undo the log\n    mode: isolate\n    pattern: b u log r =\n    when:\n      u: [hasVariable]\n      b: [freeOfVariable]\n    output: u b r ^ =\n    explain: "Raise {b} to each side: {b}^(log base {b} of {u}) = {u}."\n    tags: [inverse]\n\n  - id: iso-exp\n    name: Undo e to a power\n    mode: isolate\n    pattern: =e u ^ r =\n    when:\n      u: [hasVariable]\n    output: u r ln =\n    explain: "Take ln of each side: ln(e^{u}) = {u}."\n    tags: [inverse]\n\n  - id: iso-exponential\n    name: Undo a power of a number\n    mode: isolate\n    pattern: b u ^ r =\n    when:\n      u: [hasVariable]\n      b: [freeOfVariable]\n    output: u b r log =\n    explain: "Take the log to base {b} of each side."\n    tags: [inverse]\n\n  - id: iso-square\n    name: Undo the square\n    mode: isolate\n    pattern: u 2 ^ r =\n    when:\n      u: [hasVariable]\n    output: u r sqrt pm =\n    priority: 1\n    explain: "Take the square root of each side; {u} can be positive or negative."\n    tags: [inverse]\n\n  - id: iso-even-power\n    name: Undo an even power\n    mode: isolate\n    pattern: u n ^ r =\n    when:\n      u: [hasVariable]\n      n: [isEvenWhole]\n    output: u r 1 n / ^ pm =\n    explain: "Take the root of each side (the {n}th root); {u} can be positive or negative."\n    tags: [inverse]\n\n  - id: iso-odd-power\n    name: Undo an odd power\n    mode: isolate\n    pattern: u n ^ r =\n    when:\n      u: [hasVariable]\n      n: [isOddWhole]\n    output: u r 1 n / ^ =\n    explain: "Take the root of each side (the {n}th root)."\n    tags: [inverse]\n\n  - id: iso-fractional-power\n    name: Undo a power\n    mode: isolate\n    pattern: u n ^ r =\n    when:\n      u: [hasVariable]\n      n: [isRational]\n    output: u r 1 n / ^ =\n    priority: -1\n    explain: "Raise each side to the power 1/{n}."\n    tags: [inverse]\n\n  - id: iso-sqrt\n    name: Undo the square root\n    mode: isolate\n    pattern: u sqrt r =\n    when:\n      u: [hasVariable]\n    output: u r 2 ^ =\n    explain: "Square each side (this can add answers, so each one is checked at the end)."\n    tags: [inverse]\n\n  - id: iso-root\n    name: Undo the root\n    mode: isolate\n    pattern: n u root r =\n    when:\n      u: [hasVariable]\n      n: [freeOfVariable]\n    output: u r n ^ =\n    explain: "Raise each side to the power {n}."\n    tags: [inverse]\n\n  - id: iso-reciprocal\n    name: Undo the fraction\n    mode: isolate\n    pattern: c u / r =\n    when:\n      u: [hasVariable]\n      c: [freeOfVariable]\n    output: u c r / =\n    explain: "{c}/{u} = {r}, so {u} = {c}/{r}."\n    tags: [inverse]\n\n  - id: iso-abs\n    name: Undo the absolute value\n    mode: isolate\n    pattern: u abs r =\n    when:\n      u: [hasVariable]\n    output: u r pm =\n    explain: "|{u}| = {r} means {u} is {r} or -{r}."\n    tags: [inverse]\n\n  - id: iso-sin\n    name: Undo the sine\n    mode: isolate\n    pattern: u sin r =\n    when:\n      u: [hasVariable]\n    output: u r arcsin = u =pi r arcsin - = |\n    explain: "Two angles in a turn have sine {r}: arcsin {r} and π - arcsin {r} (add any whole number of turns, 2πk, for the rest)."\n    tags: [inverse, trig]\n\n  - id: iso-cos\n    name: Undo the cosine\n    mode: isolate\n    pattern: u cos r =\n    when:\n      u: [hasVariable]\n    output: u r arccos pm =\n    explain: "Two angles in a turn have cosine {r}: ±arccos {r} (add 2πk for the rest)."\n    tags: [inverse, trig]\n\n  - id: iso-tan\n    name: Undo the tangent\n    mode: isolate\n    pattern: u tan r =\n    when:\n      u: [hasVariable]\n    output: u r arctan =\n    explain: "Take arctan of each side (add πk for the rest)."\n    tags: [inverse, trig]\n\n  - { id: iso-arcsin, name: Undo arcsin, mode: isolate, pattern: u arcsin r =, when: { u: [hasVariable] }, output: u r sin =, tags: [inverse], explain: "Take sin of each side." }\n  - { id: iso-arccos, name: Undo arccos, mode: isolate, pattern: u arccos r =, when: { u: [hasVariable] }, output: u r cos =, tags: [inverse], explain: "Take cos of each side." }\n  - { id: iso-arctan, name: Undo arctan, mode: isolate, pattern: u arctan r =, when: { u: [hasVariable] }, output: u r tan =, tags: [inverse], explain: "Take tan of each side." }\n  - { id: iso-sinh, name: Undo sinh, mode: isolate, pattern: u sinh r =, when: { u: [hasVariable] }, output: u r arcsinh =, tags: [inverse], explain: "Take arcsinh of each side." }\n  - { id: iso-tanh, name: Undo tanh, mode: isolate, pattern: u tanh r =, when: { u: [hasVariable] }, output: u r arctanh =, tags: [inverse], explain: "Take arctanh of each side." }\n  - { id: iso-cosh, name: Undo cosh, mode: isolate, pattern: u cosh r =, when: { u: [hasVariable] }, output: u r arccosh pm =, tags: [inverse], explain: "Two numbers have cosh {r}: ±arccosh {r}." }\n  - { id: iso-arcsinh, name: Undo arcsinh, mode: isolate, pattern: u arcsinh r =, when: { u: [hasVariable] }, output: u r sinh =, tags: [inverse], explain: "Take sinh of each side." }\n  - { id: iso-arccosh, name: Undo arccosh, mode: isolate, pattern: u arccosh r =, when: { u: [hasVariable] }, output: u r cosh =, tags: [inverse], explain: "Take cosh of each side." }\n  - { id: iso-arctanh, name: Undo arctanh, mode: isolate, pattern: u arctanh r =, when: { u: [hasVariable] }, output: u r tanh =, tags: [inverse], explain: "Take tanh of each side." }\n'],ji=['name: Complex numbers\n\n# Loaded only by createCAS({ complex: true }), where i is the imaginary unit.\n# The arithmetic (i² = -1, √-4 = 2i, (2 + 3i)(1 - i) = 5 + i, 1/(1 + i) = (1 - i)/2)\n# and Re, Im, conj, arg, |z| are the normal form\'s (src/cas/form.js); unknowns\n# count as real, so Re(x + 3i) = x. Write a complex unknown as a + bi.\n\noperators:\n  - { symbol: re, arity: 1, label: real part }\n  - { symbol: im, arity: 1, label: imaginary part }\n  - { symbol: conj, arity: 1, label: complex conjugate }\n  - { symbol: arg, arity: 1, label: argument }\n\nrules:\n  - id: euler\n    name: Euler\'s formula\n    pattern: =e u ^\n    when:\n      u: [hasImaginaryPart, isConstant]\n    output: =e u re ^ u im cos =i u im sin * + *\n    explain: "e^(a + bi) = e^a (cos b + i sin b)."\n    tags: [complex]\n\n  - id: ln-negative\n    name: Log of a negative number\n    pattern: u ln\n    when:\n      u: [isNegativeConstant]\n    output: u neg ln =i =pi * +\n    explain: "{u} = |{u}|·e^(iπ), so ln {u} = ln |{u}| + iπ (the principal value)."\n    tags: [complex]\n\n  - id: ln-complex\n    name: Log of a complex number\n    pattern: u ln\n    when:\n      u: [hasImaginaryPart, isConstant]\n    output: u abs ln u arg =i * +\n    explain: "ln z = ln |z| + i arg z (the principal value)."\n    tags: [complex]\n\n  - id: i-to-the-i\n    name: i to the power i\n    pattern: =i =i ^\n    output: =e =pi 2 / neg ^\n    explain: "i = e^(iπ/2), so i^i = e^(i·iπ/2) = e^(-π/2) (the principal value)."\n    tags: [complex]\n'],Ci={normal:"Work out the numbers and collect like terms.","simplify.cancel":"Cancel the factors the top and bottom share.","simplify.expand":"Multiplying out gives something shorter.","simplify.factor":"Factoring gives something shorter.",expand:"Multiply out the brackets.",factor:"Write it as a product of factors.","factor.common":"Take out the common factor {common}.","factor.polynomial":"Factor what is left: {roots}.",together:"Write it as one fraction over a common denominator.",cancel:"Cancel the factors the top and bottom share: {cancelled}.","solve.move":"Keep the terms with {v} on the left and move the others to the right.","solve.divide":"Divide both sides by {by}.","solve.multiply":"Multiply both sides by {by}.","solve.one-side":"Move everything to one side, so the equation reads … = 0.","solve.factor":"Factor the left side.","solve.zero-product":"A product is 0 exactly when one of its factors is 0.","solve.split":"There are two cases; solve each.","solve.quadratic":"The quadratic formula with a = {a}, b = {b}, c = {c}: {v} = (-b ± √(b² - 4ac)) / 2a, and b² - 4ac = {D}.","solve.no-real":"b² - 4ac = {D} is negative, so there are no real solutions.","solve.quadratic-complex":"The quadratic formula with a = {a}, b = {b}, c = {c}: {v} = (-b ± √(b² - 4ac)) / 2a. b² - 4ac = {D} is negative, so its square root is imaginary: √({D}) = {root}.","solve.roots":"{v}^{n} = {r} has {n} solutions, spaced evenly round a circle: |{r}|^(1/{n})·(cos θ + i sin θ), with θ = (arg {r} + 2πk)/{n} for k = 0 … {last}.","solve.clear-denominator":"Multiply both sides by {den} (an answer that makes it 0 is not allowed).","solve.substitute":"Write {u} for {kernel}: this is a polynomial in {u}.","solve.reject":"{value} is not a solution: {reason}.","solve.always":"This is true for every {v}.","solve.never":"This is never true, so there is no solution.","solve.unsolved":"There is no exact method here for solving for {v}; try { approximate: true }.","solve.numeric":"Found {count} solution(s) numerically.","system.eliminate":"Use one equation to remove {v} from the others.","integrate.expand":"Multiply out, then integrate term by term.","integrate.substitute":"Let {u} = {inside}, so d{u} = {a} d{v}.","integrate.back":"Put {inside} back for {u}.","integrate.parts":"By parts with u = {u} and dv = {dv} d{v}: ∫ u dv = u·v - ∫ v du, where v = {V} and du = {du} d{v}.","integrate.constant":"The number {c} comes out of the integral.","integrate.divide":"The top has at least the degree of the bottom: divide first.","integrate.partial-fractions":"Split the fraction into simple fractions, one for each factor below.","integrate.evaluate":"Evaluate {F} at {b} and at {a}, and subtract.",substitute:"Put in the values."},Li=["normal","rewrite","simplify","expand","factor","cancel","diff","differentiate","integrate","solve","solveSystem","substitute","approximate","equivalent"];class Zi{constructor(e,n,t,r,i){this.set=e,this.messages=n,this.format=t,this.read=r,this.complex=i;for(const e of Li){const n=Zi.prototype[e];this[e]=(...e)=>Ke(i,()=>n.apply(this,e))}}node(e){if(e&&"object"==typeof e&&!Array.isArray(e)&&e.type)return e;if(Array.isArray(e))return Ie(e);if("string"!=typeof e)throw new ze("expected an expression");if(this.read){const n=this.read(e);return Array.isArray(n)?Ie(n):"string"==typeof n?Ne(n):n}return Ne(e)}step(e,n,t,r,i,s={}){return function(e,n,t,r,i,s,o,a,l=[]){const u=(s??"").replace(/\{(\w+)\}/g,(e,n)=>{const t=o?.[n];return void 0===t?e:"string"==typeof t?t:a(t)});return{id:e,name:n,tags:t,from:r.s,to:i.s,path:l,before:r.s,after:i.s,explanation:u}}(e,n,t,r,i,this.messages[e]??"",s,this.format)}result(e,n,t,r={}){let i=e;if(t.approximate&&i){i=fr(i,{digits:"number"==typeof t.approximate?t.approximate:15})}return{result:i,text:i?this.format(i):"",steps:Nr(n,Ar(t.steps)),...r}}variable(e,n){if(n)return n;const t=[...Rn(e)];return 1===t.length?t[0]:t.includes("x")?"x":t[0]??"x"}tidyStep(e,n){return e.s===n.s?[]:[this.step("normal","Work out and collect",["tidy","arithmetic"],e,n)]}normal(e){return Cn(this.node(e))}rewrite(e,n,t={}){const r=this.node(e),i=this.set.view(n);if(!i.size)throw new ze(`no rules in mode "${n}" (modes: ${this.set.modes().join(", ")})`);const s=Sr(r,i,{format:this.format,order:t.order,variable:t.variable});return this.result(s.node,[...this.tidyStep(r,Cn(r)),...s.steps],t)}simplify(e,n={}){const t=this.node(e),r=[...this.tidyStep(t,Cn(t))],i=Sr(t,this.set.view("simplify"),{format:this.format});r.push(...i.steps);let s=i.node,o=null;const a=jn(s),l=[],u=0===Rn(s).size,c=u?null:Yr(a);c&&l.push({node:Kr(c),id:"simplify.cancel",name:"Cancel"});const p=Sr(Bn(Tr(a)),this.set.view("simplify"),{format:this.format});l.push({node:p.node,id:"simplify.expand",name:"Multiply out"}),"add"!==a.k||u||l.push({node:Kr(Vr(a)),id:"simplify.factor",name:"Factor"});for(const e of l)Te(e.node)<Te(s)&&(o=this.step(e.id,e.name,["shorter"],s,e.node),s=e.node);return o&&r.push(o),this.result(s,r,n)}expand(e,n={}){const t=this.node(e),r=Bn(Tr(jn(t)));return this.result(r,t.s===r.s?[]:[this.step("expand","Multiply out",["expand"],t,r)],n)}factor(e,n={}){const t=this.node(e),r=Vr(jn(t)),i=Kr(r),s=[],o=r.notes.find(e=>"factor.common"===e.id);return i.s!==Cn(t).s&&s.push(this.step(o?"factor.common":"factor","Factor",["factor"],t,i,o?{common:Bn(o.values.common)}:{})),this.result(i,s,n)}cancel(e,n={}){const t=this.node(e),r=jn(t),i=Yr(r);if(!i)return this.result(Cn(t),this.tidyStep(t,Cn(t)),n);const s=Kr(i),o=Qr(r),a=Me("/",[Bn(o.num),Bn(o.den)]),l=[];return"/"===t.op&&a.s===Cn(t).s||l.push(this.step("together","One fraction",["together"],t,a)),s.s!==a.s&&l.push(this.step("cancel","Cancel",["cancel"],a,s,{cancelled:i.cancelled.length?i.cancelled.map(e=>this.format(Bn(e))).join(", "):"numbers"})),this.result(s,l,n)}diff(e,n,t={}){const r=this.node(e),i=this.variable(r,n);let s=r;const o=[];for(let e=0;e<(t.order??1);e++){const e=Sr(Me("der",[s,ke(i)]),this.set.view("differentiate"),{format:this.format,order:"pre"}),n=Sr(e.node,this.set.view("simplify"),{format:this.format});o.push(...e.steps,...n.steps),s=n.node}return this.result(s,o,t,{variable:i})}differentiate(e,n){const t=Sr(Me("der",[e,ke(n)]),this.set.view("differentiate"),{format:this.format,order:"pre"});return Sr(t.node,this.set.view("simplify"),{format:this.format}).node}integrate(e,n,t={}){let r=this.node(e);const i=e=>void 0===e?null:this.node("number"==typeof e?String(e):e);let s=i(t.from),o=i(t.to);if(Ae(r)&&"int"===r.op){const[e,t,i,a]=r.args;n=t.token,i&&a&&(s=i,o=a),r=e}const a=this.variable(r,n),l=yi(this,r,a),u=Sr(l.node,this.set.view("simplify"),{format:this.format}),c=[...l.steps,...u.steps];if(s&&o){const e=qi(this,u.node,a,s,o,r);c.push(e.step);const n=Sr(e.value,this.set.view("simplify"),{format:this.format});return c.push(...n.steps),this.result(n.node,c,t,{antiderivative:u.node,variable:a})}let p=u.node;return t.constant&&(p=Me("+",[p,ke(String(t.constant))])),this.result(p,c,t,{variable:a})}solve(e,n,t={}){const r=this.node(e),i=this.variable(r,n),s=ti(this,r,i,t);let o=s.solutions;if(t.approximate){const e="number"==typeof t.approximate?t.approximate:15;o=o.map(n=>fr(n,{digits:e}))}const a=o.map(e=>Me("=",[ke(i),e])),l=a.length?a.reduce((e,n)=>e?Me("|",[e,n]):n,null):null;return{solutions:o,result:l,variable:i,text:s.always?`true for every ${i}`:l?this.format(l):s.unsolved.length?`no exact solution found for ${i}`:"no solution",unsolved:s.unsolved.filter(e=>!e.always),always:s.always,steps:Nr(s.steps,Ar(t.steps))}}solveSystem(e,n,t={}){const r=e.map(e=>this.node(e)),i=n??[...new Set(r.flatMap(e=>[...Rn(e)]))].sort(),s=function(e,n,t){const r=[],i=n.map(n=>{const r=ni(n)?dn([jn(n.args[0]),On(jn(n.args[1]))]):jn(n),i=t.map(n=>{const t=Cr(r,n);if(!t||Math.max(0,...t.keys())>1)throw new ze(`not linear in ${n}`);const i=t.get(1)??Ye(Pe.ZERO);if(!tn(i))throw new ze(`the coefficient of ${n} must be a number (it is ${e.format(Bn(i))})`);return i.q});let s=r;for(let e=0;e<t.length;e++)s=dn([s,gn([Ye(i[e].neg()),jn(ke(t[e]))])]);for(const e of t)if(Lr(s,e))throw new ze(`not linear in ${e}`);return{coeffs:i,rhs:On(s)}}),s=()=>i.map(e=>Xr(Bn(dn(e.coeffs.map((e,n)=>gn([Ye(e),jn(ke(t[n]))])))),Bn(e.rhs))).reduce((e,n)=>e?Me("&",[e,n]):n,null);let o=0;const a=[];for(let n=0;n<t.length&&o<i.length;n++){const l=i.findIndex((e,t)=>t>=o&&!e.coeffs[n].isZero);if(l<0)continue;[i[o],i[l]]=[i[l],i[o]];const u=s(),c=i[o],p=c.coeffs[n];c.coeffs=c.coeffs.map(e=>e.div(p)),c.rhs=gn([Ye(p.inv()),c.rhs]);for(let e=0;e<i.length;e++){if(e===o||i[e].coeffs[n].isZero)continue;const t=i[e].coeffs[n];i[e].coeffs=i[e].coeffs.map((e,n)=>e.sub(t.mul(c.coeffs[n]))),i[e].rhs=dn([i[e].rhs,gn([Ye(t.neg()),c.rhs])])}r.push(e.step("system.eliminate","Eliminate",["eliminate"],u,s(),{v:ke(t[n])})),a.push(n),o++}for(const e of i.slice(o))if(!tn(e.rhs)||!e.rhs.q.isZero)return{solution:null,steps:r,status:"none"};if(a.length<t.length)return{solution:null,steps:r,status:"many"};const l=new Map;return a.forEach((e,n)=>l.set(t[e],Bn(i[n].rhs))),{solution:l,steps:r,status:"one"}}(this,r,i),o=s.solution?Object.fromEntries([...s.solution].map(([e,n])=>[e,n])):null,a="one"===s.status?i.map(e=>`${e} = ${this.format(o[e])}`).join(", "):"none"===s.status?"no solution":"infinitely many solutions";return{solution:o,status:s.status,text:a,steps:Nr(s.steps,Ar(t.steps))}}substitute(e,n,t={}){const r=this.node(e);let i=r;for(const[e,t]of Object.entries(n))i=oi(i,e,"number"==typeof t?this.node(String(t)):this.node(t));const s=this.simplify(i,t),o=[this.step("substitute","Substitute",["substitute"],r,i)];return{...s,steps:[...Nr(o,Ar(t.steps)),...s.steps]}}defined(e){const n=this.set.view("define");return n.size?Sr(e,n,{format:this.format}).node:e}approximate(e,n={}){const t=this.defined(this.node(e));if(Rn(t).size&&!n.scope){const e=fr(Cn(t),n);return{result:e,text:this.format(e),number:null,exact:!1}}const r=ur(t,n);return{result:r.node,text:r.text,number:r.number,re:r.re,im:r.im,exact:r.exact}}equivalent(e,n){const t=this.node(e),r=this.node(n),i=this.defined(Me("-",[t,r])),s=this.simplify(i,{steps:!1}).result;if("num"===s.type&&"0"===s.token)return{equal:!0,how:"exact"};const o=[...Rn(i)];if(!o.length)try{return{equal:Math.abs(ur(i,{digits:30}).number)<1e-25,how:"numeric"}}catch{return{equal:!1,how:"numeric"}}const a=[.31,1.7,2.9,-.83,.57];let l=0;for(let e=0;e<a.length;e++){const n=Object.fromEntries(o.map((n,t)=>[n,String(a[(e+t)%a.length]+t/7)]));let t;try{t=ur(i,{digits:30,scope:n}).number}catch{continue}if(l++,Math.abs(t)>1e-20)return{equal:!1,how:"numeric"}}return{equal:l>0,how:"numeric"}}modes(){return this.set.modes()}}function zi(e={}){const n=!1===e.defaults?[]:[...Ti,...e.complex?ji:[]],{specs:t,messages:r}=function(e){yr();const n=[],t={};for(const r of e){const e="string"==typeof r?wt(r):r,i=Array.isArray(e)?e:e?.rules??[];for(const n of(Array.isArray(e)?[]:e?.operators)??[]){if(!n?.symbol)throw new Error("an operator needs a symbol");he(n.symbol)||ce({symbol:String(n.symbol),arity:"any"===n.arity?ae:Number(n.arity),label:n.label})}Object.assign(t,(Array.isArray(e)?null:e?.messages)??{});for(const e of i)n.push(e)}return{specs:n,messages:t}}([...n,...e.rules??[]]),i=Ke(e.complex,()=>wr(t));return new Zi(i,{...Ci,...r},e.format??Mi,e.read??null,Boolean(e.complex))}const Bi=new Map,Di={re:"Re",im:"Im",conj:"overline"},Fi=["Re","Im","re","im","conj","arg"];function Ri(e){const n=[],r=e=>{"op"===e.type?(e.args.forEach(r),t.operator(e.op)?(-1===t.operator(e.op).arity&&n.push(String(e.args.length)),n.push(e.op)):n.push(String(e.args.length),`\\:${Di[e.op]??e.op}`)):n.push(e.token)};return r(e),n}function Pi(e={}){const n=e.rules||e.names?null:e.complex?"complex":"default";if(n&&Bi.has(n))return Bi.get(n);const r=[...e.names??[],...e.complex?Fi:[]],i=zi({...e,read:e=>t.parse(e,r.length?{names:r}:{}),format:Mi});return n&&Bi.set(n,i),i}const Vi=new Set(["simplify","expand","factor","cancel","diff","integrate","solve","approx"]);const Wi=e=>String(e).replace(/&/g,"&amp;").replace(/</g,"&lt;").replace(/>/g,"&gt;").replace(/"/g,"&quot;");var Ui='/*\n * Inline Math stylesheet. Everything is under .mv; colours are left to the page.\n *\n * The numbers marked "metric" must match the constants at the top of\n * src/layout.js (line-height 1, bar 0.06em, gap 0.1em); everything else can\n * be changed freely.\n *\n * Handy hooks:\n *   .mv-n[data-node="4"]       one node (ids from MathZetta)\n *   .mv-var .mv-num .mv-word   variables, numbers, function names\n *   .mv-op-frac .mv-op-pow …   a kind of operation\n *   .mv-hl                     the class highlight() adds\n *   --mv-hl                    highlight colour\n */\n\n.mv {\n    display: inline-block;\n    font-family: "Inline Math Roman", "Latin Modern Roman", "STIX Two Text", "Cambria", "Times New Roman", serif;\n    font-size: 1.2em;\n    font-style: normal;\n    font-weight: normal;\n    line-height: 1;            /* metric */\n    white-space: nowrap;\n    text-indent: 0;\n    text-align: left;\n    letter-spacing: 0;\n}\n.mv-display { display: block; text-align: center; margin: 0.6em 0; }\n.mv span, .mv svg { line-height: 1; }\n.mv-n { display: inline-block; border-radius: 0.12em; }\n\n/* ---- letters and signs -------------------------------------------------- */\n.mv-var { font-style: italic; padding-right: 0.03em; }\n.mv-num, .mv-word, .mv-name, .mv-ord, .mv-text, .mv-d { font-style: normal; }\n.mv-prime { margin-left: 0.04em; }\n.mv-bin { margin: 0 0.22em; }\n.mv-rel { margin: 0 0.28em; }\n.mv-punct { margin-right: 0.17em; }\n.mv-sign { margin-right: 0.04em; }\n.mv-times { display: inline-block; width: 0.06em; }\n.mv-callgap { display: inline-block; width: 0.05em; }\n.mv-fnspace { display: inline-block; width: 0.17em; }\n.mv-space { display: inline-block; width: 0.33em; }\n.mv-dx { display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.17em; }\n.mv-text { margin: 0 0.25em; }\n/* Tighter spacing in limits and exponents: n=1, x→0. */\n.mv-script .mv-rel, .mv-sup .mv-rel, .mv-sub .mv-rel { margin: 0 0.12em; }\n.mv-script .mv-bin, .mv-sup .mv-bin, .mv-sub .mv-bin { margin: 0 0.1em; }\n\n/* ---- fractions (metric: padding and border) ------------------------------ */\n.mv-frac { display: inline-flex; flex-direction: column; align-items: stretch; margin: 0 0.12em; }\n.mv-numer, .mv-denom { display: block; text-align: center; padding: 0 0.1em; }\n.mv-numer { padding-bottom: 0.1em; }\n.mv-denom { padding-top: 0.1em; border-top: 0.06em solid currentColor; }\n.mv-frac-nobar > .mv-denom { border-top: 0; }\n.mv-scaled { display: inline-block; }\n\n/* ---- scripts ----------------------------------------------------------------- */\n.mv-sup, .mv-sub { display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.04em; }\n.mv-subsup, .mv-limits { display: inline-flex; flex-direction: column; justify-content: space-between; align-items: flex-start; margin-left: 0.04em; }\n.mv-limits { margin-left: 0.02em; margin-right: 0.12em; }\n.mv-limits > .mv-lower { margin-left: -0.3em; }\n.mv-script { display: block; }\n.mv-under { display: inline-flex; flex-direction: column; align-items: center; margin-right: 0.15em; }\n.mv-under > .mv-script { margin-top: 0.05em; }\n.mv-bigop { display: inline-flex; flex-direction: column; align-items: center; margin: 0 0.12em; }\n.mv-bigop > .mv-script { display: block; margin: 0.08em 0; }\n.mv-bigop > svg { display: block; }\n\n/* ---- radicals (metric: border and padding-top) ----------------------------- */\n.mv-sqrt { display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; }\n.mv-hook { display: inline-block; overflow: visible; margin-left: 0.05em; }\n.mv-radicand { display: inline-block; border-top: 0.06em solid currentColor; padding: 0.1em 0.1em 0 0.06em; }\n.mv-rootindex { display: inline-block; margin: 0 -0.32em 0 0.12em; }\n\n/* ---- delimiters: drawn at the full height of what they enclose -------------- */\n.mv-fence { display: inline-block; position: relative; }\n.mv-delim { position: absolute; top: 0; bottom: 0; height: 100%; }\n.mv-delim-l { left: 0.03em; }\n.mv-delim-r { right: 0.03em; }\nspan.mv-delim { width: 0.16em; border: 0 solid currentColor; box-sizing: border-box; }\n.mv-delim.mv-lbrack { border-width: 0.06em 0 0.06em 0.06em; left: 0.06em; }\n.mv-delim.mv-rbrack { border-width: 0.06em 0.06em 0.06em 0; right: 0.06em; }\n.mv-delim.mv-vert { border-left-width: 0.06em; width: 0; left: 0.07em; }\n.mv-delim.mv-vert.mv-delim-r { left: auto; right: 0.07em; }\n.mv-delim.mv-lfloor { border-width: 0 0 0.06em 0.06em; }\n.mv-delim.mv-rfloor { border-width: 0 0.06em 0.06em 0; }\n.mv-delim.mv-lceil { border-width: 0.06em 0 0 0.06em; }\n.mv-delim.mv-rceil { border-width: 0.06em 0.06em 0 0; }\n\n/* ---- shapes ----------------------------------------------------------------- */\n.mv svg { overflow: visible; }\n.mv svg path[stroke] { stroke-width: 0.065em; stroke-linecap: round; stroke-linejoin: round; }\n.mv-intsign path[stroke] { stroke-width: 0.075em; }\n.mv-bigsign { display: inline-block; margin: 0 0.06em; }\n.mv-intsign { margin-right: 0.12em; }\n\n/* ---- piecewise ------------------------------------------------------------- */\n.mv-cases { display: inline-grid; grid-template-columns: auto auto; column-gap: 1em; row-gap: 0.25em; align-items: baseline; text-align: left; margin: 0 0.1em; }\n.mv-case-value, .mv-case-cond { display: block; }\n\n/* ---- decorations: \\boxed \\cancel \\overline \\vec … --------------------------- */\n.mv-boxed { display: inline-block; border: 0.06em solid currentColor; padding: 0.16em 0.2em; }\n.mv-over { display: inline-block; border-top: 0.06em solid currentColor; padding-top: 0.08em; }\n.mv-underline { display: inline-block; border-bottom: 0.06em solid currentColor; padding-bottom: 0.06em; }\n.mv-cancel { display: inline-block; background: linear-gradient(to top right, transparent calc(50% - 0.04em), currentColor calc(50% - 0.03em), currentColor calc(50% + 0.03em), transparent calc(50% + 0.04em)); }\n.mv-accent { display: inline-block; position: relative; padding-top: 0.3em; }\n.mv-accent-mark { position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; right: 0; text-align: center; font-size: 0.7em; line-height: 0.6; }\n\n/* ---- interaction -------------------------------------------------------------- */\n.mv-hl { background: var(--mv-hl, rgba(255, 200, 0, 0.35)); box-shadow: 0 0 0 0.08em var(--mv-hl, rgba(255, 200, 0, 0.35)); }\n.mv-clickable .mv-n { cursor: pointer; }\n.mv-clickable .mv-n:hover { outline: 1px dashed rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.25); }\n\n/* ---- steps (stepsHTML from \'@mathzetta/inlinemath/cas\') ---------------------------------------- */\n.mv-steps { margin: 0; padding-left: 1.6em; }\n.mv-step { margin: 0.5em 0 0.9em; }\n.mv-step-name { display: block; font-size: 0.85em; font-weight: 600; color: #555; }\n.mv-step-maths { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; align-items: center; gap: 0.4em 0.8em; margin: 0.15em 0; }\n.mv-step-arrow { color: #888; }\n.mv-step-why { margin: 0.1em 0 0; font-size: 0.9em; color: #444; }\n\n/* ---- Markdown with maths (markdownToHTML from \'@mathzetta/inlinemath/markdown\') ------------------- */\n.mv-md-math { display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; }\n.mv-md-display { display: block; text-align: center; margin: 0.6em 0; overflow-x: auto; }\n.mv-md-block { margin: 0.8em 0; }\n.mv-md-error code { background: rgba(200, 60, 0, 0.08); color: #a33; border-bottom: 1px dotted #a33; }\n';const _i=Ui;if("undefined"!=typeof document&&!document.getElementById("inlinemath-css")){const e=document.createElement("style");e.id="inlinemath-css",e.textContent=Ui,document.head.append(e)}return e.CSS=_i,e.DEFAULTS=q,e.PATHS=s,e.View=W,e.casBlocks=function(e={}){const t=e.cas??Pi(),r=(e,s)=>{let o;try{o=t.read(e)}catch{return n.calculateBlock(e,s)}const a=o[o.length-1],l=a?.startsWith("\\:")?a.slice(2):null,u=l&&Vi.has(l);if(!u&&!("der"===a||"int"===a))return n.calculateBlock(e,s);const c=t.node(o),p=u?c.args:[c],f=e=>e?e.s:void 0;let h;try{switch(u?l:"der"===a?"derivative":"antiderivative"){case"simplify":h=t.simplify(p[0]);break;case"expand":h=t.expand(p[0]);break;case"factor":h=t.factor(p[0]);break;case"cancel":h=t.cancel(p[0]);break;case"diff":h=t.diff(p[0],f(p[1]),{order:p[2]?Number(p[2].s):1});break;case"integrate":h=t.integrate(p[0],f(p[1]),p[3]?{from:p[2].s,to:p[3].s}:{});break;case"solve":h=t.solve(p[0],f(p[1]));break;case"approx":h=t.approximate(p[0],{digits:p[1]?Number(p[1].s):15});break;case"derivative":h=t.diff(c.args[0],c.args[1].s);break;default:h=t.integrate(c)}}catch(n){return`(${e})`}if(r.last=h,!h.result)return`"${h.text}"`;const d=i.toText(Ri(h.result));return/^-?\d+(\.\d+)?$/.test(d)?d:`(${d})`};return r},e.extractMath=_,e.layout=A,e.markdownToHTML=se,e.mathCAS=Pi,e.nodeAt=Z,e.numberTree=B,e.pathOf=z,e.render=function(e,n,t={}){return new W(e,n,t)},e.renderMarkdown=ie,e.renderMarkdownInto=function(e,n,t={}){return e.innerHTML=se(n,t),e},e.select=C,e.signature=j,e.stepsHTML=function(e,n={}){return`<ol class="mv-steps">${e.map(e=>{const t=V(Ri(Ne(e.from)),{...n,highlight:e.path&&e.path.length?{path:e.path}:void 0}),r=e.to===e.from?"":`<span class="mv-step-arrow" aria-label="becomes">⟶</span>${V(Ri(Ne(e.to)),n)}`,i=e.explanation?`<p class="mv-step-why">${Wi(e.explanation)}</p>`:"";return`<li class="mv-step" data-rule="${Wi(e.id)}"><span class="mv-step-name">${Wi(e.name)}</span><div class="mv-step-maths">${t}${r}</div>${i}</li>`}).join("")}</ol>`},e.toHTML=V,e.tokensOf=Ri,e.treeOf=P,e}({},MathZetta,MathZetta,MathZetta,MathZetta);
+/* Inline Math 0.2.0 — MIT licence; MathZetta not included: load a MathZetta <script> (mathzetta.min.js or mathzetta.maths-display.min.js) first */
+var InlineMath=function(e,t,n,r,i){"use strict";const s={"(":{fill:"M0.92,0 C0.1,0.2 0.1,0.8 0.92,1 L1,0.975 C0.48,0.75 0.48,0.25 1,0.025 Z"},")":{fill:"M0.08,0 C0.9,0.2 0.9,0.8 0.08,1 L0,0.975 C0.52,0.75 0.52,0.25 0,0.025 Z"},"{":{fill:"M1,0 C0.45,0 0.5,0.05 0.5,0.2 L0.5,0.38 C0.5,0.46 0.35,0.49 0.05,0.5 C0.35,0.51 0.5,0.54 0.5,0.62 L0.5,0.8 C0.5,0.95 0.45,1 1,1 L1,0.985 C0.68,0.985 0.64,0.95 0.64,0.8 L0.64,0.62 C0.64,0.53 0.55,0.505 0.3,0.5 C0.55,0.495 0.64,0.47 0.64,0.38 L0.64,0.2 C0.64,0.05 0.68,0.015 1,0.015 Z"},"}":{fill:"M0,0 C0.55,0 0.5,0.05 0.5,0.2 L0.5,0.38 C0.5,0.46 0.65,0.49 0.95,0.5 C0.65,0.51 0.5,0.54 0.5,0.62 L0.5,0.8 C0.5,0.95 0.55,1 0,1 L0,0.985 C0.32,0.985 0.36,0.95 0.36,0.8 L0.36,0.62 C0.36,0.53 0.45,0.505 0.7,0.5 C0.45,0.495 0.36,0.47 0.36,0.38 L0.36,0.2 C0.36,0.05 0.32,0.015 0,0.015 Z"},sqrt:{stroke:"M0,0.62 L0.18,0.55 L0.45,0.97 L0.98,0.015"},cancel:{stroke:"M0,1 L1,0"},int:{stroke:"M0.95,0.09 C0.9,0.01 0.72,0 0.66,0.12 C0.6,0.25 0.42,0.75 0.34,0.88 C0.28,0.99 0.1,0.99 0.05,0.91"},sum:{fill:"M0.04,0 L0.94,0 L0.98,0.24 L0.94,0.24 C0.9,0.1 0.8,0.07 0.62,0.07 L0.24,0.07 L0.58,0.5 L0.2,0.93 L0.64,0.93 C0.82,0.93 0.92,0.9 0.95,0.76 L0.99,0.76 L0.94,1 L0.02,1 L0.47,0.47 Z"},prod:{fill:"M0,0 L1,0 L1,0.04 L0.88,0.05 L0.88,0.95 L1,0.96 L1,1 L0.62,1 L0.62,0.96 L0.74,0.95 L0.74,0.06 L0.26,0.06 L0.26,0.95 L0.38,0.96 L0.38,1 L0,1 L0,0.96 L0.12,0.95 L0.12,0.05 L0,0.04 Z"}};function o(e,t,n=""){const r=s[e];return`<svg class="${t}" viewBox="0 0 1 1" preserveAspectRatio="none" aria-hidden="true"${n?` style="${n}"`:""}>${r.fill?`<path d="${r.fill}" fill="currentColor"/>`:`<path d="${r.stroke}" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke"/>`}</svg>`}const a=.8,l=.2,u=.25,c=.7,p="−",h={"+":"add","-":"sub","*":"mul","/":"frac","^":"pow",_:"subscript",neg:"neg",pm:"pm","!":"factorial","=":"eq","===":"eq","≠":"neq","≠=":"neq","<":"lt",">":"gt","≤":"le","≥":"ge","≈":"approx","≡":"equiv","∈":"in","∉":"notin","∪":"union","∩":"intersect","→":"to","±":"pm","&":"and","|":"or","\\not":"not","\\xor":"xor","\\nand":"nand","\\nor":"nor","?:":"cases","()":"tuple","[]":"list","{}":"set","(]":"interval","[)":"interval","\\sumidx":"sum","\\prodidx":"prod",mod:"mod",pmod:"pmod",pmatrix:"matrix",bmatrix:"matrix",vmatrix:"matrix"},d={"=":"=","===":"=","≠":"≠","≠=":"≠","<":"<",">":">","≤":"≤","≥":"≥","∈":"∈","∉":"∉","→":"→","≈":"≈","≡":"≡","&":"∧","|":"∨","\\xor":"⊕","\\nand":"↑","\\nor":"↓"},f={"±":"±","∪":"∪","∩":"∩",mod:"mod"},m=["sin","cos","tan","csc","sec","cot","sinh","cosh","tanh"],g={arcsin:"sin",arccos:"cos",arctan:"tan",arcsinh:"sinh",arccosh:"cosh",arctanh:"tanh"},v=[...m,...Object.keys(g),"ln","det"],b={atan2:"atan2",max:"max",min:"min",gcd:"gcd",mean:"mean",round:"round",fixed:"fixed",expm1:"expm1",random:"random"},y={"()":["(",")"],"[]":["[","]"],"{}":["{","}"],"(]":["(","]"],"[)":["[",")"]},x={"\\partial":"∂","\\nabla":"∇","\\ell":"ℓ","\\infty":"∞","\\emptyset":"∅"},w={vec:"→",hat:"ˆ",widehat:"ˆ",tilde:"˜",dot:"˙",ddot:"¨"},k=["boxed","overline","bar","underline","cancel",...Object.keys(w)],$={prefix:"mv",display:!0,fnParens:"auto",trigPowers:!0,inverseTrig:"arc",derivativeBrackets:"[",scriptFractions:"slash",cases:!0,label:!0,mathml:null,attributes:null,style:null},q=e=>String(e).replace(/&/g,"&amp;").replace(/</g,"&lt;").replace(/>/g,"&gt;").replace(/"/g,"&quot;"),S=e=>+e.toFixed(3)+"em",M=(e,t=a,n=l)=>({html:e,h:t,d:n});function O(...e){const t=e.flat().filter(Boolean);return{html:t.map(e=>e.html).join(""),h:Math.max(a,...t.map(e=>e.h)),d:Math.max(l,...t.map(e=>e.d))}}function A(e,t={}){const n=new N({...$,...t}),i=n.render(e,{level:0}),s=`${n.p}${n.o.display?` ${n.p}-display`:""}`,o="function"==typeof n.o.mathml?function(e,t,n,r){try{return String(e(t)).replace(/ id="mz-\d+"/g,"").replace(/^<math>/,`<math class="${n}-sr-math"${r?' display="block"':""}>`)}catch{return""}}(n.o.mathml,e,n.p,n.o.display):"",a=o?null:function(e,t){if(!1===t||null===t)return null;if("string"==typeof t)return t;try{return"function"==typeof t?t(e):r.toAudioSpeech(e)}catch{return null}}(e,n.o.label),l=null!==a||o?i.html.replace(/^<span /,'<span aria-hidden="true" '):i.html;return{html:`<span class="${s}"${null===a?"":` role="math" aria-label="${q(a)}"`}>${l}${o}</span>`,h:i.h,d:i.d}}class N{constructor(e){this.o=e,this.p=e.prefix}el(e,t,n="",r=""){return`<span class="${e.split(" ").map(e=>`${this.p}-${e}`).join(" ")}"${n?` style="${n}"`:""}${r}>${t}</span>`}text(e,t){const n=M(this.el(e,q(t)));return n.leaf={kind:e,content:q(t)},n}bin(e){return this.text("bin",e)}rel(e){return this.text("rel",e)}punct(e){return this.text("punct",e)}word(e){return this.text("word",e)}wrap(e,t,n){let r="";void 0!==e.id&&(r+=` data-node="${e.id}"`),"op"===e.type&&(r+=` data-op="${q(e.op)}"`);const i=this.o.attributes&&this.o.attributes(e)||{};for(const[e,t]of Object.entries(i))"class"!==e&&"style"!==e&&(r+=` ${e}="${q(t)}"`);const s=[i.style,this.o.style&&this.o.style(e)].filter(Boolean).join(";"),o=(n.leaf?["n",...t,n.leaf.kind]:["n",...t]).map(e=>`${this.p}-${e}`).concat(i.class?[i.class]:[]).join(" "),a=n.leaf?n.leaf.content:n.html;return{html:`<span class="${o}"${s?` style="${q(s)}"`:""}${r}>${a}</span>`,h:n.h,d:n.d}}render(e,t){return"number"===e.type?this.number(e):"string"===e.type?this.wrap(e,["text"],this.text("text",e.value.replace(/^["'`]|["'`]$/g,""))):"symbol"===e.type?this.wrap(e,["symbol"],this.symbol(e.value)):this.operation(e,t)}number(e){return this.wrap(e,["number"],this.text("num",e.value.replace(/^-/,p)))}symbol(e){return n.GREEK[e]&&(e=n.GREEK[e]),x[e]?this.text("ord",x[e]):"\\+"===e||"\\-"===e?this.text("ord",e[1]):"-∞"===e?this.text("ord","−∞"):/^[A-Za-z]$/.test(e)||/^[α-ω]$/.test(e)?this.text("var",e):/^[A-Za-z]′+$/.test(e)?M(this.el("var",q(e[0]))+this.el("prime",q(e.slice(1)))):/^Δ[A-Za-z]$/.test(e)?M(this.el("ord","Δ")+this.el("var",e[1])):e.endsWith("⁻¹")?this.script(this.symbol(e.slice(0,-2)),this.text("num","−1"),{level:0}):/^\\[A-Za-z]+$/.test(e)?this.text("name",e.slice(1)):/^[A-Za-z]{2,}$/.test(e)?this.text("name",e):this.text("ord",e)}operation(e,t){const{op:r,args:i}=e,[s,o]=i,a=(e,n={})=>this.render(e,{...t,...n,forceParens:n.forceParens||!1,before:n.before||!1}),l=h[r]??(/^[a-z0-9]+$/i.test(r)?r:"other"),u=t=>this.wrap(e,["op",`op-${l}`],t),c=(t,r)=>n.needsBrackets(e,t,r)&&"/"!==t.op?this.fence(a(t)):a(t);if(v.includes(r)||"log"===r)return u(this.named(e,t));if(b[r])return u(O(this.word(b[r]),this.fence(this.list(i,t))));if(n.isCustomFunction(r))return u(this.custom(e,t));const m=n.matrixRows(e);if(m)return u(this.matrix(e,m,t));if(y[r])return u(this.fence(this.list(i,t),...y[r]));if(d[r]&&2===i.length)return u(O(c(s,"left"),this.rel(d[r]),c(o,"right")));if(f[r]&&2===i.length)return u(O(c(s,"left"),this.bin(f[r]),c(o,"right")));switch(r){case"+":return n.isMinusOneTimes(o)?u(O(c(s,"left"),this.bin(p),this.wrap(o,["op","op-mul"],this.render(o.args[1],t)))):"number"===o.type&&o.value.startsWith("-")?u(O(c(s,"left"),this.bin(p),this.wrap(o,["number"],this.text("num",o.value.slice(1))))):u(O(c(s,"left"),this.bin("+"),this.signed(o,c(o,"right"))));case"-":return u(O(c(s,"left"),this.bin(p),this.signed(o,c(o,"right"))));case"*":return u(this.product(e,t));case"/":return u(this.fraction(e,t));case"^":return u(this.power(e,t));case"_":return u(this.script(a(s,{forceParens:!0}),null,t,a(o,{level:t.level+1})));case"neg":return u(O(this.text("sign",p),n.unaryNeedsBrackets(r,s)?this.fence(a(s)):a(s,{before:t.before})));case"pm":return u(O(this.text("sign","±"),n.unaryNeedsBrackets(r,s)?this.fence(a(s)):a(s)));case"!":return u(O(n.unaryNeedsBrackets(r,s)?this.fence(a(s)):a(s,{forceParens:!0}),this.text("ord","!")));case"\\not":return u(O(this.text("sign","¬"),n.unaryNeedsBrackets(r,s)?this.fence(a(s)):a(s)));case"pmod":return u(O(a(s),this.fence(O(this.word("mod"),this.text("space",""),a(o)))));case"sqrt":return u(this.radical(a(s)));case"root":return u(this.radical(a(o),this.render(s,{level:t.level+2})));case"abs":return u(this.fence(a(s),"|","|"));case"floor":return u(this.fence(a(s),"⌊","⌋"));case"ceil":return u(this.fence(a(s),"⌈","⌉"));case"loglog":return u(O(this.word("ln"),this.fence(O(this.word("ln"),this.fence(a(s))))));case"logloglog":return u(O(this.word("ln"),this.fence(O(this.word("ln"),this.fence(O(this.word("ln"),this.fence(a(s))))))));case"perm":return u(this.script(this.script(M(""),this.render(s,{level:t.level+1}),t),null,t,this.render(o,{level:t.level+1}),this.word("P")));case"comb":return u(this.fence(this.stack(a(s),a(o),!1)));case"?:":return u(this.o.cases?this.cases(e,t):O(a(s),this.bin("?"),a(o),this.bin(":"),a(i[2])));case"sum":return u(O(i.map((e,t)=>t?[this.bin("+"),a(e)]:[a(e)]).flat()));case"prod":return u(O(i.map((e,t)=>t?[this.bin("·"),a(e)]:[a(e)]).flat()));case"der":return u(this.derivative(e,t));case"int":return u(this.integral(i,t));case"lim":return u(this.limit(i,t));case"\\sumidx":return u(this.bigOperator("sum",i,t));case"\\prodidx":return u(this.bigOperator("prod",i,t))}throw new Error(`Inline Math cannot draw '${r}'`)}signed(e,t){return("number"===e.type?e.value.startsWith("-"):"neg"===e.op||"pm"===e.op)&&!t.fenced?this.fence(t):t}list(e,t){return O(e.map((e,n)=>n?[this.punct(","),this.render(e,t)]:[this.render(e,t)]).flat())}product(e,t){const[r,i]=e.args;if(n.isMinusOneTimes(e))return O(this.text("sign",p),this.render(i,t));const s=n.bracketedSides(e),o=n.isImplicitProduct(r,i,s),a=function(e){for(;"op"===e.type;){if(v.includes(e.op)||"log"===e.op||b[e.op]||n.isCustomFunction(e.op))return!0;if("^"!==e.op&&"*"!==e.op)return!1;e=e.args[0]}return!1}(i),l=s.left?this.fence(this.render(r,t)):this.render(r,{...t,before:o&&!a}),u=s.right?this.fence(this.render(i,t)):this.render(i,{...t,before:t.before});return O(l,o?M(this.el(a?"fnspace":"times","")):this.bin("·"),u)}named(e,t,n=null){const{op:r,args:i}=e,s="log"===r?i[1]:i[0];let o;o=g[r]&&"power"===this.o.inverseTrig?this.script(this.word(g[r]),this.text("num","−1"),t):this.word(r),n&&(o=this.script(o,n,t)),"log"===r&&(o=this.script(o,null,t,this.render(i[0],{level:t.level+1})));const a="auto"===this.o.fnParens&&!t.forceParens&&!t.before&&E(s),l=this.render(s,{...t,forceParens:!1,before:!1});return O(o,a?O(M(this.el("fnspace","")),l):this.fence(l))}custom(e,t){const r=n.customName(e.op),i=e.args;if(k.includes(r)&&1===i.length)return this.decorate(r,this.render(i[0],t));return O(/^[A-Za-z]′*(⁻¹)?$/.test(r)?this.symbol(r):this.word(r),M(this.el("callgap","")),this.fence(this.list(i,t)))}decorate(e,t){switch(e){case"boxed":return M(this.el("boxed",t.html),t.h+.22,t.d+.22);case"cancel":return M(this.el("cancel",t.html+o("cancel",`${this.p}-cancel-line`)),t.h,t.d);case"underline":return M(this.el("underline",t.html),t.h,t.d+.12);case"overline":case"bar":return M(this.el("over",t.html),t.h+.14,t.d);default:return M(this.el("accent",this.el("accent-mark",w[e])+t.html),t.h+.3,t.d)}}fraction(e,t){const[n,r]=e.args;if(t.level>0&&"slash"===this.o.scriptFractions&&E(n,!0)&&E(r,!0)){const e=e=>"op"!==e.type||E(e)?this.render(e,t):this.fence(this.render(e,t));return O(e(n),this.text("ord","/"),e(r))}const i=t.level>0||t.inFraction||!this.o.display?.8:1,s={...t,inFraction:!0,forceParens:!1,before:!1};return this.stack(this.render(n,s),this.render(r,s),!0,i)}stack(e,t,n=!0,r=1){const i=e=>1===r?e.html:this.el("scaled",e.html,`font-size:${S(r)}`),s=n?.06:0,o=u+s/2+.1+Math.max(l,r*e.d),c=this.el("frac"+(n?"":" frac-nobar"),this.el("numer",i(e))+this.el("denom",i(t)),`vertical-align:${S(o)}`);return M(c,o+Math.max(a,r*e.h),Math.max(a,r*t.h)+Math.max(l,r*t.d)+.1+s/2-u)}power(e,t){const[r,i]=e.args,s={...t,level:t.level+1,forceParens:!1,before:!1,inFraction:!1},o=()=>this.render(i,s);if(this.o.trigPowers&&m.includes(r.op)&&T(i))return this.wrap(r,["op",`op-${r.op}`],this.named(r,t,o()));if("_"===r.op){const e=this.render(r.args[1],s);return this.wrap(r,["op","op-subscript"],this.script(this.render(r.args[0],{...t,forceParens:!0}),o(),t,e))}const a=n.needsBrackets(e,r,"left")||"number"===r.type&&r.value.startsWith("-")||"/"===r.op||v.includes(r.op)?this.fence(this.render(r,t)):this.render(r,{...t,forceParens:!0});return this.script(a,o(),t)}script(e,t,n,r=null,i=null){const s=n.level>0?.8:c,o=i?O(e,i):e;let a=t?Math.max(.42,e.h-.38,s*t.d+.12):0,l=r?Math.max(.2,e.d-.05,s*r.h-.45):0;if(t&&r){const e=.1-(a-s*t.d-(s*r.h-l));e>0&&(l+=e)}const u=e=>this.el("script",e.html,`font-size:${S(s)}`);if(t&&!r)return M(e.html+this.el("sup",t.html,`font-size:${S(s)};vertical-align:${S(a/s)}`),Math.max(o.h,a+s*t.h),Math.max(o.d,s*t.d-a));if(r&&!t)return M(o.html+this.el("sub",r.html,`font-size:${S(s)};vertical-align:${S(-l/s)}`),Math.max(o.h,s*r.h-l),Math.max(o.d,l+s*r.d));const p=a+s*t.h,h=l+s*r.d,d=this.el("subsup",u(t)+u(r),`vertical-align:${S(a)};height:${S(p+h)}`);return M(o.html+d,Math.max(o.h,p),Math.max(o.d,h))}radical(e,t=null){const n=Math.max(e.h,a)+.1+.06,r=Math.max(e.d,l),i=n+r,s=o("sqrt",`${this.p}-hook`,`height:${S(i)};width:${S(.5+.06*(i-1))};vertical-align:${S(-r)}`);let u="";if(t){const e=.8*c;u=this.el("rootindex",t.html,`font-size:${S(e)};vertical-align:${S((.55*i-r)/e)}`)}return M(this.el("sqrt",u+s+this.el("radicand",e.html)),n,r)}fence(e,t="(",n=")"){const r=Math.max(e.h,a)+Math.max(e.d,l),i=r>1.25,s=i?.1:0,u=(e,t)=>{if(!e)return{html:"",w:0};const n={"(":.26,")":.26,"{":.36,"}":.36}[e];if(n){const s=n+(i?Math.min(.2,.05*(r-1)):0);return{html:o(e,`${this.p}-delim ${this.p}-delim-${t}`,`width:${S(s)}`),w:s+.1}}const s={"[":"lbrack","]":"rbrack","|":"vert","⌊":"lfloor","⌋":"rfloor","⌈":"lceil","⌉":"rceil"}[e];return{html:this.el(`delim ${s} delim-${t}`,""),w:"|"===e?.18:.3}},c=u(t,"l"),p=u(n,"r"),h=`padding:${S(s)} ${S(p.w)} ${S(s)} ${S(c.w)}`,d=M(this.el("fence",c.html+e.html+p.html,h),Math.max(e.h,a)+s,Math.max(e.d,l)+s);return d.fenced=!0,d}derivative(e,t){const{n:r,body:i,by:s,variable:o}=n.derivativeOrder(e),a={...t,level:t.level+1},l=()=>this.text("d","d"),u=()=>r>1?this.render({type:"number",value:String(r)},a):null,c={...t,inFraction:!0},p=O(l(),u()?this.script(this.render(s,c),u(),c):this.render(s,c)),h=e=>O(u()?this.script(l(),u(),c):l(),e||[]),d=t.level>0||t.inFraction||!this.o.display?.8:1;if(o)return this.stack(h(this.render(i,c)),p,!0,d);const f=n.bracketOp(i)&&n.precedenceOf(n.bracketOp(i))<100,[m,g]="("===this.o.derivativeBrackets?["(",")"]:["[","]"],v=f?this.fence(this.render(i,t),m,g):this.render(i,t);return O(this.stack(h(),p,!0,d),v)}integral(e,t){const[r,i,s,o]=e,a=e=>this.render(e,t),l=e=>e?this.render(e,{...t,level:t.level+1}):null,u=()=>this.text("var",n.firstVariable(r)||"x");let c,p=null,h=null;switch(e.length){case 1:c=u();break;case 2:n.isVariable(i)?c=a(i):(c=u(),p=l(i));break;case 3:n.isVariable(i)?(c=a(i),p=l(s)):(c=u(),p=l(i),h=l(s));break;default:c=a(i),p=l(s),h=l(o)}const d=a(r),f=M(this.el("dx",this.el("d","d")+c.html),c.h,c.d);return O(this.bigSign("int",d,p,h,t),d,f)}bigSign(e,t,n,r,i){const s=!this.o.display||i.level>0,a=Math.max(s?.6:.95,Math.max(t.h-u,t.d+u)+.12),l=o(e,`${this.p}-bigsign ${this.p}-${e}sign`,`height:${S(2*a)};width:${S(s?.38:.5)};vertical-align:${S(u-a)}`);if(!n&&!r)return M(l,u+a,a-u);const p=c,h=r||M(""),d=n||M(""),f=u+a-p*h.h;d.d;const m=this.el("limits",this.el("script",h.html,`font-size:${S(p)}`)+this.el("script lower",d.html,`font-size:${S(p)}`),`vertical-align:${S(f)};height:${S(2*a)}`);return M(l+m,u+a,a-u)}limit(e,t){const[r,i,s,o]=e,a={...t,level:t.level+1},l=e=>this.render(e,a),u=()=>this.rel("→");let c;switch(e.length){case 1:return O(this.word("lim"),M(this.el("fnspace","")),this.render(r,t));case 2:{const e=n.firstVariable(r),t="number"===i.type||"symbol"===i.type&&i.value.includes("∞");c=e&&t?O(this.text("var",e),u(),l(i)):l(i);break}case 3:c=O(l(i),u(),l(s));break;default:{const e=n.firstLeaf(o).toLowerCase().startsWith("r")?"+":p;c=O(l(i),u(),this.script(l(s),this.wrap(o,["symbol"],this.text("ord",e)),a))}}return O(this.under(this.word("lim"),c,t),this.render(r,t))}under(e,t,n){return!this.o.display||n.level>0?this.script(e,null,n,t):M(this.el("under",e.html+this.el("script",t.html,`font-size:${S(.7)}`)),e.h,Math.max(e.d,l)+.05+.7*(t.h+t.d))}bigOperator(e,t,n){const[r,i,s]=t,a={...n,level:n.level+1},l=i?this.render(i,a):null,p=s?this.render(s,a):null,h=this.render(r,n);if(!this.o.display||n.level>0){const t=.55,r=o(e,`${this.p}-bigsign`,`height:${S(2*t)};width:${S(.8)};vertical-align:${S(u-t)}`);return O(this.script(M(r,u+t,t-u),p,n,l),h)}const d=.68,f=c,m=o(e,`${this.p}-bigsign`,`height:${S(1.36)};width:${S("sum"===e?1:1.05)}`),g=p?1.01+f*p.d:u-d,v=e=>this.el("script",e.html,`font-size:${S(f)}`),b=this.el("bigop",(p?v(p):"")+m+(l?v(l):""),`vertical-align:${S(g)}`);return O(M(b,.93+(p?.08+f*(p.h+p.d):0),d-u+(l?.08+f*(l.h+l.d):0)),h)}matrix(e,t,r){const i=t.map(e=>e.map(e=>this.render(e,r))),s=i.map(e=>({h:Math.max(a,...e.map(e=>e.h)),d:Math.max(l,...e.map(e=>e.d))})),o=s.reduce((e,t)=>e+t.h+t.d,0)+.3*(t.length-1),c=u+o/2-s[0].h,p=i.map((t,n)=>{const r=t.map(e=>this.el("matrix-cell",e.html)).join(""),i=e.args[n];return i&&"op"===i.type&&"[]"===i.op?this.wrap(i,["op","op-list","matrix-row"],M(r)).html:r}).join(""),h=t[0].length,d=M(this.el("matrix",p,`grid-template-columns:repeat(${h},auto);vertical-align:${S(c)}`),u+o/2,o/2-u),[f,m]=n.MATRICES[e.op]??["[","]"];return this.fence(d,f,m)}cases(e,t){const n=[];let r=e;for(;"op"===r.type&&"?:"===r.op;)n.push([this.render(r.args[1],t),O(this.word("if"),this.text("space",""),this.render(r.args[0],t))]),r=r.args[2];"symbol"===r.type&&"unchanged"===r.value||n.push([this.render(r,t),this.word("otherwise")]);const i=n.map(([e,t])=>({h:Math.max(e.h,t.h),d:Math.max(e.d,t.d)})),s=i.reduce((e,t)=>e+t.h+t.d,0)+.25*(n.length-1),o=u+s/2-i[0].h,a=n.map(([e,t])=>this.el("case-value",e.html)+this.el("case-cond",t.html)).join(""),l=M(this.el("cases",a,`vertical-align:${S(o)}`),u+s/2,s/2-u);return this.fence(l,"{","")}}function E(e,t=!1){return"number"===e.type?!e.value.startsWith("-")||t:"symbol"===e.type||"op"===e.type&&("abs"===e.op||n.matrixRows(e)?!t:!t||"neg"!==e.op&&"^"!==e.op?"*"===e.op&&!n.isMinusOneTimes(e)&&e.args.every(e=>"number"===e.type&&!e.value.startsWith("-")||I(e)||"*"===e.op&&E(e,t)):E(e.args[0],!0)&&("neg"===e.op||E(e.args[1],!0)))}const I=e=>"symbol"===e.type&&(1===e.value.length||/^[α-ωΑ-Ω]$/.test(e.value)||Boolean(n.GREEK[e.value])),T=e=>"number"===e.type&&/^[1-9]\d*$/.test(e.value)&&Number(e.value)<10;const L=e=>n.toPostfix(e).join(" ");function j(e,t){const r=new Set;C(e,t,r);const i=[];return n.walk(e,e=>{r.has(e)&&i.push(e)}),i}function C(e,t,r){if(null!=t)if(Array.isArray(t))t.forEach(t=>C(e,t,r));else if("number"!=typeof t)if("function"!=typeof t){if("string"==typeof t){const i=L(n.parseTree(t));return void n.walk(e,e=>{L(e)===i&&r.add(e)})}if(t.path){const n=z(e,t.path);return void(n&&r.add(n))}if(t.type){const i=L(t);n.walk(e,e=>{e!==t&&L(e)!==i||r.add(e)})}}else n.walk(e,(e,n)=>{t(e,n)&&r.add(e)});else n.walk(e,e=>{e.id===t&&r.add(e)})}function z(e,t){let n=e;for(const e of t){if("op"!==n.type||!n.args[e])return null;n=n.args[e]}return n}function Z(e,t){const n=[],r=e=>{if(e.id===t)return!0;if("op"!==e.type)return!1;for(let t=0;t<e.args.length;t++){if(n.push(t),r(e.args[t]))return!0;n.pop()}return!1};return r(e)?n:null}function B(e){let t=0;const r=e=>{"op"===e.type&&(e.args.forEach(r),n.operator(e.op)?.arity===n.VARIADIC&&t++),e.id=t++};return r(e),e}function D(e,t={}){const{blocks:r}=t;if("string"==typeof e)return n.parseTree(e,r?{blocks:e=>r(e,t.scope)}:{});if(Array.isArray(e))return n.fromPostfix(e);if(e&&"object"==typeof e&&e.type)return void 0===e.id?B(structuredClone(e)):e;throw new Error("Inline Math needs an expression, standard postfix or a tree")}function F(e,t){const{colors:n,highlight:r,scope:i,blocks:s,...o}=t,a=new Map;for(const[t,r]of function(e){return e?Array.isArray(e)?e:Object.entries(e).map(([e,t])=>[/^\d+$/.test(e)?Number(e):e,t]):[]}(n))if(R(r))for(const n of j(e,t))a.set(n,`color:${r}`);const l=new Set(void 0===r?[]:j(e,r));if(!a.size&&!l.size)return o;const u=o.prefix||"mv";return{...o,style:e=>[a.get(e),o.style&&o.style(e)].filter(Boolean).join(";"),attributes:e=>{const t={...o.attributes?o.attributes(e):{}};return l.has(e)&&(t.class=[t.class,`${u}-hl`].filter(Boolean).join(" ")),t}}}function R(e){return"string"==typeof e&&/^[#\w\s.,%()/+-]+$/.test(e)&&!/url\s*\(|expression/i.test(e)}function P(e,n={}){return D(e,{...n,blocks:n.blocks??t.calculateBlock})}function V(e,n={}){return function(e,t={}){const n=D(e,t);return A(n,F(n,t)).html}(e,{...n,blocks:n.blocks??t.calculateBlock})}const W=Symbol.for("inlinemath.expressions"),U=new Set(["symbol","number"]);function _(e){return e?"symbol"===e.type?e.value:"op"===e.type&&"_"===e.op&&2===e.args.length&&"symbol"===e.args[0].type&&U.has(e.args[1].type)?`${e.args[0].value}_${e.args[1].value}`:null:null}function H(e){const{id:t,from:n,...r}=e;return r.args&&(r.args=r.args.map(H)),r}function J(e){const{id:t,...n}=e;return n.args&&(n.args=n.args.map(J)),n}function Y(e,t){const n=(e,r)=>{if(!r&&void 0!==e.from)return t(e.from);const{id:i,from:s,...o}=e;return o.args&&(o.args=o.args.map(e=>n(e,!1))),o};return n(e,!0)}function K(e,t){let n=!1;const r=new Set,i=e=>{const s=_(e);if(null!==s){if(!r.has(s)){const e=t(s);if(e){n=!0,r.add(s);const t={...i(H(e)),from:s};return r.delete(s),t}}return e}return e.args?{...e,args:e.args.map(i)}:e},s=i(e);return{tree:n?J(s):e,changed:n}}const G="[-+]?(?:\\d+\\.?\\d*|\\.\\d+)",Q=new RegExp(`^(${G})\\s*\\.\\.\\s*(${G})(?:\\s+step\\s+(${G}))?(?:\\s*=\\s*(${G}))?$`);function X(e){const t=/^\s*\[\[([\s\S]*)\]\]\s*$/.exec(e);if(!t||/\]\s*,\s*\[/.test(t[1]))return null;const n=t[1].trim(),r=Q.exec(n);if(r){const e=Number(r[1]),t=Number(r[2]);if(!(t>e))return null;const n=void 0!==r[3]?Number(r[3]):Number.isInteger(e)&&Number.isInteger(t)?1:(t-e)/100;if(!(n>0))return null;const i=void 0!==r[4]?Math.min(t,Math.max(e,Number(r[4]))):e;return{kind:"slider",min:e,max:t,step:n,default:String(i)}}if(n.includes("|")){const e=n.split("|").map(e=>e.trim()).filter(Boolean);if(e.length)return{kind:"dropdown",options:e,default:e[0]}}return{kind:"textbox",default:n}}const ee=Symbol("set on the page");class te{constructor(){this.owners=new Map,this.chosen=new Map,this.listeners=new Set}definitions(e){const t=new Map;for(const[n,r]of this.owners)if(n!==e)for(const[e,n]of r)t.delete(e),t.set(e,n);return t}textOf(e){const t=this.chosen.get(e.name);return t&&t.key===e.key?t.text:e.text}get(e){const t=this.definitions().get(e);return t?this.textOf(t):void 0}names(){return[...this.definitions().keys()]}set(e,t){t=String(t);const n=this.definitions().get(e);if(n&&n.input){const r=this.chosen.get(e);if(r&&r.key===n.key&&r.text===t)return this;this.chosen.set(e,{key:n.key,text:t})}else{const n=new Map(this.owners.get(ee));n.set(e,{name:e,text:t,key:`page:${t}`,input:null}),this.owners.delete(ee),this.owners.set(ee,n)}return this.notify(null,e),this}clear(e){return void 0===e?(this.owners.clear(),this.chosen.clear()):(this.owners.get(ee)?.delete(e),this.chosen.delete(e)),this.notify(null,e),this}subscribe(e){return this.listeners.add(e),()=>this.listeners.delete(e)}own(e,t){const n=this.owners.get(e);var r,i;(r=n,i=t,(r?.size??0)===(i?.size??0)&&[...r??[]].every(([e,t])=>i?.get(e)?.key===t.key))?t&&this.owners.set(e,t):(t&&t.size?this.owners.set(e,t):this.owners.delete(e),this.notify(e))}notify(e,t){for(const n of[...this.listeners])n(e,t)}}function ne(){return new te}const re=ne();function ie(e,t,n){const r=(e,i)=>i===t.length?n:{...e,args:e.args.map((e,n)=>n===t[i]?r(e,i+1):e)};return H(r(e,0))}function se(e,t,{parse:n,commit:r,cancel:i,label:s="Edit"}){const o=e.ownerDocument;if(!o||!o.body)return null;const a=o.defaultView,l=e.getBoundingClientRect(),u=o.createElement("input");u.type="text",u.className="mv-edit",u.value=t,u.spellcheck=!1,u.autocomplete="off",u.setAttribute("aria-label",s);const c=()=>{u.style.width=`${Math.max(4,u.value.length+2)}ch`},p=a.getComputedStyle(e);Object.assign(u.style,{position:"absolute",left:`${l.left+a.scrollX}px`,top:`${l.top+a.scrollY+l.height/2}px`,minWidth:`${Math.max(l.width,32)}px`,fontSize:p.fontSize}),c(),o.body.appendChild(u),a.getSelection?.()?.removeAllRanges(),u.focus(),u.select();let h=!1;const d=()=>{h=!0,u.remove()},f=e=>{if(h)return!0;if(!e||u.value===t)return d(),i&&i(),!0;let s;try{s=n(u.value)}catch(e){return u.setAttribute("aria-invalid","true"),u.title=e.message,!1}return d(),r(s,u.value),!0};return u.addEventListener("keydown",e=>{e.stopPropagation(),"Enter"===e.key&&(e.preventDefault(),f(!0)),"Escape"===e.key&&(e.preventDefault(),f(!1))}),u.addEventListener("input",()=>{c(),u.removeAttribute("aria-invalid"),u.removeAttribute("title")}),u.addEventListener("blur",()=>{f(!0)||f(!1)}),u}class oe{constructor(e,t,n={}){this.element=e,this.options=n,this.p=n.prefix||"mv",this.handlers=[],this.clicks=[],this.active=null,this.live=ae(e,n.announce,this.p),this.set(t)}set(e,{animate:t=!1,duration:n=600,easing:r="ease-in-out"}={}){const i=le(t)&&this.tree?this.snapshot():null,s=void 0!==this.tree;return this.tree=P(e,this.options),this.element.innerHTML=A(this.tree,F(this.tree,this.options)).html,this.root=this.element.firstElementChild,this.handlers.length&&this.root.classList.add(`${this.p}-clickable`),this.editing&&this.root.classList.add(`${this.p}-editable`),this.active=null,(this.clicks.length||this.editing)&&this.focusable(),i&&this.morph(i,{duration:n,easing:r}),s&&this.live&&this.announce(this.spoken()),this}spoken(){const e=this.root&&this.root.getAttribute&&this.root.getAttribute("aria-label");if(e)return e;try{return r.toAudioSpeech(this.tree)}catch{return""}}announce(e){return this.say(this.live,e)}say(e,t){if(!e)return this;e.textContent="";const n=()=>{e.textContent=t};return"function"==typeof requestAnimationFrame?requestAnimationFrame(()=>requestAnimationFrame(n)):setTimeout(n,50),this}nodes(e){return j(this.tree,e)}elements(e){return this.nodes(e).map(e=>this.elementOf(e)).filter(Boolean)}elementOf(e){return void 0===e.id?null:this.root.querySelector(`[data-node="${e.id}"]`)}highlight(e,t=`${this.p}-hl`){return this.elements(e).forEach(e=>e.classList.add(t)),this}unhighlight(e=null,t=`${this.p}-hl`){return(null===e?this.root.querySelectorAll(`.${t}`):this.elements(e)).forEach(e=>e.classList.remove(t)),this}color(e,t){return this.elements(e).forEach(e=>{e.style.color=t||""}),this}on(e,t){const n=e=>{const n=e.target.closest?.("[data-node]");if(!n||!this.root.contains(n))return;const r=Number(n.dataset.node),i=j(this.tree,r)[0];t({node:i,id:r,path:Z(this.tree,r),element:n,event:e})};return this.element.addEventListener(e,n),this.handlers.push([e,n]),this.root.classList.add(`${this.p}-clickable`),"click"===e&&(this.clicks.push(t),this.keyboard()),()=>{this.element.removeEventListener(e,n),this.clicks=this.clicks.filter(e=>e!==t)}}editable({toText:e,onEdit:t}={}){if("function"!=typeof e)throw new Error("editable needs { toText } (import { toText } from 'mathzetta/text')");return this.editing={toText:e,onEdit:t},this.root&&this.root.classList&&this.root.classList.add(`${this.p}-editable`),this.keyboard(),!this.editOn&&this.element.addEventListener&&(this.editOn=!0,this.element.addEventListener("dblclick",e=>{const t=e.target.closest?.("[data-node]");t&&this.root.contains(t)&&(e.preventDefault(),this.edit(j(this.tree,Number(t.dataset.node))[0]))})),this}edit(e=this.tree,{returnFocus:t=!1}={}){if(!this.editing)throw new Error("call editable({ toText }) first");const n="object"==typeof e&&e&&e.type?e:this.nodes(e)[0];if(!n)return null;const i=Z(this.tree,n.id)||[],s=this.elementOf(n)||this.root;let o="Edit";try{o=`Edit ${r.toAudioSpeech(n)}`}catch{}const a=()=>{t&&this.root.focus&&this.root.focus()};return se(s,this.editing.toText(n),{label:o,parse:e=>P(e,this.options),commit:(e,n)=>{this.set(ie(this.tree,i,e),{animate:!0});const r=z(this.tree,i);t&&r&&this.focusPart(r===this.tree?null:r),a(),this.editing.onEdit&&this.editing.onEdit({tree:this.tree,text:this.editing.toText(this.tree),path:i,part:n})},cancel:a})}focusable(){this.root&&this.root.setAttribute&&(this.root.setAttribute("tabindex","0"),this.root.getAttribute("aria-label")||(this.root.setAttribute("role","math"),this.root.setAttribute("aria-label",this.spoken())),this.root.setAttribute("aria-description",this.editing?"Arrow keys move between parts, F2 edits one.":"Arrow keys move between parts, Enter selects one."))}keyboard(){this.focusable(),!this.keysOn&&this.element.addEventListener&&(this.keysOn=!0,this.partsLive=this.live||ae(this.element,!0,this.p),this.element.addEventListener("keydown",e=>this.key(e)))}key(e){if(!this.root||!this.root.contains(e.target))return;const t=this.active;let n;switch(e.key){case"ArrowDown":n=t?this.partsOf(t)[0]:this.partsOf(this.tree)[0];break;case"ArrowUp":n=t?this.outerOf(t):void 0;break;case"ArrowRight":n=t?this.neighbour(t,1):this.partsOf(this.tree)[0];break;case"ArrowLeft":n=t?this.neighbour(t,-1):void 0;break;case"Home":case"Escape":n=null;break;case"F2":if(!this.editing)return;return e.preventDefault(),void this.edit(t||this.tree,{returnFocus:!0});case"Enter":case" ":{e.preventDefault();const n=t||this.tree,r=this.elementOf(n)||this.root,i={node:n,id:n.id,path:Z(this.tree,n.id),element:r,event:e};for(const e of this.clicks)e(i);return}default:return}e.preventDefault(),void 0!==n&&this.focusPart(n)}focusPart(e){const t=`${this.p}-focus`;this.root.querySelectorAll(`.${t}`).forEach(e=>e.classList.remove(t)),this.active=e;const n=e&&this.elementOf(e);n&&n.classList.add(t);let i="";try{i=e?r.toAudioSpeech(e):this.spoken()}catch{i=""}return this.say(this.partsLive,i),this}partsOf(e){const t=[],n=e=>{this.elementOf(e)?t.push(e):"op"===e.type&&e.args.forEach(n)};return e&&"op"===e.type&&e.args.forEach(n),t}outerOf(e){const t=Z(this.tree,e.id);for(let e=t?t.length-1:-1;e>0;e--){const n=z(this.tree,t.slice(0,e));if(n&&this.elementOf(n))return n}return null}neighbour(e,t){const n=this.partsOf(this.outerOf(e)||this.tree),r=n.indexOf(e);return r<0?void 0:n[r+t]}segments(e={}){return r.toSpeechSegments(this.tree,e)}showSegment(e,t=`${this.p}-hl`){return this.unhighlight(null,t),e&&void 0!==e.id&&this.highlight(e.id,t),this}snapshot(){const e=new Map,t=n=>{const r=this.elementOf(n);if(r){const t=L(n);e.has(t)||e.set(t,[]),e.get(t).push(r.getBoundingClientRect())}"op"===n.type&&n.args.forEach(t)};return t(this.tree),e}morph(e,{duration:t,easing:n}){if("undefined"==typeof Element||!Element.prototype.animate)return;const r=i=>{const s=this.elementOf(i),o=s&&e.get(L(i));if(o&&o.length){const e=o.shift(),r=s.getBoundingClientRect(),i=e.left-r.left,a=e.top-r.top,l=r.width?e.width/r.width:1,u=r.height?e.height/r.height:1;return void((Math.abs(i)+Math.abs(a)>.5||Math.abs(l-1)+Math.abs(u-1)>.01)&&s.animate([{transformOrigin:"0 0",transform:`translate(${i}px, ${a}px) scale(${l}, ${u})`},{transformOrigin:"0 0",transform:"none"}],{duration:t,easing:n}))}"op"===i.type?i.args.forEach(r):s&&s.animate([{opacity:0},{opacity:0},{opacity:1}],{duration:t,easing:n})};r(this.tree)}}function ae(e,t,n){if(!t)return null;if("object"==typeof t&&1===t.nodeType)return t;if("undefined"==typeof document||!e.insertAdjacentElement)return null;const r=document.createElement("span");return r.className=`${n}-sr-only`,r.setAttribute("aria-live","polite"),r.setAttribute("aria-atomic","true"),e.insertAdjacentElement("afterend",r),r}function le(e){return!!e&&("always"===e||!("function"==typeof matchMedia&&matchMedia("(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce)").matches))}const ue=new RegExp("(\\d+)","g");function ce(e,{delimiters:t=["$$","$","\\[","\\("]}={}){const n=[];let r="",i=0;const s=String(e),o=e=>0===e||"\n"===s[e-1],a=(e,t,r)=>(n.push({source:e,display:t,raw:r,start:i,end:i+r.length}),`${n.length-1}`);for(;i<s.length;){if(o(i)){const e=/^( {0,3})(`{3,}|~{3,})([^\n]*)\n?/.exec(s.slice(i));if(e){const t=e[2],n=new RegExp(`\\n {0,3}${"`"===t[0]?"`":"~"}{${t.length},}[ \\t]*(?=\\n|$)`),o=s.slice(i+e[0].length),l=n.exec(`\n${o}`),u=l?o.slice(0,Math.max(0,l.index-1)):o,c=e[0].length+(l?l.index-1+l[0].length:o.length),p=s.slice(i,i+c);"math"===e[3].trim()?r+=a(u,!0,p):r+=p,i+=c;continue}}const e=s[i];if("`"===e){const e=/^`+/.exec(s.slice(i))[0],t=s.indexOf(e,i+e.length);if(t>-1){r+=s.slice(i,t+e.length),i=t+e.length;continue}r+=e,i+=e.length;continue}if("\\"===e){const e=s.slice(i,i+2),n="\\["===e?"\\]":"\\("===e?"\\)":null;if(n&&t.includes(e)){const t=s.indexOf(n,i+2);if(t>-1){r+=a(s.slice(i+2,t),"\\["===e,s.slice(i,t+2)),i=t+2;continue}}r+=e,i+=2;continue}if("$"===e)if("$"===s[i+1]&&t.includes("$$")){const e=s.indexOf("$$",i+2);if(e>-1){r+=a(s.slice(i+2,e),!0,s.slice(i,e+2)),i=e+2;continue}}else if(t.includes("$")&&s[i+1]&&!/\s/.test(s[i+1])){const e=pe(s,i+1);if(e>-1){r+=a(s.slice(i+1,e),!1,s.slice(i,e+1)),i=e+1;continue}}r+=e,i++}return{text:r,math:n}}function pe(e,t){for(let n=t;n<e.length;n++){const t=e[n];if("\\"!==t){if("`"===t)return-1;if("\n"===t&&/^\n[ \t]*\n/.test(e.slice(n)))return-1;if("$"===t&&!/\s/.test(e[n-1])&&!/\d/.test(e[n+1]??"")&&"$"!==e[n+1])return n}else n++}return-1}const he=e=>String(e).replace(/&/g,"&amp;").replace(/</g,"&lt;").replace(/>/g,"&gt;").replace(/"/g,"&quot;"),de=/^\s*([A-Za-z\u0370-\u03ff](?:_\{?\w+\}?)?)\s*=\s*([^=<>≤≥]+)$/;function fe(e,r,i,s){const{text:o,math:a}=ce(e,r),l=i?i.definitions(s):new Map,u=e=>i?i.textOf(e):e.text,c={...r.scope??{}},p={},h=new Map,d=new Set,f=[],m=()=>{for(const e of Object.keys(p))delete p[e];Object.assign(p,c);for(const e of l.keys())delete p[e];let e=[...l.values()];for(;e.length;){const n=e.filter(e=>{try{const n=t.calculate(u(e),p);if("number"==typeof n.value||"bigint"==typeof n.value||Array.isArray(n.value))return p[e.name]=n.exact?n.text:n.value,!1}catch{}return!0});if(n.length===e.length)break;e=n}const r={},i=g({});for(const e of l.keys()){const t=i(e);if(t)try{r[e]=n.toPostfix(K(t,t=>t===e?null:i(t)).tree)}catch{}}p[W]=r},g=e=>{const t=new Map;return n=>{const r=l.get(n);if(!r)return null;if(!t.has(n)){let i=null;try{i=P(u(r),e)}catch{}t.set(n,i)}return t.get(n)}};m();const v=a.map((e,n)=>{const{source:i,display:s}=e,o=s?"mv-md-display":"mv-md-math",a=(e,t="")=>`<span class="${o}${t}" data-mv-md="${n}">${e}</span>`;try{const o={...r.math,display:s,blocks:r.blocks,scope:p},v=function(e){let t=e.trim();const n=t.startsWith("_");n&&(t=t.slice(1).trimStart());let r=t.indexOf(":="),i=2;r<0&&n&&(r=t.search(/(?<![<>!≤≥=])=(?!=)/),i=1);const s=n?{error:"a hidden $_…$ saves a variable: $_A := 2+2$"}:null;if(r<=0)return s;const o=t.slice(0,r).trim(),a=t.slice(r+i).trim();let l=null;try{l=/\{\{/.test(o)?null:_(P(o))}catch{}return null!==l&&a?{hidden:n,lhs:o,name:l,rhs:a,input:X(a)}:s}(i);if(v&&v.error)throw new Error(v.error);if(v){const{name:t,input:r,hidden:i}=v,s=r?{name:t,text:r.default,input:r,key:`input:${JSON.stringify(r)}`}:{name:t,text:v.rhs,input:null,key:`expr:${v.rhs}`,start:e.start,end:e.end};let c="";if(r){const e=function(e,t){const{input:n,name:r}=e,i=`class="mv-md-input mv-md-${n.kind}" data-mv-var="${he(r)}" aria-label="${he(r)}"`;if("dropdown"===n.kind)return`<select ${i}>${n.options.map(e=>`<option value="${he(e)}"${e===t?" selected":""}>${he(e)}</option>`).join("")}</select>`;return"slider"===n.kind?`<input type="range" ${i} min="${n.min}" max="${n.max}" step="${n.step}" value="${he(t)}"><output class="mv-md-output" data-mv-out="${he(r)}">${he(t)}</output>`:`<input type="text" ${i} value="${he(t)}" size="${Math.max(4,t.length+1)}" spellcheck="false" autocomplete="off">`}(s,u(s));c=i?e:`${V(v.lhs,o)}<span class="mv-md-assign" aria-hidden="true">≔</span>${e}`,d.add(n)}else{const e=K(P(v.rhs,o),g(o)).tree;if(!i){const t=B({type:"op",op:"=",args:[H(P(v.lhs)),void 0===e.id?e:H(e)]});f[n]=t,c=function(e){return e.replace('<span class="mv-rel">=</span>','<span class="mv-rel mv-rel-def">≔</span>').replace(/(aria-label="[^"]*?) equals /,"$1 is defined as ").replace("<mo>=</mo>","<mo>≔</mo>")}(V(t,o))}}return l.delete(t),l.set(t,s),h.set(t,s),m(),i&&!r?"":a(c,r?" mv-md-input-def":"")}const{tree:b,changed:y}=K(P(i,o),g(o));y&&B(b),f[n]=b;const x=V(b,o);return!y&&!1!==r.define&&function(e,n,r){const i=de.exec(e);if(!i||/\{\{/.test(i[2]))return!1;const s=i[1].replace(/[{}]/g,"");if(r.has(s))return!1;try{const e=t.calculate(i[2],n);if("number"==typeof e.value||"bigint"==typeof e.value||Array.isArray(e.value))return n[s]=e.exact?e.text:e.value,!0}catch{}return!1}(i,c,l)&&m(),a(x)}catch(t){return`<span class="mv-md-error" data-mv-md="${n}" title="${he(t.message)}"><code>${he(e.raw)}</code></span>`}});return{text:o,math:a,drawn:v,defs:h,inputs:d,trees:f}}const me=/^(https?:|mailto:|#|\/|\.{0,2}\/|[^:]*$)/i,ge=e=>me.test(e.trim())?he(e.trim()):"#";function ve(e,t,n){const r=[],i=e=>(r.push(e),`${r.length-1}`);let s=e;return s=s.replace(/(`+)([\s\S]*?[^`])\1(?!`)/g,(e,t,r)=>i(`<code>${he(n(r.trim()))}</code>`)),s=s.replace(/\\([\\`*_{}[\]()#+\-.!|~$<>"'])/g,(e,t)=>i(he(t))),s=s.replace(/<((?:https?:\/\/|mailto:)[^\s>]+)>/g,(e,t)=>i(`<a href="${ge(t)}">${he(t)}</a>`)),t.html&&(s=s.replace(/<\/?[A-Za-z][^>]*>/g,e=>i(e))),s=s.replace(/!\[([^\]]*)\]\(\s*((?:[^\s()]|\([^\s()]*\))+)(?:\s+"([^"]*)")?\s*\)/g,(e,t,n,r)=>i(`<img src="${ge(n)}" alt="${he(t)}"${r?` title="${he(r)}"`:""}>`)),s=s.replace(/\[([^\]]+)\]\(\s*((?:[^\s()]|\([^\s()]*\))+)(?:\s+"([^"]*)")?\s*\)/g,(e,r,s,o)=>i(`<a href="${ge(s)}"${o?` title="${he(o)}"`:""}>${ve(r,t,n)}</a>`)),s=he(s),s=s.replace(/(\*\*|__)(?=\S)([\s\S]*?\S)\1/g,"<strong>$2</strong>"),s=s.replace(/(^|[^*\w])\*(?=\S)([\s\S]*?\S)\*(?!\*)/g,"$1<em>$2</em>"),s=s.replace(/(^|[^_\w])_(?=\S)([\s\S]*?\S)_(?![_\w])/g,"$1<em>$2</em>"),s=s.replace(/~~(?=\S)([\s\S]*?\S)~~/g,"<del>$1</del>"),s=s.replace(/( {2,}|\\)\n/g,"<br>\n"),s.replace(/(\d+)/g,(e,t)=>r[Number(t)])}const be=/^( {0,3})(#{1,6}\s|>|```|~~~|([-*+]|\d{1,9}[.)])\s|(\*[ \t]*){3,}$|(-[ \t]*){3,}$|(_[ \t]*){3,}$)/,ye=/^( {0,3})([-*+]|\d{1,9}[.)])(\s+|$)/,xe=/^\s*\|?\s*:?-+:?\s*(\|\s*:?-+:?\s*)*\|?\s*$/;function we(e,t,n){const r=[];let i=0;const s=e=>ve(e,t,n);for(;i<e.length;){const o=e[i];if(!o.trim()){i++;continue}const a=/^ {0,3}(`{3,}|~{3,})\s*([^\s`]*)/.exec(o);if(a){const t=[];for(i++;i<e.length&&!new RegExp(`^ {0,3}${"`"===a[1][0]?"`":"~"}{${a[1].length},}\\s*$`).test(e[i]);)t.push(e[i++]);i++;const s=a[2]?` class="language-${he(a[2])}"`:"";r.push(`<pre><code${s}>${he(n(t.join("\n")))}</code></pre>`);continue}const l=/^ {0,3}(#{1,6})\s+(.*?)\s*#*\s*$/.exec(o);if(l){r.push(`<h${l[1].length}>${s(l[2])}</h${l[1].length}>`),i++;continue}if(/^ {0,3}((\*[ \t]*){3,}|(-[ \t]*){3,}|(_[ \t]*){3,})$/.test(o)){r.push("<hr>"),i++;continue}if(/^ {0,3}>/.test(o)){const s=[];for(;i<e.length&&e[i].trim()&&(/^ {0,3}>/.test(e[i])||s.length);)s.push(e[i].replace(/^ {0,3}> ?/,"")),i++;r.push(`<blockquote>\n${we(s,t,n)}\n</blockquote>`);continue}const u=ye.exec(o);if(u){const s=/\d/.test(u[2]),o=s?parseInt(u[2],10):1,a=[];let l=!1;for(;i<e.length;){const t=ye.exec(e[i]);if(!t||/\d/.test(t[2])!==s)break;const n=t[0].length,r=[e[i].slice(n)];for(i++;i<e.length;){const t=e[i];if(!t.trim()){const t=e[i+1];if(void 0!==t&&t.startsWith(" ".repeat(Math.min(n,4)))&&t.trim()){r.push(""),l=!0,i++;continue}void 0!==t&&ye.test(t)&&(l=!0);break}if(t.startsWith(" ".repeat(Math.min(n,4))))r.push(t.slice(Math.min(n,4)));else{if(ye.test(t)||be.test(t))break;r.push(t)}i++}for(a.push(r);i<e.length&&!e[i].trim()&&void 0!==e[i+1]&&ye.test(e[i+1]);)i++}const c=s?"ol":"ul",p=a.map(e=>{let r=we(e,t,n);return l||(r=r.replace(/^<p>([\s\S]*?)<\/p>/,"$1").replace(/\n<p>([\s\S]*?)<\/p>/g,"\n$1")),`<li>${r}</li>`});r.push(`<${c}${s&&1!==o?` start="${o}"`:""}>\n${p.join("\n")}\n</${c}>`);continue}if(o.includes("|")&&void 0!==e[i+1]&&xe.test(e[i+1])&&e[i+1].includes("-")){const t=e=>e.trim().replace(/^\|/,"").replace(/\|$/,"").split(/(?<!\\)\|/).map(e=>e.trim()),n=t(e[i+1]).map(e=>e.startsWith(":")&&e.endsWith(":")?"center":e.endsWith(":")?"right":e.startsWith(":")?"left":""),a=(e,t,r)=>`<${e}${n[r]?` style="text-align:${n[r]}"`:""}>${s(t)}</${e}>`,l=t(o);i+=2;const u=[];for(;i<e.length&&e[i].trim()&&e[i].includes("|");)u.push(t(e[i++]));r.push(`<table>\n<thead><tr>${l.map((e,t)=>a("th",e,t)).join("")}</tr></thead>\n<tbody>\n${u.map(e=>`<tr>${l.map((t,n)=>a("td",e[n]??"",n)).join("")}</tr>`).join("\n")}\n</tbody>\n</table>`);continue}if(/^( {4}|\t)/.test(o)){const t=[];for(;i<e.length&&(/^( {4}|\t)/.test(e[i])||!e[i].trim());)t.push(e[i++].replace(/^( {4}|\t)/,""));for(;t.length&&!t[t.length-1].trim();)t.pop();r.push(`<pre><code>${he(n(t.join("\n")))}</code></pre>`);continue}const c=[];for(;i<e.length&&e[i].trim()&&(!c.length||!be.test(e[i])||/^ {0,3}[-=]+\s*$/.test(e[i]));){if(c.length&&/^ {0,3}(=+|-+)\s*$/.test(e[i])){const t="="===e[i].trim()[0]?1:2;r.push(`<h${t}>${s(c.join("\n"))}</h${t}>`),c.length=0,i++;break}c.push(e[i].replace(/^ {0,3}/,"")),i++}c.length&&r.push(`<p>${s(c.join("\n"))}</p>`)}return r.join("\n")}function ke(e,t={},n=e=>e){return we(String(e).replace(/\r\n?/g,"\n").split("\n"),t,n)}function $e({text:e,math:t,drawn:n},r){return(r.render?r.render(e):ke(e,r,e=>e.replace(ue,(e,n)=>t[Number(n)].raw))).replace(new RegExp("<p>\\s*(\\d+)\\s*</p>","g"),(e,r)=>t[Number(r)].display&&n[Number(r)]?`<div class="mv-md-block">${n[Number(r)]}</div>`:e).replace(ue,(e,t)=>n[Number(t)]).replace(/<p>\s*<\/p>\n?/g,"")}const qe=new WeakMap,Se=new Set;function Me(){for(const e of Se)e.connected()&&!e.element.isConnected&&e.stop(!0)}const Oe=new Map,Ae=-1,Ne="\\:",Ee=e=>"string"==typeof e&&e.startsWith(Ne)&&e.length>2;function Ie(e){if(!e||!e.symbol)throw new Error("operator needs a symbol");if(!Number.isInteger(e.arity)||e.arity<0&&e.arity!==Ae)throw new Error(`operator "${e.symbol}" needs an integer arity >= 0, or VARIADIC`);if(e.commutative&&2!==e.arity)throw new Error(`only binary operators can be commutative ("${e.symbol}")`);const t={symbol:e.symbol,arity:e.arity,commutative:!!e.commutative,fold:"function"==typeof e.fold?e.fold:null,label:e.label||e.symbol};return Oe.set(t.symbol,t),t}const Te=Object.freeze({symbol:Ne,arity:Ae,commutative:!1,fold:null,label:"function"});function Le(e){const t=Oe.get(e);return t||(Ee(e)?{...Te,symbol:e,label:e.slice(2)}:null)}function je(e){return Oe.has(e)||Ee(e)}const Ce=e=>Number.isFinite(e)&&Number.isInteger(e)?e:null,ze=e=>Number.isFinite(e)?e:null;!function(){Ie({symbol:"+",arity:2,commutative:!0,label:"add",fold:(e,t)=>ze(e+t)}),Ie({symbol:"-",arity:2,label:"subtract",fold:(e,t)=>ze(e-t)}),Ie({symbol:"*",arity:2,commutative:!0,label:"multiply",fold:(e,t)=>ze(e*t)}),Ie({symbol:"/",arity:2,label:"divide",fold:(e,t)=>0===t?null:Ce(e/t)}),Ie({symbol:"^",arity:2,label:"power",fold:(e,t)=>Number.isInteger(t)&&Math.abs(t)<=64?ze(e**t):null}),Ie({symbol:"neg",arity:1,label:"negate",fold:e=>ze(-e)}),Ie({symbol:"pm",arity:1,label:"plus or minus"}),Ie({symbol:"±",arity:2,label:"plus or minus"}),Ie({symbol:"mod",arity:2,label:"modulo",fold:(e,t)=>0===t?null:Ce((e%t+t)%t)}),Ie({symbol:"!",arity:1,label:"factorial",fold:e=>Number.isInteger(e)&&e>=0&&e<=18?[...Array(e).keys()].reduce((e,t)=>e*(t+1),1):null}),Ie({symbol:"_",arity:2,label:"subscript"}),Ie({symbol:"der",arity:2,label:"derivative"}),Ie({symbol:"int",arity:Ae,label:"integral"}),Ie({symbol:"lim",arity:Ae,label:"limit"}),Ie({symbol:"\\sumidx",arity:Ae,label:"sum over an index"}),Ie({symbol:"\\prodidx",arity:Ae,label:"product over an index"}),Ie({symbol:"abs",arity:1,label:"absolute value",fold:e=>ze(Math.abs(e))}),Ie({symbol:"floor",arity:1,label:"floor",fold:e=>ze(Math.floor(e))}),Ie({symbol:"ceil",arity:1,label:"ceiling",fold:e=>ze(Math.ceil(e))}),Ie({symbol:"round",arity:2,label:"round",fold:(e,t)=>Number.isInteger(t)?ze(Math.round(e*10**t)/10**t):null}),Ie({symbol:"fixed",arity:2,label:"fixed",fold:()=>null}),Ie({symbol:"sqrt",arity:1,label:"square root",fold:e=>Ce(Math.sqrt(e))}),Ie({symbol:"root",arity:2,label:"nth root",fold:(e,t)=>Ce(Math.round(t**(1/e))**e===t?Math.round(t**(1/e)):NaN)});for(const e of["sin","cos","tan","csc","sec","cot","sinh","cosh","tanh","arcsin","arccos","arctan","arcsinh","arccosh","arctanh","ln","loglog","logloglog","expm1"])Ie({symbol:e,arity:1,label:e});Ie({symbol:"log",arity:2,label:"log to a base"}),Ie({symbol:"atan2",arity:2,label:"atan2"}),Ie({symbol:"perm",arity:2,label:"permutations"}),Ie({symbol:"comb",arity:2,label:"combinations"}),Ie({symbol:"random",arity:0,label:"random"});for(const e of["max","min","gcd","mean","sum","prod"])Ie({symbol:e,arity:Ae,label:e});for(const e of["()","[]","{}","(]","[)"])Ie({symbol:e,arity:Ae,label:"group"});for(const e of["pmatrix","bmatrix","vmatrix"])Ie({symbol:e,arity:Ae,label:"matrix"});Ie({symbol:"det",arity:1,label:"determinant"});for(const e of["=","===","≠","≠=","<",">","≤","≥","∈","∉","∪","∩","≈","≡","→","pmod","&","|","\\xor","\\nand","\\nor"])Ie({symbol:e,arity:2,label:e});Ie({symbol:"\\not",arity:1,label:"not"}),Ie({symbol:"?:",arity:3,label:"if then else"})}();const Ze="num",Be="sym",De="op",Fe=Object.freeze([]);class Re extends Error{constructor(e){super(e),this.name="ExprError"}}function Pe(e){if("number"!=typeof e||!Number.isFinite(e))throw new Re(`not a finite number: ${e}`);const t=(n=e,Object.is(n,-0)?"0":String(n));var n;return Object.freeze({type:Ze,token:t,value:e,args:Fe,s:t})}function Ve(e){if("string"!=typeof e||""===e)throw new Re("symbol needs a non-empty token");return Object.freeze({type:Be,token:e,value:null,args:Fe,s:e})}function We(e){const t=/^(-?)0*(\d+?)(?:\.(\d*?)0*)?$/.exec(String(e));if(!t)throw new Re(`not an exact decimal: ${e}`);const[,n,r,i=""]=t,s=i?`${r}.${i}`:r,o=/^0(\.0*)?$/.test(s)?"0":n+s;return Object.freeze({type:Ze,token:o,value:Number(o),args:Fe,s:o})}const Ue=/^-?\d+(\.\d+)?$/;function _e(e){const t=String(e);if(Ue.test(t))return We(t);if(""!==t&&!/\s/.test(t)){const e=Number(t);if(Number.isFinite(e))return Pe(e)}return Ve(t)}function He(e,t){const n=Le(e);if(!n)throw new Re(`unknown operator "${e}"`);if(n.arity!==Ae&&t.length!==n.arity)throw new Re(`"${e}" takes ${n.arity} operand(s), got ${t.length}`);const r=Object.freeze(t.slice()),i=n.arity===Ae?` ${r.length}`:"",s=`${r.length?r.map(e=>e.s).join(" "):""}${r.length,""}${i} ${e}`.trimStart();return Object.freeze({type:De,op:e,token:e,value:null,args:r,s:s})}const Je=e=>e.type===Ze,Ye=e=>e.type===De;function Ke(e){return Ge(function(e){const t=String(e).trim();return""===t?[]:t.split(/\s+/)}(e))}function Ge(e){if(!Array.isArray(e))throw new Re("fromPostfix needs an array of tokens");if(0===e.length)throw new Re("empty expression");const t=[];for(let n=0;n<e.length;n++){const r=String(e[n]);if(je(r)){let e=Le(r).arity;if(e===Ae){const i=t.pop();if(e=i&&i.type===Ze&&Number.isInteger(i.value)&&i.value>=0?i.value:-1,e<0)throw new Re(`"${r}" at position ${n+1} takes any number of operands, so a count must come before it`)}if(t.length<e)throw new Re(`"${r}" at position ${n+1} needs ${e} operand(s), only ${t.length} on the stack`);const i=t.splice(t.length-e,e);t.push(He(r,i))}else t.push(_e(r))}if(1!==t.length){const n=[...new Set(e.filter(e=>!je(e)))];throw new Re(`expression leaves ${t.length} values on the stack; it should leave exactly 1. Read as operands: ${n.join(", ")} — is one of those meant to be an operator?`)}return t[0]}function Qe(e){if(e.type!==De)return 0;let t=0;for(const n of e.args)t=Math.max(t,Qe(n));return t+1}function Xe(e){if(e.type!==De)return 1;let t=1;for(const n of e.args)t+=Xe(n);return t}function et(e,t=[]){if(e.type!==De)t.push(e.token);else for(const n of e.args)et(n,t);return t}function tt(e){return e.type===Ze||e.type!==Be&&e.args.every(tt)}function nt(e,t="pre",n=[],r=[]){"pre"===t&&r.push({node:e,path:n});for(let i=0;i<e.args.length;i++)nt(e.args[i],t,n.concat(i),r);return"post"===t&&r.push({node:e,path:n}),r}function rt(e,t,n){if(0===t.length)return n;const[r,...i]=t,s=e.args.slice();return s[r]=rt(s[r],i,n),He(e.op,s)}class it extends Error{constructor(e){super(e),this.name="CasError"}}const st=1e5,ot=e=>e<0n?-e:e,at=e=>0n===e?0:ot(e).toString(2).length;function lt(e,t){for(e=ot(e),t=ot(t);t;)[e,t]=[t,e%t];return e}class ut{constructor(e,t=1n){if(0n===t)throw new it("division by zero");t<0n&&(e=-e,t=-t);const n=lt(e,t)||1n;if(this.n=e/n,this.d=t/n,at(this.n)>st||at(this.d)>st)throw new it("a number too large to keep exactly")}static of(e){return new ut(BigInt(e))}add(e){return new ut(this.n*e.d+e.n*this.d,this.d*e.d)}sub(e){return new ut(this.n*e.d-e.n*this.d,this.d*e.d)}mul(e){return new ut(this.n*e.n,this.d*e.d)}div(e){if(0n===e.n)throw new it("division by zero");return new ut(this.n*e.d,this.d*e.n)}neg(){return new ut(-this.n,this.d)}abs(){return this.n<0n?this.neg():this}inv(){return ut.ONE.div(this)}pow(e){if((e=BigInt(e))<0n)return this.inv().pow(-e);if((0n===this.n||1n===ot(this.n))&&1n===this.d)return 0n===e||-1n===this.n&&e%2n==0n?ut.ONE:this;if(BigInt(Math.max(at(this.n),at(this.d)))*e>BigInt(st))throw new it("a power too large to work out exactly");return new ut(this.n**e,this.d**e)}get isZero(){return 0n===this.n}get isOne(){return 1n===this.n&&1n===this.d}get isInteger(){return 1n===this.d}get sign(){return this.n<0n?-1:this.n>0n?1:0}equals(e){return this.n===e.n&&this.d===e.d}compare(e){const t=this.n*e.d,n=e.n*this.d;return t<n?-1:t>n?1:0}floor(){const e=this.n/this.d;return new ut(this.n<0n&&e*this.d!==this.n?e-1n:e)}ceil(){return this.neg().floor().neg()}toNumber(){const e=Number(this.n),t=Number(this.d);if(Number.isFinite(e)&&Number.isFinite(t))return e/t;const n=BigInt(Math.max(at(this.n),at(this.d))-1e3);return Number(this.n>>n)/Number(this.d>>n)}toString(){return 1n===this.d?String(this.n):`${this.n}/${this.d}`}}function ct(e){const t=/^(-?)(\d*)(?:\.(\d*))?(?:[eE]([+-]?\d+))?$/.exec(String(e));if(!t||""===t[2]&&!t[3])return null;const[,n,r,i="",s="0"]=t;let o=new ut(BigInt((r||"0")+i),10n**BigInt(i.length));const a=Number(s);return a&&(o=o.mul(ut.of(10).pow(a))),n?o.neg():o}function pt(e,t){if(e<2n)return e;if(t>=at(e))return 1n;const n=BigInt(t);let r=1n<<BigInt(Math.ceil(at(e)/t));for(;;){const t=((n-1n)*r+e/r**(n-1n))/n;if(t>=r)break;r=t}for(;r**n>e;)r--;for(;(r+1n)**n<=e;)r++;return r}ut.ZERO=new ut(0n),ut.ONE=new ut(1n),ut.MINUS_ONE=new ut(-1n),ut.HALF=new ut(1n,2n);const ht=(()=>{const e=[],t=new Uint8Array(1e4);for(let n=2;n<t.length;n++)if(!t[n]){e.push(BigInt(n));for(let e=n*n;e<t.length;e+=n)t[e]=1}return e})();function dt(e,t){const n=BigInt(t);let r=1n,i=1n,s=e;for(const e of ht){if(e*e>s)break;if(s%e)continue;let t=0n;for(;s%e===0n;)s/=e,t++;r*=e**(t/n),i*=e**(t%n)}if(s>1n){const e=function(e,t){if(e<0n)return null;if(e<2n)return e;const n=pt(e,t);return n**BigInt(t)===e?n:null}(s,t);null!==e?r*=e:i*=s}return{outside:r,inside:i}}const ft=new Set(["pi","e","π"]),mt={complex:!1};function gt(e,t){const n=mt.complex;mt.complex=Boolean(e);try{return t()}finally{mt.complex=n}}const vt=e=>ft.has(e)||mt.complex&&"i"===e,bt=e=>mt.complex&&"atom"===e.k&&"sym"===e.node.type&&"i"===e.node.token,yt=e=>({k:"num",q:e}),xt=yt(ut.ONE),wt=yt(ut.ZERO),kt=yt(ut.HALF),$t=e=>"num"===e.k,qt=e=>({k:"atom",node:e}),St=new WeakMap;function Mt(e){let t=St.get(e);return void 0===t&&St.set(e,t=sn(e).s),t}function Ot(e){if("num"===e.k)return 0;if("atom"===e.k)return"sym"===e.node.type&&vt(e.node.token)?0:1;if("add"===e.k)return Math.max(...e.terms.map(e=>Ot(e.x)));let t=0;for(const n of e.fs){const e=Ot(n.b);e&&(t+=e*($t(n.e)?n.e.q.toNumber():1))}return t}function At(e,t){return"num"===e.k?t&&!$t(t)?3:0:bt(e)?1.5:"atom"===e.k&&"sym"===e.node.type?vt(e.node.token)?t&&!$t(t)?3:1:2:"atom"===e.k?3:4}const Nt=(e,t)=>e<t?-1:e>t?1:0;function Et(e){const t=new Map,n=(e,n)=>{"atom"!==e.k||"sym"!==e.node.type||vt(e.node.token)||t.set(e.node.token,(t.get(e.node.token)??0)+n)};if("mul"===e.k)for(const t of e.fs)n(t.b,$t(t.e)?t.e.q.toNumber():1);else n(e,1);return t}function It(e,t){const n=Ot(t.x)-Ot(e.x);if(n)return n;const r=Et(e.x),i=Et(t.x);for(const e of[...new Set([...r.keys(),...i.keys()])].sort()){const t=(i.get(e)??0)-(r.get(e)??0);if(t)return t}return Nt(Mt(e.x),Mt(t.x))}function Tt(e,t){return e.isOne?t:e.isZero?wt:zt([yt(e),t])}function Lt(e){if("num"===e.k)return{coef:e.q,rest:null};if("mul"!==e.k||e.c.isOne)return{coef:ut.ONE,rest:e};const t=1===e.fs.length&&$t(e.fs[0].e)&&e.fs[0].e.q.isOne?e.fs[0].b:{k:"mul",c:ut.ONE,fs:e.fs};return{coef:e.c,rest:t}}function jt(e){let t=ut.ZERO;const n=new Map,r=(e,t)=>{const r=Mt(t),i=n.get(r);i?i.coef=i.coef.add(e):n.set(r,{coef:e,x:t})};for(const n of e)if("num"===n.k)t=t.add(n.q);else if("add"===n.k){t=t.add(n.c);for(const e of n.terms)r(e.coef,e.x)}else{const{coef:e,rest:t}=Lt(n);r(e,t)}const i=[...n.values()].filter(e=>!e.coef.isZero);return i.length?t.isZero&&1===i.length?Tt(i[0].coef,i[0].x):(i.sort(It),{k:"add",c:t,terms:i}):yt(t)}function Ct(e,t){if(!$t(t))return e.isOne?{coef:ut.ONE,fs:[]}:{coef:ut.ONE,fs:[{b:yt(e),e:t}]};const n=t.q;if(n.isInteger)return{coef:e.pow(n.n),fs:[]};if(e.isZero){if(n.sign<0)throw new it("division by zero");return{coef:ut.ZERO,fs:[]}}if(e.isOne)return{coef:ut.ONE,fs:[]};if(e.sign<0){if(n.d%2n==1n){const{coef:r,fs:i}=Ct(e.neg(),t);return{coef:n.n%2n==0n?r:r.neg(),fs:i}}if(mt.complex&&2n===n.d){const{coef:r,fs:i}=Ct(e.neg(),t);return{coef:r,fs:[...i,{b:Dt,e:yt(new ut(n.n))}]}}return{coef:ut.ONE,fs:[{b:yt(e),e:t}]}}if(!e.isInteger){const r=Ct(new ut(e.n),t),i=Ct(new ut(e.d),yt(n.neg()));return{coef:r.coef.mul(i.coef),fs:[...r.fs,...i.fs]}}const r=n.floor(),i=n.sub(r);if(BigInt(at(e.n))*i.n>BigInt(st)||i.d>1000n)return{coef:ut.ONE,fs:[{b:yt(e),e:t}]};let s=r.isZero?ut.ONE:e.pow(r.n);const{outside:o,inside:a}=dt(e.n**i.n,Number(i.d));s=s.mul(new ut(o));return{coef:s,fs:a>1n?[{b:yt(new ut(a)),e:yt(new ut(1n,i.d))}]:[]}}function zt(e){let t=ut.ONE;const n=new Map,r=(e,t)=>{const r=Mt(e),i=n.get(r);i?i.e=jt([i.e,t]):n.set(r,{b:e,e:t})};for(const n of e)if("num"===n.k)t=t.mul(n.q);else if("mul"===n.k){t=t.mul(n.c);for(const e of n.fs)r(e.b,e.e)}else r(n,xt);if(t.isZero)return wt;const i=[],s=new Map;for(const e of n.values())if(!$t(e.e)||!e.e.q.isZero){if("num"===e.b.k){if($t(e.e)&&!e.e.q.isInteger&&e.b.q.sign>0&&e.b.q.isInteger){const t=e.e.q.toString(),n=s.get(t);n?n.n*=e.b.q.n:s.set(t,{n:e.b.q.n,e:e.e});continue}const n=Ct(e.b.q,e.e);t=t.mul(n.coef),i.push(...n.fs);continue}if("mul"===e.b.k&&$t(e.e)&&e.e.q.isInteger){const n=Zt(e.b,e.e);"mul"===n.k?(t=t.mul(n.c),i.push(...n.fs)):"num"===n.k?t=t.mul(n.q):i.push({b:n,e:xt});continue}i.push(e)}for(const{n:e,e:n}of s.values()){const r=Ct(new ut(e),n);t=t.mul(r.coef),i.push(...r.fs)}if(t.isZero)return wt;const o=new Map;for(const e of i){const t=Mt(e.b),n=o.get(t);n?n.e=jt([n.e,e.e]):o.set(t,{...e})}let a=[...o.values()].filter(e=>!($t(e.e)&&e.e.q.isZero));if(mt.complex){a=a.flatMap(e=>{if(!bt(e.b)||!$t(e.e)||!e.e.q.isInteger)return[e];const n=(e.e.q.n%4n+4n)%4n;return n>=2n&&(t=t.neg()),n%2n?[{b:e.b,e:xt}]:[]});const e=a.filter(e=>"add"===e.b.k&&$t(e.e)&&e.e.q.isInteger&&Rt(e.b)),n=a.some(e=>bt(e.b)),r=e.every(e=>(e.e.q.sign<0?-e.e.q.n:e.e.q.n)<=60n);if(e.length&&r&&(e.length>1||n||!e[0].e.q.isOne)){const r=a.filter(t=>!e.includes(t)&&!bt(t.b));let i=n?[Dt]:[xt];for(const t of e){const e=t.e.q.sign<0?Wt(t.b):t.b;for(let n=0n;n<(t.e.q.sign<0?-t.e.q.n:t.e.q.n);n++)i=Pt(i,un(e))}return zt([yt(t),jt(i),...r.map(e=>Bt(e.b,e.e))])}}if(a.some(e=>"num"===e.b.k&&$t(e.e)&&e.e.q.compare(ut.ONE)>=0))return zt([yt(t),...a.map(e=>"num"===e.b.k?Zt(e.b,e.e):{k:"mul",c:ut.ONE,fs:[e]})]);if(!a.length)return yt(t);if(1===a.length&&!t.isOne&&"add"===a[0].b.k&&$t(a[0].e)&&a[0].e.q.isOne){const e=a[0].b;return jt([yt(t.mul(e.c)),...e.terms.map(e=>Tt(t.mul(e.coef),e.x))])}return t.isOne&&1===a.length&&$t(a[0].e)&&a[0].e.q.isOne?a[0].b:(a=a.sort((e,t)=>At(e.b,e.e)-At(t.b,t.e)||Nt(Mt(e.b),Mt(t.b))),{k:"mul",c:t,fs:a})}function Zt(e,t){if(mt.complex&&$t(t)&&t.q.isInteger){if(bt(e))return zt([{k:"mul",c:ut.ONE,fs:[{b:e,e:t}]}]);if("add"===e.k&&Rt(e)&&!t.q.isOne)return zt([{k:"mul",c:ut.ONE,fs:[{b:e,e:t}]}])}if($t(t)){if(t.q.isZero){if($t(e)&&e.q.isZero)throw new it("0^0 is undefined");return xt}if(t.q.isOne)return e}if($t(e)){const n=Ct(e.q,t);if(!n.fs.length)return yt(n.coef);if(n.fs.some(e=>bt(e.b)))return zt([yt(n.coef),...n.fs.map(e=>({k:"mul",c:ut.ONE,fs:[e]}))]);const r={k:"mul",c:n.coef,fs:n.fs};return n.coef.isOne&&1===n.fs.length&&$t(n.fs[0].e)&&n.fs[0].e.q.isOne?n.fs[0].b:r}if(mt.complex&&$t(t)&&2n===t.q.d&&Rt(e)){const n=Vt(e);if(n&&$t(n.im)&&!n.im.q.isZero){const e=e=>Zt(e,yt(ut.of(2))),r=Zt(jt([e(n.re),e(n.im)]),kt),i=Zt(zt([jt([r,n.re]),yt(ut.HALF)]),kt),s=Zt(zt([jt([r,Ht(n.re)]),yt(ut.HALF)]),kt);return Zt(jt([i,zt([yt(ut.of(n.im.q.sign)),s,Dt])]),yt(new ut(t.q.n)))}}if("mul"===e.k){if($t(t)&&t.q.isInteger)return zt([yt(e.c.pow(t.q.n)),...e.fs.map(e=>Bt(e.b,zt([e.e,t])))]);if(!e.c.isOne&&e.c.sign>0)return zt([Zt(yt(e.c),t),Zt({k:"mul",c:ut.ONE,fs:e.fs},t)]);if(e.c.isOne&&1===e.fs.length){const[n]=e.fs;if($t(n.e)&&$t(t)&&1n===n.e.q.n&&n.e.q.d%2n==1n)return Bt(n.b,zt([n.e,t]))}}return{k:"mul",c:ut.ONE,fs:[{b:e,e:t}]}}function Bt(e,t){return $t(t)&&t.q.isZero?xt:$t(e)?Zt(e,t):$t(t)&&t.q.isOne?e:{k:"mul",c:ut.ONE,fs:[{b:e,e:t}]}}const Dt=qt(Ve("i")),Ft=e=>mt.complex&&sn(e).s.split(" ").includes("i");function Rt(e){return mt.complex&&Ft(e)&&0===ln(sn(e)).size}function Pt(e,t){const n=[];for(const r of e)for(const e of t)n.push(zt([r,e]));return un(jt(n))}function Vt(e){const t=[],n=[];for(const r of un(e)){const{coef:e,rest:i}=Lt(r),s=i?cn(i):[],o=s.filter(e=>bt(e)),a=s.filter(e=>!bt(e));if(a.some(e=>Ft(e)))return null;(o.length?n:t).push(zt([yt(e),...a]))}return{re:jt(t),im:jt(n)}}function Wt(e){const t=Vt(e);if(!t)return Zt(e,yt(ut.MINUS_ONE));const n=jt([Zt(t.re,yt(ut.of(2))),Zt(t.im,yt(ut.of(2)))]);return zt([jt([t.re,zt([yt(ut.MINUS_ONE),t.im,Dt])]),Zt(n,yt(ut.MINUS_ONE))])}const Ut={re:([e])=>Vt(e)?.re??null,im:([e])=>Vt(e)?.im??null,conj:([e])=>{const t=Vt(e);return t?jt([t.re,zt([yt(ut.MINUS_ONE),t.im,Dt])]):null},arg:([e])=>{const t=Vt(e);return t?Gt("atan2",[t.im,t.re]):null},abs:([e])=>{const t=Vt(e);return!t||$t(t.im)&&t.im.q.isZero?null:Zt(jt([Zt(t.re,yt(ut.of(2))),Zt(t.im,yt(ut.of(2)))]),kt)}},_t={Re:"re",re:"re",Im:"im",im:"im",conj:"conj",overline:"conj",bar:"conj",arg:"arg"},Ht=e=>zt([yt(ut.MINUS_ONE),e]),Jt=(e,t)=>zt([e,Zt(t,yt(ut.MINUS_ONE))]),Yt=3000n,Kt={abs:([e])=>$t(e)?yt(e.q.abs()):"mul"!==e.k||e.c.isOne?null:zt([yt(e.c.abs()),Gt("abs",[Lt(e).rest])]),floor:([e])=>$t(e)?yt(e.q.floor()):null,ceil:([e])=>$t(e)?yt(e.q.ceil()):null,"!":([e])=>{if(!$t(e)||!e.q.isInteger||e.q.sign<0||e.q.n>Yt)return null;let t=1n;for(let n=2n;n<=e.q.n;n++)t*=n;return yt(new ut(t))},mod:([e,t])=>$t(e)&&$t(t)&&!t.q.isZero?yt(e.q.sub(t.q.mul(e.q.div(t.q).floor()))):null,max:e=>e.every($t)&&e.length?e.reduce((e,t)=>t.q.compare(e.q)>0?t:e):null,min:e=>e.every($t)&&e.length?e.reduce((e,t)=>t.q.compare(e.q)<0?t:e):null,gcd:e=>e.length&&e.every(e=>$t(e)&&e.q.isInteger)?yt(new ut(e.reduce((e,t)=>lt(e,t.q.n),0n))):null,log:([e,t])=>{if(!$t(e)||!$t(t)||e.q.sign<=0||t.q.sign<=0||e.q.isOne)return null;if(t.q.isOne)return wt;const n=Math.log(t.q.toNumber())/Math.log(e.q.toNumber());if(!Number.isFinite(n))return null;for(let r=1;r<=12;r++){const i=Math.round(n*r);if(!(Math.abs(n*r-i)>1e-9||0===i)&&(Math.abs(i)<=256&&e.q.pow(BigInt(i)).equals(t.q.pow(BigInt(r)))))return yt(new ut(BigInt(i),BigInt(r)))}return null},comb:([e,t])=>$t(e)&&$t(t)&&e.q.isInteger&&t.q.isInteger&&e.q.sign>=0&&t.q.sign>=0&&e.q.n<=Yt?yt(function(e,t){if(t>e)return ut.ZERO;t>e-t&&(t=e-t);let n=1n;for(let r=1n;r<=t;r++)n=n*(e-t+r)/r;return new ut(n)}(e.q.n,t.q.n)):null,perm:([e,t])=>{if(!($t(e)&&$t(t)&&e.q.isInteger&&t.q.isInteger&&e.q.sign>=0&&t.q.sign>=0&&e.q.n<=Yt))return null;if(t.q.n>e.q.n)return wt;let n=1n;for(let r=0n;r<t.q.n;r++)n*=e.q.n-r;return yt(new ut(n))}};function Gt(e,t){if(mt.complex&&Ut[e]){const n=Ut[e](t);if(n)return n}const n=Kt[e];if(n){const e=n(t);if(e)return e}return qt(He(e,t.map(sn)))}const Qt=new Map;function Xt(e){const t=mt.complex?`ℂ ${e.s}`:e.s,n=Qt.get(t);if(n)return n;const r=function(e){if("num"===e.type){const t=ct(e.token);if(!t)throw new it(`not an exact number: ${e.token}`);return yt(t)}if("sym"===e.type)return"π"===e.token?qt(Ve("pi")):qt(e);const t=e.args.map(Xt);switch(e.op){case"+":return jt(t);case"-":return((e,t)=>jt([e,Ht(t)]))(t[0],t[1]);case"neg":return Ht(t[0]);case"*":return zt(t);case"/":return Jt(t[0],t[1]);case"^":return Zt(t[0],t[1]);case"sqrt":return Zt(t[0],kt);case"root":return Zt(t[1],Zt(t[0],yt(ut.MINUS_ONE)));default:{const n=e.op.startsWith("\\:")?e.op.slice(2):null;return n&&mt.complex&&_t[n]&&1===t.length?Gt(_t[n],t):n&&je(n)&&Le(n).arity===t.length?Gt(n,t):Gt(e.op,t)}}}(e);return Qt.size>2e4&&Qt.clear(),Qt.set(t,r),r}const en=e=>sn(Xt(e)),tn=e=>We(String(e));function nn(e){return e.isInteger?tn(e.n):He("/",[tn(e.n),tn(e.d)])}const rn=new WeakMap;function sn(e){let t=rn.get(e);return t||rn.set(e,t=function(e){switch(e.k){case"num":return nn(e.q);case"atom":return e.node;case"mul":return function(e,t){const n=[],r=[];for(const e of t)$t(e.e)&&e.e.q.sign<0?r.push(on(e.b,yt(e.e.q.neg()))):n.push(on(e.b,e.e));let i=1n!==e.n&&-1n!==e.n||!n.length?an([tn(e.n),...n]):an(n);-1n===e.n&&n.length&&(i=He("neg",[i]));1n!==e.d&&r.unshift(tn(e.d));return r.length?He("/",[i,an(r)]):i}(e.c,e.fs);case"add":return function(e){let t=null;const n=e=>mt.complex&&Ft(e.x)&&0===ln(sn(e.x)).size,r=[...e.terms.filter(e=>!n(e)),...e.terms.filter(n)],i=e.c,s=()=>{i.isZero||(t=t?i.sign<0?He("-",[t,nn(i.neg())]):He("+",[t,nn(i)]):nn(i))};let o=!1;for(const e of r)!o&&n(e)&&(s(),o=!0),t=t?e.coef.sign<0?He("-",[t,sn(Tt(e.coef.neg(),e.x))]):He("+",[t,sn(Tt(e.coef,e.x))]):sn(Tt(e.coef,e.x));o||s();return t}(e);default:throw new Error(`bad form ${e.k}`)}}(e)),t}function on(e,t){const n=sn(e);if($t(t)){const e=t.q;if(e.isOne)return n;if(1n===e.n&&2n===e.d)return He("sqrt",[n]);if(1n===e.n)return He("root",[tn(e.d),n])}return He("^",[n,sn(t)])}const an=e=>e.reduce((e,t)=>e?He("*",[e,t]):t,null);function ln(e,t=new Set){if("sym"===e.type)vt(e.token)||t.add(e.token);else if(Ye(e))for(const n of e.args)ln(n,t);return t}function un(e){if("add"!==e.k)return[e];const t=e.terms.map(e=>Tt(e.coef,e.x));return e.c.isZero||t.push(yt(e.c)),t}function cn(e){if("num"===e.k)return[e];if("mul"!==e.k)return[e];const t=e.c.isOne?[]:[yt(e.c)];for(const n of e.fs)t.push(Bt(n.b,n.e));return t}const pn="_",hn=new WeakMap;function dn(e,t){return[...t,...Le(e.op)?.arity===Ae?[String(e.args.length)]:[],e.op].join(" ")}function fn(e,t){let n=hn.get(e);n||hn.set(e,n=new Map);const r=n.get(t);if(r)return r;const i=function(e,t){const n={key:pn,slots:[e]};if(e.type!==De||t<=0)return[n];const r=e.args.map(e=>fn(e,t-1)),i=[n],s=new Array(r.length).fill(0);for(;;){const t=[],n=[];for(let e=0;e<r.length;e++){const i=r[e][s[e]];t.push(i.key);for(const e of i.slots)n.push(e)}if(i.push({key:dn(e,t),slots:n}),i.length>=4096)break;let o=r.length-1;for(;o>=0&&!(++s[o]<r[o].length);o--)s[o]=0;if(o<0)break}return i}(e,t);return n.set(t,i),i}function mn(e){return e.type!==De?pn:dn(e,e.args.map(mn))}function gn(e,t=[]){if(e.type!==De)t.push(e);else for(const n of e.args)gn(n,t);return t}const vn=new Map,bn=new Map;class yn extends Error{constructor(e){super(e),this.name="RequirementError"}}function xn(e,t,n=""){vn.set(e,{name:e,fn:t,doc:n,arity:Math.max(0,t.length-1)})}function wn(e,t,n=""){bn.set(e,{name:e,fn:t,doc:n})}function kn(e){return vn.get(e)||null}function $n(e){return bn.get(e)||null}const qn=e=>e.type===Ze;function Sn(e,t){return e.type===De&&(e.op===t||e.args.some(e=>Sn(e,t)))}xn("always",()=>!0,"matches anything"),xn("never",()=>!1,"matches nothing"),xn("isLeaf",e=>e.type!==De,"a bare operand, not an operation"),xn("isCompound",e=>e.type===De,"an operation, not a bare operand"),xn("isSymbol",e=>e.type===Be,"a non-numeric operand such as x"),xn("isOperation",(e,t)=>e.type===De&&e.op===t,"is this specific operation"),xn("notOperation",(e,t)=>!(e.type===De&&e.op===t),"is anything except this operation"),xn("isNumber",qn,"a numeric literal"),xn("isInteger",e=>qn(e)&&Number.isInteger(e.value),"a whole number"),xn("isPositive",e=>qn(e)&&e.value>0,"greater than zero"),xn("isNegative",e=>qn(e)&&e.value<0,"less than zero"),xn("isNonNegative",e=>qn(e)&&e.value>=0,"zero or greater"),xn("isZero",e=>qn(e)&&0===e.value,"exactly 0"),xn("isOne",e=>qn(e)&&1===e.value,"exactly 1"),xn("isNonZero",e=>qn(e)&&0!==e.value,"a number that is provably not 0"),xn("isNotZeroLiteral",e=>!(qn(e)&&0===e.value),"anything except a literal 0"),xn("isPositiveInteger",e=>qn(e)&&Number.isInteger(e.value)&&e.value>0,"a whole number above 0"),xn("isNegativeInteger",e=>qn(e)&&Number.isInteger(e.value)&&e.value<0,"a whole number below 0"),xn("isEven",e=>qn(e)&&Number.isInteger(e.value)&&e.value%2==0,"a whole even number"),xn("isOdd",e=>qn(e)&&Number.isInteger(e.value)&&1===Math.abs(e.value%2),"a whole odd number"),xn("greaterThan",(e,t)=>qn(e)&&e.value>Number(t),"above a given value"),xn("lessThan",(e,t)=>qn(e)&&e.value<Number(t),"below a given value"),xn("isValue",(e,t)=>qn(e)&&e.value===Number(t),"equals a given number"),xn("isNumeric",tt,"contains no symbols: a constant (it need not fold to a number: 1 sin)"),xn("hasSymbol",e=>!tt(e),"mentions a symbol somewhere, so it is not just a number"),xn("isVar",(e,t)=>e.type===Be&&e.token===String(t),"is exactly this symbol"),xn("contains",(e,t)=>et(e).includes(String(t)),"mentions this operand somewhere"),xn("isFree",(e,t)=>!et(e).includes(String(t)),"never mentions this operand"),xn("hasOperation",(e,t)=>Sn(e,String(t)),"uses this operation somewhere inside"),xn("equals",(e,t)=>e.s===String(t),"is exactly this postfix expression");const Mn=e=>e.type===De?null:e.token;function On(e){if("string"==typeof e)return{name:e,args:[]};if(Array.isArray(e)&&e.length>0&&"string"==typeof e[0])return{name:e[0],args:e.slice(1)};throw new yn(`bad requirement: ${JSON.stringify(e)}`)}wn("freeOf",(e,t)=>{const n=Mn(t);return null!==n&&!et(e).includes(n)},"the first operand never mentions the second"),wn("dependsOn",(e,t)=>{const n=Mn(t);return null!==n&&et(e).includes(n)},"the first operand does mention the second"),wn("sameAs",(...e)=>e.every(t=>t.s===e[0].s),"these operands are structurally identical"),wn("differs",(...e)=>new Set(e.map(e=>e.s)).size===e.length,"these operands are all different"),wn("sameValue",(...e)=>e.every(e=>qn(e))&&e.every(t=>t.value===e[0].value),"these operands are the same number");const An="simplify";class Nn extends Error{constructor(e,t){super(t?`rule "${t}": ${e}`:e),this.name="RuleError",this.ruleId=t}}const En=/^[A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]*$/;function In(e,t){if(Je(e))return{literal:e.value};const n=e.token;if(n.startsWith("=")){const e=n.slice(1);if(""===e)throw new Nn('"=" needs an operand after it',t);return{token:e}}if(!En.test(n))throw new Nn(`"${n}" is not a usable slot name; use letters, digits and _`,t);if(je(n))throw new Nn(`slot name "${n}" collides with an operator`,t);return{name:n}}function Tn(e){if(!Ye(e))return[e];const t=e.args.map(Tn),n=Le(e.op),r=[];for(const i of function(e){let t=[[]];for(const n of e){const e=[];for(const r of t)for(const t of n)e.push(r.concat([t]));if(t=e,t.length>64)return t.slice(0,64)}return t}(t))if(r.push(He(e.op,i)),n.commutative&&2===i.length&&i[0].s!==i[1].s&&r.push(He(e.op,[i[1],i[0]])),r.length>=64)break;return r}function Ln(e,t=[]){return"op"===e.kind?e.args.forEach(e=>Ln(e,t)):"const"===e.kind&&e.free&&t.push(e.node.token),t}function jn(e){if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)throw new Nn("rule must be a mapping");const t=e.id||e.name;if(!t)throw new Nn("rule needs an id");if(!e.pattern)throw new Nn("rule needs a pattern",t);if(void 0===e.output||null===e.output)throw new Nn("rule needs an output",t);let n;try{n=Ke(String(e.pattern))}catch(e){if(e instanceof Re)throw new Nn(`bad pattern: ${e.message}`,t);throw e}const r=gn(n).map(e=>In(e,t)),i=new Set(r.filter(e=>e.name).map(e=>e.name)),s=function(e,t,n){const r=[],i=e.when||{};if("object"!=typeof i||Array.isArray(i))throw new Nn('"when" must map slot names to lists of requirements',n);for(const[e,s]of Object.entries(i)){if(!t.has(e))throw new Nn(`"when" mentions "${e}", which is not a slot in the pattern`,n);const i=Array.isArray(s)?s:[s];for(const t of i){const{name:i,args:s}=On(t),o=kn(i);if(!o)throw new Nn(`unknown requirement "${i}"`,n);r.push({slot:e,name:i,args:s,fn:o.fn})}}return r}(e,i,t),o=function(e,t,n){const r=[],i=e.require||[];if(!Array.isArray(i))throw new Nn('"require" must be a list of relations',n);for(const e of i){const{name:i,args:s}=On(e),o=$n(i);if(!o)throw new Nn(`unknown relation "${i}"`,n);if(s.length<2)throw new Nn(`relation "${i}" needs at least two operands`,n);for(const e of s)if("string"==typeof e&&!t.has(e)&&En.test(e))throw new Nn(`relation "${i}" mentions "${e}", which is not a slot in the pattern`,n);r.push({name:i,args:s,fn:o.fn})}return r}(e,i,t),a=function(e,t,n){let r;try{r=Ke(e)}catch(t){throw new Nn(`bad output "${e}": ${t.message}`,n)}const i=e=>Ye(e)?{kind:"op",op:e.op,args:e.args.map(i)}:Je(e)?{kind:"const",node:e}:t.has(e.token)?{kind:"slot",name:e.token}:e.token.startsWith("=")?{kind:"const",node:Ve(e.token.slice(1))}:{kind:"const",node:e,free:!0};return i(r)}(String(e.output),i,t),l=e.commutative?Tn(n):[n],u=[],c=new Set;for(const e of l){const n=mn(e),r=gn(e).map(e=>In(e,t)),i=n+"\0"+r.map(e=>e.name??(void 0!==e.literal?`#${e.literal}`:`=${e.token}`)).join(",");c.has(i)||(c.add(i),u.push({key:n,slots:r}))}const p={id:String(t),name:e.name?String(e.name):String(t),pattern:String(e.pattern),patternTree:n,output:String(e.output),outputTemplate:a,explain:e.explain?String(e.explain).trim():"",mode:e.mode?String(e.mode):An,tags:Array.isArray(e.tags)?e.tags.map(String):[],priority:Number.isFinite(e.priority)?e.priority:0,fold:!!e.fold,commutative:!!e.commutative,enabled:void 0===e.enabled||!!e.enabled,when:s,require:o,slots:[...i],depth:Qe(n),bindings:u,freeSymbols:Ln(a),source:e};for(const e of u)e.rule=p;return p}function Cn(e){const t={};for(const n of e.when)(t[n.slot]||=[]).push(n.args.length?[n.name,...n.args]:n.name);const n={id:e.id};return e.name!==e.id&&(n.name=e.name),e.mode!==An&&(n.mode=e.mode),n.pattern=e.pattern,Object.keys(t).length&&(n.when=t),e.require.length&&(n.require=e.require.map(e=>[e.name,...e.args])),n.output=e.output,e.explain&&(n.explain=e.explain),e.fold&&(n.fold=!0),e.commutative&&(n.commutative=!0),e.priority&&(n.priority=e.priority),e.tags.length&&(n.tags=e.tags),e.enabled||(n.enabled=!1),n}class zn extends Error{constructor(e,t){super(null==t?e:`${e} (line ${t+1})`),this.name="YamlError",this.line=t}}class Zn{constructor(e){this.records=e,this.i=0,this.pushed=[]}peek(){if(this.pushed.length)return this.pushed[this.pushed.length-1];for(;this.i<this.records.length&&this.records[this.i].blank;)this.i++;return this.i<this.records.length?this.records[this.i]:null}next(){if(this.pushed.length)return this.pushed.pop();const e=this.peek();return e&&this.i++,e}push(e){this.pushed.push(e)}}const Bn=e=>"-"===e||e.startsWith("- ");function Dn(e){let t=null,n=0;for(let r=0;r<e.length;r++){const i=e[r];if(t)i===t?"'"===t&&"'"===e[r+1]?r++:t=null:'"'===t&&"\\"===i&&r++;else if('"'===i||"'"===i)t=i;else if("["===i||"{"===i)n++;else if("]"===i||"}"===i)n--;else if(":"===i&&0===n&&(r+1===e.length||" "===e[r+1])){const t=e.slice(0,r).trim();return""===t?null:{key:Fn(t),rest:e.slice(r+1).trim()}}}return null}function Fn(e){return e.length>=2&&'"'===e[0]&&'"'===e[e.length-1]?JSON.parse(e):e.length>=2&&"'"===e[0]&&"'"===e[e.length-1]?e.slice(1,-1).replace(/''/g,"'"):e}function Rn(e){const t=new Zn(function(e){return String(e).split(/\r?\n/).map((e,t)=>{const n=e.search(/\S/);if(-1===n)return{raw:e,n:t,indent:0,text:"",blank:!0};const r=function(e){let t=null;for(let n=0;n<e.length;n++){const r=e[n];if(t)r===t?"'"===t&&"'"===e[n+1]?n++:t=null:'"'===t&&"\\"===r&&n++;else if('"'===r||"'"===r)t=r;else if("#"===r&&(0===n||/\s/.test(e[n-1])))return e.slice(0,n)}return e}(e.slice(n)).trimEnd();return{raw:e,n:t,indent:n,text:r,blank:""===r}})}(e));let n=t.peek();if(n&&"---"===n.text&&(t.next(),n=t.peek()),!n)return null;const r=Vn(t,n.indent),i=t.peek();if(i&&"..."!==i.text&&"---"!==i.text)throw new zn(`unexpected content "${i.text}"`,i.n);return r}const Pn=/^[|>][-+]?\d*$/;function Vn(e,t){const n=e.peek();return!n||n.indent<t?null:Bn(n.text)?Wn(e,n.indent):Dn(n.text)?function(e,t){const n={};for(;;){const r=e.peek();if(!r||r.indent!==t)break;const i=Dn(r.text);if(!i)break;e.next();const{key:s,rest:o}=i;if(""===o){const r=e.peek();r&&r.indent>t?n[s]=Vn(e,r.indent):r&&r.indent===t&&Bn(r.text)?n[s]=Wn(e,t):n[s]=null}else Pn.test(o)?n[s]=Un(e,o,t):n[s]=_n(o,r.n)}return n}(e,n.indent):(e.next(),Pn.test(n.text)?Un(e,n.text,n.indent-1):_n(n.text,n.n))}function Wn(e,t){const n=[];for(;;){const r=e.peek();if(!r||r.indent!==t||!Bn(r.text))break;if(e.next(),"-"===r.text){const r=e.peek();n.push(r&&r.indent>t?Vn(e,r.indent):null);continue}if(Pn.test(r.text.slice(2).trim())){n.push(Un(e,r.text.slice(2).trim(),t));continue}const i=r.text.slice(2),s=t+2+(i.length-i.trimStart().length);e.push({raw:r.raw,n:r.n,indent:s,text:i.trim(),blank:!1}),n.push(Vn(e,s))}return n}function Un(e,t,n){const r=t[0],i=(t.match(/[-+]/)||[""])[0],s=(t.match(/\d+/)||[null])[0];let o=s?n+Number(s):null;const a=[];for(;e.i<e.records.length;){const t=e.records[e.i];if(""===t.raw.trim()){a.push(""),e.i++;continue}const r=t.raw.search(/\S/);if(r<=n)break;if(null===o&&(o=r),r<o)break;a.push(t.raw.slice(o)),e.i++}for(;a.length&&""===a[a.length-1];)a.pop();let l;if("|"===r)l=a.join("\n");else{const e=[];for(const t of a)""===t?e.push("\n"):e.length&&"\n"!==e[e.length-1]?e[e.length-1]+=" "+t:e.push(t);l=e.join("").replace(/\n(?!$)/g,"\n")}return"-"===i?l:"+"===i?l+"\n":""===l?"":l+"\n"}function _n(e,t){const n=e.trim();return""===n||"~"===n||"null"===n||"Null"===n||"NULL"===n?null:"true"===n||"True"===n||"TRUE"===n||"false"!==n&&"False"!==n&&"FALSE"!==n&&("["===n[0]||"{"===n[0]?function(e,t){const n={text:e,i:0,line:t},r=Jn(n);if(Hn(n),n.i<n.text.length)throw new zn(`unexpected "${n.text.slice(n.i)}" in flow value`,t);return r}(n,t):'"'===n[0]||"'"===n[0]?Fn(n):/^[-+]?(\d+\.?\d*|\.\d+)([eE][-+]?\d+)?$/.test(n)?Number(n):n)}const Hn=e=>{for(;e.i<e.text.length&&/\s/.test(e.text[e.i]);)e.i++};function Jn(e){Hn(e);const t=e.text[e.i];return"["===t?function(e){e.i++;const t=[];for(;;){if(Hn(e),e.i>=e.text.length)throw new zn("unterminated [",e.line);if("]"===e.text[e.i])return e.i++,t;if(t.push(Jn(e)),Hn(e),","===e.text[e.i])e.i++;else if("]"!==e.text[e.i])throw new zn(`expected , or ] near "${e.text.slice(e.i)}"`,e.line)}}(e):"{"===t?function(e){e.i++;const t={};for(;;){if(Hn(e),e.i>=e.text.length)throw new zn("unterminated {",e.line);if("}"===e.text[e.i])return e.i++,t;const n=String(Jn(e));if(Hn(e),":"!==e.text[e.i])throw new zn(`expected : after "${n}"`,e.line);if(e.i++,t[n]=Jn(e),Hn(e),","===e.text[e.i])e.i++;else if("}"!==e.text[e.i])throw new zn(`expected , or } near "${e.text.slice(e.i)}"`,e.line)}}(e):_n(function(e){const t=e.text[e.i];if('"'===t||"'"===t){const n=e.i;for(e.i++;e.i<e.text.length;)if("\\"===e.text[e.i]&&'"'===t)e.i+=2;else if(e.text[e.i]===t){if("'"!==t||"'"!==e.text[e.i+1])return e.i++,e.text.slice(n,e.i);e.i+=2}else e.i++;throw new zn("unterminated quoted string",e.line)}const n=e.i;for(;e.i<e.text.length;){const t=e.text[e.i];if(","===t||"]"===t||"}"===t)break;if(":"===t){const t=e.text[e.i+1];if(void 0===t||/[\s,\]}]/.test(t))break}e.i++}return e.text.slice(n,e.i).trim()}(e),e.line)}const Yn=/^(true|false|null|yes|no|on|off|~)$/i;function Kn(e){if(null==e)return"null";if("boolean"==typeof e)return e?"true":"false";if("number"==typeof e){if(!Number.isFinite(e))throw new zn(`cannot serialise ${e}`);return String(e)}const t=String(e);return function(e){return!!(""===e||/^\s|\s$/.test(e)||/[\u0000-\u001f\u007f]/.test(e)||/^[-?:,[\]{}#&*!|>'"%@`]/.test(e)||/: |\s#/.test(e)||Yn.test(e)||/^[-+]?(\d+\.?\d*|\.\d+)([eE][-+]?\d+)?$/.test(e))}(t)?JSON.stringify(t):t}const Gn=e=>null==e||"object"!=typeof e;function Qn(e){return Array.isArray(e)?`[${e.map(Qn).join(", ")}]`:e&&"object"==typeof e?`{${Object.entries(e).map(([e,t])=>`${Kn(e)}: ${Qn(t)}`).join(", ")}}`:Kn(e)}function Xn(e){return Array.isArray(e)?!!e.every(e=>Gn(e)||Array.isArray(e)&&e.every(Gn))&&Qn(e).length<=72:!(!e||"object"!=typeof e)&&(Object.values(e).every(e=>Gn(e)||Array.isArray(e)&&e.every(Gn))&&Qn(e).length<=72)}function er(e){const t=[];return tr(e,0,t),t.length?t.join("\n")+"\n":""}function tr(e,t,n){const r=" ".repeat(t);if(Array.isArray(e)){if(0===e.length)return void n.push(r+"[]");for(const r of e)nr(r,t,n)}else{if(e&&"object"==typeof e){const i=Object.entries(e).filter(([,e])=>void 0!==e);if(0===i.length)return void n.push(r+"{}");for(const[e,r]of i)rr(e,r,t,n);return}!function(e,t,n){if("string"==typeof e&&e.includes("\n")){n.push(t+"|-");for(const r of e.replace(/\n+$/,"").split("\n"))n.push(t+"  "+r);return}n.push(t+Kn(e))}(e,r,n)}}function nr(e,t,n){const r=" ".repeat(t);if(null!==e&&"object"==typeof e&&!Xn(e)){const i=[];if(tr(e,t+2,i),0===i.length)return void n.push(r+"-");n.push(r+"- "+i[0].slice(t+2));for(let e=1;e<i.length;e++)n.push(i[e]);return}if(null===e||"object"!=typeof e)if("string"==typeof e&&e.includes("\n")){n.push(r+"- |-");for(const r of e.replace(/\n+$/,"").split("\n"))n.push(" ".repeat(t+4)+r)}else n.push(r+"- "+Kn(e));else n.push(r+"- "+Qn(e))}function rr(e,t,n,r){const i=" ".repeat(n),s=Kn(e);if("string"==typeof t&&t.includes("\n")){r.push(`${i}${s}: |-`);for(const e of t.replace(/\n+$/,"").split("\n"))r.push(" ".repeat(n+2)+e)}else{if(null!==t&&"object"==typeof t)return Xn(t)?void r.push(`${i}${s}: ${Qn(t)}`):(r.push(`${i}${s}:`),void tr(t,Array.isArray(t)?n:n+2,r));r.push(`${i}${s}: ${Kn(t)}`)}}class ir{constructor(e=[]){this.index=new Map,this.rules=[],this.maxDepth=0,this.name="",this.views=new Map;for(const t of e)this.add(t)}add(e){const t=e&&e.bindings?e:jn(e);if(this.rules.some(e=>e.id===t.id))throw new Nn(`duplicate rule id "${t.id}"`);return this.rules.push(t),t.enabled&&this.link(t),t.depth>this.maxDepth&&(this.maxDepth=t.depth),this.views.clear(),t}view(e){if(!e)return this;let t=this.views.get(e);return t||(t=new ir(this.rules.filter(t=>t.mode===e)),t.name=this.name,this.views.set(e,t)),t}modes(){return[...new Set(this.rules.map(e=>e.mode))].sort((e,t)=>e===An?-1:t===An?1:e.localeCompare(t))}link(e){for(const t of e.bindings){let e=this.index.get(t.key);e||this.index.set(t.key,e=[]),e.push(t),e.sort((e,t)=>t.rule.priority-e.rule.priority||t.rule.depth-e.rule.depth)}}remove(e){const t=this.rules.findIndex(t=>t.id===e);return-1!==t&&(this.rules.splice(t,1),this.reindex(),!0)}setEnabled(e,t){const n=this.get(e);return!!n&&(n.enabled=!!t,this.reindex(),!0)}reindex(){this.index=new Map,this.maxDepth=0,this.views.clear();for(const e of this.rules)e.enabled&&this.link(e),e.depth>this.maxDepth&&(this.maxDepth=e.depth)}get(e){return this.rules.find(t=>t.id===e)||null}candidates(e){return this.index.get(e)||null}get size(){return this.rules.length}static fromYaml(e,{strict:t=!0}={}){const n=Rn(e);return ir.fromSpecs(n,{strict:t})}static fromSpecs(e,{strict:t=!0}={}){let n=e,r="";if(e&&!Array.isArray(e)&&"object"==typeof e&&(n=e.rules,r=e.name?String(e.name):""),!Array.isArray(n))throw new Nn('expected a list of rules, or a mapping with a "rules" list');const i=new ir;i.name=r;const s=[];for(let e=0;e<n.length;e++)try{i.add(n[e])}catch(t){s.push(`#${e+1}: ${t.message}`)}if(s.length&&t)throw new Nn(`${s.length} rule(s) failed to compile:\n  ${s.join("\n  ")}`);return i.errors=s,i}toSpecs(){return this.rules.map(Cn)}toYaml(){const e=this.toSpecs();return this.name?er({name:this.name,rules:e}):er(e)}keyReport(){return[...this.index.entries()].map(([e,t])=>({key:e,rules:t.map(e=>e.rule.id)})).sort((e,t)=>e.key.localeCompare(t.key))}}function sr(e,t){const n=Object.create(null),r=e.slots;for(let e=0;e<r.length;e++){const i=r[e],s=t[e];if(void 0!==i.literal){if(!Je(s)||s.value!==i.literal)return null;continue}if(void 0!==i.token){if(s.s!==i.token)return null;continue}const o=n[i.name];if(void 0!==o){if(o.s!==s.s)return null}else n[i.name]=s}return n}function or(e,t){for(const n of e.when){const e=t[n.slot];if(void 0===e)return!1;if(!n.fn(e,...n.args))return!1}for(const n of e.require){const e=n.args.map(e=>void 0!==t[e]?t[e]:e);if(!n.fn(...e))return!1}return!0}function ar(e,t){return t.rule.priority-e.rule.priority||t.rule.depth-e.rule.depth}function lr(e,t){const n=[];if(0===t.maxDepth)return n;for(const{key:r,slots:i}of function(e,t){const n=fn(e,t),r=[];for(const e of n)e.key!==pn&&r.push(e);return r}(e,t.maxDepth)){const e=t.candidates(r);if(e)for(const t of e){const e=sr(t,i);e&&(or(t.rule,e)&&n.push({rule:t.rule,binding:t,key:r,bound:e}))}}return n.sort(ar)}function ur(e,t){switch(e.kind){case"slot":{const n=t[e.name];if(!n)throw new Error(`output references unbound slot "${e.name}"`);return n}case"const":return e.node;case"op":return He(e.op,e.args.map(e=>ur(e,t)));default:throw new Error(`bad output template: ${JSON.stringify(e)}`)}}const cr=4e5,pr=()=>new it("a number too large to approximate"),hr=e=>e<0n?-e:e;class dr{constructor(e){this.P=e,this.S=10n**BigInt(e),this.cache=new Map}fromQ(e){return e.n*this.S/e.d}mul(e,t){return e*t/this.S}div(e,t){if(0n===t)throw new it("division by zero");return e*this.S/t}sqrt(e){if(e<0n)throw new it("the square root of a negative number is not real");return pt(e*this.S,2)}series(e,t){let n=0n,r=e;for(let e=1;0n!==r;e++)if(n+=r,r=t(r,e),e>1e5)throw new it("a series did not converge");return n}atanhInv(e){const t=BigInt(e),n=t*t;let r=this.S/t,i=0n;for(let e=1n;0n!==r;e+=2n)i+=r/e,r/=n;return i}atanInv(e){const t=BigInt(e),n=t*t;let r=this.S/t,i=0n;for(let e=1n,t=1n;0n!==r;e+=2n,t=-t)i+=t*r/e,r/=n;return i}get pi(){return this.memo("pi",()=>16n*this.atanInv(5)-4n*this.atanInv(239))}get ln2(){return this.memo("ln2",()=>2n*this.atanhInv(3))}get e(){return this.memo("e",()=>this.exp(this.S))}memo(e,t){return this.cache.has(e)||this.cache.set(e,t()),this.cache.get(e)}exp(e){const t=(e+(e>=0n?this.ln2/2n:-this.ln2/2n))/this.ln2;if(t>BigInt(cr))throw pr();if(t<-BigInt(cr))return 0n;const n=e-t*this.ln2,r=this.series(this.S,(e,t)=>e*n/this.S/BigInt(t));return t>=0n?r<<t:r>>-t}ln(e){if(e<=0n)throw new it("the log of a number that is not positive is not real");let t=0n,n=e;for(;n>=this.S;)n>>=1n,t++;for(;n<this.S/2n;)n<<=1n,t--;const r=this.div(n-this.S,n+this.S),i=this.mul(r,r);let s=r,o=0n;for(let e=1n;0n!==s;e+=2n)o+=s/e,s=this.mul(s,i);return 2n*o+t*this.ln2}sin(e){const t=2n*this.pi;let n=e%t;n>this.pi&&(n-=t),n<-this.pi&&(n+=t);const r=this.mul(n,n);return this.series(n,(e,t)=>-e*r/this.S/BigInt(2*t*(2*t+1)))}cos(e){return this.sin(e+this.pi/2n)}atan(e){if(hr(e)>this.S){const t=this.pi/2n;return(e>0n?t:-t)-this.atan(this.div(this.S,e))}let t=e;for(let e=0;e<2;e++)t=this.div(t,this.S+this.sqrt(this.S+this.mul(t,t)));const n=this.mul(t,t);let r=t,i=0n;for(let e=1n,t=1n;0n!==r;e+=2n,t=-t)i+=t*r/e,r=this.mul(r,n);return 4n*i}asin(e){if(hr(e)>this.S)throw new it("arcsin of a number beyond ±1 is not real");return hr(e)===this.S?e>0n?this.pi/2n:-this.pi/2n:this.atan(this.div(e,this.sqrt(this.S-this.mul(e,e))))}}function fr(e,t,n){if(n>0n)return e.atan(e.div(t,n));if(n<0n)return e.atan(e.div(t,n))+(t>=0n?e.pi:-e.pi);if(0n===t)throw new it("the argument of 0 is undefined");return t>0n?e.pi/2n:-e.pi/2n}const mr={add:(e,t)=>[e[0]+t[0],e[1]+t[1]],sub:(e,t)=>[e[0]-t[0],e[1]-t[1]],mul:(e,t,n)=>[e.mul(t[0],n[0])-e.mul(t[1],n[1]),e.mul(t[0],n[1])+e.mul(t[1],n[0])],div(e,t,n){const r=e.mul(n[0],n[0])+e.mul(n[1],n[1]);if(0n===r)throw new it("division by zero");return[e.div(e.mul(t[0],n[0])+e.mul(t[1],n[1]),r),e.div(e.mul(t[1],n[0])-e.mul(t[0],n[1]),r)]},abs:(e,t)=>e.sqrt(e.mul(t[0],t[0])+e.mul(t[1],t[1])),exp(e,t){const n=e.exp(t[0]);return[e.mul(n,e.cos(t[1])),e.mul(n,e.sin(t[1]))]},ln(e,t){const n=mr.abs(e,t);if(0n===n)throw new it("the log of 0 is undefined");return[e.ln(n),fr(e,t[1],t[0])]},pow(e,t,n,r){if(0n===t[0]&&0n===t[1])return[0n,0n];if(r&&r.isInteger){let n=r.n<0n?-r.n:r.n,i=[e.S,0n],s=t;for(;n>0n;)1n&n&&(i=mr.mul(e,i,s)),s=mr.mul(e,s,s),n>>=1n;return r.n<0n?mr.div(e,[e.S,0n],i):i}return mr.exp(e,mr.mul(e,n,mr.ln(e,t)))},sinh:(e,t)=>(e.exp(t)-e.exp(-t))/2n,cosh:(e,t)=>(e.exp(t)+e.exp(-t))/2n},gr={sin:(e,[t,n])=>[e.mul(e.sin(t),mr.cosh(e,n)),e.mul(e.cos(t),mr.sinh(e,n))],cos:(e,[t,n])=>[e.mul(e.cos(t),mr.cosh(e,n)),-e.mul(e.sin(t),mr.sinh(e,n))],tan:(e,t)=>mr.div(e,gr.sin(e,t),gr.cos(e,t)),ln:(e,t)=>mr.ln(e,t),sqrt:(e,t)=>mr.exp(e,mr.mul(e,[e.S/2n,0n],mr.ln(e,t))),sinh:(e,[t,n])=>[e.mul(mr.sinh(e,t),e.cos(n)),e.mul(mr.cosh(e,t),e.sin(n))],cosh:(e,[t,n])=>[e.mul(mr.cosh(e,t),e.cos(n)),e.mul(mr.sinh(e,t),e.sin(n))]},vr=e=>({q:e}),br=([e,t])=>0n===t?{f:e}:{z:[e,t]};function yr(e,t,n){const r=e=>((e,t)=>t.z??[xr(e,t),0n])(n,t[e]);switch(e.op){case"+":return br(mr.add(r(0),r(1)));case"-":return br(mr.sub(r(0),r(1)));case"neg":return br([-r(0)[0],-r(0)[1]]);case"*":return br(mr.mul(n,r(0),r(1)));case"/":return br(mr.div(n,r(0),r(1)));case"^":return br(mr.pow(n,r(0),r(1),t[1].q));case"sqrt":return br(gr.sqrt(n,r(0)));case"root":return br(mr.pow(n,r(1),mr.div(n,[n.S,0n],r(0)),t[0].q?.inv()));case"abs":return{f:mr.abs(n,r(0))};case"arg":return{f:fr(n,r(0)[1],r(0)[0])};case"re":return{f:r(0)[0]};case"im":return{f:r(0)[1]};case"conj":return br([r(0)[0],-r(0)[1]]);case"log":return br(mr.div(n,mr.ln(n,r(1)),mr.ln(n,r(0))));default:{const i=gr[e.op];if(!i||1!==t.length)throw new it(`no complex value for ${e.op}`);return br(i(n,r(0)))}}}function xr(e,t){return t.q?e.fromQ(t.q):t.f}const wr={sin:(e,t)=>e.sin(t),cos:(e,t)=>e.cos(t),tan:(e,t)=>e.div(e.sin(t),e.cos(t)),sec:(e,t)=>e.div(e.S,e.cos(t)),csc:(e,t)=>e.div(e.S,e.sin(t)),cot:(e,t)=>e.div(e.cos(t),e.sin(t)),arcsin:(e,t)=>e.asin(t),arccos:(e,t)=>e.pi/2n-e.asin(t),arctan:(e,t)=>e.atan(t),sinh:(e,t)=>(e.exp(t)-e.exp(-t))/2n,cosh:(e,t)=>(e.exp(t)+e.exp(-t))/2n,tanh:(e,t)=>{const n=e.exp(t),r=e.exp(-t);return e.div(n-r,n+r)},arcsinh:(e,t)=>e.ln(t+e.sqrt(e.mul(t,t)+e.S)),arccosh:(e,t)=>{if(t<e.S)throw new it("arccosh of a number below 1 is not real");return e.ln(t+e.sqrt(e.mul(t,t)-e.S))},arctanh:(e,t)=>{if(hr(t)>=e.S)throw new it("arctanh of a number beyond ±1 is not real");return e.ln(e.div(e.S+t,e.S-t))/2n},ln:(e,t)=>e.ln(t),loglog:(e,t)=>e.ln(e.ln(t)),logloglog:(e,t)=>e.ln(e.ln(e.ln(t))),expm1:(e,t)=>e.exp(t)-e.S};function kr(e,t,n){if("num"===e.type)return vr(ct(e.token));if("sym"===e.type){if("pi"===e.token||"π"===e.token)return{f:t.pi};if("e"===e.token)return{f:t.e};if("i"===e.token&&mt.complex)return{z:[0n,t.S]};if(n&&e.token in n){const t=n[e.token],r="number"==typeof t||"string"==typeof t||"bigint"==typeof t?ct(String(t)):null;if(!r)throw new it(`the value of ${e.token} is not a number`);return vr(r)}throw new it(`${e.token} has no value`)}mt.complex&&e.op.startsWith("\\:")&&_t[e.op.slice(2)]&&(e=He(_t[e.op.slice(2)],e.args));const r=e.args.map(e=>kr(e,t,n));if(r.some(e=>e.z)||["re","im","conj","arg"].includes(e.op)||function(e,t){if(!mt.complex)return!1;const n=e=>e.q?e.q.sign<0:void 0!==e.f&&e.f<0n;return"sqrt"===e.op||"ln"===e.op||"log"===e.op?n(t["log"===e.op?1:0])||"log"===e.op&&n(t[0]):"^"===e.op?n(t[0])&&!(t[1].q&&t[1].q.d%2n==1n):"root"===e.op&&n(t[1])&&!(t[0].q&&t[0].q.isInteger&&t[0].q.n%2n==1n)}(e,r))return yr(e,r,t);const i=r.every(e=>e.q),s=e=>xr(t,r[e]);switch(e.op){case"+":return i?vr(r[0].q.add(r[1].q)):{f:s(0)+s(1)};case"-":return i?vr(r[0].q.sub(r[1].q)):{f:s(0)-s(1)};case"neg":return r[0].q?vr(r[0].q.neg()):{f:-r[0].f};case"*":return i?vr(r[0].q.mul(r[1].q)):{f:t.mul(s(0),s(1))};case"/":return i?vr(r[0].q.div(r[1].q)):{f:t.div(s(0),s(1))};case"^":return qr(t,r[0],r[1]);case"sqrt":return qr(t,r[0],vr(ut.HALF));case"root":return qr(t,r[1],r[0].q?vr(r[0].q.inv()):{f:t.div(t.S,r[0].f)});case"abs":return r[0].q?vr(r[0].q.abs()):{f:hr(r[0].f)};case"floor":return vr(r[0].q?r[0].q.floor():new ut($r(r[0].f,t.S)));case"ceil":return vr(r[0].q?r[0].q.ceil():new ut(-$r(-r[0].f,t.S)));case"log":return{f:t.div(t.ln(s(1)),t.ln(s(0)))};case"atan2":return{f:fr(t,s(0),s(1))};case"max":case"min":if(!r.length)throw new it(`${e.op} of nothing`);return i?vr(r.map(e=>e.q).reduce((t,n)=>("max"===e.op?n.sub(t).sign>0:n.sub(t).sign<0)?n:t)):{f:r.map((e,t)=>s(t)).reduce((t,n)=>"max"===e.op?n>t?n:t:n<t?n:t)};case"sum":return i?vr(r.reduce((e,t)=>e.add(t.q),ut.ZERO)):{f:r.reduce((e,t,n)=>e+s(n),0n)};case"prod":return i?vr(r.reduce((e,t)=>e.mul(t.q),ut.ONE)):{f:r.reduce((e,n,r)=>t.mul(e,s(r)),t.S)};case"mean":if(!r.length)throw new it("mean of nothing");return i?vr(r.reduce((e,t)=>e.add(t.q),ut.ZERO).div(new ut(BigInt(r.length)))):{f:r.reduce((e,t,n)=>e+s(n),0n)/BigInt(r.length)};case"mod":{if(i){if(r[1].q.isZero)throw new it("mod 0 is undefined");return vr(r[0].q.sub(r[1].q.mul(r[0].q.div(r[1].q).floor())))}const e=s(1);if(0n===e)throw new it("mod 0 is undefined");return{f:s(0)-t.mul(e,$r(t.div(s(0),e),t.S)*t.S)}}case"round":{if(!r[1].q?.isInteger)throw new it("round needs a whole number of places");const e=10n**hr(r[1].q.n),n=r[0].q??new ut(s(0),t.S),i=r[1].q.sign>=0,o=(i?n.mul(new ut(e)):n.div(new ut(e))).add(ut.HALF).floor();return vr(i?o.div(new ut(e)):o.mul(new ut(e)))}case"!":{if(!r[0].q?.isInteger||r[0].q.sign<0)throw new it("factorial is only worked out for whole numbers");let e=1n;for(let t=2n;t<=r[0].q.n;t++)if(e*=t,0n==(255n&t)&&at(e)>cr)throw pr();return vr(new ut(e))}default:{const n=wr[e.op];if(!n||1!==r.length)throw new it(`no numeric value for ${e.op}`);return{f:n(t,s(0))}}}}const $r=(e,t)=>{const n=e/t;return e<0n&&n*t!==e?n-1n:n};function qr(e,t,n){if(n.q&&n.q.isInteger){if(t.q)return vr(t.q.pow(n.q.n));let r=n.q.n;const i=r<0n;i&&(r=-r);let s=e.S,o=t.f;for(;r>0n;){if(1n&r&&(s=e.mul(s,o)),o=e.mul(o,o),at(s)>cr+4*e.P||at(o)>8e5){if(i)return{f:0n};throw pr()}r>>=1n}return{f:i?e.div(e.S,s):s}}const r=xr(e,t);if(0n===r){if(n.q?n.q.sign>0:n.f>0n)return vr(ut.ZERO);throw new it("0 to a power that is not positive is undefined")}if(r<0n){if(n.q&&n.q.d%2n==1n){const t=qr(e,{f:-r},n).f;return{f:n.q.n%2n==0n?t:-t}}throw new it("a negative number to a fractional power is not real")}if(n.q&&1n===hr(n.q.n)&&n.q.d<=64n){const t=pt(r*e.S**(n.q.d-1n),Number(n.q.d));return{f:n.q.n<0n?e.div(e.S,t):t}}return{f:e.exp(e.mul(xr(e,n),e.ln(r)))}}function Sr(e,t,n){const r=e<0n?"-":"",i=hr(e);if(0n===i)return{sign:"",digits:"0",point:1};const s=i.toString(),o=s.length-t.P;let a=s.slice(0,n);s.length>n&&s[n]>="5"&&(a=(BigInt(a)+1n).toString());let l=o;return a.length>n&&(a=a.slice(0,n),l++),{sign:r,digits:a.replace(/0+$/,"")||"0",point:l}}function Mr({sign:e,digits:t,point:n}){if("0"===t)return"0";if(n>21||n<-6){return`${e}${t.length>1?`${t[0]}.${t.slice(1)}`:t}e${n-1}`}return n<=0?`${e}0.${"0".repeat(-n)}${t}`:n>=t.length?`${e}${t}${"0".repeat(n-t.length)}`:`${e}${t.slice(0,n)}.${t.slice(n)}`}function Or(e){let t=0n,n=0n,r=e.d;for(;r%2n==0n;)r/=2n,t++;for(;r%5n==0n;)r/=5n,n++;const i=t>n?t:n;let s=hr(e.n)*10n**i/e.d;if(0n===s)return 1;for(;s%10n==0n;)s/=10n;return s.toString().length}function Ar(e){let t=e.d;for(;t%2n==0n;)t/=2n;for(;t%5n==0n;)t/=5n;return 1n===t}function Nr(e){const t=/^(-?[\d.]+)e(-?\d+)$/.exec(e);return t?He("*",[We(t[1]),He("^",[We("10"),We(t[2])])]):We(e)}function Er(e,{digits:t=15,scope:n}={}){if(!Number.isInteger(t)||t<1||t>1e5)throw new it("digits must be a whole number from 1 to 100000");let r=t+25,i=null;for(let s=0;s<4;s++){const o=new dr(r),a=kr(e,o,n);if(a.z){const e=Tr(a.z,o,t);if(e.retry&&s<3){r+=e.retry;continue}return void 0===e.real?e:Ir(e.real,o,t,null)}if(a.q&&a.q.isInteger&&hr(a.q.n).toString().length<=t)return{text:a.q.n.toString(),node:We(a.q.n.toString()),number:Number(a.q.n),re:Number(a.q.n),im:0,exact:!0};const l=xr(o,a);if(0n===l&&(!a.q||!a.q.isZero)&&s<3){i=null,r*=4;continue}const u=Sr(l,o,t);if(i&&u.point<-10&&i.point-u.point>=(r-i.P)/2)return{text:"0",node:We("0"),number:0,re:0,im:0,exact:!1};if(!(u.point<-10&&s<3)||i&&i.point===u.point)return Ir(l,o,t,a.q);i={point:u.point,P:r},r+=10-u.point}throw new it("could not approximate")}function Ir(e,t,n,r){const i=Mr(Sr(e,t,n));return{text:i,node:Nr(i),number:Number(i),re:Number(i),im:0,exact:Boolean(r)&&Ar(r)&&Or(r)<=n}}function Tr([e,t],n,r){const i=10n**BigInt(Math.max(0,n.P-r-12)),s=e=>hr(e)>i;if(!s(t))return{real:e};const o=Sr(t,n,r);if(o.point<-10&&s(t))return{retry:10-o.point};const a=Mr(o),l="1"===a?"i":"-1"===a?"-i":`${a}i`,u="1"===a?Ve("i"):He("*",[Nr(a.replace(/^-/,"")),Ve("i")]);if(!s(e))return{text:l,node:a.startsWith("-")?He("neg",[u]):u,number:NaN,re:0,im:Number(a),exact:!1};const c=Mr(Sr(e,n,r)),p=a.startsWith("-"),h="1"===a.replace(/^-/,"")?Ve("i"):He("*",[Nr(a.replace(/^-/,"")),Ve("i")]);return{text:`${c} ${p?"-":"+"} ${l.replace(/^-/,"")}`,node:He(p?"-":"+",[Nr(c),h]),number:NaN,re:Number(c),im:Number(a),exact:!1}}function Lr(e,t={}){const n=e=>(e=>0===ln(e).size)(e)?"num"===e.type&&/^-?\d+$/.test(e.token)?e:Er(e,t).node:Ye(e)?He(e.op,e.args.map(n)):e;return n(e)}const jr={variable:null},Cr=(e,t)=>null!==t&&ln(e).has(t);function zr(e){if("num"===e.type)return ct(e.token);if(Ye(e)&&"/"===e.op&&e.args.every(e=>"num"===e.type)){const t=ct(e.args[0].token),n=ct(e.args[1].token);return t&&n&&!n.isZero?t.div(n):null}return null}const Zr=e=>0===ln(e).size;function Br(e,t,n){const r=function(e){const t=Xt(e);return"num"===t.k?t.q.isZero?t.q:null:"atom"===t.k&&"sym"===t.node.type&&"pi"===t.node.token?ct("1"):"mul"===t.k&&1===t.fs.length&&"atom"===t.fs[0].b.k&&"pi"===t.fs[0].b.node.token&&"num"===t.fs[0].e.k&&t.fs[0].e.q.isOne?t.c:null}(e);if(!r)return!1;const[i,s="1"]=String(t).split("/");return n(r.compare(ct(i).div(ct(s))))}function Dr(e){if(!Zr(e))return NaN;try{const{number:t}=Er(e,{digits:30});return Math.sign(t)}catch{return NaN}}function Fr(){kn("hasVariable")||(xn("hasVariable",e=>Cr(e,jr.variable),"mentions the variable being solved for"),xn("freeOfVariable",e=>null!==jr.variable&&!Cr(e,jr.variable),"does not mention the variable being solved for"),xn("isRational",e=>null!==zr(e),"an exact number: 3, -2, 1/2"),xn("isWhole",e=>zr(e)?.isInteger??!1,"a whole number (any size)"),xn("isEvenWhole",e=>{const t=zr(e);return Boolean(t?.isInteger&&t.n%2n==0n)},"an even whole number"),xn("isOddWhole",e=>{const t=zr(e);return Boolean(t?.isInteger&&t.n%2n!=0n)},"an odd whole number"),xn("isPositiveRational",e=>(zr(e)?.sign??0)>0,"an exact number above 0"),xn("isNegativeRational",e=>(zr(e)?.sign??0)<0,"an exact number below 0"),xn("isConstant",Zr,"has no unknowns (numbers, π and e only)"),xn("notOne",e=>{const t=zr(e);return!t||!t.isOne},"anything except the number 1"),xn("notMinusOne",e=>{const t=zr(e);return!t||!t.equals(ct("-1"))},"anything except the number -1"),xn("hasMinusSign",e=>function(e){const t=Xt(e);return"num"===t.k?t.q.sign<0:"mul"===t.k&&t.c.sign<0}(e),"written with a leading minus: -x, -2x, -π/6"),xn("piMultipleAtLeast",(e,t)=>Br(e,t,e=>e>=0),"a multiple of π, at least k·π"),xn("piMultipleAbove",(e,t)=>Br(e,t,e=>e>0),"a multiple of π, above k·π"),xn("piMultipleBelow",(e,t)=>Br(e,t,e=>e<0),"a multiple of π, below k·π"),xn("piMultipleAtMost",(e,t)=>Br(e,t,e=>e<=0),"a multiple of π, at most k·π"),xn("isPositiveConstant",e=>Dr(e)>0,"no unknowns, and above 0 (e, π, √2, 3)"),xn("isNegativeConstant",e=>Dr(e)<0,"no unknowns, and below 0"),xn("hasImaginaryPart",e=>{if(!mt.complex)return!1;const t=Vt(Xt(e));return Boolean(t)&&!("num"===t.im.k&&t.im.q.isZero)},"complex mode: has a nonzero imaginary part (unknowns count as real)"),xn("isSymbolNode",e=>"sym"===e.type&&!ft.has(e.token),"a single unknown such as x"))}function Rr(e){const t=new Map;for(const n of e){const e=n.id??n.name;if(!e)throw new Error(`a rule needs an id (pattern ${n.pattern})`);t.set(String(e),{...t.get(String(e))??{},...n})}const n=[...t.values()].map(e=>{const t={...e};try{void 0!==t.pattern&&(t.pattern=function(e){const t=Ke(e),n=e=>"num"===e.type||("sym"===e.type?e.token.startsWith("="):e.args.every(n)),r=e=>"sym"===e.type?Ve(e.token.slice(1)):"num"===e.type?e:He(e.op,e.args.map(r)),i=e=>"sym"===e.type?Ve(`=${e.token}`):"num"===e.type?e:He(e.op,e.args.map(i)),s=e=>"op"!==e.type?e:n(e)?i(en(r(e))):He(e.op,e.args.map(s));return s(t).s}(String(t.pattern)))}catch(e){throw new Error(`rule "${t.id}": bad pattern "${t.pattern}": ${e.message}`)}return"hidden"===t.step&&(t.tags=[...t.tags??[],"hidden"]),t});return ir.fromSpecs(n,{strict:!0})}function Pr(e,t,n,r){return e.explain?e.explain.replace(/\{(\w+)\}/g,(e,i)=>"result"===i?n?r(n):e:t[i]?r(t[i]):e).trim():""}const Vr=e=>Ye(e)&&("+"===e.op||"-"===e.op),Wr=e=>Ye(e)&&("*"===e.op||"/"===e.op);function*Ur(e,t,{order:n="pre"}={}){for(const r of function(e,t,{order:n="post"}={}){const r=[];for(const{node:i,path:s}of nt(e,n))for(const e of lr(i,t))r.push({...e,node:i,path:s});return r}(e,t,{order:n})){const t=ur(r.rule.outputTemplate,r.bound);yield{rule:r.rule,bound:r.bound,path:r.path,before:r.node,after:t,next:()=>en(rt(e,r.path,t))}}for(const{node:r,path:i}of nt(e,n)){const n=Vr(r);if(!n&&!Wr(r))continue;const s=n?un(Xt(r)):cn(Xt(r));if(s.length<3)continue;const o=n?jt:zt;for(let n=0;n<s.length;n++)for(let r=n+1;r<s.length;r++){const a=sn(o([s[n],s[r]]));for(const l of lr(a,t)){const t=ur(l.rule.outputTemplate,l.bound),u=s.filter((e,t)=>t!==n&&t!==r);yield{rule:l.rule,bound:l.bound,path:i,before:a,after:t,next:()=>en(rt(e,i,sn(o([Xt(t),...u]))))}}}}}function _r(e,t,{format:n,order:r="pre",maxSteps:i=200,variable:s=null}={}){const o=jr.variable;jr.variable=s;try{let s=en(e);const o=new Set([s.s]),a=[];for(let e=0;e<i;e++){let e=null;for(const n of Ur(s,t,{order:r})){const t=n.next();if(t.s!==s.s&&!o.has(t.s)){e={c:n,next:t};break}}if(!e)break;const{c:i,next:l}=e;a.push({id:i.rule.id,name:i.rule.name,tags:i.rule.tags,from:s.s,to:l.s,path:i.path,before:i.before.s,after:i.after.s,explanation:Pr(i.rule,i.bound,en(i.after),n)}),s=l,o.add(s.s)}return{node:s,steps:a}}finally{jr.variable=o}}const Hr={full:[],normal:["hidden"],brief:["hidden","tidy","identity","value","split","base","arithmetic"]},Jr=(e,t)=>"all"===t||"*"===t||Array.isArray(t)&&t.some(t=>t===e.id||e.tags?.includes(t));function Yr(e){if(!1===e)return null;if(void 0===e||!0===e)return{show:"all",hide:Hr.normal,explain:!0};if("string"==typeof e){if(!Hr[e])throw new Error(`steps: "${e}" is not one of ${Object.keys(Hr).join(", ")}`);return{show:"all",hide:Hr[e],explain:!0}}const t=e.detail??"normal";if(!Hr[t])throw new Error(`steps.detail: "${t}" is not one of ${Object.keys(Hr).join(", ")}`);return{show:e.show??"all",hide:[...Hr[t],...e.hide??[]],explain:e.explain??!0}}function Kr(e,t){if(!t)return[];const n=[];let r=null;for(const i of e){if(!(Jr(i,t.show)&&!Jr(i,t.hide))){r=r??{from:i.from,ids:[]},r.ids.push(i.id);continue}const e={...i};r&&(e.from=r.from,e.also=r.ids,e.path=null,r=null);!0===t.explain||!1!==t.explain&&Jr(i,t.explain)||delete e.explanation,n.push(e)}if(r&&n.length){const t=n[n.length-1];t.to=e[e.length-1].to,t.also=[...t.also??[],...r.ids]}return n}const Gr=yt(ut.ONE),Qr=(e,t)=>"atom"===e.k&&"sym"===e.node.type&&e.node.token===t;function Xr(e){switch(e.k){case"num":default:return e;case"atom":return"op"===e.node.type?Gt(e.node.op,e.node.args.map(e=>Xr(Xt(e)))):e;case"add":return jt(un(e).map(Xr));case"mul":{let t=[yt(e.c)];for(const n of e.fs){const e=Xr(n.b);if("add"===e.k&&$t(n.e)&&n.e.q.isInteger&&n.e.q.sign>0&&n.e.q.n<=BigInt(60))for(let r=0n;r<n.e.q.n;r++)t=ei(t,un(e));else t=ei(t,[Bt(e,n.e)])}return jt(t)}}}function ei(e,t){const n=[];for(const r of e)for(const e of t)n.push(zt([r,e]));return un(jt(n))}function ti(e,t){const n=new Map;for(const r of un(Xr(e))){const{coef:e,rest:i}=Lt(r);let s=0;const o=[yt(e)];for(const e of i?cn(i):[]){const{b:n,e:r}="mul"===e.k&&1===e.fs.length&&e.c.isOne?e.fs[0]:{b:e,e:Gr};if(Qr(n,t)){if(!$t(r)||!r.q.isInteger||r.q.sign<0)return null;s+=Number(r.q.n)}else{if(ni(n,t)||ni(r,t))return null;o.push(e)}}n.set(s,jt([n.get(s)??yt(ut.ZERO),zt(o)]))}for(const[e,t]of n)$t(t)&&t.q.isZero&&n.delete(e);return n}const ni=(e,t)=>ln(sn(e)).has(t);function ri(e){if(!e)return null;const t=Math.max(0,...e.keys());if(t>256)return null;const n=[];for(let r=0;r<=t;r++){const t=e.get(r)??yt(ut.ZERO);if(!$t(t))return null;n.push(t.q)}return n}function ii(e,t){const n=Xt(Ve(t));return jt(e.map((e,t)=>zt([yt(e),Zt(n,yt(ut.of(t)))])))}const si=e=>{const t=e.slice();for(;t.length>1&&t[t.length-1].isZero;)t.pop();return t},oi=(e,t)=>e.reduceRight((e,n)=>e.mul(t).add(n),ut.ZERO);function ai(e,t){const n=e.length-1,r=new Array(n);let i=ut.ZERO;for(let s=n;s>=1;s--)i=e[s].add(i.mul(t)),r[s-1]=i;return r}function li(e){if(0n===(e=(e=>e<0n?-e:e)(e)))return null;if(e>10n**14n)return null;const t=[];let n=e;for(let e=2n;e*e<=n;e+=2n===e?1n:2n){if(n%e)continue;let r=0;for(;n%e===0n;)n/=e,r++;t.push([e,r])}n>1n&&t.push([n,1]);let r=[1n];for(const[e,n]of t){const t=[];for(const i of r)for(let r=0,s=1n;r<=n;r++,s*=e)t.push(i*s);if(r=t,r.length>2e4)return null}return r.sort((e,t)=>e<t?-1:e>t?1:0)}function ui(e){let t=si(e);const n=[];for(;t.length>1&&t[0].isZero;)n.push(ut.ZERO),t=t.slice(1);if(t.length<=1)return{roots:n,rest:t};const r=t.reduce((e,t)=>e*t.d/lt(e,t.d),1n),i=t.map(e=>e.n*r/e.d),s=li(i[0]),o=li(i[i.length-1]);if(!s||!o)return{roots:n,rest:t};const a=new Map;for(const e of s)for(const t of o)for(const n of[1n,-1n]){const r=new ut(n*e,t);a.set(r.toString(),r)}const l=[...a.values()].sort((e,t)=>e.compare(t));for(const e of l)for(;t.length>1&&oi(t,e).isZero;)n.push(e),t=ai(t,e);return{roots:n.sort((e,t)=>e.compare(t)),rest:t}}function ci(e){if("num"===e.k)return{coef:e.q,factors:[],notes:[]};if("atom"===e.k)return{coef:ut.ONE,factors:[{base:e,exp:Gr}],notes:[]};if("mul"===e.k){let t=e.c;const n=[],r=[];for(const i of e.fs)if("add"===i.b.k&&$t(i.e)&&i.e.q.isInteger){const e=ci(i.b);t=t.mul(e.coef.pow(i.e.q.n));for(const t of e.factors)n.push({base:t.base,exp:zt([t.exp,i.e])});r.push(...e.notes)}else n.push({base:i.b,exp:i.e});return pi(t,n,r)}return function(e){const t=un(e),n=[],r=t.map(e=>{const{coef:t,rest:n}=Lt(e);return{coef:t,fs:n?cn(n).map(di):[]}}),i=r.reduce((e,t)=>({n:lt(e.n,t.coef.n),d:e.d*t.coef.d/lt(e.d,t.coef.d)}),{n:0n,d:1n});let s=new ut(i.n||1n,i.d);hi(e)<0&&(s=s.neg());const o=[];for(const e of r[0].fs){if(!$t(e.e)||e.e.q.sign<=0)continue;let t=e.e.q;const n=Mt(e.b);let i=!0;for(const e of r.slice(1)){const r=e.fs.find(e=>Mt(e.b)===n&&$t(e.e)&&e.e.q.sign>0);if(!r){i=!1;break}r.e.q.compare(t)<0&&(t=r.e.q)}i&&o.push({base:e.b,exp:yt(t)})}let a=e;if(!s.isOne||o.length){const e=zt([yt(s),...o.map(e=>Bt(e.base,e.exp))]);a=jt(t.map(t=>zt([t,Zt(e,yt(ut.MINUS_ONE))]))),n.push({id:"factor.common",values:{common:e}})}const l="add"===a.k?function(e,t){const n=[...fi(e)];for(const r of n){const i=ri(ti(e,r));if(!i||i.length<3)continue;if(1!==n.length)break;const{roots:s,rest:o}=ui(i);if(!s.length)break;const a=[];let l=o[o.length-1]??ut.ONE;const u=o.map(e=>e.div(l)),c=[...s].sort((e,t)=>e.abs().compare(t.abs())||t.sign-e.sign);for(const e of c){const n=ii([new ut(-e.n),new ut(e.d)],r);a.push({base:n,exp:Gr}),l=l.div(new ut(e.d)),t.push({id:"factor.root",values:{root:yt(e),factor:n}})}if(u.length>1){const e=u.reduce((e,t)=>e*t.d/lt(e,t.d),1n),t=u.map(t=>t.mul(new ut(e))),n=t.reduce((e,t)=>lt(e,t.n),0n)||1n;l=l.mul(new ut(n,e)),a.push({base:ii(t.map(e=>e.div(new ut(n))),r),exp:Gr})}return pi(l,a,[])}const r=un(e);if(2===r.length){const[e,n]=r;for(const r of[2,3]){const i=mi(e,r),s=mi(Ht(n),r),o=3===r?mi(n,r):null;if(i&&s&&2===r){t.push({id:"factor.squares",values:{a:i,b:s}});const e=ci(jt([i,Ht(s)])),n=ci(jt([i,s]));return pi(e.coef.mul(n.coef),[...e.factors,...n.factors],[...e.notes,...n.notes])}if(3===r&&i&&(s||o)){const e=s??o,n=s?-1:1;t.push({id:n<0?"factor.cubes-difference":"factor.cubes-sum",values:{a:i,b:e}});const r=jt(n<0?[i,Ht(e)]:[i,e]),a=jt([Zt(i,yt(ut.of(2))),n<0?zt([i,e]):Ht(zt([i,e])),Zt(e,yt(ut.of(2)))]),l=ci(r);return pi(l.coef,[...l.factors,{base:a,exp:Gr}],l.notes)}}}return{coef:ut.ONE,factors:[{base:e,exp:Gr}],notes:[]}}(a,n):ci(a);return pi(s.mul(l.coef),[...o,...l.factors],[...n,...l.notes.filter(e=>!n.includes(e))])}(e)}function pi(e,t,n){const r=new Map;for(const e of t){const t=Mt(e.base),n=r.get(t);n?n.exp=jt([n.exp,e.exp]):r.set(t,{...e})}return{coef:e,factors:[...r.values()].filter(e=>!($t(e.exp)&&e.exp.q.isZero)),notes:n}}const hi=e=>Lt(un(e)[0]).coef.sign;const di=e=>"mul"===e.k&&e.c.isOne&&1===e.fs.length?{b:e.fs[0].b,e:e.fs[0].e}:{b:e,e:Gr},fi=e=>ln(sn(e));function mi(e,t){const{coef:n,rest:r}=Lt(e);if(n.sign<0)return null;const i=function(e,t){const n=e=>{if(e<0n)return null;let n=0n,r=1n;for(;r**BigInt(t)<=e;)r*=2n;for(;n<r-1n;){const i=(n+r)/2n;i**BigInt(t)<=e?n=i:r=i}return n**BigInt(t)===e?n:null},r=n(e.n),i=n(e.d);return null!==r&&null!==i?new ut(r,i):null}(n,t);if(!i)return null;const s=[yt(i)];for(const e of r?cn(r).map(di):[]){if(!$t(e.e))return null;const n=e.e.q.div(ut.of(t));if(!n.isInteger)return null;s.push(Bt(e.b,yt(n)))}return zt(s)}function gi({coef:e,factors:t}){const n=[],r=[];for(const e of t){const t=$t(e.exp)&&e.exp.q.sign<0,i=t?yt(e.exp.q.neg()):e.exp,s=sn(Bt(e.base,i));(t?r:n).push(s)}const i=e=>e.reduce((e,t)=>e?He("*",[e,t]):t,null),s=e.n<0n?-e.n:e.n;let o=n.length?i(1n===s?n:[sn(yt(new ut(s))),...n]):sn(yt(new ut(s)));return e.n<0n&&(o=He("neg",[o])),1n!==e.d&&r.unshift(sn(yt(new ut(e.d)))),r.length?He("/",[o,i(r)]):o}function vi(e){if("mul"!==e.k)return{num:e,den:Gr};const t=[yt(new ut(e.c.n))],n=[yt(new ut(e.c.d))];for(const r of e.fs)$t(r.e)&&r.e.q.sign<0?n.push(Bt(r.b,yt(r.e.q.neg()))):t.push(Bt(r.b,r.e));return{num:zt(t),den:zt(n)}}function bi(e){if("add"!==e.k)return vi(e);const t=un(e).map(vi),n=new Map;let r=1n;for(const e of t){const{coef:t,rest:i}=Lt(e.den);r=r*t.n/lt(r,t.n);for(const e of i?cn(i).map(di):[]){const t=Mt(e.b),r=n.get(t);(!r||$t(e.e)&&$t(r.e)&&e.e.q.compare(r.e.q)>0)&&n.set(t,e)}}const i=zt([yt(new ut(r)),...[...n.values()].map(e=>Bt(e.b,e.e))]);if($t(i)&&i.q.isOne)return{num:e,den:Gr};return{num:Xr(jt(t.map(e=>zt([e.num,i,Zt(e.den,yt(ut.MINUS_ONE))])))),den:i}}function yi(e){const{num:t,den:n}=bi(e);if($t(n)&&n.q.isOne)return null;const r=ci(t),i=ci(n),s=new Set(r.factors.map(e=>Mt(e.base))),o=i.factors.filter(e=>s.has(Mt(e.base))),a=[...r.factors,...i.factors.map(e=>({base:e.base,exp:Ht(e.exp)}))];return{...pi(r.coef.div(i.coef),a,[...r.notes,...i.notes]),cancelled:o.map(e=>e.base)}}const xi=(e,t)=>He("=",[e,t]),wi=en(He("+",[Ve("x"),He("neg",[Ve("x")])])),ki=e=>Ye(e)&&"="===e.op;function $i(e,t,n,r={}){const i=[],s=(t,n,r,s,o,a={})=>i.push(e.step(t,n,r,s,o,a));s.raw=e=>i.push(e);const o=ki(t)?t:xi(t,wi),a=xi(en(o.args[0]),en(o.args[1]));a.s!==o.s&&s("normal","Work out each side",["tidy","arithmetic"],o,a);const l=[],u=[],c=new Set;l.numeric=c,Ni(e,a,n,r,s,l,u,0);const p=[],h=new Set;for(const t of l.map(t=>c.has(t)?t:(t=>_r(t,e.set.view("simplify"),{format:e.format}).node)(t))){const e=t.s;if(h.has(e))continue;h.add(e);const r=c.has(t)?null:Mi(o,n,t);r?s("solve.reject","Check the answer",["check"],xi(Ve(n),t),xi(Ve(n),t),{value:t,reason:r}):p.push(t)}return p.sort(qi),{solutions:p,unsolved:u,steps:i,always:u.some(e=>e.always)}}function qi(e,t){const n=Si(e),r=Si(t);return null===n||null===r?e.s<t.s?-1:1:(Math.abs(n.im)>0)-(Math.abs(r.im)>0)||n.re-r.re||n.im-r.im}function Si(e){if(ln(e).size)return null;try{const{re:t,im:n}=Er(e,{digits:20});return{re:t,im:n}}catch{return null}}function Mi(e,t,n){const[r,i]=e.args,s=new Set([...ln(r),...ln(i),...ln(n)]);if(s.delete(t),s.size)return null;const o=e=>Oi(e,t,n);try{const e=Er(o(r),{digits:40}),t=Er(o(i),{digits:40}),n=Math.max(1,Math.hypot(e.re,e.im),Math.hypot(t.re,t.im));return Math.hypot(e.re-t.re,e.im-t.im)>1e-12*n?"it does not make the two sides equal":null}catch(e){return`the original equation has no value there (${e.message})`}}function Oi(e,t,n){return"sym"===e.type?e.token===t?n:e:Ye(e)?He(e.op,e.args.map(e=>Oi(e,t,n))):e}const Ai=24;function Ni(e,t,n,r,i,s,o,a){if(a>Ai)return zi(e,t,n,r,i,s,o);const l=function(e){const t=[],n=e=>{if(Ye(e)&&"|"===e.op)return void e.args.forEach(n);if(!ki(e))return void t.push(e);const r=e.args[1],i=nt(r,"pre").find(({node:e})=>Ye(e)&&"pm"===e.op);if(!i)return void t.push(e);const s=i.node.args[0],o=en(rt(r,i.path,s)),a=en(rt(r,i.path,He("neg",[s])));n(xi(e.args[0],o)),a.s!==o.s&&n(xi(e.args[0],a))};return n(e),t}(t);if(l.length>1){i("solve.split","Two cases",["split"],t,l.reduce((e,t)=>e?He("|",[e,t]):t,null));for(const t of l)Ni(e,t,n,r,i,s,o,a+1);return}if(1===l.length&&l[0].s!==t.s)return Ni(e,l[0],n,r,i,s,o,a+1);const[u,c]=t.args;if("sym"===u.type&&u.token===n&&!ni(Xt(c),n))return void s.push(c);const p=jt([Xt(u),Ht(Xt(c))]);if(!ni(p,n))return $t(p)&&p.q.isZero?(i("solve.always","Always true",["check"],t,t,{v:n}),void o.push(Object.assign(Object.create(t),{always:!0}))):void i("solve.never","No solution",["check"],t,t,{v:n});const h=un(p).filter(e=>ni(e,n)),d=un(p).filter(e=>!ni(e,n)),f=jt(h),m=Ht(jt(d));if(mt.complex){const l=ti(p,n);if(l&&[...l.values()].every(e=>!ni(e,n))&&Math.max(...l.keys())>=2){const u=xi(sn(p),wi);return u.s!==t.s&&i("solve.one-side","Everything on one side",["move"],t,u,{v:n}),ji(e,p,l,n,r,i,s,o,a,u)}}if(1===h.length)return Ei(e,t,f,m,n,r,i,s,o,a);const g=xi(sn(p),wi),v=ti(p,n);if(v&&[...v.values()].every(e=>!ni(e,n))&&Math.max(...v.keys())>=2)return g.s!==t.s&&i("solve.one-side","Everything on one side",["move"],t,g,{v:n}),ji(e,p,v,n,r,i,s,o,a,g);const b=ci(p),y=b.factors.filter(e=>ni(e.base,n)&&!($t(e.exp)&&e.exp.q.sign<0));if(y.length>=2||1===y.length&&b.factors.length>1){const l=xi(gi(b),wi);g.s!==t.s&&i("solve.one-side","Everything on one side",["move"],t,g,{v:n}),l.s!==g.s&&i("solve.factor","Factor",["factor"],g,l,{});const u=y.map(e=>xi(sn(e.base),wi));u.length>1&&i("solve.zero-product","A product is zero when a factor is",["split"],l,u.reduce((e,t)=>e?He("|",[e,t]):t,null),{});for(const t of u)Ni(e,t,n,r,i,s,o,a+1);return}const x=bi(p);if(ni(x.den,n)){const l=xi(sn(x.num),wi);return i("solve.clear-denominator","Clear the denominator",["move"],t,l,{den:sn(x.den)}),Ni(e,l,n,r,i,s,o,a+1)}const w=h.filter(e=>!Li(e,n));if(1===w.length&&/\b(sqrt|root|abs)\b/.test(sn(w[0]).s))return Ei(e,t,w[0],Ht(jt(un(p).filter(e=>e!==w[0]))),n,r,i,s,o,a);const k=function(e,t){const n=sn(e),r=new Map;for(const{node:e}of nt(n,"pre"))if(Ye(e)&&ln(e).has(t))if("^"!==e.op||ln(e.args[0]).has(t))["sin","cos","tan","ln","sqrt","abs"].includes(e.op)&&e.args[0].s===t&&r.set(e.s,e);else{const n=Xt(e.args[1]),{coef:i,rest:s}=Lt(n);if(s&&i.isInteger&&sn(s).s===t){const n=sn(Zt(Xt(e.args[0]),Xt(Ve(t))));r.set(n.s,n)}}const i="u"===t?"w":"u";for(const e of r.values()){const r=Ci(n,e,t,i);if(!r||ln(r).has(t))continue;const s=Xt(r),o=ti(s,i);if(o&&Math.max(...o.keys())>=1)return{kernel:Xt(e),poly:s,symbol:i}}return null}(p,n);if(k){const t=k.symbol;i("solve.substitute","Substitute",["substitute"],g,xi(sn(k.poly),wi),{u:Ve(t),kernel:sn(k.kernel)});const l=[];Ni(e,xi(sn(k.poly),wi),t,r,i,l,o,a+1);for(const t of l)Ni(e,xi(sn(k.kernel),t),n,r,i,s,o,a+1);return}return zi(e,g,n,r,i,s,o)}function Ei(e,t,n,r,i,s,o,a,l,u){let c=xi(sn(n),sn(r));c.s!==t.s&&o("solve.move","Move the terms",["move"],t,c,{v:i});const{coef:p,rest:h}=Lt(n),d=h?cn(h):[],f=zt([yt(p),...d.filter(e=>!ni(e,i))]);if(!$t(f)||!f.q.isOne){const e=zt(d.filter(e=>ni(e,i))),t=xi(sn(e),sn(Jt(r,f))),n=$t(f)&&!f.q.isInteger&&(1n===f.q.n||-1n===f.q.n);o(n?"solve.multiply":"solve.divide",n?"Multiply both sides":"Divide both sides",["move"],c,t,{by:sn(n?yt(f.q.inv()):f),v:i}),c=t}if("sym"===c.args[0].type&&c.args[0].token===i)return void a.push(c.args[1]);const m=Xt(c.args[1]);if($t(m)&&m.q.isZero){const t=Xt(c.args[0]),n=cn(t).filter(e=>ni(e,i)&&!Ii(e));if(n.length>1||n.length<cn(t).filter(e=>ni(e,i)).length){const t=n.map(e=>xi(sn(Ti(e)),wi));o("solve.zero-product","A product is zero when a factor is",["split"],c,t.reduce((e,t)=>e?He("|",[e,t]):t,null),{});for(const n of t)Ni(e,n,i,s,o,a,l,u+1);return}}const g=_r(c,e.set.view("isolate"),{format:e.format,maxSteps:1,variable:i});return g.steps.length?(function(e,t){for(const n of t)e.raw(n)}(o,g.steps),Ni(e,g.node,i,s,o,a,l,u+1)):zi(e,c,i,s,o,a,l)}const Ii=e=>"mul"===e.k&&e.c.isOne&&1===e.fs.length&&$t(e.fs[0].e)&&e.fs[0].e.q.sign<0,Ti=e=>"mul"===e.k&&e.c.isOne&&1===e.fs.length&&$t(e.fs[0].e)&&e.fs[0].e.q.sign>0?e.fs[0].b:e,Li=(e,t)=>{const n=ti(e,t);return Boolean(n)&&[...n.values()].every(e=>!ni(e,t))};function ji(e,t,n,r,i,s,o,a,l,u){const c=Math.max(...n.keys()),p=ri(n);if(mt.complex&&c>=3&&c<=64&&p&&p.every((e,t)=>0===t||t===c||e.isZero)&&!p[0].isZero){const t=p[0].neg().div(p[c]),n=Zt(yt(t.abs()),yt(new ut(1n,BigInt(c)))),i=[];for(let r=0;r<c;r++){const s=zt([yt(new ut(BigInt((t.sign<0?1:0)+2*r),BigInt(c))),Xt(Ve("pi"))]),o=He("*",[sn(n),He("+",[He("cos",[sn(s)]),He("*",[Ve("i"),He("sin",[sn(s)])])])]);i.push(_r(o,e.set.view("simplify"),{format:e.format}).node)}return s("solve.roots","All n roots",["complex"],u,i.map(e=>xi(Ve(r),e)).reduce((e,t)=>e?He("|",[e,t]):t),{v:r,n:String(c),last:String(c-1),r:sn(yt(t))}),void o.push(...i)}if(p){const{roots:n}=ui(p);if(n.length){const n=ci(t),c=xi(gi(n),wi);if(n.factors.length>1||n.factors.some(e=>!($t(e.exp)&&e.exp.q.isOne))){s("solve.factor","Factor",["factor"],u,c,{});const t=n.factors.filter(e=>ni(e.base,r)).map(e=>xi(sn(e.base),wi));t.length>1&&s("solve.zero-product","A product is zero when a factor is",["split"],c,t.reduce((e,t)=>e?He("|",[e,t]):t,null),{});for(const n of t)Ni(e,n,r,i,s,o,a,l+1);return}}}if(2===c){const e=n.get(2),t=n.get(1)??yt(ut.ZERO),i=n.get(0)??yt(ut.ZERO),a=jt([Zt(t,yt(ut.of(2))),zt([yt(ut.of(-4)),e,i])]);if($t(a)&&a.q.sign<0&&!mt.complex)return void s("solve.no-real","No real solutions",["quadratic"],u,u,{D:sn(a)});const l=zt([yt(ut.of(2)),e]),c=Zt(a,yt(ut.HALF)),p=sn(Jt(jt([Ht(t),c]),l)),h=sn(Jt(jt([Ht(t),Ht(c)]),l)),d=p.s===h.s?xi(Ve(r),p):He("|",[xi(Ve(r),p),xi(Ve(r),h)]);return s(mt.complex&&$t(a)&&a.q.sign<0?"solve.quadratic-complex":"solve.quadratic","The quadratic formula",["quadratic"],u,d,{a:sn(e),b:sn(t),c:sn(i),D:sn(a),root:sn(c),v:r}),o.push(p),void(h.s!==p.s&&o.push(h))}return zi(e,u,r,i,s,o,a)}function Ci(e,t,n,r){if(e.s===t.s)return Ve(r);if(!Ye(e))return e;if("^"===e.op&&"^"===t.op&&e.args[0].s===t.args[0].s){const t=Xt(e.args[1]),{coef:i,rest:s}=Lt(t);if(s&&sn(s).s===n&&i.isInteger)return He("^",[Ve(r),sn(yt(i))])}return He(e.op,e.args.map(e=>Ci(e,t,n,r)))}function zi(e,t,n,r,i,s,o){if(r.approximate){const e="number"==typeof r.approximate?r.approximate:15,o=Xt(He("-",[t.args[0],t.args[1]])),a=mt.complex?ri(ti(o,n)):null,l=a&&a.length>2?function(e,t){const n=e.length-1,r=e[n],i=e.map(e=>e/r),s=(e,t)=>{let r=1,s=0;for(let o=n-1;o>=0;o--)[r,s]=[r*e-s*t+i[o],r*t+s*e];return[r,s]};let o=Array.from({length:n},(e,t)=>[1.3*Math.cos(2*Math.PI*t/n+.4),1.3*Math.sin(2*Math.PI*t/n+.4)]);for(let e=0;e<500;e++){let e=0;if(o=o.map(([t,r],i)=>{let[a,l]=s(t,r);for(let e=0;e<n;e++){if(e===i)continue;const n=t-o[e][0],s=r-o[e][1],u=n*n+s*s;[a,l]=[(a*n+l*s)/u,(l*n-a*s)/u]}return e=Math.max(e,Math.hypot(a,l)),[t-a,r-l]}),e<1e-15)break}const a=e=>Math.abs(e)<1e-12?0:Number(e.toPrecision(t));return o.map(([e,t])=>[a(e),a(t)]).sort((e,t)=>(0!==e[1])-(0!==t[1])||e[0]-t[0]||e[1]-t[1]).map(([e,t])=>{const n=Zi(e);if(0===t)return n;const r=He("*",[Zi(Math.abs(t)),Ve("i")]);return 0===e?t<0?He("neg",[r]):r:He(t<0?"-":"+",[n,r])})}(a.map(e=>e.toNumber()),Math.min(e,14)):function(e,t,n){const r=Xt(He("-",[e.args[0],e.args[1]])),i=sn(r),s=e=>{try{return Er(Oi(i,t,Bi(e)),{digits:30}).number}catch{return NaN}},o=[],a=[];for(let e=-400;e<=400;e++)a.push(Math.sign(e)*(Math.abs(e)/20)**2);for(let e=0;e+1<a.length;e++){let t=a[e],r=a[e+1],i=s(t);const l=s(r);if(Number.isNaN(i)||Number.isNaN(l))continue;if(0===i){o.push(Bi(t));continue}if(i*l>0)continue;for(let e=0;e<200&&r-t>1e-16*Math.abs(t);e++){const e=(t+r)/2,n=s(e);if(Number.isNaN(n))break;i*n<=0?r=e:(t=e,i=n)}const u=(t+r)/2;Math.abs(s(u))<1e-6&&o.push(Bi(Number(u.toPrecision(Math.min(n,15)))))}return o}(t,n,e);for(const e of l)s.numeric?.add(e);return i("solve.numeric","Numeric solutions",["numeric"],t,l.length?l.map(e=>xi(Ve(n),e)).reduce((e,t)=>e?He("|",[e,t]):t):t,{v:n,count:String(l.length)}),void s.push(...l)}i("solve.unsolved","No exact method",["unsolved"],t,t,{v:n}),o.push(t)}const Zi=e=>We(String(e).includes("e")?e.toFixed(20):String(e)),Bi=e=>We(Number.isInteger(e)?String(e):e.toFixed(17));const Di=(e,t)=>He("int",[e,"string"==typeof t?Ve(t):t]);function Fi(e,t,n,r=0){if(r>6)throw new it("integration went too deep");const i=[],s=e.set.view("integrate"),o=_r(t,e.set.view("simplify"),{format:e.format});i.push(...o.steps);let a=en(Di(o.node,n));for(let t=0;t<40;t++){const t=_r(a,s,{format:e.format});i.push(...t.steps),a=t.node;const n=nt(a,"pre").find(({node:e})=>{return Ye(t=e)&&"int"===t.op&&2===t.args.length;var t});if(!n)return{node:a,steps:i};const o=Ri(e,n.node,r);if(!o)throw new it(`no rule for ∫ ${e.format(n.node.args[0])} d${n.node.args[1].token}`);i.push(...o.steps),a=en(rt(a,n.path,o.node))}throw new it("integration did not finish")}function Ri(e,t,n){const[r,i]=t.args,s=i.token,o=Xt(r),a=function(e,t){const{num:n,den:r}=bi(e),i=ci(n),s=ci(r),o=i.coef.div(s.coef);if(o.isOne||!ni(e,t))return null;const a=zt([...i.factors.map(e=>Bt(e.base,e.exp)),...s.factors.map(e=>Bt(e.base,Ht(e.exp)))]);return{c:o,rest:a}}(o,s);if(a){const n=He("*",[sn(yt(a.c)),Di(sn(a.rest),i)]);return{node:n,steps:[e.step("integrate.constant","Take the number out",["split"],t,n,{c:sn(yt(a.c))})]}}const l=Xr(o);if(sn(l).s!==r.s&&"add"===l.k){const n=Di(sn(l),i);return{node:n,steps:[e.step("integrate.expand","Multiply out",["expand"],t,n,{})]}}const u=function(e,t){const n=new Map;for(const{node:r}of nt(e,"pre")){if(!Ye(r))continue;const e="^"===r.op?r.args:"/"===r.op?[r.args[1]]:"der"===r.op||"int"===r.op?[]:1===r.args.length||"root"===r.op?[r.args[r.args.length-1]]:[];for(const r of e){if("sym"===r.type||!ln(r).has(t))continue;const e=ti(Xt(r),t);if(!e||1!==Math.max(...e.keys()))continue;const i=e.get(1);ni(i,t)||$t(i)&&i.q.isZero||n.set(r.s,{node:r,a:i})}}for(const r of n.values()){if(!ln(Pi(e,r.node,Ve("§"))).has(t))return r}return null}(r,s);if(u){const i="u"===s?"t":"u",o=Pi(r,u.node,Ve(i));if(!ln(o).has(s)){const r=Fi(e,en(o),i,n+1),a=en(Oi(r.node,i,u.node)),l=sn(Jt(Xt(a),u.a));return{node:l,steps:[e.step("integrate.substitute","Substitute",["substitute"],t,en(Di(o,i)),{u:Ve(i),inside:u.node,a:sn(u.a),v:s}),...r.steps,e.step("integrate.back","Substitute back",["substitute"],r.node,l,{u:Ve(i),inside:u.node})]}}}const c=function(e,t,n,r){const{num:i,den:s}=bi(n);if(!ni(s,r))return null;const o=ri(ti(i,r)),a=ri(ti(s,r));if(!o||!a||a.length<2)return null;const l=Xt(Ve(r)),u=e=>ii(e,r);if(o.length>=a.length){const{q:n,r:i}=function(e,t){const n=si(t);let r=si(e);const i=n[n.length-1];if(i.isZero)throw new it("division by the zero polynomial");const s=new Array(Math.max(1,r.length-n.length+1)).fill(ut.ZERO);for(;r.length>=n.length&&(1!==r.length||!r[0].isZero);){const e=r.length-n.length,t=r[r.length-1].div(i);if(s[e]=t,r=si(r.map((r,i)=>i>=e&&i-e<n.length?r.sub(t.mul(n[i-e])):r)),r.length-1<e+n.length-1&&r[r.length-1].isZero)break;if(r.length<n.length)break}return{q:si(s),r:r}}(o,a),s=Di(sn(jt([u(n),Jt(u(i),u(a))])),Ve(r));return{node:s,steps:[e.step("integrate.divide","Divide the polynomials",["divide"],t,s,{})]}}const{roots:c,rest:p}=ui(a),h=new Set(c.map(String)).size===c.length;if(!c.length||!h||1!==p.length)return null;const d=(e=>e.length<=1?[ut.ZERO]:e.slice(1).map((e,t)=>e.mul(ut.of(t+1))))(a),f=c.map(e=>Jt(yt(oi(o,e).div(oi(d,e))),jt([l,yt(e.neg())]))),m=Di(sn(jt(f)),Ve(r));return{node:m,steps:[e.step("integrate.partial-fractions","Partial fractions",["partial-fractions"],t,m,{})]}}(e,t,o,s);return c||function(e,t,n,r,i){if(i>=6)return null;const s=cn(n),o=s.filter(e=>Vi(e,r)||!ni(e,r)),a=s.filter(e=>!o.includes(e));if(1!==a.length)return null;const l=zt(o),u=a[0];if(!ni(l,r))return null;const c=sn(u),p=Ye(c)?c.op:"";let h,d,f;"ln"===p||"arctan"===p||"arcsin"===p?(h=u,d=l):(h=l,d=u);try{f=Fi(e,sn(d),r,i+1)}catch{return null}const m=Xt(e.differentiate(sn(h),r)),g=zt([h,Xt(f.node)]),v=Di(sn(zt([m,Xt(f.node)])),Ve(r)),b=en(He("-",[sn(g),v]));return{node:b,steps:[e.step("integrate.parts","Integration by parts",["parts"],t,b,{u:sn(h),dv:sn(d),V:f.node,du:sn(m),v:r})]}}(e,t,o,s,n)}function Pi(e,t,n){return e.s===t.s?n:Ye(e)?He(e.op,e.args.map(e=>Pi(e,t,n))):e}const Vi=(e,t)=>{const n=ti(e,t);return Boolean(n)&&[...n.values()].every(e=>!ni(e,t))&&Math.max(...n.keys())>=1};function Wi(e,t,n,r,i,s){for(const e of[r,i])if(ln(e).has("∞")||/∞|infinity/.test(e.s))throw new it("integrals to infinity need limits, which this CAS does not do yet");if(s&&!ln(r).size&&!ln(i).size){const o=Er(r,{digits:20}).number,a=Er(i,{digits:20}).number,l=[...ln(s)].filter(e=>e!==n);if(!l.length){const[r,i]=o<=a?[o,a]:[a,o];for(const o of function(e,t){const n=[],r={tan:"cos",sec:"cos",csc:"sin",cot:"sin"};return nt(e,"pre").forEach(({node:e})=>{if(!Ye(e))return;let i=null;"/"===e.op?i=e.args[1]:"^"===e.op&&"num"===e.args[1].type&&e.args[1].value<0||"^"===e.op&&Ye(e.args[1])&&"neg"===e.args[1].op?i=e.args[0]:r[e.op]&&(i=He(r[e.op],[e.args[0]])),i&&ln(i).has(t)&&!n.some(e=>e.s===i.s)&&n.push(i)}),n}(s,n)){let s=[];try{s=e.solve(He("=",[o,We("0")]),n,{steps:!1}).solutions}catch{continue}for(const o of s){const s=Er(o,{digits:20});if(!Number.isFinite(s.number)||s.im||s.number<r||s.number>i)continue;if(s.number>r&&s.number<i)throw new it(`the integrand has no value at ${n} = ${e.format(o)}, between the limits, so F(b) - F(a) would be wrong`);let a=NaN;try{a=Er(en(Oi(t,n,o)),{digits:15}).number}catch{}if(!Number.isFinite(a))throw new it(`the integral diverges at ${n} = ${e.format(o)}: F has no value at that limit`)}}}for(let e=0;!l.length&&e<=64;e++){const t=o+(a-o)*(e+.5)/65;try{const e=Er(Oi(s,n,We(t.toFixed(15))),{digits:15}).number;if(!Number.isFinite(e))throw new it("not finite")}catch(e){throw new it(`the integrand has no value at ${n} = ${t.toPrecision(6)}, between the limits, so F(b) - F(a) would be wrong`)}}}const o=e=>en(Oi(t,n,e)),a=en(He("-",[o(i),o(r)])),l=He("-",[o(i),o(r)]);return{value:a,step:e.step("integrate.evaluate","Between the limits",["evaluate"],t,l,{a:r,b:i,F:t,v:n})}}const Ui={"=":1,"≠":1,"<":1,">":1,"≤":1,"≥":1,"+":2,"-":2,"±":2,"*":3,"/":3,neg:4,pm:4,"^":5},_i={pi:"π","≤":"≤","≥":"≥"};function Hi(e){return Qi(e).text}function Ji(e,t,n=!1){return e.prec<t||n&&e.prec===t?`(${e.text})`:e.text}const Yi=e=>"op"===e.type?e.op:null,Ki=e=>e.text.startsWith("-"),Gi={"()":["(",")"],"[]":["[","]"],"{}":["{","}"],"(]":["(","]"],"[)":["[",")"]};function Qi(e){if("num"===e.type)return{text:e.token,prec:e.token.startsWith("-")?4:9};if("sym"===e.type)return{text:_i[e.token]??e.token,prec:9};const t=e.args.map(Qi),n=Ui[e.op];switch(e.op){case"+":case"-":case"±":{const r="+"===e.op&&["+","-"].includes(Yi(e.args[1])),i=Ki(t[1])?`(${t[1].text})`:r?t[1].text:Ji(t[1],n,!0);return{text:`${Ji(t[0],n)} ${"±"===e.op?"±":e.op} ${i}`,prec:n}}case"*":{const r=Ji(t[0],n),i=Ki(t[1])?`(${t[1].text})`:"*"===Yi(e.args[1])?t[1].text:Ji(t[1],n,!0);return{text:"num"===e.args[0].type&&"num"!==e.args[1].type&&!/^[\d(-]/.test(i)||"sym"===e.args[1].type&&"i"===e.args[1].token&&!/[\dA-Za-z]$/.test(r)?`${r}${i}`:`${r}·${i}`,prec:n}}case"/":return{text:`${Ji(t[0],n)}/${Ji(t[1],n,!0)}`,prec:n};case"^":return{text:`${Ji(t[0],n+1)}^${Ji(t[1],n)}`,prec:n};case"neg":return{text:`-${Ji(t[0],3)}`,prec:4};case"pm":return{text:`±${Ji(t[0],4)}`,prec:4};case"!":return{text:`${Ji(t[0],9)}!`,prec:6};case"abs":return{text:`|${t[0].text}|`,prec:9};case"root":return{text:`root(${t[0].text}, ${t[1].text})`,prec:9};case"der":return{text:`d/d${t[1].text} (${t[0].text})`,prec:6};case"int":return{text:4===t.length?`∫ from ${t[2].text} to ${t[3].text} of ${t[0].text} d${t[1].text}`:`∫ ${t[0].text} d${t[1].text}`,prec:1};case"|":return{text:`${t[0].text} or ${t[1].text}`,prec:0};case"_":return{text:`${Ji(t[0],9)}_${t[1].prec>=9&&!/\s/.test(t[1].text)?t[1].text:`(${t[1].text})`}`,prec:9};case"()":case"[]":case"{}":case"(]":case"[)":return{text:`${Gi[e.op][0]}${t.map(e=>e.text).join(", ")}${Gi[e.op][1]}`,prec:9};case"&":return{text:`${t[0].text} and ${t[1].text}`,prec:0};default:return void 0!==n?{text:`${Ji(t[0],n)} ${e.op} ${Ji(t[1],n,!0)}`,prec:n}:{text:`${e.op.replace(/^\\:?/,"")}(${t.map(e=>e.text).join(", ")})`,prec:9}}}const Xi=['name: Differentiation\n\n# `u v der` means d(u)/dv (MathZetta\'s postfix: mathzetta/docs/postfix.md). Every rule here rewrites one derivative into smaller\n# derivatives, so differentiating always terminates: the expressions sitting\n# under a `D` get strictly smaller at every step.\n#\n# The variable is a slot, not a fixed letter, so these rules work for d/dx,\n# d/dt or anything else. That is what freeOf and dependsOn are for: they ask\n# whether one operand mentions whatever the variable slot bound to.\n#\n# Where two rules share a structure key, requirements keep them apart and\n# priority picks the one that reads better. The constant-multiple rule outranks\n# the product rule for exactly that reason.\n\nrules:\n  # ---- the two base cases ----------------------------------------------\n  - id: d-constant\n    name: Derivative of a constant\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: c v der\n    require:\n      - [freeOf, c, v]\n    output: "0"\n    priority: 10\n    explain: "{c} does not change when {v} changes, so its rate of change is 0."\n    tags: [base]\n\n  - id: d-variable\n    name: Derivative of the variable\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u v der\n    require:\n      - [sameAs, u, v]\n    output: "1"\n    priority: 10\n    explain: "{v} changes exactly as fast as itself, so the rate is 1."\n    tags: [base]\n\n  # ---- splitting a derivative into smaller ones ------------------------\n  - id: d-sum\n    name: Sum rule\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u w + v der\n    output: u v der w v der +\n    explain: "Differentiate {u} and {w} separately, then add the two results."\n    tags: [split]\n\n  - id: d-difference\n    name: Difference rule\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u w - v der\n    output: u v der w v der -\n    explain: "Differentiate {u} and {w} separately, then subtract the second from the first."\n    tags: [split]\n\n  - id: d-negate\n    name: Derivative of a negative\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u neg v der\n    output: u v der neg\n    explain: "The minus sign just carries through to the derivative of {u}."\n    tags: [split]\n\n  - id: d-constant-multiple\n    name: Constant multiple rule\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: c u * v der\n    commutative: true\n    require:\n      - [freeOf, c, v]\n      - [dependsOn, u, v]\n    output: c u v der *\n    priority: 5\n    explain: "{c} is only a scale factor, so it comes along unchanged while {u} is differentiated."\n    tags: [split]\n\n  - id: d-constant-divisor\n    name: Dividing by a constant\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u c / v der\n    require:\n      - [freeOf, c, v]\n    output: u v der c /\n    priority: 5\n    explain: "Dividing by {c} is only a scale factor, so differentiate {u} and keep the division."\n    tags: [split]\n\n  - id: d-product\n    name: Product rule\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u w * v der\n    require:\n      - [dependsOn, u, v]\n      - [dependsOn, w, v]\n    output: u v der w * u w v der * +\n    explain: "Differentiate {u} and keep {w}, then keep {u} and differentiate {w}, and add the two."\n    tags: [split]\n\n  - id: d-quotient\n    name: Quotient rule\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u w / v der\n    output: u v der w * u w v der * - w 2 ^ /\n    explain: "Bottom times the derivative of the top, minus top times the derivative of the bottom, all over {w} squared."\n    tags: [split]\n\n  # ---- powers -----------------------------------------------------------\n  - id: d-power-of-variable\n    name: Power rule\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u n ^ v der\n    require:\n      - [sameAs, u, v]\n      - [freeOf, n, v]\n    output: n u n 1 - ^ *\n    fold: true\n    priority: 6\n    explain: "Bring the {n} down in front and drop the power by one."\n    tags: [power]\n\n  - id: d-power-chain\n    name: Power rule with the chain rule\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u n ^ v der\n    require:\n      - [freeOf, n, v]\n      - [dependsOn, u, v]\n    output: n u n 1 - ^ * u v der *\n    fold: true\n    explain: "Bring the {n} down and drop the power by one, then multiply by the derivative of {u}."\n    tags: [power, chain]\n\n  - id: d-exponential-base\n    name: Derivative of a constant to a power\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: a u ^ v der\n    require:\n      - [freeOf, a, v]\n      - [dependsOn, u, v]\n    output: a u ^ a ln * u v der *\n    explain: "A constant base gives itself back, multiplied by the natural log of {a} and the derivative of {u}."\n    tags: [power, chain]\n\n  # ---- the standard functions, each with its chain-rule factor ---------\n  # e^u is `=e u ^`: the base is the literal symbol e. Outranks the general\n  # a^u rule (which would give e^u · ln e · u\').\n  - id: d-exp\n    name: Derivative of e to a power\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: =e u ^ v der\n    require:\n      - [dependsOn, u, v]\n    output: =e u ^ u v der *\n    priority: 7\n    explain: "e to a power is its own derivative, times the derivative of {u}."\n    tags: [chain]\n\n  - id: d-ln\n    name: Derivative of a natural log\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u ln v der\n    output: u v der u /\n    explain: "The derivative of {u} over {u} itself."\n    tags: [chain]\n\n  - id: d-sqrt\n    name: Derivative of a square root\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u sqrt v der\n    output: u v der 2 u sqrt * /\n    explain: "The derivative of {u}, over twice the square root of {u}."\n    tags: [chain]\n\n  - id: d-sin\n    name: Derivative of sine\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u sin v der\n    output: u cos u v der *\n    explain: "Sine differentiates to cosine, times the derivative of {u}."\n    tags: [chain, trig]\n\n  - id: d-cos\n    name: Derivative of cosine\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u cos v der\n    output: u sin u v der * neg\n    explain: "Cosine differentiates to minus sine, times the derivative of {u}."\n    tags: [chain, trig]\n\n  - id: d-tan\n    name: Derivative of tangent\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u tan v der\n    output: u v der u cos 2 ^ /\n    explain: "The derivative of {u}, over cosine squared of {u}."\n    tags: [chain, trig]\n\n  # ---- the rest of the standard functions -----------------------------\n  - id: d-csc\n    name: Derivative of cosecant\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u csc v der\n    output: u csc u cot * u v der * neg\n    explain: "Cosecant differentiates to minus cosecant times cotangent, times the derivative of {u}."\n    tags: [chain, trig]\n\n  - id: d-sec\n    name: Derivative of secant\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u sec v der\n    output: u sec u tan * u v der *\n    explain: "Secant differentiates to secant times tangent, times the derivative of {u}."\n    tags: [chain, trig]\n\n  - id: d-cot\n    name: Derivative of cotangent\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u cot v der\n    output: u v der u sin 2 ^ / neg\n    explain: "Minus the derivative of {u}, over sine squared of {u}."\n    tags: [chain, trig]\n\n  - id: d-arcsin\n    name: Derivative of arcsine\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u arcsin v der\n    output: u v der 1 u 2 ^ - sqrt /\n    explain: "The derivative of {u}, over the square root of 1 minus {u} squared."\n    tags: [chain, trig]\n\n  - id: d-arccos\n    name: Derivative of arccosine\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u arccos v der\n    output: u v der 1 u 2 ^ - sqrt / neg\n    explain: "Minus the derivative of {u}, over the square root of 1 minus {u} squared."\n    tags: [chain, trig]\n\n  - id: d-arctan\n    name: Derivative of arctangent\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u arctan v der\n    output: u v der 1 u 2 ^ + /\n    explain: "The derivative of {u}, over 1 plus {u} squared."\n    tags: [chain, trig]\n\n  - id: d-sinh\n    name: Derivative of hyperbolic sine\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u sinh v der\n    output: u cosh u v der *\n    explain: "Hyperbolic sine differentiates to hyperbolic cosine, times the derivative of {u}."\n    tags: [chain, hyperbolic]\n\n  - id: d-cosh\n    name: Derivative of hyperbolic cosine\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u cosh v der\n    output: u sinh u v der *\n    explain: "Hyperbolic cosine differentiates to hyperbolic sine — no minus sign, unlike cosine — times the derivative of {u}."\n    tags: [chain, hyperbolic]\n\n  - id: d-tanh\n    name: Derivative of hyperbolic tangent\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u tanh v der\n    output: u v der u cosh 2 ^ /\n    explain: "The derivative of {u}, over hyperbolic cosine squared of {u}."\n    tags: [chain, hyperbolic]\n\n  - id: d-arcsinh\n    name: Derivative of inverse hyperbolic sine\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u arcsinh v der\n    output: u v der u 2 ^ 1 + sqrt /\n    explain: "The derivative of {u}, over the square root of {u} squared plus 1."\n    tags: [chain, hyperbolic]\n\n  - id: d-arccosh\n    name: Derivative of inverse hyperbolic cosine\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u arccosh v der\n    output: u v der u 2 ^ 1 - sqrt /\n    explain: "The derivative of {u}, over the square root of {u} squared minus 1."\n    tags: [chain, hyperbolic]\n\n  - id: d-arctanh\n    name: Derivative of inverse hyperbolic tangent\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u arctanh v der\n    output: u v der 1 u 2 ^ - /\n    explain: "The derivative of {u}, over 1 minus {u} squared."\n    tags: [chain, hyperbolic]\n\n  # log base a: `a u log` in MathZetta\'s postfix\n  - id: d-log\n    name: Derivative of a logarithm\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: a u log v der\n    require:\n      - [freeOf, a, v]\n    output: u v der u a ln * /\n    explain: "The derivative of {u}, over {u} times the natural log of {a}."\n    tags: [chain]\n\n  - id: d-abs\n    name: Derivative of an absolute value\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u abs v der\n    output: u u abs / u v der *\n    explain: "The absolute value keeps the sign of {u}: {u} over its absolute value, times the derivative of {u}."\n    tags: [chain]\n\n  # n-th root: `n u root`\n  - id: d-root\n    name: Derivative of a root\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: n u root v der\n    require:\n      - [freeOf, n, v]\n    output: u v der n n u root n 1 - ^ * /\n    fold: true\n    explain: "The derivative of {u}, over {n} times the {n}th root of {u} to the power {n} minus 1."\n    tags: [chain]\n','name: More derivatives\n\n# Derivative rules the CAS adds to rules/calculus.yaml (which calcvidnew also uses).\n\nrules:\n  - id: d-general-power\n    name: A power with the variable in both places\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u w ^ v der\n    require:\n      - [dependsOn, u, v]\n      - [dependsOn, w, v]\n    output: u w ^ w v der u ln * w u v der * u / + *\n    explain: "Write {u}^{w} as e^({w} ln {u}) and use the chain rule: the derivative is {u}^{w} times the derivative of {w} ln {u}."\n    tags: [chain]\n','name: Integrals\n\n# mode: integrate. `f v 2 int` is ∫ f dv (MathZetta\'s postfix; the 2 counts f and v).\n# Each rule turns one integral into smaller ones, or into an answer. The CAS also\n# tries, when no rule fits: multiplying out, a linear substitution (∫ f(ax + b) dx\n# from the rule for ∫ f(u) du), and integration by parts for polynomial × e^, sin,\n# cos, ln, arctan. Definite integrals are the antiderivative between the limits.\n#\n# Patterns see the normal form: 1/x is "1 x /", x^-2 is "1 x 2 ^ /", √x is "x sqrt",\n# 1/√(1 - x²) is "1 x 2 ^ neg 1 + sqrt /".\n\nrules:\n  # ---- splitting -----------------------------------------------------------\n  - id: i-sum\n    name: Sum rule\n    mode: integrate\n    pattern: u w + v 2 int\n    output: u v 2 int w v 2 int +\n    explain: "Integrate {u} and {w} separately, and add."\n    tags: [split]\n\n  - id: i-difference\n    name: Difference rule\n    mode: integrate\n    pattern: u w - v 2 int\n    output: u v 2 int w v 2 int -\n    explain: "Integrate {u} and {w} separately, and subtract."\n    tags: [split]\n\n  - id: i-negate\n    name: A minus sign\n    mode: integrate\n    pattern: u neg v 2 int\n    output: u v 2 int neg\n    explain: "The minus sign comes out of the integral."\n    tags: [split]\n\n  - id: i-constant-multiple\n    name: Constant multiple\n    mode: integrate\n    pattern: c u * v 2 int\n    commutative: true\n    require:\n      - [freeOf, c, v]\n      - [dependsOn, u, v]\n    output: c u v 2 int *\n    priority: 5\n    explain: "{c} doesn\'t change with {v}, so it comes out of the integral."\n    tags: [split]\n\n  - id: i-constant-divisor\n    name: Dividing by a constant\n    mode: integrate\n    pattern: u c / v 2 int\n    require:\n      - [freeOf, c, v]\n      - [dependsOn, u, v]\n    output: u v 2 int c /\n    priority: 5\n    explain: "Dividing by {c} comes out of the integral."\n    tags: [split]\n\n  - id: i-constant-over\n    name: A constant over something\n    mode: integrate\n    pattern: c u / v 2 int\n    require:\n      - [freeOf, c, v]\n      - [dependsOn, u, v]\n    when:\n      c: [notOne]\n    output: c 1 u / v 2 int *\n    priority: 4\n    explain: "{c} comes out of the integral, leaving ∫ 1/{u}."\n    tags: [split]\n\n  # ---- the table -----------------------------------------------------------\n  - id: i-constant\n    name: Integral of a constant\n    mode: integrate\n    pattern: c v 2 int\n    require:\n      - [freeOf, c, v]\n    output: c v *\n    priority: 10\n    explain: "A constant {c} integrates to {c}·{v}."\n    tags: [base]\n\n  - id: i-variable\n    name: Integral of the variable\n    mode: integrate\n    pattern: u v 2 int\n    require:\n      - [sameAs, u, v]\n    output: v 2 ^ 2 /\n    priority: 10\n    explain: "∫ {v} d{v} = {v}²/2."\n    tags: [base]\n\n  - id: i-power\n    name: Power rule\n    mode: integrate\n    pattern: u n ^ v 2 int\n    require:\n      - [sameAs, u, v]\n      - [freeOf, n, v]\n    when:\n      n: [notMinusOne]\n    output: v n 1 + ^ n 1 + /\n    explain: "Add 1 to the power and divide by the new power: {result}."\n    tags: [power]\n\n  - id: i-reciprocal\n    name: Integral of 1/x\n    mode: integrate\n    pattern: 1 u / v 2 int\n    require:\n      - [sameAs, u, v]\n    output: v abs ln\n    explain: "∫ 1/{v} d{v} = ln|{v}| (the power rule can\'t divide by 0 here)."\n    tags: [log]\n\n  - id: i-reciprocal-power\n    name: Power rule (a power below)\n    mode: integrate\n    pattern: 1 u n ^ / v 2 int\n    require:\n      - [sameAs, u, v]\n      - [freeOf, n, v]\n    when:\n      n: [notOne]\n    output: v 1 n - ^ 1 n - /\n    explain: "1/{v}^{n} is {v}^(-{n}): add 1 to the power and divide by it."\n    tags: [power]\n\n  - id: i-sqrt\n    name: Integral of a square root\n    mode: integrate\n    pattern: u sqrt v 2 int\n    require:\n      - [sameAs, u, v]\n    output: 2 v 3 2 / ^ * 3 /\n    explain: "√{v} is {v}^(1/2): add 1 to the power and divide by 3/2."\n    tags: [power]\n\n  - id: i-reciprocal-sqrt\n    name: Integral of 1/√x\n    mode: integrate\n    pattern: 1 u sqrt / v 2 int\n    require:\n      - [sameAs, u, v]\n    output: 2 v sqrt *\n    explain: "1/√{v} is {v}^(-1/2): add 1 to the power and divide by 1/2."\n    tags: [power]\n\n  - id: i-root\n    name: Integral of a root\n    mode: integrate\n    pattern: n u root v 2 int\n    require:\n      - [sameAs, u, v]\n      - [freeOf, n, v]\n    output: v 1 n / 1 + ^ 1 n / 1 + /\n    explain: "The {n}th root of {v} is {v}^(1/{n}): add 1 to the power and divide by it."\n    tags: [power]\n\n  - id: i-exp\n    name: Integral of e^x\n    mode: integrate\n    pattern: =e u ^ v 2 int\n    require:\n      - [sameAs, u, v]\n    output: =e v ^\n    explain: "e^{v} is its own integral."\n    tags: [exp]\n\n  - id: i-exponential\n    name: Integral of a^x\n    mode: integrate\n    pattern: a u ^ v 2 int\n    require:\n      - [sameAs, u, v]\n      - [freeOf, a, v]\n    output: a v ^ a ln /\n    explain: "∫ {a}^{v} d{v} = {a}^{v} / ln {a}."\n    tags: [exp]\n\n  - id: i-ln\n    name: Integral of ln x\n    mode: integrate\n    pattern: u ln v 2 int\n    require:\n      - [sameAs, u, v]\n    output: v v ln * v -\n    explain: "By parts: ∫ ln {v} d{v} = {v} ln {v} - {v}."\n    tags: [log]\n\n  - { id: i-sin, name: Integral of sin, mode: integrate, pattern: u sin v 2 int, require: [[sameAs, u, v]], output: v cos neg, tags: [trig], explain: "The derivative of -cos {v} is sin {v}." }\n  - { id: i-cos, name: Integral of cos, mode: integrate, pattern: u cos v 2 int, require: [[sameAs, u, v]], output: v sin, tags: [trig], explain: "The derivative of sin {v} is cos {v}." }\n  - { id: i-tan, name: Integral of tan, mode: integrate, pattern: u tan v 2 int, require: [[sameAs, u, v]], output: v cos abs ln neg, tags: [trig], explain: "tan = sin/cos, and -ln|cos {v}| differentiates to it." }\n  - { id: i-sec-squared, name: Integral of sec², mode: integrate, pattern: 1 u cos 2 ^ / v 2 int, require: [[sameAs, u, v]], output: v tan, tags: [trig], explain: "The derivative of tan {v} is 1/cos²{v}." }\n  - { id: i-sec-squared-written, name: Integral of sec², mode: integrate, pattern: u sec 2 ^ v 2 int, require: [[sameAs, u, v]], output: v tan, tags: [trig], explain: "The derivative of tan {v} is sec²{v}." }\n  - { id: i-csc-squared, name: Integral of csc², mode: integrate, pattern: 1 u sin 2 ^ / v 2 int, require: [[sameAs, u, v]], output: v cot neg, tags: [trig], explain: "The derivative of -cot {v} is 1/sin²{v}." }\n  - { id: i-sin-squared, name: Integral of sin², mode: integrate, pattern: u sin 2 ^ v 2 int, require: [[sameAs, u, v]], output: v 2 / 2 v * sin 4 / -, tags: [trig], explain: "sin²{v} = (1 - cos 2{v})/2, which integrates term by term." }\n  - { id: i-cos-squared, name: Integral of cos², mode: integrate, pattern: u cos 2 ^ v 2 int, require: [[sameAs, u, v]], output: v 2 / 2 v * sin 4 / +, tags: [trig], explain: "cos²{v} = (1 + cos 2{v})/2, which integrates term by term." }\n  - { id: i-sinh, name: Integral of sinh, mode: integrate, pattern: u sinh v 2 int, require: [[sameAs, u, v]], output: v cosh, tags: [trig], explain: "The derivative of cosh {v} is sinh {v}." }\n  - { id: i-cosh, name: Integral of cosh, mode: integrate, pattern: u cosh v 2 int, require: [[sameAs, u, v]], output: v sinh, tags: [trig], explain: "The derivative of sinh {v} is cosh {v}." }\n  - { id: i-arctan, name: Integral of 1/(1 + x²), mode: integrate, pattern: 1 u 2 ^ 1 + / v 2 int, require: [[sameAs, u, v]], output: v arctan, tags: [trig], explain: "The derivative of arctan {v} is 1/(1 + {v}²)." }\n  - { id: i-arcsin, name: Integral of 1/√(1 - x²), mode: integrate, pattern: 1 u 2 ^ neg 1 + sqrt / v 2 int, require: [[sameAs, u, v]], output: v arcsin, tags: [trig], explain: "The derivative of arcsin {v} is 1/√(1 - {v}²)." }\n','name: Values and identities\n\n# The CAS\'s simplify rules (mode: simplify). They see expressions in normal form\n# (src/cas/form.js), as drawn: x/2, 2x - 3, -x, √x is "x sqrt",\n# ∛x is "3 x root", π/6 is "=pi 6 /", 2π/3 is "2 =pi * 3 /", e^x is "=e x ^".\n#\n#   - a word is a slot (u, v, n …); a fixed symbol is written =pi, =e\n#   - a number is itself; "1 2 /" is ½\n#   - arithmetic (2 + 3, x + x, √8 = 2√2) is done for you before and after every rule\n#   - a rule for a sum or product of two parts also fires on any two parts of a longer one\n#   - tags pick what a step list shows (steps: \'brief\' hides value, identity, tidy …)\n#\n# To change one: copy it into a file of your own with the same id and edit it;\n# to turn one off: give its id with enabled: false. createCAS({ rules: [yours] }).\n\nrules:\n  # ---- logs and exponentials -------------------------------------------\n  - id: ln-one\n    name: Log of 1\n    pattern: 1 ln\n    output: "0"\n    explain: "e^0 = 1, so ln 1 = 0."\n    tags: [value]\n\n  - id: ln-e\n    name: Log of e\n    pattern: =e ln\n    output: "1"\n    explain: "e^1 = e, so ln e = 1."\n    tags: [value]\n\n  - id: ln-exp\n    name: Log undoes e to a power\n    pattern: =e u ^ ln\n    output: u\n    explain: "ln and e^ undo each other: ln(e^{u}) = {u}."\n    tags: [inverse]\n\n  - id: exp-ln\n    name: e to a power undoes the log\n    pattern: =e u ln ^\n    output: u\n    explain: "e^ and ln undo each other: e^(ln {u}) = {u} (for {u} > 0)."\n    tags: [inverse]\n\n  - id: exp-multiple-ln\n    name: A multiple of a log in a power\n    pattern: =e n u ln * ^\n    when:\n      n: [isRational]\n    output: u n ^\n    explain: "e^({n} ln {u}) = (e^(ln {u}))^{n} = {result}."\n    tags: [inverse]\n\n  - id: log-same-base\n    name: Log of its own base\n    pattern: b b log\n    output: "1"\n    explain: "{b}^1 = {b}, so the log of {b} to base {b} is 1."\n    tags: [value]\n\n  - id: log-of-power\n    name: Log undoes a power of its base\n    pattern: b b u ^ log\n    output: u\n    explain: "log base {b} and {b}^ undo each other."\n    tags: [inverse]\n\n  - id: power-of-log\n    name: A power undoes the log to its base\n    pattern: b b u log ^\n    output: u\n    explain: "{b}^(log base {b} of {u}) = {u}."\n    tags: [inverse]\n\n  # ---- roots and absolute value --------------------------------------------\n  - id: sqrt-of-square\n    name: Square root of a square\n    pattern: u 2 ^ sqrt\n    output: u abs\n    explain: "√({u}²) is the size of {u}, whatever its sign: |{u}|."\n    tags: [identity]\n\n  - id: abs-squared\n    name: Absolute value squared\n    pattern: u abs 2 ^\n    output: u 2 ^\n    explain: "Squaring removes the sign anyway: |{u}|² = {u}²."\n    tags: [identity]\n\n  - id: abs-of-abs\n    name: Absolute value twice\n    pattern: u abs abs\n    output: u abs\n    explain: "|{u}| is never negative, so its absolute value is itself."\n    tags: [identity]\n\n  - id: abs-positive\n    name: Absolute value of a positive number\n    pattern: u abs\n    when:\n      u: [isPositiveConstant]\n    output: u\n    explain: "{u} is positive, so |{u}| = {u}."\n    tags: [value]\n\n  - id: abs-negative\n    name: Absolute value of a negative number\n    pattern: u abs\n    when:\n      u: [isNegativeConstant]\n    output: u neg\n    explain: "{u} is negative, so |{u}| = -({u})."\n    tags: [value]\n\n  - id: abs-of-exp\n    name: e to a power is positive\n    pattern: =e u ^ abs\n    output: =e u ^\n    explain: "e to any power is positive, so the absolute value changes nothing."\n    tags: [identity]\n\n  # ---- trigonometry: signs and turns ---------------------------------------\n  - id: sin-odd\n    name: Sine of a negative angle\n    pattern: u sin\n    when:\n      u: [hasMinusSign]\n    output: u neg sin neg\n    explain: "sin(-θ) = -sin θ."\n    tags: [symmetry]\n\n  - id: cos-even\n    name: Cosine of a negative angle\n    pattern: u cos\n    when:\n      u: [hasMinusSign]\n    output: u neg cos\n    explain: "cos(-θ) = cos θ."\n    tags: [symmetry]\n\n  - id: tan-odd\n    name: Tangent of a negative angle\n    pattern: u tan\n    when:\n      u: [hasMinusSign]\n    output: u neg tan neg\n    explain: "tan(-θ) = -tan θ."\n    tags: [symmetry]\n\n  - id: sin-full-turn\n    name: A full turn\n    pattern: u sin\n    when:\n      u: [[piMultipleAtLeast, 2]]\n    output: u 2 =pi * - sin\n    explain: "Turning a full 2π brings you back: sin({u}) = sin({u} - 2π)."\n    tags: [symmetry]\n\n  - id: cos-full-turn\n    name: A full turn\n    pattern: u cos\n    when:\n      u: [[piMultipleAtLeast, 2]]\n    output: u 2 =pi * - cos\n    explain: "Turning a full 2π brings you back: cos({u}) = cos({u} - 2π)."\n    tags: [symmetry]\n\n  - id: tan-half-turn\n    name: Tangent repeats every π\n    pattern: u tan\n    when:\n      u: [[piMultipleAtLeast, 1]]\n    output: u =pi - tan\n    explain: "tan repeats every π: tan({u}) = tan({u} - π)."\n    tags: [symmetry]\n\n  - id: sin-half-turn\n    name: A half turn\n    pattern: u sin\n    when:\n      u: [[piMultipleAbove, 1], [piMultipleBelow, 2]]\n    output: u =pi - sin neg\n    explain: "Half a turn flips the sign: sin({u}) = -sin({u} - π)."\n    tags: [symmetry]\n\n  - id: cos-half-turn\n    name: A half turn\n    pattern: u cos\n    when:\n      u: [[piMultipleAbove, 1], [piMultipleBelow, 2]]\n    output: u =pi - cos neg\n    explain: "Half a turn flips the sign: cos({u}) = -cos({u} - π)."\n    tags: [symmetry]\n\n  - id: sin-second-quarter\n    name: The second quarter turn\n    pattern: u sin\n    when:\n      u: [[piMultipleAbove, 1/2], [piMultipleAtMost, 1]]\n    output: =pi u - sin\n    explain: "sin({u}) = sin(π - {u})."\n    tags: [symmetry]\n\n  - id: cos-second-quarter\n    name: The second quarter turn\n    pattern: u cos\n    when:\n      u: [[piMultipleAbove, 1/2], [piMultipleAtMost, 1]]\n    output: =pi u - cos neg\n    explain: "cos({u}) = -cos(π - {u})."\n    tags: [symmetry]\n\n  - id: tan-second-quarter\n    name: The second quarter turn\n    pattern: u tan\n    when:\n      u: [[piMultipleAbove, 1/2], [piMultipleBelow, 1]]\n    output: =pi u - tan neg\n    explain: "tan({u}) = -tan(π - {u})."\n    tags: [symmetry]\n\n  # ---- trigonometry: the standard angles -------------------------------------\n  - { id: sin-0, name: Sine of 0, pattern: 0 sin, output: "0", tags: [value], explain: "sin 0 = 0." }\n  - { id: sin-pi-6, name: Sine of π/6, pattern: =pi 6 / sin, output: 1 2 /, tags: [value], explain: "sin(π/6) = 1/2." }\n  - { id: sin-pi-4, name: Sine of π/4, pattern: =pi 4 / sin, output: 2 sqrt 2 /, tags: [value], explain: "sin(π/4) = √2/2." }\n  - { id: sin-pi-3, name: Sine of π/3, pattern: =pi 3 / sin, output: 3 sqrt 2 /, tags: [value], explain: "sin(π/3) = √3/2." }\n  - { id: sin-pi-2, name: Sine of π/2, pattern: =pi 2 / sin, output: "1", tags: [value], explain: "sin(π/2) = 1." }\n  - { id: sin-pi, name: Sine of π, pattern: =pi sin, output: "0", tags: [value], explain: "sin π = 0." }\n  - { id: cos-0, name: Cosine of 0, pattern: 0 cos, output: "1", tags: [value], explain: "cos 0 = 1." }\n  - { id: cos-pi-6, name: Cosine of π/6, pattern: =pi 6 / cos, output: 3 sqrt 2 /, tags: [value], explain: "cos(π/6) = √3/2." }\n  - { id: cos-pi-4, name: Cosine of π/4, pattern: =pi 4 / cos, output: 2 sqrt 2 /, tags: [value], explain: "cos(π/4) = √2/2." }\n  - { id: cos-pi-3, name: Cosine of π/3, pattern: =pi 3 / cos, output: 1 2 /, tags: [value], explain: "cos(π/3) = 1/2." }\n  - { id: cos-pi-2, name: Cosine of π/2, pattern: =pi 2 / cos, output: "0", tags: [value], explain: "cos(π/2) = 0." }\n  - { id: cos-pi, name: Cosine of π, pattern: =pi cos, output: "-1", tags: [value], explain: "cos π = -1." }\n  - { id: tan-0, name: Tangent of 0, pattern: 0 tan, output: "0", tags: [value], explain: "tan 0 = 0." }\n  - { id: tan-pi-6, name: Tangent of π/6, pattern: =pi 6 / tan, output: 3 sqrt 3 /, tags: [value], explain: "tan(π/6) = √3/3." }\n  - { id: tan-pi-4, name: Tangent of π/4, pattern: =pi 4 / tan, output: "1", tags: [value], explain: "tan(π/4) = 1." }\n  - { id: tan-pi-3, name: Tangent of π/3, pattern: =pi 3 / tan, output: 3 sqrt, tags: [value], explain: "tan(π/3) = √3." }\n  - { id: arcsin-0, name: Arcsine of 0, pattern: 0 arcsin, output: "0", tags: [value], explain: "sin 0 = 0, so arcsin 0 = 0." }\n  - { id: arcsin-half, name: Arcsine of 1/2, pattern: 1 2 / arcsin, output: =pi 6 /, tags: [value], explain: "sin(π/6) = 1/2, so arcsin(1/2) = π/6." }\n  - { id: arcsin-1, name: Arcsine of 1, pattern: 1 arcsin, output: =pi 2 /, tags: [value], explain: "sin(π/2) = 1, so arcsin 1 = π/2." }\n  - { id: arccos-0, name: Arccosine of 0, pattern: 0 arccos, output: =pi 2 /, tags: [value], explain: "cos(π/2) = 0, so arccos 0 = π/2." }\n  - { id: arccos-half, name: Arccosine of 1/2, pattern: 1 2 / arccos, output: =pi 3 /, tags: [value], explain: "cos(π/3) = 1/2, so arccos(1/2) = π/3." }\n  - { id: arccos-1, name: Arccosine of 1, pattern: 1 arccos, output: "0", tags: [value], explain: "cos 0 = 1, so arccos 1 = 0." }\n  - { id: arccos-minus-1, name: Arccosine of -1, pattern: -1 arccos, output: =pi, tags: [value], explain: "cos π = -1, so arccos(-1) = π." }\n  - { id: arctan-0, name: Arctangent of 0, pattern: 0 arctan, output: "0", tags: [value], explain: "tan 0 = 0, so arctan 0 = 0." }\n  - { id: arctan-1, name: Arctangent of 1, pattern: 1 arctan, output: =pi 4 /, tags: [value], explain: "tan(π/4) = 1, so arctan 1 = π/4." }\n  - { id: sinh-0, name: sinh of 0, pattern: 0 sinh, output: "0", tags: [value], explain: "sinh 0 = 0." }\n  - { id: cosh-0, name: cosh of 0, pattern: 0 cosh, output: "1", tags: [value], explain: "cosh 0 = 1." }\n  - { id: tanh-0, name: tanh of 0, pattern: 0 tanh, output: "0", tags: [value], explain: "tanh 0 = 0." }\n\n  - { id: arctan-sqrt3, name: Arctangent of √3, pattern: 3 sqrt arctan, output: =pi 3 /, tags: [value], explain: "tan(π/3) = √3, so arctan √3 = π/3." }\n  - { id: arctan-sqrt3-over-3, name: Arctangent of √3/3, pattern: 3 sqrt 3 / arctan, output: =pi 6 /, tags: [value], explain: "tan(π/6) = √3/3, so arctan(√3/3) = π/6." }\n\n  # atan2(y, x): the angle of the point (x, y), in (-π, π]\n  - id: atan2-right\n    name: The angle of a point to the right\n    pattern: y x atan2\n    when:\n      x: [isPositiveConstant]\n    output: y x / arctan\n    explain: "For x > 0, atan2(y, x) = arctan(y/x)."\n    tags: [value]\n  - id: atan2-left-up\n    name: The angle of a point to the left\n    pattern: y x atan2\n    when:\n      x: [isNegativeConstant]\n      y: [isPositiveConstant]\n    output: y x / arctan =pi +\n    explain: "For x < 0 and y > 0, atan2(y, x) = arctan(y/x) + π."\n    tags: [value]\n  - id: atan2-left-down\n    name: The angle of a point to the left\n    pattern: y x atan2\n    when:\n      x: [isNegativeConstant]\n      y: [isNegativeConstant]\n    output: y x / arctan =pi -\n    explain: "For x < 0 and y < 0, atan2(y, x) = arctan(y/x) - π."\n    tags: [value]\n  - { id: atan2-negative-axis, name: The angle of a point on the negative axis, pattern: 0 x atan2, when: { x: [isNegativeConstant] }, output: =pi, tags: [value], explain: "A point on the negative x-axis is at angle π." }\n  - { id: atan2-up, name: Straight up, pattern: y 0 atan2, when: { y: [isPositiveConstant] }, output: =pi 2 /, tags: [value], explain: "A point straight up is at angle π/2." }\n  - { id: atan2-down, name: Straight down, pattern: y 0 atan2, when: { y: [isNegativeConstant] }, output: =pi 2 / neg, tags: [value], explain: "A point straight down is at angle -π/2." }\n\n  # the odd inverses take the sign out; arccos(-u) = π - arccos u\n  - id: arcsin-odd\n    name: Arcsine of a negative\n    pattern: u arcsin\n    when:\n      u: [hasMinusSign]\n    output: u neg arcsin neg\n    explain: "arcsin(-x) = -arcsin x."\n    tags: [symmetry]\n\n  - id: arctan-odd\n    name: Arctangent of a negative\n    pattern: u arctan\n    when:\n      u: [hasMinusSign]\n    output: u neg arctan neg\n    explain: "arctan(-x) = -arctan x."\n    tags: [symmetry]\n\n  - id: arccos-negative\n    name: Arccosine of a negative\n    pattern: u arccos\n    when:\n      u: [hasMinusSign]\n    output: =pi u neg arccos -\n    explain: "arccos(-x) = π - arccos x."\n    tags: [symmetry]\n\n  # ---- trigonometry: identities --------------------------------------------\n  - id: pythagorean\n    name: sin² + cos² = 1\n    pattern: u sin 2 ^ u cos 2 ^ +\n    commutative: true\n    output: "1"\n    explain: "sin²{u} + cos²{u} = 1 for every angle."\n    tags: [identity]\n\n  - id: pythagorean-multiple\n    name: sin² + cos² = 1\n    pattern: a u sin 2 ^ * a u cos 2 ^ * +\n    commutative: true\n    output: a\n    explain: "{a}·sin²{u} + {a}·cos²{u} = {a}(sin²{u} + cos²{u}) = {a}."\n    tags: [identity]\n\n  - id: one-minus-sin-squared\n    name: 1 - sin² = cos²\n    pattern: u sin 2 ^ neg 1 +\n    output: u cos 2 ^\n    explain: "1 - sin²{u} = cos²{u}."\n    tags: [identity]\n\n  - id: one-minus-cos-squared\n    name: 1 - cos² = sin²\n    pattern: u cos 2 ^ neg 1 +\n    output: u sin 2 ^\n    explain: "1 - cos²{u} = sin²{u}."\n    tags: [identity]\n\n  - id: sin-over-cos\n    name: sin/cos is tan\n    pattern: u sin u cos /\n    output: u tan\n    explain: "sin {u} / cos {u} = tan {u}."\n    tags: [identity]\n\n  - id: cos-over-sin\n    name: cos/sin is cot\n    pattern: u cos u sin /\n    output: u cot\n    explain: "cos {u} / sin {u} = cot {u}."\n    tags: [identity]\n\n  - id: sin-arcsin\n    name: sin undoes arcsin\n    pattern: u arcsin sin\n    output: u\n    explain: "sin(arcsin {u}) = {u}."\n    tags: [inverse]\n\n  - id: cos-arccos\n    name: cos undoes arccos\n    pattern: u arccos cos\n    output: u\n    explain: "cos(arccos {u}) = {u}."\n    tags: [inverse]\n\n  - id: tan-arctan\n    name: tan undoes arctan\n    pattern: u arctan tan\n    output: u\n    explain: "tan(arctan {u}) = {u}."\n    tags: [inverse]\n\n  - id: cosh-squared-minus-sinh-squared\n    name: cosh² - sinh² = 1\n    pattern: u cosh 2 ^ u sinh 2 ^ -\n    output: "1"\n    explain: "cosh²{u} - sinh²{u} = 1."\n    tags: [identity]\n\n  # ---- logs: opt-in rewrites (run with cas.rewrite(x, \'expand-log\') or \'combine-log\') ----\n  - id: ln-product\n    name: Log of a product\n    mode: expand-log\n    pattern: a b * ln\n    output: a ln b ln +\n    explain: "ln({a}·{b}) = ln {a} + ln {b} (for positive {a}, {b})."\n    tags: [log]\n\n  - id: ln-quotient\n    name: Log of a quotient\n    mode: expand-log\n    pattern: a b / ln\n    output: a ln b ln -\n    explain: "ln({a}/{b}) = ln {a} - ln {b} (for positive {a}, {b})."\n    tags: [log]\n\n  - id: ln-power\n    name: Log of a power\n    mode: expand-log\n    pattern: a n ^ ln\n    output: n a ln *\n    explain: "ln({a}^{n}) = {n}·ln {a} (for positive {a})."\n    tags: [log]\n\n  - id: ln-root\n    name: Log of a square root\n    mode: expand-log\n    pattern: a sqrt ln\n    output: a ln 2 /\n    explain: "ln √{a} = ½ ln {a}."\n    tags: [log]\n\n  - id: ln-sum-combine\n    name: Sum of logs\n    mode: combine-log\n    pattern: a ln b ln +\n    commutative: true\n    output: a b * ln\n    explain: "ln {a} + ln {b} = ln({a}·{b})."\n    tags: [log]\n\n  - id: ln-difference-combine\n    name: Difference of logs\n    mode: combine-log\n    pattern: a ln b ln -\n    output: a b / ln\n    explain: "ln {a} - ln {b} = ln({a}/{b})."\n    tags: [log]\n\n  - id: ln-multiple-combine\n    name: A multiple of a log\n    mode: combine-log\n    pattern: n a ln *\n    when:\n      n: [isRational]\n    output: a n ^ ln\n    explain: "{n}·ln {a} = ln({a}^{n})."\n    tags: [log]\n','name: Solving by undoing\n\n# mode: isolate. Each rule undoes the outermost function on the side with the\n# unknown: ln u = r → u = e^r. The predicates hasVariable and freeOfVariable mean\n# "mentions / doesn\'t mention the unknown being solved for".\n#\n# The CAS does the rest itself: it moves terms without the unknown to the other\n# side, divides by a coefficient, and when the unknown appears in several places\n# it uses the polynomial methods (factoring, the quadratic formula) or splits a\n# product equal to 0. Every answer is checked in the original equation, so a\n# rule may give extra candidates (squaring both sides does): the wrong ones are\n# dropped, with a step saying so.\n#\n# An output can give several answers: `pm` (±) splits into two, and so does\n# `|` (or): "u r arcsin = u =pi r arcsin - = |".\n\nrules:\n  - id: iso-swap\n    name: Unknown on the left\n    mode: isolate\n    pattern: l r =\n    when:\n      l: [freeOfVariable]\n      r: [hasVariable]\n    output: r l =\n    priority: 20\n    explain: "Swap the sides so the unknown is on the left."\n    tags: [tidy]\n\n  - id: iso-ln\n    name: Undo the log\n    mode: isolate\n    pattern: u ln r =\n    when:\n      u: [hasVariable]\n    output: u =e r ^ =\n    explain: "Raise e to each side: e^(ln {u}) = {u}."\n    tags: [inverse]\n\n  - id: iso-log\n    name: Undo the log\n    mode: isolate\n    pattern: b u log r =\n    when:\n      u: [hasVariable]\n      b: [freeOfVariable]\n    output: u b r ^ =\n    explain: "Raise {b} to each side: {b}^(log base {b} of {u}) = {u}."\n    tags: [inverse]\n\n  - id: iso-exp\n    name: Undo e to a power\n    mode: isolate\n    pattern: =e u ^ r =\n    when:\n      u: [hasVariable]\n    output: u r ln =\n    explain: "Take ln of each side: ln(e^{u}) = {u}."\n    tags: [inverse]\n\n  - id: iso-exponential\n    name: Undo a power of a number\n    mode: isolate\n    pattern: b u ^ r =\n    when:\n      u: [hasVariable]\n      b: [freeOfVariable]\n    output: u b r log =\n    explain: "Take the log to base {b} of each side."\n    tags: [inverse]\n\n  - id: iso-square\n    name: Undo the square\n    mode: isolate\n    pattern: u 2 ^ r =\n    when:\n      u: [hasVariable]\n    output: u r sqrt pm =\n    priority: 1\n    explain: "Take the square root of each side; {u} can be positive or negative."\n    tags: [inverse]\n\n  - id: iso-even-power\n    name: Undo an even power\n    mode: isolate\n    pattern: u n ^ r =\n    when:\n      u: [hasVariable]\n      n: [isEvenWhole]\n    output: u r 1 n / ^ pm =\n    explain: "Take the root of each side (the {n}th root); {u} can be positive or negative."\n    tags: [inverse]\n\n  - id: iso-odd-power\n    name: Undo an odd power\n    mode: isolate\n    pattern: u n ^ r =\n    when:\n      u: [hasVariable]\n      n: [isOddWhole]\n    output: u r 1 n / ^ =\n    explain: "Take the root of each side (the {n}th root)."\n    tags: [inverse]\n\n  - id: iso-fractional-power\n    name: Undo a power\n    mode: isolate\n    pattern: u n ^ r =\n    when:\n      u: [hasVariable]\n      n: [isRational]\n    output: u r 1 n / ^ =\n    priority: -1\n    explain: "Raise each side to the power 1/{n}."\n    tags: [inverse]\n\n  - id: iso-sqrt\n    name: Undo the square root\n    mode: isolate\n    pattern: u sqrt r =\n    when:\n      u: [hasVariable]\n    output: u r 2 ^ =\n    explain: "Square each side (this can add answers, so each one is checked at the end)."\n    tags: [inverse]\n\n  - id: iso-root\n    name: Undo the root\n    mode: isolate\n    pattern: n u root r =\n    when:\n      u: [hasVariable]\n      n: [freeOfVariable]\n    output: u r n ^ =\n    explain: "Raise each side to the power {n}."\n    tags: [inverse]\n\n  - id: iso-reciprocal\n    name: Undo the fraction\n    mode: isolate\n    pattern: c u / r =\n    when:\n      u: [hasVariable]\n      c: [freeOfVariable]\n    output: u c r / =\n    explain: "{c}/{u} = {r}, so {u} = {c}/{r}."\n    tags: [inverse]\n\n  - id: iso-abs\n    name: Undo the absolute value\n    mode: isolate\n    pattern: u abs r =\n    when:\n      u: [hasVariable]\n    output: u r pm =\n    explain: "|{u}| = {r} means {u} is {r} or -{r}."\n    tags: [inverse]\n\n  - id: iso-sin\n    name: Undo the sine\n    mode: isolate\n    pattern: u sin r =\n    when:\n      u: [hasVariable]\n    output: u r arcsin = u =pi r arcsin - = |\n    explain: "Two angles in a turn have sine {r}: arcsin {r} and π - arcsin {r} (add any whole number of turns, 2πk, for the rest)."\n    tags: [inverse, trig]\n\n  - id: iso-cos\n    name: Undo the cosine\n    mode: isolate\n    pattern: u cos r =\n    when:\n      u: [hasVariable]\n    output: u r arccos pm =\n    explain: "Two angles in a turn have cosine {r}: ±arccos {r} (add 2πk for the rest)."\n    tags: [inverse, trig]\n\n  - id: iso-tan\n    name: Undo the tangent\n    mode: isolate\n    pattern: u tan r =\n    when:\n      u: [hasVariable]\n    output: u r arctan =\n    explain: "Take arctan of each side (add πk for the rest)."\n    tags: [inverse, trig]\n\n  - { id: iso-arcsin, name: Undo arcsin, mode: isolate, pattern: u arcsin r =, when: { u: [hasVariable] }, output: u r sin =, tags: [inverse], explain: "Take sin of each side." }\n  - { id: iso-arccos, name: Undo arccos, mode: isolate, pattern: u arccos r =, when: { u: [hasVariable] }, output: u r cos =, tags: [inverse], explain: "Take cos of each side." }\n  - { id: iso-arctan, name: Undo arctan, mode: isolate, pattern: u arctan r =, when: { u: [hasVariable] }, output: u r tan =, tags: [inverse], explain: "Take tan of each side." }\n  - { id: iso-sinh, name: Undo sinh, mode: isolate, pattern: u sinh r =, when: { u: [hasVariable] }, output: u r arcsinh =, tags: [inverse], explain: "Take arcsinh of each side." }\n  - { id: iso-tanh, name: Undo tanh, mode: isolate, pattern: u tanh r =, when: { u: [hasVariable] }, output: u r arctanh =, tags: [inverse], explain: "Take arctanh of each side." }\n  - { id: iso-cosh, name: Undo cosh, mode: isolate, pattern: u cosh r =, when: { u: [hasVariable] }, output: u r arccosh pm =, tags: [inverse], explain: "Two numbers have cosh {r}: ±arccosh {r}." }\n  - { id: iso-arcsinh, name: Undo arcsinh, mode: isolate, pattern: u arcsinh r =, when: { u: [hasVariable] }, output: u r sinh =, tags: [inverse], explain: "Take sinh of each side." }\n  - { id: iso-arccosh, name: Undo arccosh, mode: isolate, pattern: u arccosh r =, when: { u: [hasVariable] }, output: u r cosh =, tags: [inverse], explain: "Take cosh of each side." }\n  - { id: iso-arctanh, name: Undo arctanh, mode: isolate, pattern: u arctanh r =, when: { u: [hasVariable] }, output: u r tanh =, tags: [inverse], explain: "Take tanh of each side." }\n'],es=['name: Complex numbers\n\n# Loaded only by createCAS({ complex: true }), where i is the imaginary unit.\n# The arithmetic (i² = -1, √-4 = 2i, (2 + 3i)(1 - i) = 5 + i, 1/(1 + i) = (1 - i)/2)\n# and Re, Im, conj, arg, |z| are the normal form\'s (src/cas/form.js); unknowns\n# count as real, so Re(x + 3i) = x. Write a complex unknown as a + bi.\n\noperators:\n  - { symbol: re, arity: 1, label: real part }\n  - { symbol: im, arity: 1, label: imaginary part }\n  - { symbol: conj, arity: 1, label: complex conjugate }\n  - { symbol: arg, arity: 1, label: argument }\n\nrules:\n  - id: euler\n    name: Euler\'s formula\n    pattern: =e u ^\n    when:\n      u: [hasImaginaryPart, isConstant]\n    output: =e u re ^ u im cos =i u im sin * + *\n    explain: "e^(a + bi) = e^a (cos b + i sin b)."\n    tags: [complex]\n\n  - id: ln-negative\n    name: Log of a negative number\n    pattern: u ln\n    when:\n      u: [isNegativeConstant]\n    output: u neg ln =i =pi * +\n    explain: "{u} = |{u}|·e^(iπ), so ln {u} = ln |{u}| + iπ (the principal value)."\n    tags: [complex]\n\n  - id: ln-complex\n    name: Log of a complex number\n    pattern: u ln\n    when:\n      u: [hasImaginaryPart, isConstant]\n    output: u abs ln u arg =i * +\n    explain: "ln z = ln |z| + i arg z (the principal value)."\n    tags: [complex]\n\n  - id: i-to-the-i\n    name: i to the power i\n    pattern: =i =i ^\n    output: =e =pi 2 / neg ^\n    explain: "i = e^(iπ/2), so i^i = e^(i·iπ/2) = e^(-π/2) (the principal value)."\n    tags: [complex]\n'],ts={normal:"Work out the numbers and collect like terms.","simplify.cancel":"Cancel the factors the top and bottom share.","simplify.expand":"Multiplying out gives something shorter.","simplify.factor":"Factoring gives something shorter.",expand:"Multiply out the brackets.",factor:"Write it as a product of factors.","factor.common":"Take out the common factor {common}.","factor.polynomial":"Factor what is left: {roots}.",together:"Write it as one fraction over a common denominator.",cancel:"Cancel the factors the top and bottom share: {cancelled}.","solve.move":"Keep the terms with {v} on the left and move the others to the right.","solve.divide":"Divide both sides by {by}.","solve.multiply":"Multiply both sides by {by}.","solve.one-side":"Move everything to one side, so the equation reads … = 0.","solve.factor":"Factor the left side.","solve.zero-product":"A product is 0 exactly when one of its factors is 0.","solve.split":"There are two cases; solve each.","solve.quadratic":"The quadratic formula with a = {a}, b = {b}, c = {c}: {v} = (-b ± √(b² - 4ac)) / 2a, and b² - 4ac = {D}.","solve.no-real":"b² - 4ac = {D} is negative, so there are no real solutions.","solve.quadratic-complex":"The quadratic formula with a = {a}, b = {b}, c = {c}: {v} = (-b ± √(b² - 4ac)) / 2a. b² - 4ac = {D} is negative, so its square root is imaginary: √({D}) = {root}.","solve.roots":"{v}^{n} = {r} has {n} solutions, spaced evenly round a circle: |{r}|^(1/{n})·(cos θ + i sin θ), with θ = (arg {r} + 2πk)/{n} for k = 0 … {last}.","solve.clear-denominator":"Multiply both sides by {den} (an answer that makes it 0 is not allowed).","solve.substitute":"Write {u} for {kernel}: this is a polynomial in {u}.","solve.reject":"{value} is not a solution: {reason}.","solve.always":"This is true for every {v}.","solve.never":"This is never true, so there is no solution.","solve.unsolved":"There is no exact method here for solving for {v}; try { approximate: true }.","solve.numeric":"Found {count} solution(s) numerically.","system.eliminate":"Use one equation to remove {v} from the others.","integrate.expand":"Multiply out, then integrate term by term.","integrate.substitute":"Let {u} = {inside}, so d{u} = {a} d{v}.","integrate.back":"Put {inside} back for {u}.","integrate.parts":"By parts with u = {u} and dv = {dv} d{v}: ∫ u dv = u·v - ∫ v du, where v = {V} and du = {du} d{v}.","integrate.constant":"The number {c} comes out of the integral.","integrate.divide":"The top has at least the degree of the bottom: divide first.","integrate.partial-fractions":"Split the fraction into simple fractions, one for each factor below.","integrate.evaluate":"Evaluate {F} at {b} and at {a}, and subtract.",substitute:"Put in the values."},ns=["normal","rewrite","simplify","expand","factor","cancel","diff","differentiate","integrate","solve","solveSystem","substitute","approximate","equivalent"];class rs{constructor(e,t,n,r,i){this.set=e,this.messages=t,this.format=n,this.read=r,this.complex=i;for(const e of ns){const t=rs.prototype[e];this[e]=(...e)=>gt(i,()=>t.apply(this,e))}}node(e){if(e&&"object"==typeof e&&!Array.isArray(e)&&e.type)return e;if(Array.isArray(e))return Ge(e);if("string"!=typeof e)throw new it("expected an expression");if(this.read){const t=this.read(e);return Array.isArray(t)?Ge(t):"string"==typeof t?Ke(t):t}return Ke(e)}step(e,t,n,r,i,s={}){return function(e,t,n,r,i,s,o,a,l=[]){const u=(s??"").replace(/\{(\w+)\}/g,(e,t)=>{const n=o?.[t];return void 0===n?e:"string"==typeof n?n:a(n)});return{id:e,name:t,tags:n,from:r.s,to:i.s,path:l,before:r.s,after:i.s,explanation:u}}(e,t,n,r,i,this.messages[e]??"",s,this.format)}result(e,t,n,r={}){let i=e;if(n.approximate&&i){i=Lr(i,{digits:"number"==typeof n.approximate?n.approximate:15})}return{result:i,text:i?this.format(i):"",steps:Kr(t,Yr(n.steps)),...r}}variable(e,t){if(t)return t;const n=[...ln(e)];return 1===n.length?n[0]:n.includes("x")?"x":n[0]??"x"}tidyStep(e,t){return e.s===t.s?[]:[this.step("normal","Work out and collect",["tidy","arithmetic"],e,t)]}normal(e){return en(this.node(e))}rewrite(e,t,n={}){const r=this.node(e),i=this.set.view(t);if(!i.size)throw new it(`no rules in mode "${t}" (modes: ${this.set.modes().join(", ")})`);const s=_r(r,i,{format:this.format,order:n.order,variable:n.variable});return this.result(s.node,[...this.tidyStep(r,en(r)),...s.steps],n)}simplify(e,t={}){const n=this.node(e),r=[...this.tidyStep(n,en(n))],i=_r(n,this.set.view("simplify"),{format:this.format});r.push(...i.steps);let s=i.node,o=null;const a=Xt(s),l=[],u=0===ln(s).size,c=u?null:yi(a);c&&l.push({node:gi(c),id:"simplify.cancel",name:"Cancel"});const p=_r(sn(Xr(a)),this.set.view("simplify"),{format:this.format});l.push({node:p.node,id:"simplify.expand",name:"Multiply out"}),"add"!==a.k||u||l.push({node:gi(ci(a)),id:"simplify.factor",name:"Factor"});for(const e of l)Xe(e.node)<Xe(s)&&(o=this.step(e.id,e.name,["shorter"],s,e.node),s=e.node);return o&&r.push(o),this.result(s,r,t)}expand(e,t={}){const n=this.node(e),r=sn(Xr(Xt(n)));return this.result(r,n.s===r.s?[]:[this.step("expand","Multiply out",["expand"],n,r)],t)}factor(e,t={}){const n=this.node(e),r=ci(Xt(n)),i=gi(r),s=[],o=r.notes.find(e=>"factor.common"===e.id);return i.s!==en(n).s&&s.push(this.step(o?"factor.common":"factor","Factor",["factor"],n,i,o?{common:sn(o.values.common)}:{})),this.result(i,s,t)}cancel(e,t={}){const n=this.node(e),r=Xt(n),i=yi(r);if(!i)return this.result(en(n),this.tidyStep(n,en(n)),t);const s=gi(i),o=bi(r),a=He("/",[sn(o.num),sn(o.den)]),l=[];return"/"===n.op&&a.s===en(n).s||l.push(this.step("together","One fraction",["together"],n,a)),s.s!==a.s&&l.push(this.step("cancel","Cancel",["cancel"],a,s,{cancelled:i.cancelled.length?i.cancelled.map(e=>this.format(sn(e))).join(", "):"numbers"})),this.result(s,l,t)}diff(e,t,n={}){const r=this.node(e),i=this.variable(r,t);let s=r;const o=[];for(let e=0;e<(n.order??1);e++){const e=_r(He("der",[s,Ve(i)]),this.set.view("differentiate"),{format:this.format,order:"pre"}),t=_r(e.node,this.set.view("simplify"),{format:this.format});o.push(...e.steps,...t.steps),s=t.node}return this.result(s,o,n,{variable:i})}differentiate(e,t){const n=_r(He("der",[e,Ve(t)]),this.set.view("differentiate"),{format:this.format,order:"pre"});return _r(n.node,this.set.view("simplify"),{format:this.format}).node}integrate(e,t,n={}){let r=this.node(e);const i=e=>void 0===e?null:this.node("number"==typeof e?String(e):e);let s=i(n.from),o=i(n.to);if(Ye(r)&&"int"===r.op){const[e,n,i,a]=r.args;t=n.token,i&&a&&(s=i,o=a),r=e}const a=this.variable(r,t),l=Fi(this,r,a),u=_r(l.node,this.set.view("simplify"),{format:this.format}),c=[...l.steps,...u.steps];if(s&&o){const e=Wi(this,u.node,a,s,o,r);c.push(e.step);const t=_r(e.value,this.set.view("simplify"),{format:this.format});return c.push(...t.steps),this.result(t.node,c,n,{antiderivative:u.node,variable:a})}let p=u.node;return n.constant&&(p=He("+",[p,Ve(String(n.constant))])),this.result(p,c,n,{variable:a})}solve(e,t,n={}){const r=this.node(e),i=this.variable(r,t),s=$i(this,r,i,n);let o=s.solutions;if(n.approximate){const e="number"==typeof n.approximate?n.approximate:15;o=o.map(t=>Lr(t,{digits:e}))}const a=o.map(e=>He("=",[Ve(i),e])),l=a.length?a.reduce((e,t)=>e?He("|",[e,t]):t,null):null;return{solutions:o,result:l,variable:i,text:s.always?`true for every ${i}`:l?this.format(l):s.unsolved.length?`no exact solution found for ${i}`:"no solution",unsolved:s.unsolved.filter(e=>!e.always),always:s.always,steps:Kr(s.steps,Yr(n.steps))}}solveSystem(e,t,n={}){const r=e.map(e=>this.node(e)),i=t??[...new Set(r.flatMap(e=>[...ln(e)]))].sort(),s=function(e,t,n){const r=[],i=t.map(t=>{const r=ki(t)?jt([Xt(t.args[0]),Ht(Xt(t.args[1]))]):Xt(t),i=n.map(t=>{const n=ti(r,t);if(!n||Math.max(0,...n.keys())>1)throw new it(`not linear in ${t}`);const i=n.get(1)??yt(ut.ZERO);if(!$t(i))throw new it(`the coefficient of ${t} must be a number (it is ${e.format(sn(i))})`);return i.q});let s=r;for(let e=0;e<n.length;e++)s=jt([s,zt([yt(i[e].neg()),Xt(Ve(n[e]))])]);for(const e of n)if(ni(s,e))throw new it(`not linear in ${e}`);return{coeffs:i,rhs:Ht(s)}}),s=()=>i.map(e=>xi(sn(jt(e.coeffs.map((e,t)=>zt([yt(e),Xt(Ve(n[t]))])))),sn(e.rhs))).reduce((e,t)=>e?He("&",[e,t]):t,null);let o=0;const a=[];for(let t=0;t<n.length&&o<i.length;t++){const l=i.findIndex((e,n)=>n>=o&&!e.coeffs[t].isZero);if(l<0)continue;[i[o],i[l]]=[i[l],i[o]];const u=s(),c=i[o],p=c.coeffs[t];c.coeffs=c.coeffs.map(e=>e.div(p)),c.rhs=zt([yt(p.inv()),c.rhs]);for(let e=0;e<i.length;e++){if(e===o||i[e].coeffs[t].isZero)continue;const n=i[e].coeffs[t];i[e].coeffs=i[e].coeffs.map((e,t)=>e.sub(n.mul(c.coeffs[t]))),i[e].rhs=jt([i[e].rhs,zt([yt(n.neg()),c.rhs])])}r.push(e.step("system.eliminate","Eliminate",["eliminate"],u,s(),{v:Ve(n[t])})),a.push(t),o++}for(const e of i.slice(o))if(!$t(e.rhs)||!e.rhs.q.isZero)return{solution:null,steps:r,status:"none"};if(a.length<n.length)return{solution:null,steps:r,status:"many"};const l=new Map;return a.forEach((e,t)=>l.set(n[e],sn(i[t].rhs))),{solution:l,steps:r,status:"one"}}(this,r,i),o=s.solution?Object.fromEntries([...s.solution].map(([e,t])=>[e,t])):null,a="one"===s.status?i.map(e=>`${e} = ${this.format(o[e])}`).join(", "):"none"===s.status?"no solution":"infinitely many solutions";return{solution:o,status:s.status,text:a,steps:Kr(s.steps,Yr(n.steps))}}substitute(e,t,n={}){const r=this.node(e);let i=r;for(const[e,n]of Object.entries(t))i=Oi(i,e,"number"==typeof n?this.node(String(n)):this.node(n));const s=this.simplify(i,n),o=[this.step("substitute","Substitute",["substitute"],r,i)];return{...s,steps:[...Kr(o,Yr(n.steps)),...s.steps]}}defined(e){const t=this.set.view("define");return t.size?_r(e,t,{format:this.format}).node:e}approximate(e,t={}){const n=this.defined(this.node(e));if(ln(n).size&&!t.scope){const e=Lr(en(n),t);return{result:e,text:this.format(e),number:null,exact:!1}}const r=Er(n,t);return{result:r.node,text:r.text,number:r.number,re:r.re,im:r.im,exact:r.exact}}equivalent(e,t){const n=this.node(e),r=this.node(t),i=this.defined(He("-",[n,r])),s=this.simplify(i,{steps:!1}).result;if("num"===s.type&&"0"===s.token)return{equal:!0,how:"exact"};const o=[...ln(i)];if(!o.length)try{return{equal:Math.abs(Er(i,{digits:30}).number)<1e-25,how:"numeric"}}catch{return{equal:!1,how:"numeric"}}const a=[.31,1.7,2.9,-.83,.57];let l=0;for(let e=0;e<a.length;e++){const t=Object.fromEntries(o.map((t,n)=>[t,String(a[(e+n)%a.length]+n/7)]));let n;try{n=Er(i,{digits:30,scope:t}).number}catch{continue}if(l++,Math.abs(n)>1e-20)return{equal:!1,how:"numeric"}}return{equal:l>0,how:"numeric"}}modes(){return this.set.modes()}}function is(e={}){const t=!1===e.defaults?[]:[...Xi,...e.complex?es:[]],{specs:n,messages:r}=function(e){Fr();const t=[],n={};for(const r of e){const e="string"==typeof r?Rn(r):r,i=Array.isArray(e)?e:e?.rules??[];for(const t of(Array.isArray(e)?[]:e?.operators)??[]){if(!t?.symbol)throw new Error("an operator needs a symbol");je(t.symbol)||Ie({symbol:String(t.symbol),arity:"any"===t.arity?Ae:Number(t.arity),label:t.label})}Object.assign(n,(Array.isArray(e)?null:e?.messages)??{});for(const e of i)t.push(e)}return{specs:t,messages:n}}([...t,...e.rules??[]]),i=gt(e.complex,()=>Rr(n));return new rs(i,{...ts,...r},e.format??Hi,e.read??null,Boolean(e.complex))}const ss=Symbol.for("inlinemath.expressions"),os=new Map,as={re:"Re",im:"Im",conj:"overline"},ls=["Re","Im","re","im","conj","arg"];function us(e){const t=[],r=e=>{"op"===e.type?(e.args.forEach(r),n.operator(e.op)?(-1===n.operator(e.op).arity&&t.push(String(e.args.length)),t.push(e.op)):t.push(String(e.args.length),`\\:${as[e.op]??e.op}`)):t.push(e.token)};return r(e),t}function cs(e={}){const t=e.rules||e.names?null:e.complex?"complex":"default";if(t&&os.has(t))return os.get(t);const r=[...e.names??[],...e.complex?ls:[]],i=is({...e,read:e=>n.parse(e,r.length?{names:r}:{}),format:Hi});return t&&os.set(t,i),i}const ps=new Set(["simplify","expand","factor","cancel","diff","integrate","solve","approx"]),hs={integral:"integrate",differentiate:"diff",approximate:"approx",simp:"simplify"};const ds=e=>String(e).replace(/&/g,"&amp;").replace(/</g,"&lt;").replace(/>/g,"&gt;").replace(/"/g,"&quot;");var fs='/*\n * Inline Math stylesheet. Everything is under .mv; colours are left to the page.\n *\n * The numbers marked "metric" must match the constants at the top of\n * src/layout.js (line-height 1, bar 0.06em, gap 0.1em); everything else can\n * be changed freely.\n *\n * Handy hooks:\n *   .mv-n[data-node="4"]       one node (ids from MathZetta)\n *   .mv-var .mv-num .mv-word   variables, numbers, function names\n *   .mv-op-frac .mv-op-pow …   a kind of operation\n *   .mv-hl                     the class highlight() adds\n *   --mv-hl                    highlight colour\n */\n\n.mv {\n    display: inline-block;\n    font-family: "Inline Math Roman", "Latin Modern Roman", "STIX Two Text", "Cambria", "Times New Roman", serif;\n    font-size: 1.2em;\n    font-style: normal;\n    font-weight: normal;\n    line-height: 1;            /* metric */\n    white-space: nowrap;\n    text-indent: 0;\n    text-align: left;\n    letter-spacing: 0;\n}\n.mv-display { display: block; text-align: center; margin: 0.6em 0; }\n.mv span, .mv svg { line-height: 1; }\n.mv-n { display: inline-block; border-radius: 0.12em; }\n\n/* ---- letters and signs -------------------------------------------------- */\n.mv-var { font-style: italic; padding-right: 0.03em; }\n.mv-num, .mv-word, .mv-name, .mv-ord, .mv-text, .mv-d { font-style: normal; }\n.mv-prime { margin-left: 0.04em; }\n.mv-bin { margin: 0 0.22em; }\n.mv-rel { margin: 0 0.28em; }\n.mv-punct { margin-right: 0.17em; }\n.mv-sign { margin-right: 0.04em; }\n.mv-times { display: inline-block; width: 0.06em; }\n.mv-callgap { display: inline-block; width: 0.05em; }\n.mv-fnspace { display: inline-block; width: 0.17em; }\n.mv-space { display: inline-block; width: 0.33em; }\n.mv-dx { display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.17em; }\n.mv-text { margin: 0 0.25em; }\n/* Tighter spacing in limits and exponents: n=1, x→0. */\n.mv-script .mv-rel, .mv-sup .mv-rel, .mv-sub .mv-rel { margin: 0 0.12em; }\n.mv-script .mv-bin, .mv-sup .mv-bin, .mv-sub .mv-bin { margin: 0 0.1em; }\n\n/* ---- fractions (metric: padding and border) ------------------------------ */\n.mv-frac { display: inline-flex; flex-direction: column; align-items: stretch; margin: 0 0.12em; }\n.mv-numer, .mv-denom { display: block; text-align: center; padding: 0 0.1em; }\n.mv-numer { padding-bottom: 0.1em; }\n.mv-denom { padding-top: 0.1em; border-top: 0.06em solid currentColor; }\n.mv-frac-nobar > .mv-denom { border-top: 0; }\n.mv-scaled { display: inline-block; }\n\n/* ---- scripts ----------------------------------------------------------------- */\n.mv-sup, .mv-sub { display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.04em; }\n.mv-subsup, .mv-limits { display: inline-flex; flex-direction: column; justify-content: space-between; align-items: flex-start; margin-left: 0.04em; }\n.mv-limits { margin-left: 0.02em; margin-right: 0.12em; }\n.mv-limits > .mv-lower { margin-left: -0.3em; }\n.mv-script { display: block; }\n.mv-under { display: inline-flex; flex-direction: column; align-items: center; margin-right: 0.15em; }\n.mv-under > .mv-script { margin-top: 0.05em; }\n.mv-bigop { display: inline-flex; flex-direction: column; align-items: center; margin: 0 0.12em; }\n.mv-bigop > .mv-script { display: block; margin: 0.08em 0; }\n.mv-bigop > svg { display: block; }\n\n/* ---- radicals (metric: border and padding-top) ----------------------------- */\n.mv-sqrt { display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; }\n.mv-hook { display: inline-block; overflow: visible; margin-left: 0.05em; }\n.mv-radicand { display: inline-block; border-top: 0.06em solid currentColor; padding: 0.1em 0.1em 0 0.06em; }\n.mv-rootindex { display: inline-block; margin: 0 -0.32em 0 0.12em; }\n\n/* ---- delimiters: drawn at the full height of what they enclose -------------- */\n.mv-fence { display: inline-block; position: relative; }\n.mv-delim { position: absolute; top: 0; bottom: 0; height: 100%; }\n.mv-delim-l { left: 0.03em; }\n.mv-delim-r { right: 0.03em; }\nspan.mv-delim { width: 0.16em; border: 0 solid currentColor; box-sizing: border-box; }\n.mv-delim.mv-lbrack { border-width: 0.06em 0 0.06em 0.06em; left: 0.06em; }\n.mv-delim.mv-rbrack { border-width: 0.06em 0.06em 0.06em 0; right: 0.06em; }\n.mv-delim.mv-vert { border-left-width: 0.06em; width: 0; left: 0.07em; }\n.mv-delim.mv-vert.mv-delim-r { left: auto; right: 0.07em; }\n.mv-delim.mv-lfloor { border-width: 0 0 0.06em 0.06em; }\n.mv-delim.mv-rfloor { border-width: 0 0.06em 0.06em 0; }\n.mv-delim.mv-lceil { border-width: 0.06em 0 0 0.06em; }\n.mv-delim.mv-rceil { border-width: 0.06em 0.06em 0 0; }\n\n/* ---- shapes ----------------------------------------------------------------- */\n.mv svg { overflow: visible; }\n.mv svg path[stroke] { stroke-width: 0.065em; stroke-linecap: round; stroke-linejoin: round; }\n.mv-intsign path[stroke] { stroke-width: 0.075em; }\n.mv-bigsign { display: inline-block; margin: 0 0.06em; }\n.mv-intsign { margin-right: 0.12em; }\n\n/* ---- piecewise ------------------------------------------------------------- */\n.mv-cases { display: inline-grid; grid-template-columns: auto auto; column-gap: 1em; row-gap: 0.25em; align-items: baseline; text-align: left; margin: 0 0.1em; }\n.mv-case-value, .mv-case-cond { display: block; }\n.mv-matrix { display: inline-grid; column-gap: 0.8em; row-gap: 0.3em; align-items: baseline; justify-items: center; margin: 0 0.15em; }\n.mv-matrix-row { display: contents; }\n.mv-matrix-cell { display: block; }\n\n/* ---- decorations: \\boxed \\cancel \\overline \\vec … --------------------------- */\n.mv-boxed { display: inline-block; border: 0.06em solid currentColor; padding: 0.16em 0.2em; }\n.mv-over { display: inline-block; border-top: 0.06em solid currentColor; padding-top: 0.08em; }\n.mv-underline { display: inline-block; border-bottom: 0.06em solid currentColor; padding-bottom: 0.06em; }\n.mv-cancel { display: inline-block; position: relative; }\n.mv-cancel-line { position: absolute; left: 0; top: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%; overflow: visible; pointer-events: none; }\n.mv-accent { display: inline-block; position: relative; padding-top: 0.3em; }\n.mv-accent-mark { position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; right: 0; text-align: center; font-size: 0.7em; line-height: 0.6; }\n\n/* ---- interaction -------------------------------------------------------------- */\n.mv-hl { background: var(--mv-hl, rgba(255, 200, 0, 0.35)); box-shadow: 0 0 0 0.08em var(--mv-hl, rgba(255, 200, 0, 0.35)); }\n/* Windows high contrast (and other forced colours) drops backgrounds and shadows: outline a highlight instead */\n@media (forced-colors: active) {\n  .mv-hl { outline: 0.08em solid Highlight; outline-offset: 0.04em; }\n}\n.mv-clickable .mv-n { cursor: pointer; }\n.mv-editable .mv-n:hover { outline: 1px dashed rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.25); }\n/* the box editing a part in place (view.editable, or a Markdown textbox variable) */\n.mv-edit { transform: translateY(-50%); z-index: 1000; box-sizing: content-box; padding: 0.1em 0.35em; font-family: inherit;\n  border: 1px solid #1a5fb4; border-radius: 0.25em; background: #fff; color: #111; box-shadow: 0 2px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.18); }\n.mv-edit[aria-invalid="true"] { border-color: #c33; outline: 2px solid #c33; }\n/* the live region a view announces steps through ({ announce: true }): read, never seen */\n.mv-sr-only, .mv-sr-math { position: absolute; width: 1px; height: 1px; margin: -1px; padding: 0; overflow: hidden; clip: rect(0 0 0 0); white-space: nowrap; border: 0; }\n.mv-clickable .mv-n:hover { outline: 1px dashed rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.25); }\n/* the keyboard: the expression is one tab stop, and the part the arrow keys are on is ringed */\n.mv[tabindex]:focus-visible { outline: 0.1em solid #1a5fb4; outline-offset: 0.12em; }\n.mv[tabindex]:focus .mv-focus { outline: 0.1em solid #1a5fb4; outline-offset: 0.06em; border-radius: 0.1em; }\n/* while a part is ringed, the whole expression\'s ring steps back so the part is the one that stands out */\n.mv[tabindex]:focus-visible:has(.mv-focus) { outline: 1px dashed #1a5fb4; }\n@media (forced-colors: active) {\n  .mv[tabindex]:focus-visible, .mv[tabindex]:focus .mv-focus { outline-color: Highlight; }\n}\n\n/* ---- steps (stepsHTML from \'@mathzetta/inlinemath/cas\') ---------------------------------------- */\n.mv-steps { margin: 0; padding-left: 1.6em; }\n.mv-step { margin: 0.5em 0 0.9em; }\n.mv-step-name { display: block; font-size: 0.85em; font-weight: 600; color: #555; }\n.mv-step-maths { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; align-items: center; gap: 0.4em 0.8em; margin: 0.15em 0; }\n.mv-step-arrow { color: #888; }\n.mv-step-why { margin: 0.1em 0 0; font-size: 0.9em; color: #444; }\n\n/* ---- Markdown with maths (markdownToHTML from \'@mathzetta/inlinemath/markdown\') ------------------- */\n.mv-md-math { display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; }\n.mv-md-display { display: block; text-align: center; margin: 0.6em 0; overflow-x: auto; }\n.mv-md-block { margin: 0.8em 0; }\n.mv-md-error code { background: rgba(200, 60, 0, 0.08); color: #a33; border-bottom: 1px dotted #a33; }\n/* saved variables: $A := 2+2$ draws A ≔ 2 + 2; $A := [[…]]$ an input that sets A */\n.mv-md-input-def { display: inline-flex; align-items: center; gap: 0.3em; }\n.mv-md-assign { margin: 0 0.1em; }\n.mv-md-input { font: inherit; font-size: 0.9em; }\ninput.mv-md-textbox { font-family: inherit; padding: 0.05em 0.3em; field-sizing: content; min-width: 3ch; }\ninput.mv-md-textbox[aria-invalid="true"] { outline: 2px solid #c33; outline-offset: 1px; }\ninput.mv-md-slider { vertical-align: middle; }\n.mv-md-output { font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums; min-width: 2ch; }\n';const ms=fs;if("undefined"!=typeof document&&!document.getElementById("inlinemath-css")){const e=document.createElement("style");e.id="inlinemath-css",e.textContent=fs,document.head.append(e)}return Object.defineProperty(e,"toText",{enumerable:!0,get:function(){return i.toText}}),e.CSS=ms,e.DEFAULTS=$,e.PATHS=s,e.View=oe,e.casBlocks=function(e={}){const n=e.cas??cs(),r=void 0===e.steps?{}:{steps:e.steps},s=(e,o)=>{let a;try{a=n.read(e)}catch{return t.calculateBlock(e,o)}const l=o&&o[ss];l&&(a=a.flatMap(e=>Object.hasOwn(l,e)?l[e]:[e]));const u=a[a.length-1],c=u?.startsWith("\\:")?hs[u.slice(2)]??u.slice(2):null,p=c&&ps.has(c);if(!p&&!("der"===u||"int"===u))return t.calculateBlock(e,o);const h=n.node(a),d=p?h.args:[h],f=e=>e?e.s:void 0;let m;try{switch(p?c:"der"===u?"derivative":"antiderivative"){case"simplify":m=n.simplify(d[0],r);break;case"expand":m=n.expand(d[0],r);break;case"factor":m=n.factor(d[0],r);break;case"cancel":m=n.cancel(d[0],r);break;case"diff":m=n.diff(d[0],f(d[1]),{...r,order:d[2]?Number(d[2].s):1});break;case"integrate":m=n.integrate(d[0],f(d[1]),{...r,...d[3]?{from:d[2].s,to:d[3].s}:{}});break;case"solve":m=n.solve(d[0],f(d[1]),r);break;case"approx":m=n.approximate(d[0],{...r,digits:d[1]?Number(d[1].s):15});break;case"derivative":m=n.diff(h.args[0],h.args[1].s,r);break;default:m=n.integrate(h,void 0,r)}}catch(t){return`(${e})`}if(s.last=m,!m.result)return`"${m.text}"`;const g=i.toText(us(m.result));return/^-?\d+(\.\d+)?$/.test(g)?g:`(${g})`};return s},e.createVariables=ne,e.extractMath=ce,e.layout=A,e.markdownToHTML=function(e,t={}){return $e(fe(e,t,t.variables||null),t)},e.mathCAS=cs,e.nodeAt=z,e.numberTree=B,e.pathOf=Z,e.render=function(e,t,n={}){return new oe(e,t,n)},e.renderMarkdown=ke,e.renderMarkdownInto=function(e,t,n={}){const r=void 0===n.variables?re:n.variables||null;Me();const i=qe.get(e);i&&i.stop(i.store!==r);let s=fe(t,n,r,e);if(e.innerHTML=$e(s,n),!r)return qe.delete(e),e;r.own(e,s.defs);let o=e.isConnected;const a=t=>{const i=t.target,s=i&&i.dataset&&i.dataset.mvVar;if(void 0!==s&&e.contains(i)){if("text"===i.type)try{P(i.value,{blocks:n.blocks,scope:{}}),i.removeAttribute("aria-invalid")}catch{return void i.setAttribute("aria-invalid","true")}r.set(s,i.value)}},l=i=>{const o=i.target.closest?.("[data-node]"),a=o&&o.closest("[data-mv-md]");if(!a||!e.contains(a))return;const l=Number(a.dataset.mvMd),u=s.trees[l];if(!u)return;const c=Number(o.dataset.node),p=Z(u,c)||[];let h=null;for(let e=p.length;e>=0&&!h;e--){const t=z(u,p.slice(0,e));t&&void 0!==t.from&&(h={node:t,depth:e})}const d=h&&r.definitions().get(h.node.from);if(d&&d.input&&"textbox"===d.input.kind){i.preventDefault();const t=d.name,s=e.ownerDocument.querySelector(`[data-mv-var="${CSS.escape(t)}"]`),a=n.editable&&n.editable.toText;if(!a)return void(s&&(s.focus(),s.select()));const l=e=>P(e),c=z(u,p);return void se(o,a(Y(c,l)),{label:`Edit ${t}`,parse:e=>P(e,{blocks:n.blocks}),commit:e=>{const n=ie(Y(h.node,l),p.slice(h.depth),e);r.set(t,a(n))}})}const f=d&&s.defs.get(d.name),m=f&&f.key===d.key&&void 0!==f.start?{...s.math[l],start:f.start,end:f.end,raw:t.slice(f.start,f.end)}:s.math[l];e.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent("inlinemath:select",{bubbles:!0,detail:{index:l,start:m.start,end:m.end,raw:m.raw,source:m.source,id:c,path:p}}))};e.addEventListener("input",a),e.addEventListener("change",a),e.addEventListener("dblclick",l);const u=r.subscribe(i=>{i!==e&&(e.isConnected?(o=!0,Me(),(()=>{const i=fe(t,n,r,e);i.drawn.forEach((t,n)=>{if(t===s.drawn[n]||i.inputs.has(n))return;const r=e.querySelector(`[data-mv-md="${n}"]`);r&&(r.outerHTML=t)});for(const t of e.querySelectorAll("[data-mv-var], [data-mv-out]")){const e=i.defs.get(t.dataset.mvVar??t.dataset.mvOut);if(!e)continue;const n=r.textOf(e);void 0!==t.dataset.mvOut?t.textContent=n:t.value!==n&&t!==t.ownerDocument?.activeElement&&(t.value=n)}s=i})()):o&&c(!0))});function c(t){u(),e.removeEventListener("input",a),e.removeEventListener("change",a),e.removeEventListener("dblclick",l),Se.delete(p),qe.delete(e),t&&r.own(e,null)}const p={element:e,store:r,stop:c,connected:()=>o};return Se.add(p),qe.set(e,p),e},e.select=j,e.shouldAnimate=le,e.signature=L,e.stepsHTML=function(e,t={}){return`<ol class="mv-steps">${e.map(e=>{const n=V(us(Ke(e.from)),{...t,highlight:e.path&&e.path.length?{path:e.path}:void 0}),r=e.to===e.from?"":`<span class="mv-step-arrow" aria-label="becomes">⟶</span>${V(us(Ke(e.to)),t)}`,i=e.explanation?`<p class="mv-step-why">${ds(e.explanation)}</p>`:"";return`<li class="mv-step" data-rule="${ds(e.id)}"><span class="mv-step-name">${ds(e.name)}</span><div class="mv-step-maths">${n}${r}</div>${i}</li>`}).join("")}</ol>`},e.toHTML=V,e.tokensOf=us,e.treeOf=P,e.variables=re,e}({},MathZetta,MathZetta,MathZetta,MathZetta);