@mathzetta/inlinemath 0.0.0-stage → 0.1.0

package/dist/inlinemath-cas.external.global.min.js

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+/* Inline Math 0.1.0 — MIT licence; MathZetta not included: load a MathZetta <script> (mathzetta.min.js or mathzetta.maths-display.min.js) first */
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vn(dn([i,gn([Ye(Pe.of(t.im.q.sign)),s,yn])]),Ye(new Pe(n.q.n)))}}if("mul"===e.k){if(tn(n)&&n.q.isInteger)return gn([Ye(e.c.pow(n.q.n)),...e.fs.map(e=>bn(e.b,gn([e.e,n])))]);if(!e.c.isOne&&e.c.sign>0)return gn([vn(Ye(e.c),n),vn({k:"mul",c:Pe.ONE,fs:e.fs},n)]);if(e.c.isOne&&1===e.fs.length){const[t]=e.fs;if(tn(t.e)&&tn(n)&&1n===t.e.q.n&&t.e.q.d%2n==1n)return bn(t.b,gn([t.e,n]))}}return{k:"mul",c:Pe.ONE,fs:[{b:e,e:n}]}}function bn(e,n){return tn(n)&&n.q.isZero?Xe:tn(e)?vn(e,n):tn(n)&&n.q.isOne?e:{k:"mul",c:Pe.ONE,fs:[{b:e,e:n}]}}const yn=rn(ke("i")),wn=e=>Je.complex&&Bn(e).s.split(" ").includes("i");function xn(e){return Je.complex&&wn(e)&&0===Rn(Bn(e)).size}function kn(e,n){const t=[];for(const r of e)for(const e of n)t.push(gn([r,e]));return Pn(dn(t))}function qn(e){const n=[],t=[];for(const r of Pn(e)){const{coef:e,rest:i}=hn(r),s=i?Vn(i):[],o=s.filter(e=>Qe(e)),a=s.filter(e=>!Qe(e));if(a.some(e=>wn(e)))return 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null;if(n.q.isOne)return en;const t=Math.log(n.q.toNumber())/Math.log(e.q.toNumber());if(!Number.isFinite(t))return null;for(let r=1;r<=12;r++){const i=Math.round(t*r);if(!(Math.abs(t*r-i)>1e-9||0===i)&&(Math.abs(i)<=256&&e.q.pow(BigInt(i)).equals(n.q.pow(BigInt(r)))))return Ye(new Pe(BigInt(i),BigInt(r)))}return null},comb:([e,n])=>tn(e)&&tn(n)&&e.q.isInteger&&n.q.isInteger&&e.q.sign>=0&&n.q.sign>=0&&e.q.n<=Nn?Ye(function(e,n){if(n>e)return Pe.ZERO;n>e-n&&(n=e-n);let t=1n;for(let r=1n;r<=n;r++)t=t*(e-n+r)/r;return new Pe(t)}(e.q.n,n.q.n)):null,perm:([e,n])=>{if(!(tn(e)&&tn(n)&&e.q.isInteger&&n.q.isInteger&&e.q.sign>=0&&n.q.sign>=0&&e.q.n<=Nn))return null;if(n.q.n>e.q.n)return en;let t=1n;for(let r=0n;r<n.q.n;r++)t*=e.q.n-r;return Ye(new Pe(t))}};function En(e,n){if(Je.complex&&Sn[e]){const t=Sn[e](n);if(t)return t}const t=In[e];if(t){const e=t(n);if(e)return e}return rn(Me(e,n.map(Bn)))}const Tn=new Map;function jn(e){const n=Je.complex?`ℂ ${e.s}`:e.s,t=Tn.get(n);if(t)return t;const r=function(e){if("num"===e.type){const n=Ve(e.token);if(!n)throw new ze(`not an exact number: ${e.token}`);return Ye(n)}if("sym"===e.type)return"π"===e.token?rn(ke("pi")):rn(e);const n=e.args.map(jn);switch(e.op){case"+":return dn(n);case"-":return((e,n)=>dn([e,On(n)]))(n[0],n[1]);case"neg":return On(n[0]);case"*":return gn(n);case"/":return An(n[0],n[1]);case"^":return vn(n[0],n[1]);case"sqrt":return vn(n[0],nn);case"root":return vn(n[1],vn(n[0],Ye(Pe.MINUS_ONE)));default:{const t=e.op.startsWith("\\:")?e.op.slice(2):null;return t&&Je.complex&&Mn[t]&&1===n.length?En(Mn[t],n):t&&he(t)&&fe(t).arity===n.length?En(t,n):En(e.op,n)}}}(e);return Tn.size>2e4&&Tn.clear(),Tn.set(n,r),r}const Cn=e=>Bn(jn(e)),Ln=e=>qe(String(e));function Zn(e){return e.isInteger?Ln(e.n):Me("/",[Ln(e.n),Ln(e.d)])}const zn=new WeakMap;function Bn(e){let n=zn.get(e);return n||zn.set(e,n=function(e){switch(e.k){case"num":return Zn(e.q);case"atom":return e.node;case"mul":return function(e,n){const t=[],r=[];for(const e of n)tn(e.e)&&e.e.q.sign<0?r.push(Dn(e.b,Ye(e.e.q.neg()))):t.push(Dn(e.b,e.e));let i=1n!==e.n&&-1n!==e.n||!t.length?Fn([Ln(e.n),...t]):Fn(t);-1n===e.n&&t.length&&(i=Me("neg",[i]));1n!==e.d&&r.unshift(Ln(e.d));return r.length?Me("/",[i,Fn(r)]):i}(e.c,e.fs);case"add":return function(e){let n=null;const t=e=>Je.complex&&wn(e.x)&&0===Rn(Bn(e.x)).size,r=[...e.terms.filter(e=>!t(e)),...e.terms.filter(t)],i=e.c,s=()=>{i.isZero||(n=n?i.sign<0?Me("-",[n,Zn(i.neg())]):Me("+",[n,Zn(i)]):Zn(i))};let o=!1;for(const e of r)!o&&t(e)&&(s(),o=!0),n=n?e.coef.sign<0?Me("-",[n,Bn(fn(e.coef.neg(),e.x))]):Me("+",[n,Bn(fn(e.coef,e.x))]):Bn(fn(e.coef,e.x));o||s();return n}(e);default:throw new Error(`bad form ${e.k}`)}}(e)),n}function Dn(e,n){const t=Bn(e);if(tn(n)){const e=n.q;if(e.isOne)return t;if(1n===e.n&&2n===e.d)return Me("sqrt",[t]);if(1n===e.n)return Me("root",[Ln(e.d),t])}return Me("^",[t,Bn(n)])}const Fn=e=>e.reduce((e,n)=>e?Me("*",[e,n]):n,null);function Rn(e,n=new Set){if("sym"===e.type)Ge(e.token)||n.add(e.token);else if(Ae(e))for(const t of e.args)Rn(t,n);return n}function Pn(e){if("add"!==e.k)return[e];const n=e.terms.map(e=>fn(e.coef,e.x));return e.c.isZero||n.push(Ye(e.c)),n}function Vn(e){if("num"===e.k)return[e];if("mul"!==e.k)return[e];const n=e.c.isOne?[]:[Ye(e.c)];for(const t of e.fs)n.push(bn(t.b,t.e));return n}const Wn="_",Un=new WeakMap;function _n(e,n){return[...n,...fe(e.op)?.arity===ae?[String(e.args.length)]:[],e.op].join(" ")}function Hn(e,n){let t=Un.get(e);t||Un.set(e,t=new Map);const r=t.get(n);if(r)return r;const i=function(e,n){const t={key:Wn,slots:[e]};if(e.type!==be||n<=0)return[t];const r=e.args.map(e=>Hn(e,n-1)),i=[t],s=new Array(r.length).fill(0);for(;;){const n=[],t=[];for(let e=0;e<r.length;e++){const i=r[e][s[e]];n.push(i.key);for(const e of i.slots)t.push(e)}if(i.push({key:_n(e,n),slots:t}),i.length>=4096)break;let o=r.length-1;for(;o>=0&&!(++s[o]<r[o].length);o--)s[o]=0;if(o<0)break}return i}(e,n);return t.set(n,i),i}function Jn(e){return e.type!==be?Wn:_n(e,e.args.map(Jn))}function Kn(e,n=[]){if(e.type!==be)n.push(e);else for(const t of e.args)Kn(t,n);return n}const Gn=new Map,Qn=new Map;class Yn extends Error{constructor(e){super(e),this.name="RequirementError"}}function Xn(e,n,t=""){Gn.set(e,{name:e,fn:n,doc:t,arity:Math.max(0,n.length-1)})}function et(e,n,t=""){Qn.set(e,{name:e,fn:n,doc:t})}function nt(e){return Gn.get(e)||null}function tt(e){return Qn.get(e)||null}const rt=e=>e.type===ge;function it(e,n){return e.type===be&&(e.op===n||e.args.some(e=>it(e,n)))}Xn("always",()=>!0,"matches anything"),Xn("never",()=>!1,"matches nothing"),Xn("isLeaf",e=>e.type!==be,"a bare operand, not an operation"),Xn("isCompound",e=>e.type===be,"an operation, not a bare operand"),Xn("isSymbol",e=>e.type===ve,"a non-numeric operand such as x"),Xn("isOperation",(e,n)=>e.type===be&&e.op===n,"is this specific operation"),Xn("notOperation",(e,n)=>!(e.type===be&&e.op===n),"is anything except this 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value"),Xn("lessThan",(e,n)=>rt(e)&&e.value<Number(n),"below a given value"),Xn("isValue",(e,n)=>rt(e)&&e.value===Number(n),"equals a given number"),Xn("isNumeric",Ce,"contains no symbols: a constant (it need not fold to a number: 1 sin)"),Xn("hasSymbol",e=>!Ce(e),"mentions a symbol somewhere, so it is not just a number"),Xn("isVar",(e,n)=>e.type===ve&&e.token===String(n),"is exactly this symbol"),Xn("contains",(e,n)=>je(e).includes(String(n)),"mentions this operand somewhere"),Xn("isFree",(e,n)=>!je(e).includes(String(n)),"never mentions this operand"),Xn("hasOperation",(e,n)=>it(e,String(n)),"uses this operation somewhere inside"),Xn("equals",(e,n)=>e.s===String(n),"is exactly this postfix expression");const st=e=>e.type===be?null:e.token;function ot(e){if("string"==typeof e)return{name:e,args:[]};if(Array.isArray(e)&&e.length>0&&"string"==typeof e[0])return{name:e[0],args:e.slice(1)};throw new Yn(`bad requirement: ${JSON.stringify(e)}`)}et("freeOf",(e,n)=>{const t=st(n);return null!==t&&!je(e).includes(t)},"the first operand never mentions the second"),et("dependsOn",(e,n)=>{const t=st(n);return null!==t&&je(e).includes(t)},"the first operand does mention the second"),et("sameAs",(...e)=>e.every(n=>n.s===e[0].s),"these operands are structurally identical"),et("differs",(...e)=>new Set(e.map(e=>e.s)).size===e.length,"these operands are all different"),et("sameValue",(...e)=>e.every(e=>rt(e))&&e.every(n=>n.value===e[0].value),"these operands are the same number");const at="simplify";class lt extends Error{constructor(e,n){super(n?`rule "${n}": ${e}`:e),this.name="RuleError",this.ruleId=n}}const ut=/^[A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]*$/;function ct(e,n){if(Oe(e))return{literal:e.value};const t=e.token;if(t.startsWith("=")){const e=t.slice(1);if(""===e)throw new lt('"=" needs an operand after it',n);return{token:e}}if(!ut.test(t))throw new lt(`"${t}" is not a usable slot name; use letters, digits and _`,n);if(he(t))throw new lt(`slot name "${t}" collides with an 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Set(r.filter(e=>e.name).map(e=>e.name)),s=function(e,n,t){const r=[],i=e.when||{};if("object"!=typeof i||Array.isArray(i))throw new lt('"when" must map slot names to lists of requirements',t);for(const[e,s]of Object.entries(i)){if(!n.has(e))throw new lt(`"when" mentions "${e}", which is not a slot in the pattern`,t);const i=Array.isArray(s)?s:[s];for(const n of i){const{name:i,args:s}=ot(n),o=nt(i);if(!o)throw new lt(`unknown requirement "${i}"`,t);r.push({slot:e,name:i,args:s,fn:o.fn})}}return r}(e,i,n),o=function(e,n,t){const r=[],i=e.require||[];if(!Array.isArray(i))throw new lt('"require" must be a list of relations',t);for(const e of i){const{name:i,args:s}=ot(e),o=tt(i);if(!o)throw new lt(`unknown relation "${i}"`,t);if(s.length<2)throw new lt(`relation "${i}" needs at least two operands`,t);for(const e of s)if("string"==typeof e&&!n.has(e)&&ut.test(e))throw new lt(`relation "${i}" mentions "${e}", which is not a slot in the pattern`,t);r.push({name:i,args:s,fn:o.fn})}return 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Nr(e,n){if(!n)return[];const t=[];let r=null;for(const i of e){if(!(Or(i,n.show)&&!Or(i,n.hide))){r=r??{from:i.from,ids:[]},r.ids.push(i.id);continue}const e={...i};r&&(e.from=r.from,e.also=r.ids,e.path=null,r=null);!0===n.explain||!1!==n.explain&&Or(i,n.explain)||delete e.explanation,t.push(e)}if(r&&t.length){const n=t[t.length-1];n.to=e[e.length-1].to,n.also=[...n.also??[],...r.ids]}return t}const Ir=Ye(Pe.ONE),Er=(e,n)=>"atom"===e.k&&"sym"===e.node.type&&e.node.token===n;function Tr(e){switch(e.k){case"num":default:return e;case"atom":return"op"===e.node.type?En(e.node.op,e.node.args.map(e=>Tr(jn(e)))):e;case"add":return dn(Pn(e).map(Tr));case"mul":{let n=[Ye(e.c)];for(const t of e.fs){const e=Tr(t.b);if("add"===e.k&&tn(t.e)&&t.e.q.isInteger&&t.e.q.sign>0&&t.e.q.n<=BigInt(60))for(let r=0n;r<t.e.q.n;r++)n=jr(n,Pn(e));else n=jr(n,[bn(e,t.e)])}return dn(n)}}}function jr(e,n){const t=[];for(const r of e)for(const e of n)t.push(gn([r,e]));return Pn(dn(t))}function Cr(e,n){const t=new Map;for(const r of Pn(Tr(e))){const{coef:e,rest:i}=hn(r);let s=0;const o=[Ye(e)];for(const e of i?Vn(i):[]){const{b:t,e:r}="mul"===e.k&&1===e.fs.length&&e.c.isOne?e.fs[0]:{b:e,e:Ir};if(Er(t,n)){if(!tn(r)||!r.q.isInteger||r.q.sign<0)return null;s+=Number(r.q.n)}else{if(Lr(t,n)||Lr(r,n))return null;o.push(e)}}t.set(s,dn([t.get(s)??Ye(Pe.ZERO),gn(o)]))}for(const[e,n]of t)tn(n)&&n.q.isZero&&t.delete(e);return t}const Lr=(e,n)=>Rn(Bn(e)).has(n);function Zr(e){if(!e)return null;const n=Math.max(0,...e.keys());if(n>256)return null;const t=[];for(let r=0;r<=n;r++){const n=e.get(r)??Ye(Pe.ZERO);if(!tn(n))return null;t.push(n.q)}return t}function zr(e,n){const t=jn(ke(n));return dn(e.map((e,n)=>gn([Ye(e),vn(t,Ye(Pe.of(n)))])))}const Br=e=>{const n=e.slice();for(;n.length>1&&n[n.length-1].isZero;)n.pop();return n},Dr=(e,n)=>e.reduceRight((e,t)=>e.mul(n).add(t),Pe.ZERO);function Fr(e,n){const t=e.length-1,r=new Array(t);let i=Pe.ZERO;for(let s=t;s>=1;s--)i=e[s].add(i.mul(n)),r[s-1]=i;return r}function Rr(e){if(0n===(e=(e=>e<0n?-e:e)(e)))return null;if(e>10n**14n)return null;const n=[];let t=e;for(let e=2n;e*e<=t;e+=2n===e?1n:2n){if(t%e)continue;let r=0;for(;t%e===0n;)t/=e,r++;n.push([e,r])}t>1n&&n.push([t,1]);let r=[1n];for(const[e,t]of n){const n=[];for(const i of r)for(let r=0,s=1n;r<=t;r++,s*=e)n.push(i*s);if(r=n,r.length>2e4)return null}return r.sort((e,n)=>e<n?-1:e>n?1:0)}function Pr(e){let n=Br(e);const t=[];for(;n.length>1&&n[0].isZero;)t.push(Pe.ZERO),n=n.slice(1);if(n.length<=1)return{roots:t,rest:n};const r=n.reduce((e,n)=>e*n.d/Re(e,n.d),1n),i=n.map(e=>e.n*r/e.d),s=Rr(i[0]),o=Rr(i[i.length-1]);if(!s||!o)return{roots:t,rest:n};const a=new Map;for(const e of s)for(const n of o)for(const t of[1n,-1n]){const r=new Pe(t*e,n);a.set(r.toString(),r)}const l=[...a.values()].sort((e,n)=>e.compare(n));for(const e of l)for(;n.length>1&&Dr(n,e).isZero;)t.push(e),n=Fr(n,e);return{roots:t.sort((e,n)=>e.compare(n)),rest:n}}function Vr(e){if("num"===e.k)return{coef:e.q,factors:[],notes:[]};if("atom"===e.k)return{coef:Pe.ONE,factors:[{base:e,exp:Ir}],notes:[]};if("mul"===e.k){let n=e.c;const t=[],r=[];for(const i of e.fs)if("add"===i.b.k&&tn(i.e)&&i.e.q.isInteger){const e=Vr(i.b);n=n.mul(e.coef.pow(i.e.q.n));for(const n of e.factors)t.push({base:n.base,exp:gn([n.exp,i.e])});r.push(...e.notes)}else t.push({base:i.b,exp:i.e});return Wr(n,t,r)}return function(e){const n=Pn(e),t=[],r=n.map(e=>{const{coef:n,rest:t}=hn(e);return{coef:n,fs:t?Vn(t).map(_r):[]}}),i=r.reduce((e,n)=>({n:Re(e.n,n.coef.n),d:e.d*n.coef.d/Re(e.d,n.coef.d)}),{n:0n,d:1n});let s=new Pe(i.n||1n,i.d);Ur(e)<0&&(s=s.neg());const o=[];for(const e of r[0].fs){if(!tn(e.e)||e.e.q.sign<=0)continue;let n=e.e.q;const t=on(e.b);let i=!0;for(const e of r.slice(1)){const r=e.fs.find(e=>on(e.b)===t&&tn(e.e)&&e.e.q.sign>0);if(!r){i=!1;break}r.e.q.compare(n)<0&&(n=r.e.q)}i&&o.push({base:e.b,exp:Ye(n)})}let a=e;if(!s.isOne||o.length){const e=gn([Ye(s),...o.map(e=>bn(e.base,e.exp))]);a=dn(n.map(n=>gn([n,vn(e,Ye(Pe.MINUS_ONE))]))),t.push({id:"factor.common",values:{common:e}})}const l="add"===a.k?function(e,n){const t=[...Hr(e)];for(const r of t){const i=Zr(Cr(e,r));if(!i||i.length<3)continue;if(1!==t.length)break;const{roots:s,rest:o}=Pr(i);if(!s.length)break;const a=[];let l=o[o.length-1]??Pe.ONE;const u=o.map(e=>e.div(l)),c=[...s].sort((e,n)=>e.abs().compare(n.abs())||n.sign-e.sign);for(const e of c){const t=zr([new Pe(-e.n),new Pe(e.d)],r);a.push({base:t,exp:Ir}),l=l.div(new Pe(e.d)),n.push({id:"factor.root",values:{root:Ye(e),factor:t}})}if(u.length>1){const e=u.reduce((e,n)=>e*n.d/Re(e,n.d),1n),n=u.map(n=>n.mul(new Pe(e))),t=n.reduce((e,n)=>Re(e,n.n),0n)||1n;l=l.mul(new Pe(t,e)),a.push({base:zr(n.map(e=>e.div(new Pe(t))),r),exp:Ir})}return Wr(l,a,[])}const r=Pn(e);if(2===r.length){const[e,t]=r;for(const r of[2,3]){const i=Jr(e,r),s=Jr(On(t),r),o=3===r?Jr(t,r):null;if(i&&s&&2===r){n.push({id:"factor.squares",values:{a:i,b:s}});const e=Vr(dn([i,On(s)])),t=Vr(dn([i,s]));return Wr(e.coef.mul(t.coef),[...e.factors,...t.factors],[...e.notes,...t.notes])}if(3===r&&i&&(s||o)){const e=s??o,t=s?-1:1;n.push({id:t<0?"factor.cubes-difference":"factor.cubes-sum",values:{a:i,b:e}});const r=dn(t<0?[i,On(e)]:[i,e]),a=dn([vn(i,Ye(Pe.of(2))),t<0?gn([i,e]):On(gn([i,e])),vn(e,Ye(Pe.of(2)))]),l=Vr(r);return Wr(l.coef,[...l.factors,{base:a,exp:Ir}],l.notes)}}}return{coef:Pe.ONE,factors:[{base:e,exp:Ir}],notes:[]}}(a,t):Vr(a);return Wr(s.mul(l.coef),[...o,...l.factors],[...t,...l.notes.filter(e=>!t.includes(e))])}(e)}function Wr(e,n,t){const r=new Map;for(const e of n){const n=on(e.base),t=r.get(n);t?t.exp=dn([t.exp,e.exp]):r.set(n,{...e})}return{coef:e,factors:[...r.values()].filter(e=>!(tn(e.exp)&&e.exp.q.isZero)),notes:t}}const Ur=e=>hn(Pn(e)[0]).coef.sign;const _r=e=>"mul"===e.k&&e.c.isOne&&1===e.fs.length?{b:e.fs[0].b,e:e.fs[0].e}:{b:e,e:Ir},Hr=e=>Rn(Bn(e));function Jr(e,n){const{coef:t,rest:r}=hn(e);if(t.sign<0)return null;const i=function(e,n){const t=e=>{if(e<0n)return null;let t=0n,r=1n;for(;r**BigInt(n)<=e;)r*=2n;for(;t<r-1n;){const i=(t+r)/2n;i**BigInt(n)<=e?t=i:r=i}return t**BigInt(n)===e?t:null},r=t(e.n),i=t(e.d);return null!==r&&null!==i?new Pe(r,i):null}(t,n);if(!i)return null;const s=[Ye(i)];for(const e of r?Vn(r).map(_r):[]){if(!tn(e.e))return null;const t=e.e.q.div(Pe.of(n));if(!t.isInteger)return null;s.push(bn(e.b,Ye(t)))}return gn(s)}function Kr({coef:e,factors:n}){const t=[],r=[];for(const e of n){const n=tn(e.exp)&&e.exp.q.sign<0,i=n?Ye(e.exp.q.neg()):e.exp,s=Bn(bn(e.base,i));(n?r:t).push(s)}const i=e=>e.reduce((e,n)=>e?Me("*",[e,n]):n,null),s=e.n<0n?-e.n:e.n;let o=t.length?i(1n===s?t:[Bn(Ye(new Pe(s))),...t]):Bn(Ye(new Pe(s)));return e.n<0n&&(o=Me("neg",[o])),1n!==e.d&&r.unshift(Bn(Ye(new Pe(e.d)))),r.length?Me("/",[o,i(r)]):o}function Gr(e){if("mul"!==e.k)return{num:e,den:Ir};const n=[Ye(new Pe(e.c.n))],t=[Ye(new Pe(e.c.d))];for(const r of e.fs)tn(r.e)&&r.e.q.sign<0?t.push(bn(r.b,Ye(r.e.q.neg()))):n.push(bn(r.b,r.e));return{num:gn(n),den:gn(t)}}function Qr(e){if("add"!==e.k)return Gr(e);const n=Pn(e).map(Gr),t=new Map;let r=1n;for(const e of n){const{coef:n,rest:i}=hn(e.den);r=r*n.n/Re(r,n.n);for(const e of i?Vn(i).map(_r):[]){const n=on(e.b),r=t.get(n);(!r||tn(e.e)&&tn(r.e)&&e.e.q.compare(r.e.q)>0)&&t.set(n,e)}}const i=gn([Ye(new Pe(r)),...[...t.values()].map(e=>bn(e.b,e.e))]);if(tn(i)&&i.q.isOne)return{num:e,den:Ir};return{num:Tr(dn(n.map(e=>gn([e.num,i,vn(e.den,Ye(Pe.MINUS_ONE))])))),den:i}}function Yr(e){const{num:n,den:t}=Qr(e);if(tn(t)&&t.q.isOne)return null;const r=Vr(n),i=Vr(t),s=new Set(r.factors.map(e=>on(e.base))),o=i.factors.filter(e=>s.has(on(e.base))),a=[...r.factors,...i.factors.map(e=>({base:e.base,exp:On(e.exp)}))];return{...Wr(r.coef.div(i.coef),a,[...r.notes,...i.notes]),cancelled:o.map(e=>e.base)}}const Xr=(e,n)=>Me("=",[e,n]),ei=Cn(Me("+",[ke("x"),Me("neg",[ke("x")])])),ni=e=>Ae(e)&&"="===e.op;function ti(e,n,t,r={}){const i=[],s=(n,t,r,s,o,a={})=>i.push(e.step(n,t,r,s,o,a));s.raw=e=>i.push(e);const o=ni(n)?n:Xr(n,ei),a=Xr(Cn(o.args[0]),Cn(o.args[1]));a.s!==o.s&&s("normal","Work out each side",["tidy","arithmetic"],o,a);const l=[],u=[],c=new Set;l.numeric=c,li(e,a,t,r,s,l,u,0);const p=[],f=new Set;for(const n of l.map(n=>c.has(n)?n:(n=>Sr(n,e.set.view("simplify"),{format:e.format}).node)(n))){const e=n.s;if(f.has(e))continue;f.add(e);const r=c.has(n)?null:si(o,t,n);r?s("solve.reject","Check the answer",["check"],Xr(ke(t),n),Xr(ke(t),n),{value:n,reason:r}):p.push(n)}return p.sort(ri),{solutions:p,unsolved:u,steps:i,always:u.some(e=>e.always)}}function ri(e,n){const t=ii(e),r=ii(n);return null===t||null===r?e.s<n.s?-1:1:(Math.abs(t.im)>0)-(Math.abs(r.im)>0)||t.re-r.re||t.im-r.im}function ii(e){if(Rn(e).size)return null;try{const{re:n,im:t}=ur(e,{digits:20});return{re:n,im:t}}catch{return null}}function si(e,n,t){const[r,i]=e.args,s=new Set([...Rn(r),...Rn(i),...Rn(t)]);if(s.delete(n),s.size)return null;const o=e=>oi(e,n,t);try{const e=ur(o(r),{digits:40}),n=ur(o(i),{digits:40}),t=Math.max(1,Math.hypot(e.re,e.im),Math.hypot(n.re,n.im));return Math.hypot(e.re-n.re,e.im-n.im)>1e-12*t?"it does not make the two sides equal":null}catch(e){return`the original equation has no value there (${e.message})`}}function oi(e,n,t){return"sym"===e.type?e.token===n?t:e:Ae(e)?Me(e.op,e.args.map(e=>oi(e,n,t))):e}const ai=24;function li(e,n,t,r,i,s,o,a){if(a>ai)return mi(e,n,t,r,i,s,o);const l=function(e){const n=[],t=e=>{if(Ae(e)&&"|"===e.op)return void e.args.forEach(t);if(!ni(e))return void n.push(e);const r=e.args[1],i=Le(r,"pre").find(({node:e})=>Ae(e)&&"pm"===e.op);if(!i)return void n.push(e);const s=i.node.args[0],o=Cn(Ze(r,i.path,s)),a=Cn(Ze(r,i.path,Me("neg",[s])));t(Xr(e.args[0],o)),a.s!==o.s&&t(Xr(e.args[0],a))};return t(e),n}(n);if(l.length>1){i("solve.split","Two cases",["split"],n,l.reduce((e,n)=>e?Me("|",[e,n]):n,null));for(const n of l)li(e,n,t,r,i,s,o,a+1);return}if(1===l.length&&l[0].s!==n.s)return li(e,l[0],t,r,i,s,o,a+1);const[u,c]=n.args;if("sym"===u.type&&u.token===t&&!Lr(jn(c),t))return void s.push(c);const p=dn([jn(u),On(jn(c))]);if(!Lr(p,t))return tn(p)&&p.q.isZero?(i("solve.always","Always true",["check"],n,n,{v:t}),void o.push(Object.assign(Object.create(n),{always:!0}))):void i("solve.never","No solution",["check"],n,n,{v:t});const f=Pn(p).filter(e=>Lr(e,t)),h=Pn(p).filter(e=>!Lr(e,t)),d=dn(f),m=On(dn(h));if(Je.complex){const l=Cr(p,t);if(l&&[...l.values()].every(e=>!Lr(e,t))&&Math.max(...l.keys())>=2){const u=Xr(Bn(p),ei);return u.s!==n.s&&i("solve.one-side","Everything on one side",["move"],n,u,{v:t}),hi(e,p,l,t,r,i,s,o,a,u)}}if(1===f.length)return ui(e,n,d,m,t,r,i,s,o,a);const g=Xr(Bn(p),ei),v=Cr(p,t);if(v&&[...v.values()].every(e=>!Lr(e,t))&&Math.max(...v.keys())>=2)return g.s!==n.s&&i("solve.one-side","Everything on one side",["move"],n,g,{v:t}),hi(e,p,v,t,r,i,s,o,a,g);const b=Vr(p),y=b.factors.filter(e=>Lr(e.base,t)&&!(tn(e.exp)&&e.exp.q.sign<0));if(y.length>=2||1===y.length&&b.factors.length>1){const l=Xr(Kr(b),ei);g.s!==n.s&&i("solve.one-side","Everything on one side",["move"],n,g,{v:t}),l.s!==g.s&&i("solve.factor","Factor",["factor"],g,l,{});const u=y.map(e=>Xr(Bn(e.base),ei));u.length>1&&i("solve.zero-product","A product is zero when a factor is",["split"],l,u.reduce((e,n)=>e?Me("|",[e,n]):n,null),{});for(const n of u)li(e,n,t,r,i,s,o,a+1);return}const w=Qr(p);if(Lr(w.den,t)){const l=Xr(Bn(w.num),ei);return i("solve.clear-denominator","Clear the denominator",["move"],n,l,{den:Bn(w.den)}),li(e,l,t,r,i,s,o,a+1)}const x=f.filter(e=>!fi(e,t));if(1===x.length&&/\b(sqrt|root|abs)\b/.test(Bn(x[0]).s))return ui(e,n,x[0],On(dn(Pn(p).filter(e=>e!==x[0]))),t,r,i,s,o,a);const k=function(e,n){const t=Bn(e),r=new Map;for(const{node:e}of Le(t,"pre"))if(Ae(e)&&Rn(e).has(n))if("^"!==e.op||Rn(e.args[0]).has(n))["sin","cos","tan","ln","sqrt","abs"].includes(e.op)&&e.args[0].s===n&&r.set(e.s,e);else{const t=jn(e.args[1]),{coef:i,rest:s}=hn(t);if(s&&i.isInteger&&Bn(s).s===n){const t=Bn(vn(jn(e.args[0]),jn(ke(n))));r.set(t.s,t)}}const i="u"===n?"w":"u";for(const e of r.values()){const r=di(t,e,n,i);if(!r||Rn(r).has(n))continue;const s=jn(r),o=Cr(s,i);if(o&&Math.max(...o.keys())>=1)return{kernel:jn(e),poly:s,symbol:i}}return null}(p,t);if(k){const n=k.symbol;i("solve.substitute","Substitute",["substitute"],g,Xr(Bn(k.poly),ei),{u:ke(n),kernel:Bn(k.kernel)});const l=[];li(e,Xr(Bn(k.poly),ei),n,r,i,l,o,a+1);for(const n of l)li(e,Xr(Bn(k.kernel),n),t,r,i,s,o,a+1);return}return mi(e,g,t,r,i,s,o)}function ui(e,n,t,r,i,s,o,a,l,u){let c=Xr(Bn(t),Bn(r));c.s!==n.s&&o("solve.move","Move the terms",["move"],n,c,{v:i});const{coef:p,rest:f}=hn(t),h=f?Vn(f):[],d=gn([Ye(p),...h.filter(e=>!Lr(e,i))]);if(!tn(d)||!d.q.isOne){const e=gn(h.filter(e=>Lr(e,i))),n=Xr(Bn(e),Bn(An(r,d))),t=tn(d)&&!d.q.isInteger&&(1n===d.q.n||-1n===d.q.n);o(t?"solve.multiply":"solve.divide",t?"Multiply both sides":"Divide both sides",["move"],c,n,{by:Bn(t?Ye(d.q.inv()):d),v:i}),c=n}if("sym"===c.args[0].type&&c.args[0].token===i)return void a.push(c.args[1]);const m=jn(c.args[1]);if(tn(m)&&m.q.isZero){const n=jn(c.args[0]),t=Vn(n).filter(e=>Lr(e,i)&&!ci(e));if(t.length>1||t.length<Vn(n).filter(e=>Lr(e,i)).length){const n=t.map(e=>Xr(Bn(pi(e)),ei));o("solve.zero-product","A product is zero when a factor is",["split"],c,n.reduce((e,n)=>e?Me("|",[e,n]):n,null),{});for(const t of n)li(e,t,i,s,o,a,l,u+1);return}}const g=Sr(c,e.set.view("isolate"),{format:e.format,maxSteps:1,variable:i});return g.steps.length?(function(e,n){for(const t of n)e.raw(t)}(o,g.steps),li(e,g.node,i,s,o,a,l,u+1)):mi(e,c,i,s,o,a,l)}const ci=e=>"mul"===e.k&&e.c.isOne&&1===e.fs.length&&tn(e.fs[0].e)&&e.fs[0].e.q.sign<0,pi=e=>"mul"===e.k&&e.c.isOne&&1===e.fs.length&&tn(e.fs[0].e)&&e.fs[0].e.q.sign>0?e.fs[0].b:e,fi=(e,n)=>{const t=Cr(e,n);return Boolean(t)&&[...t.values()].every(e=>!Lr(e,n))};function hi(e,n,t,r,i,s,o,a,l,u){const c=Math.max(...t.keys()),p=Zr(t);if(Je.complex&&c>=3&&c<=64&&p&&p.every((e,n)=>0===n||n===c||e.isZero)&&!p[0].isZero){const n=p[0].neg().div(p[c]),t=vn(Ye(n.abs()),Ye(new Pe(1n,BigInt(c)))),i=[];for(let r=0;r<c;r++){const s=gn([Ye(new Pe(BigInt((n.sign<0?1:0)+2*r),BigInt(c))),jn(ke("pi"))]),o=Me("*",[Bn(t),Me("+",[Me("cos",[Bn(s)]),Me("*",[ke("i"),Me("sin",[Bn(s)])])])]);i.push(Sr(o,e.set.view("simplify"),{format:e.format}).node)}return s("solve.roots","All n roots",["complex"],u,i.map(e=>Xr(ke(r),e)).reduce((e,n)=>e?Me("|",[e,n]):n),{v:r,n:String(c),last:String(c-1),r:Bn(Ye(n))}),void o.push(...i)}if(p){const{roots:t}=Pr(p);if(t.length){const t=Vr(n),c=Xr(Kr(t),ei);if(t.factors.length>1||t.factors.some(e=>!(tn(e.exp)&&e.exp.q.isOne))){s("solve.factor","Factor",["factor"],u,c,{});const n=t.factors.filter(e=>Lr(e.base,r)).map(e=>Xr(Bn(e.base),ei));n.length>1&&s("solve.zero-product","A product is zero when a factor is",["split"],c,n.reduce((e,n)=>e?Me("|",[e,n]):n,null),{});for(const t of n)li(e,t,r,i,s,o,a,l+1);return}}}if(2===c){const e=t.get(2),n=t.get(1)??Ye(Pe.ZERO),i=t.get(0)??Ye(Pe.ZERO),a=dn([vn(n,Ye(Pe.of(2))),gn([Ye(Pe.of(-4)),e,i])]);if(tn(a)&&a.q.sign<0&&!Je.complex)return void s("solve.no-real","No real solutions",["quadratic"],u,u,{D:Bn(a)});const l=gn([Ye(Pe.of(2)),e]),c=vn(a,Ye(Pe.HALF)),p=Bn(An(dn([On(n),c]),l)),f=Bn(An(dn([On(n),On(c)]),l)),h=p.s===f.s?Xr(ke(r),p):Me("|",[Xr(ke(r),p),Xr(ke(r),f)]);return 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e=0;if(o=o.map(([n,r],i)=>{let[a,l]=s(n,r);for(let e=0;e<t;e++){if(e===i)continue;const t=n-o[e][0],s=r-o[e][1],u=t*t+s*s;[a,l]=[(a*t+l*s)/u,(l*t-a*s)/u]}return e=Math.max(e,Math.hypot(a,l)),[n-a,r-l]}),e<1e-15)break}const a=e=>Math.abs(e)<1e-12?0:Number(e.toPrecision(n));return o.map(([e,n])=>[a(e),a(n)]).sort((e,n)=>(0!==e[1])-(0!==n[1])||e[0]-n[0]||e[1]-n[1]).map(([e,n])=>{const t=gi(e);if(0===n)return t;const r=Me("*",[gi(Math.abs(n)),ke("i")]);return 0===e?n<0?Me("neg",[r]):r:Me(n<0?"-":"+",[t,r])})}(a.map(e=>e.toNumber()),Math.min(e,14)):function(e,n,t){const r=jn(Me("-",[e.args[0],e.args[1]])),i=Bn(r),s=e=>{try{return ur(oi(i,n,vi(e)),{digits:30}).number}catch{return NaN}},o=[],a=[];for(let e=-400;e<=400;e++)a.push(Math.sign(e)*(Math.abs(e)/20)**2);for(let e=0;e+1<a.length;e++){let n=a[e],r=a[e+1],i=s(n);const l=s(r);if(Number.isNaN(i)||Number.isNaN(l))continue;if(0===i){o.push(vi(n));continue}if(i*l>0)continue;for(let e=0;e<200&&r-n>1e-16*Math.abs(n);e++){const e=(n+r)/2,t=s(e);if(Number.isNaN(t))break;i*t<=0?r=e:(n=e,i=t)}const u=(n+r)/2;Math.abs(s(u))<1e-6&&o.push(vi(Number(u.toPrecision(Math.min(t,15)))))}return o}(n,t,e);for(const e of l)s.numeric?.add(e);return i("solve.numeric","Numeric solutions",["numeric"],n,l.length?l.map(e=>Xr(ke(t),e)).reduce((e,n)=>e?Me("|",[e,n]):n):n,{v:t,count:String(l.length)}),void s.push(...l)}i("solve.unsolved","No exact method",["unsolved"],n,n,{v:t}),o.push(n)}const gi=e=>qe(String(e).includes("e")?e.toFixed(20):String(e)),vi=e=>qe(Number.isInteger(e)?String(e):e.toFixed(17));const bi=(e,n)=>Me("int",[e,"string"==typeof n?ke(n):n]);function yi(e,n,t,r=0){if(r>6)throw new ze("integration went too deep");const i=[],s=e.set.view("integrate"),o=Sr(n,e.set.view("simplify"),{format:e.format});i.push(...o.steps);let a=Cn(bi(o.node,t));for(let n=0;n<40;n++){const n=Sr(a,s,{format:e.format});i.push(...n.steps),a=n.node;const t=Le(a,"pre").find(({node:e})=>{return Ae(n=e)&&"int"===n.op&&2===n.args.length;var n});if(!t)return{node:a,steps:i};const o=wi(e,t.node,r);if(!o)throw new ze(`no rule for ∫ ${e.format(t.node.args[0])} d${t.node.args[1].token}`);i.push(...o.steps),a=Cn(Ze(a,t.path,o.node))}throw new ze("integration did not finish")}function wi(e,n,t){const[r,i]=n.args,s=i.token,o=jn(r),a=function(e,n){const{num:t,den:r}=Qr(e),i=Vr(t),s=Vr(r),o=i.coef.div(s.coef);if(o.isOne||!Lr(e,n))return null;const a=gn([...i.factors.map(e=>bn(e.base,e.exp)),...s.factors.map(e=>bn(e.base,On(e.exp)))]);return{c:o,rest:a}}(o,s);if(a){const t=Me("*",[Bn(Ye(a.c)),bi(Bn(a.rest),i)]);return{node:t,steps:[e.step("integrate.constant","Take the number out",["split"],n,t,{c:Bn(Ye(a.c))})]}}const l=Tr(o);if(Bn(l).s!==r.s&&"add"===l.k){const t=bi(Bn(l),i);return{node:t,steps:[e.step("integrate.expand","Multiply out",["expand"],n,t,{})]}}const u=function(e,n){const t=new Map;for(const{node:r}of Le(e,"pre")){if(!Ae(r))continue;const e="^"===r.op?r.args:"/"===r.op?[r.args[1]]:"der"===r.op||"int"===r.op?[]:1===r.args.length||"root"===r.op?[r.args[r.args.length-1]]:[];for(const r of e){if("sym"===r.type||!Rn(r).has(n))continue;const e=Cr(jn(r),n);if(!e||1!==Math.max(...e.keys()))continue;const i=e.get(1);Lr(i,n)||tn(i)&&i.q.isZero||t.set(r.s,{node:r,a:i})}}for(const r of t.values()){if(!Rn(xi(e,r.node,ke("§"))).has(n))return r}return null}(r,s);if(u){const i="u"===s?"t":"u",o=xi(r,u.node,ke(i));if(!Rn(o).has(s)){const r=yi(e,Cn(o),i,t+1),a=Cn(oi(r.node,i,u.node)),l=Bn(An(jn(a),u.a));return{node:l,steps:[e.step("integrate.substitute","Substitute",["substitute"],n,Cn(bi(o,i)),{u:ke(i),inside:u.node,a:Bn(u.a),v:s}),...r.steps,e.step("integrate.back","Substitute back",["substitute"],r.node,l,{u:ke(i),inside:u.node})]}}}const c=function(e,n,t,r){const{num:i,den:s}=Qr(t);if(!Lr(s,r))return null;const o=Zr(Cr(i,r)),a=Zr(Cr(s,r));if(!o||!a||a.length<2)return null;const l=jn(ke(r)),u=e=>zr(e,r);if(o.length>=a.length){const{q:t,r:i}=function(e,n){const t=Br(n);let r=Br(e);const i=t[t.length-1];if(i.isZero)throw new ze("division by the zero polynomial");const s=new Array(Math.max(1,r.length-t.length+1)).fill(Pe.ZERO);for(;r.length>=t.length&&(1!==r.length||!r[0].isZero);){const e=r.length-t.length,n=r[r.length-1].div(i);if(s[e]=n,r=Br(r.map((r,i)=>i>=e&&i-e<t.length?r.sub(n.mul(t[i-e])):r)),r.length-1<e+t.length-1&&r[r.length-1].isZero)break;if(r.length<t.length)break}return{q:Br(s),r:r}}(o,a),s=bi(Bn(dn([u(t),An(u(i),u(a))])),ke(r));return{node:s,steps:[e.step("integrate.divide","Divide the polynomials",["divide"],n,s,{})]}}const{roots:c,rest:p}=Pr(a),f=new Set(c.map(String)).size===c.length;if(!c.length||!f||1!==p.length)return null;const h=(e=>e.length<=1?[Pe.ZERO]:e.slice(1).map((e,n)=>e.mul(Pe.of(n+1))))(a),d=c.map(e=>An(Ye(Dr(o,e).div(Dr(h,e))),dn([l,Ye(e.neg())]))),m=bi(Bn(dn(d)),ke(r));return{node:m,steps:[e.step("integrate.partial-fractions","Partial fractions",["partial-fractions"],n,m,{})]}}(e,n,o,s);return c||function(e,n,t,r,i){if(i>=6)return null;const s=Vn(t),o=s.filter(e=>ki(e,r)||!Lr(e,r)),a=s.filter(e=>!o.includes(e));if(1!==a.length)return null;const l=gn(o),u=a[0];if(!Lr(l,r))return null;const c=Bn(u),p=Ae(c)?c.op:"";let f,h,d;"ln"===p||"arctan"===p||"arcsin"===p?(f=u,h=l):(f=l,h=u);try{d=yi(e,Bn(h),r,i+1)}catch{return null}const m=jn(e.differentiate(Bn(f),r)),g=gn([f,jn(d.node)]),v=bi(Bn(gn([m,jn(d.node)])),ke(r)),b=Cn(Me("-",[Bn(g),v]));return{node:b,steps:[e.step("integrate.parts","Integration by parts",["parts"],n,b,{u:Bn(f),dv:Bn(h),V:d.node,du:Bn(m),v:r})]}}(e,n,o,s,t)}function xi(e,n,t){return e.s===n.s?t:Ae(e)?Me(e.op,e.args.map(e=>xi(e,n,t))):e}const ki=(e,n)=>{const t=Cr(e,n);return Boolean(t)&&[...t.values()].every(e=>!Lr(e,n))&&Math.max(...t.keys())>=1};function qi(e,n,t,r,i,s){for(const e of[r,i])if(Rn(e).has("∞")||/∞|infinity/.test(e.s))throw new ze("integrals to infinity need limits, which this CAS does not do yet");if(s&&!Rn(r).size&&!Rn(i).size){const o=ur(r,{digits:20}).number,a=ur(i,{digits:20}).number,l=[...Rn(s)].filter(e=>e!==t);if(!l.length){const[r,i]=o<=a?[o,a]:[a,o];for(const o of function(e,n){const t=[],r={tan:"cos",sec:"cos",csc:"sin",cot:"sin"};return Le(e,"pre").forEach(({node:e})=>{if(!Ae(e))return;let i=null;"/"===e.op?i=e.args[1]:"^"===e.op&&"num"===e.args[1].type&&e.args[1].value<0||"^"===e.op&&Ae(e.args[1])&&"neg"===e.args[1].op?i=e.args[0]:r[e.op]&&(i=Me(r[e.op],[e.args[0]])),i&&Rn(i).has(n)&&!t.some(e=>e.s===i.s)&&t.push(i)}),t}(s,t)){let s=[];try{s=e.solve(Me("=",[o,qe("0")]),t,{steps:!1}).solutions}catch{continue}for(const o of s){const s=ur(o,{digits:20});if(!Number.isFinite(s.number)||s.im||s.number<r||s.number>i)continue;if(s.number>r&&s.number<i)throw new ze(`the integrand has no value at ${t} = ${e.format(o)}, between the limits, so F(b) - F(a) would be wrong`);let a=NaN;try{a=ur(Cn(oi(n,t,o)),{digits:15}).number}catch{}if(!Number.isFinite(a))throw new ze(`the integral diverges at ${t} = ${e.format(o)}: F has no value at that limit`)}}}for(let e=0;!l.length&&e<=64;e++){const n=o+(a-o)*(e+.5)/65;try{const e=ur(oi(s,t,qe(n.toFixed(15))),{digits:15}).number;if(!Number.isFinite(e))throw new ze("not finite")}catch(e){throw new ze(`the integrand has no value at ${t} = ${n.toPrecision(6)}, between the limits, so F(b) - F(a) would be wrong`)}}}const o=e=>Cn(oi(n,t,e)),a=Cn(Me("-",[o(i),o(r)])),l=Me("-",[o(i),o(r)]);return{value:a,step:e.step("integrate.evaluate","Between the limits",["evaluate"],n,l,{a:r,b:i,F:n,v:t})}}const $i={"=":1,"≠":1,"<":1,">":1,"≤":1,"≥":1,"+":2,"-":2,"±":2,"*":3,"/":3,neg:4,pm:4,"^":5},Si={pi:"π","≤":"≤","≥":"≥"};function Mi(e){return Ei(e).text}function Oi(e,n,t=!1){return e.prec<n||t&&e.prec===n?`(${e.text})`:e.text}const Ai=e=>"op"===e.type?e.op:null,Ni=e=>e.text.startsWith("-"),Ii={"()":["(",")"],"[]":["[","]"],"{}":["{","}"],"(]":["(","]"],"[)":["[",")"]};function Ei(e){if("num"===e.type)return{text:e.token,prec:e.token.startsWith("-")?4:9};if("sym"===e.type)return{text:Si[e.token]??e.token,prec:9};const n=e.args.map(Ei),t=$i[e.op];switch(e.op){case"+":case"-":case"±":{const r="+"===e.op&&["+","-"].includes(Ai(e.args[1])),i=Ni(n[1])?`(${n[1].text})`:r?n[1].text:Oi(n[1],t,!0);return{text:`${Oi(n[0],t)} ${"±"===e.op?"±":e.op} ${i}`,prec:t}}case"*":{const r=Oi(n[0],t),i=Ni(n[1])?`(${n[1].text})`:"*"===Ai(e.args[1])?n[1].text:Oi(n[1],t,!0);return{text:"num"===e.args[0].type&&"num"!==e.args[1].type&&!/^[\d(-]/.test(i)||"sym"===e.args[1].type&&"i"===e.args[1].token&&!/[\dA-Za-z]$/.test(r)?`${r}${i}`:`${r}·${i}`,prec:t}}case"/":return{text:`${Oi(n[0],t)}/${Oi(n[1],t,!0)}`,prec:t};case"^":return{text:`${Oi(n[0],t+1)}^${Oi(n[1],t)}`,prec:t};case"neg":return{text:`-${Oi(n[0],3)}`,prec:4};case"pm":return{text:`±${Oi(n[0],4)}`,prec:4};case"!":return{text:`${Oi(n[0],9)}!`,prec:6};case"abs":return{text:`|${n[0].text}|`,prec:9};case"root":return{text:`root(${n[0].text}, ${n[1].text})`,prec:9};case"der":return{text:`d/d${n[1].text} (${n[0].text})`,prec:6};case"int":return{text:4===n.length?`∫ from ${n[2].text} to ${n[3].text} of ${n[0].text} d${n[1].text}`:`∫ ${n[0].text} d${n[1].text}`,prec:1};case"|":return{text:`${n[0].text} or ${n[1].text}`,prec:0};case"_":return{text:`${Oi(n[0],9)}_${n[1].prec>=9&&!/\s/.test(n[1].text)?n[1].text:`(${n[1].text})`}`,prec:9};case"()":case"[]":case"{}":case"(]":case"[)":return{text:`${Ii[e.op][0]}${n.map(e=>e.text).join(", ")}${Ii[e.op][1]}`,prec:9};case"&":return{text:`${n[0].text} and ${n[1].text}`,prec:0};default:return void 0!==t?{text:`${Oi(n[0],t)} ${e.op} ${Oi(n[1],t,!0)}`,prec:t}:{text:`${e.op.replace(/^\\:?/,"")}(${n.map(e=>e.text).join(", ")})`,prec:9}}}const Ti=['name: Differentiation\n\n# `u v der` means d(u)/dv (MathZetta\'s postfix: mathzetta/docs/postfix.md). Every rule here rewrites one derivative into smaller\n# derivatives, so differentiating always terminates: the expressions sitting\n# under a `D` get strictly smaller at every step.\n#\n# The variable is a slot, not a fixed letter, so these rules work for d/dx,\n# d/dt or anything else. That is what freeOf and dependsOn are for: they ask\n# whether one operand mentions whatever the variable slot bound to.\n#\n# Where two rules share a structure key, requirements keep them apart and\n# priority picks the one that reads better. The constant-multiple rule outranks\n# the product rule for exactly that reason.\n\nrules:\n  # ---- the two base cases ----------------------------------------------\n  - id: d-constant\n    name: Derivative of a constant\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: c v der\n    require:\n      - [freeOf, c, v]\n    output: "0"\n    priority: 10\n    explain: "{c} does not change when {v} changes, so its rate of change is 0."\n    tags: [base]\n\n  - id: d-variable\n    name: Derivative of the variable\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u v der\n    require:\n      - [sameAs, u, v]\n    output: "1"\n    priority: 10\n    explain: "{v} changes exactly as fast as itself, so the rate is 1."\n    tags: [base]\n\n  # ---- splitting a derivative into smaller ones ------------------------\n  - id: d-sum\n    name: Sum rule\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u w + v der\n    output: u v der w v der +\n    explain: "Differentiate {u} and {w} separately, then add the two results."\n    tags: [split]\n\n  - id: d-difference\n    name: Difference rule\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u w - v der\n    output: u v der w v der -\n    explain: "Differentiate {u} and {w} separately, then subtract the second from the first."\n    tags: [split]\n\n  - id: d-negate\n    name: Derivative of a negative\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u neg v der\n    output: u v der neg\n    explain: "The minus sign just carries through to the derivative of {u}."\n    tags: [split]\n\n  - id: d-constant-multiple\n    name: Constant multiple rule\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: c u * v der\n    commutative: true\n    require:\n      - [freeOf, c, v]\n      - [dependsOn, u, v]\n    output: c u v der *\n    priority: 5\n    explain: "{c} is only a scale factor, so it comes along unchanged while {u} is differentiated."\n    tags: [split]\n\n  - id: d-constant-divisor\n    name: Dividing by a constant\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u c / v der\n    require:\n      - [freeOf, c, v]\n    output: u v der c /\n    priority: 5\n    explain: "Dividing by {c} is only a scale factor, so differentiate {u} and keep the division."\n    tags: [split]\n\n  - id: d-product\n    name: Product rule\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u w * v der\n    require:\n      - [dependsOn, u, v]\n      - [dependsOn, w, v]\n    output: u v der w * u w v der * +\n    explain: "Differentiate {u} and keep {w}, then keep {u} and differentiate {w}, and add the two."\n    tags: [split]\n\n  - id: d-quotient\n    name: Quotient rule\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u w / v der\n    output: u v der w * u w v der * - w 2 ^ /\n    explain: "Bottom times the derivative of the top, minus top times the derivative of the bottom, all over {w} squared."\n    tags: [split]\n\n  # ---- powers -----------------------------------------------------------\n  - id: d-power-of-variable\n    name: Power rule\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u n ^ v der\n    require:\n      - [sameAs, u, v]\n      - [freeOf, n, v]\n    output: n u n 1 - ^ *\n    fold: true\n    priority: 6\n    explain: "Bring the {n} down in front and drop the power by one."\n    tags: [power]\n\n  - id: d-power-chain\n    name: Power rule with the chain rule\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u n ^ v der\n    require:\n      - [freeOf, n, v]\n      - [dependsOn, u, v]\n    output: n u n 1 - ^ * u v der *\n    fold: true\n    explain: "Bring the {n} down and drop the power by one, then multiply by the derivative of {u}."\n    tags: [power, chain]\n\n  - id: d-exponential-base\n    name: Derivative of a constant to a power\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: a u ^ v der\n    require:\n      - [freeOf, a, v]\n      - [dependsOn, u, v]\n    output: a u ^ a ln * u v der *\n    explain: "A constant base gives itself back, multiplied by the natural log of {a} and the derivative of {u}."\n    tags: [power, chain]\n\n  # ---- the standard functions, each with its chain-rule factor ---------\n  # e^u is `=e u ^`: the base is the literal symbol e. Outranks the general\n  # a^u rule (which would give e^u · ln e · u\').\n  - id: d-exp\n    name: Derivative of e to a power\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: =e u ^ v der\n    require:\n      - [dependsOn, u, v]\n    output: =e u ^ u v der *\n    priority: 7\n    explain: "e to a power is its own derivative, times the derivative of {u}."\n    tags: [chain]\n\n  - id: d-ln\n    name: Derivative of a natural log\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u ln v der\n    output: u v der u /\n    explain: "The derivative of {u} over {u} itself."\n    tags: [chain]\n\n  - id: d-sqrt\n    name: Derivative of a square root\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u sqrt v der\n    output: u v der 2 u sqrt * /\n    explain: "The derivative of {u}, over twice the square root of {u}."\n    tags: [chain]\n\n  - id: d-sin\n    name: Derivative of sine\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u sin v der\n    output: u cos u v der *\n    explain: "Sine differentiates to cosine, times the derivative of {u}."\n    tags: [chain, trig]\n\n  - id: d-cos\n    name: Derivative of cosine\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u cos v der\n    output: u sin u v der * neg\n    explain: "Cosine differentiates to minus sine, times the derivative of {u}."\n    tags: [chain, trig]\n\n  - id: d-tan\n    name: Derivative of tangent\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u tan v der\n    output: u v der u cos 2 ^ /\n    explain: "The derivative of {u}, over cosine squared of {u}."\n    tags: [chain, trig]\n\n  # ---- the rest of the standard functions -----------------------------\n  - id: d-csc\n    name: Derivative of cosecant\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u csc v der\n    output: u csc u cot * u v der * neg\n    explain: "Cosecant differentiates to minus cosecant times cotangent, times the derivative of {u}."\n    tags: [chain, trig]\n\n  - id: d-sec\n    name: Derivative of secant\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u sec v der\n    output: u sec u tan * u v der *\n    explain: "Secant differentiates to secant times tangent, times the derivative of {u}."\n    tags: [chain, trig]\n\n  - id: d-cot\n    name: Derivative of cotangent\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u cot v der\n    output: u v der u sin 2 ^ / neg\n    explain: "Minus the derivative of {u}, over sine squared of {u}."\n    tags: [chain, trig]\n\n  - id: d-arcsin\n    name: Derivative of arcsine\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u arcsin v der\n    output: u v der 1 u 2 ^ - sqrt /\n    explain: "The derivative of {u}, over the square root of 1 minus {u} squared."\n    tags: [chain, trig]\n\n  - id: d-arccos\n    name: Derivative of arccosine\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u arccos v der\n    output: u v der 1 u 2 ^ - sqrt / neg\n    explain: "Minus the derivative of {u}, over the square root of 1 minus {u} squared."\n    tags: [chain, trig]\n\n  - id: d-arctan\n    name: Derivative of arctangent\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u arctan v der\n    output: u v der 1 u 2 ^ + /\n    explain: "The derivative of {u}, over 1 plus {u} squared."\n    tags: [chain, trig]\n\n  - id: d-sinh\n    name: Derivative of hyperbolic sine\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u sinh v der\n    output: u cosh u v der *\n    explain: "Hyperbolic sine differentiates to hyperbolic cosine, times the derivative of {u}."\n    tags: [chain, hyperbolic]\n\n  - id: d-cosh\n    name: Derivative of hyperbolic cosine\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u cosh v der\n    output: u sinh u v der *\n    explain: "Hyperbolic cosine differentiates to hyperbolic sine — no minus sign, unlike cosine — times the derivative of {u}."\n    tags: [chain, hyperbolic]\n\n  - id: d-tanh\n    name: Derivative of hyperbolic tangent\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u tanh v der\n    output: u v der u cosh 2 ^ /\n    explain: "The derivative of {u}, over hyperbolic cosine squared of {u}."\n    tags: [chain, hyperbolic]\n\n  - id: d-arcsinh\n    name: Derivative of inverse hyperbolic sine\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u arcsinh v der\n    output: u v der u 2 ^ 1 + sqrt /\n    explain: "The derivative of {u}, over the square root of {u} squared plus 1."\n    tags: [chain, hyperbolic]\n\n  - id: d-arccosh\n    name: Derivative of inverse hyperbolic cosine\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u arccosh v der\n    output: u v der u 2 ^ 1 - sqrt /\n    explain: "The derivative of {u}, over the square root of {u} squared minus 1."\n    tags: [chain, hyperbolic]\n\n  - id: d-arctanh\n    name: Derivative of inverse hyperbolic tangent\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u arctanh v der\n    output: u v der 1 u 2 ^ - /\n    explain: "The derivative of {u}, over 1 minus {u} squared."\n    tags: [chain, hyperbolic]\n\n  # log base a: `a u log` in MathZetta\'s postfix\n  - id: d-log\n    name: Derivative of a logarithm\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: a u log v der\n    require:\n      - [freeOf, a, v]\n    output: u v der u a ln * /\n    explain: "The derivative of {u}, over {u} times the natural log of {a}."\n    tags: [chain]\n\n  - id: d-abs\n    name: Derivative of an absolute value\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u abs v der\n    output: u u abs / u v der *\n    explain: "The absolute value keeps the sign of {u}: {u} over its absolute value, times the derivative of {u}."\n    tags: [chain]\n\n  # n-th root: `n u root`\n  - id: d-root\n    name: Derivative of a root\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: n u root v der\n    require:\n      - [freeOf, n, v]\n    output: u v der n n u root n 1 - ^ * /\n    fold: true\n    explain: "The derivative of {u}, over {n} times the {n}th root of {u} to the power {n} minus 1."\n    tags: [chain]\n','name: More derivatives\n\n# Derivative rules the CAS adds to rules/calculus.yaml (which calcvidnew also uses).\n\nrules:\n  - id: d-general-power\n    name: A power with the variable in both places\n    mode: differentiate\n    pattern: u w ^ v der\n    require:\n      - [dependsOn, u, v]\n      - [dependsOn, w, v]\n    output: u w ^ w v der u ln * w u v der * u / + *\n    explain: "Write {u}^{w} as e^({w} ln {u}) and use the chain rule: the derivative is {u}^{w} times the derivative of {w} ln {u}."\n    tags: [chain]\n','name: Integrals\n\n# mode: integrate. `f v 2 int` is ∫ f dv (MathZetta\'s postfix; the 2 counts f and v).\n# Each rule turns one integral into smaller ones, or into an answer. The CAS also\n# tries, when no rule fits: multiplying out, a linear substitution (∫ f(ax + b) dx\n# from the rule for ∫ f(u) du), and integration by parts for polynomial × e^, sin,\n# cos, ln, arctan. Definite integrals are the antiderivative between the limits.\n#\n# Patterns see the normal form: 1/x is "1 x /", x^-2 is "1 x 2 ^ /", √x is "x sqrt",\n# 1/√(1 - x²) is "1 x 2 ^ neg 1 + sqrt /".\n\nrules:\n  # ---- splitting -----------------------------------------------------------\n  - id: i-sum\n    name: Sum rule\n    mode: integrate\n    pattern: u w + v 2 int\n    output: u v 2 int w v 2 int +\n    explain: "Integrate {u} and {w} separately, and add."\n    tags: [split]\n\n  - id: i-difference\n    name: Difference rule\n    mode: integrate\n    pattern: u w - v 2 int\n    output: u v 2 int w v 2 int -\n    explain: "Integrate {u} and {w} separately, and subtract."\n    tags: [split]\n\n  - id: i-negate\n    name: A minus sign\n    mode: integrate\n    pattern: u neg v 2 int\n    output: u v 2 int neg\n    explain: "The minus sign comes out of the integral."\n    tags: [split]\n\n  - id: i-constant-multiple\n    name: Constant multiple\n    mode: integrate\n    pattern: c u * v 2 int\n    commutative: true\n    require:\n      - [freeOf, c, v]\n      - [dependsOn, u, v]\n    output: c u v 2 int *\n    priority: 5\n    explain: "{c} doesn\'t change with {v}, so it comes out of the integral."\n    tags: [split]\n\n  - id: i-constant-divisor\n    name: Dividing by a constant\n    mode: integrate\n    pattern: u c / v 2 int\n    require:\n      - [freeOf, c, v]\n      - [dependsOn, u, v]\n    output: u v 2 int c /\n    priority: 5\n    explain: "Dividing by {c} comes out of the integral."\n    tags: [split]\n\n  - id: i-constant-over\n    name: A constant over something\n    mode: integrate\n    pattern: c u / v 2 int\n    require:\n      - [freeOf, c, v]\n      - [dependsOn, u, v]\n    when:\n      c: [notOne]\n    output: c 1 u / v 2 int *\n    priority: 4\n    explain: "{c} comes out of the integral, leaving ∫ 1/{u}."\n    tags: [split]\n\n  # ---- the table -----------------------------------------------------------\n  - id: i-constant\n    name: Integral of a constant\n    mode: integrate\n    pattern: c v 2 int\n    require:\n      - [freeOf, c, v]\n    output: c v *\n    priority: 10\n    explain: "A constant {c} integrates to {c}·{v}."\n    tags: [base]\n\n  - id: i-variable\n    name: Integral of the variable\n    mode: integrate\n    pattern: u v 2 int\n    require:\n      - [sameAs, u, v]\n    output: v 2 ^ 2 /\n    priority: 10\n    explain: "∫ {v} d{v} = {v}²/2."\n    tags: [base]\n\n  - id: i-power\n    name: Power rule\n    mode: integrate\n    pattern: u n ^ v 2 int\n    require:\n      - [sameAs, u, v]\n      - [freeOf, n, v]\n    when:\n      n: [notMinusOne]\n    output: v n 1 + ^ n 1 + /\n    explain: "Add 1 to the power and divide by the new power: {result}."\n    tags: [power]\n\n  - id: i-reciprocal\n    name: Integral of 1/x\n    mode: integrate\n    pattern: 1 u / v 2 int\n    require:\n      - [sameAs, u, v]\n    output: v abs ln\n    explain: "∫ 1/{v} d{v} = ln|{v}| (the power rule can\'t divide by 0 here)."\n    tags: [log]\n\n  - id: i-reciprocal-power\n    name: Power rule (a power below)\n    mode: integrate\n    pattern: 1 u n ^ / v 2 int\n    require:\n      - [sameAs, u, v]\n      - [freeOf, n, v]\n    when:\n      n: [notOne]\n    output: v 1 n - ^ 1 n - /\n    explain: "1/{v}^{n} is {v}^(-{n}): add 1 to the power and divide by it."\n    tags: [power]\n\n  - id: i-sqrt\n    name: Integral of a square root\n    mode: integrate\n    pattern: u sqrt v 2 int\n    require:\n      - [sameAs, u, v]\n    output: 2 v 3 2 / ^ * 3 /\n    explain: "√{v} is {v}^(1/2): add 1 to the power and divide by 3/2."\n    tags: [power]\n\n  - id: i-reciprocal-sqrt\n    name: Integral of 1/√x\n    mode: integrate\n    pattern: 1 u sqrt / v 2 int\n    require:\n      - [sameAs, u, v]\n    output: 2 v sqrt *\n    explain: "1/√{v} is {v}^(-1/2): add 1 to the power and divide by 1/2."\n    tags: [power]\n\n  - id: i-root\n    name: Integral of a root\n    mode: integrate\n    pattern: n u root v 2 int\n    require:\n      - [sameAs, u, v]\n      - [freeOf, n, v]\n    output: v 1 n / 1 + ^ 1 n / 1 + /\n    explain: "The {n}th root of {v} is {v}^(1/{n}): add 1 to the power and divide by it."\n    tags: [power]\n\n  - id: i-exp\n    name: Integral of e^x\n    mode: integrate\n    pattern: =e u ^ v 2 int\n    require:\n      - [sameAs, u, v]\n    output: =e v ^\n    explain: "e^{v} is its own integral."\n    tags: [exp]\n\n  - id: i-exponential\n    name: Integral of a^x\n    mode: integrate\n    pattern: a u ^ v 2 int\n    require:\n      - [sameAs, u, v]\n      - [freeOf, a, v]\n    output: a v ^ a ln /\n    explain: "∫ {a}^{v} d{v} = {a}^{v} / ln {a}."\n    tags: [exp]\n\n  - id: i-ln\n    name: Integral of ln x\n    mode: integrate\n    pattern: u ln v 2 int\n    require:\n      - [sameAs, u, v]\n    output: v v ln * v -\n    explain: "By parts: ∫ ln {v} d{v} = {v} ln {v} - {v}."\n    tags: [log]\n\n  - { id: i-sin, name: Integral of sin, mode: integrate, pattern: u sin v 2 int, require: [[sameAs, u, v]], output: v cos neg, tags: [trig], explain: "The derivative of -cos {v} is sin {v}." }\n  - { id: i-cos, name: Integral of cos, mode: integrate, pattern: u cos v 2 int, require: [[sameAs, u, v]], output: v sin, tags: [trig], explain: "The derivative of sin {v} is cos {v}." }\n  - { id: i-tan, name: Integral of tan, mode: integrate, pattern: u tan v 2 int, require: [[sameAs, u, v]], output: v cos abs ln neg, tags: [trig], explain: "tan = sin/cos, and -ln|cos {v}| differentiates to it." }\n  - { id: i-sec-squared, name: Integral of sec², mode: integrate, pattern: 1 u cos 2 ^ / v 2 int, require: [[sameAs, u, v]], output: v tan, tags: [trig], explain: "The derivative of tan {v} is 1/cos²{v}." }\n  - { id: i-sec-squared-written, name: Integral of sec², mode: integrate, pattern: u sec 2 ^ v 2 int, require: [[sameAs, u, v]], output: v tan, tags: [trig], explain: "The derivative of tan {v} is sec²{v}." }\n  - { id: i-csc-squared, name: Integral of csc², mode: integrate, pattern: 1 u sin 2 ^ / v 2 int, require: [[sameAs, u, v]], output: v cot neg, tags: [trig], explain: "The derivative of -cot {v} is 1/sin²{v}." }\n  - { id: i-sin-squared, name: Integral of sin², mode: integrate, pattern: u sin 2 ^ v 2 int, require: [[sameAs, u, v]], output: v 2 / 2 v * sin 4 / -, tags: [trig], explain: "sin²{v} = (1 - cos 2{v})/2, which integrates term by term." }\n  - { id: i-cos-squared, name: Integral of cos², mode: integrate, pattern: u cos 2 ^ v 2 int, require: [[sameAs, u, v]], output: v 2 / 2 v * sin 4 / +, tags: [trig], explain: "cos²{v} = (1 + cos 2{v})/2, which integrates term by term." }\n  - { id: i-sinh, name: Integral of sinh, mode: integrate, pattern: u sinh v 2 int, require: [[sameAs, u, v]], output: v cosh, tags: [trig], explain: "The derivative of cosh {v} is sinh {v}." }\n  - { id: i-cosh, name: Integral of cosh, mode: integrate, pattern: u cosh v 2 int, require: [[sameAs, u, v]], output: v sinh, tags: [trig], explain: "The derivative of sinh {v} is cosh {v}." }\n  - { id: i-arctan, name: Integral of 1/(1 + x²), mode: integrate, pattern: 1 u 2 ^ 1 + / v 2 int, require: [[sameAs, u, v]], output: v arctan, tags: [trig], explain: "The derivative of arctan {v} is 1/(1 + {v}²)." }\n  - { id: i-arcsin, name: Integral of 1/√(1 - x²), mode: integrate, pattern: 1 u 2 ^ neg 1 + sqrt / v 2 int, require: [[sameAs, u, v]], output: v arcsin, tags: [trig], explain: "The derivative of arcsin {v} is 1/√(1 - {v}²)." }\n','name: Values and identities\n\n# The CAS\'s simplify rules (mode: simplify). They see expressions in normal form\n# (src/cas/form.js), as drawn: x/2, 2x - 3, -x, √x is "x sqrt",\n# ∛x is "3 x root", π/6 is "=pi 6 /", 2π/3 is "2 =pi * 3 /", e^x is "=e x ^".\n#\n#   - a word is a slot (u, v, n …); a fixed symbol is written =pi, =e\n#   - a number is itself; "1 2 /" is ½\n#   - arithmetic (2 + 3, x + x, √8 = 2√2) is done for you before and after every rule\n#   - a rule for a sum or product of two parts also fires on any two parts of a longer one\n#   - tags pick what a step list shows (steps: \'brief\' hides value, identity, tidy …)\n#\n# To change one: copy it into a file of your own with the same id and edit it;\n# to turn one off: give its id with enabled: false. createCAS({ rules: [yours] }).\n\nrules:\n  # ---- logs and exponentials -------------------------------------------\n  - id: ln-one\n    name: Log of 1\n    pattern: 1 ln\n    output: "0"\n    explain: "e^0 = 1, so ln 1 = 0."\n    tags: [value]\n\n  - id: ln-e\n    name: Log of e\n    pattern: =e ln\n    output: "1"\n    explain: "e^1 = e, so ln e = 1."\n    tags: [value]\n\n  - id: ln-exp\n    name: Log undoes e to a power\n    pattern: =e u ^ ln\n    output: u\n    explain: "ln and e^ undo each other: ln(e^{u}) = {u}."\n    tags: [inverse]\n\n  - id: exp-ln\n    name: e to a power undoes the log\n    pattern: =e u ln ^\n    output: u\n    explain: "e^ and ln undo each other: e^(ln {u}) = {u} (for {u} > 0)."\n    tags: [inverse]\n\n  - id: exp-multiple-ln\n    name: A multiple of a log in a power\n    pattern: =e n u ln * ^\n    when:\n      n: [isRational]\n    output: u n ^\n    explain: "e^({n} ln {u}) = (e^(ln {u}))^{n} = {result}."\n    tags: [inverse]\n\n  - id: log-same-base\n    name: Log of its own base\n    pattern: b b log\n    output: "1"\n    explain: "{b}^1 = {b}, so the log of {b} to base {b} is 1."\n    tags: [value]\n\n  - id: log-of-power\n    name: Log undoes a power of its base\n    pattern: b b u ^ log\n    output: u\n    explain: "log base {b} and {b}^ undo each other."\n    tags: [inverse]\n\n  - id: power-of-log\n    name: A power undoes the log to its base\n    pattern: b b u log ^\n    output: u\n    explain: "{b}^(log base {b} of {u}) = {u}."\n    tags: [inverse]\n\n  # ---- roots and absolute value --------------------------------------------\n  - id: sqrt-of-square\n    name: Square root of a square\n    pattern: u 2 ^ sqrt\n    output: u abs\n    explain: "√({u}²) is the size of {u}, whatever its sign: |{u}|."\n    tags: [identity]\n\n  - id: abs-squared\n    name: Absolute value squared\n    pattern: u abs 2 ^\n    output: u 2 ^\n    explain: "Squaring removes the sign anyway: |{u}|² = {u}²."\n    tags: [identity]\n\n  - id: abs-of-abs\n    name: Absolute value twice\n    pattern: u abs abs\n    output: u abs\n    explain: "|{u}| is never negative, so its absolute value is itself."\n    tags: [identity]\n\n  - id: abs-positive\n    name: Absolute value of a positive number\n    pattern: u abs\n    when:\n      u: [isPositiveConstant]\n    output: u\n    explain: "{u} is positive, so |{u}| = {u}."\n    tags: [value]\n\n  - id: abs-negative\n    name: Absolute value of a negative number\n    pattern: u abs\n    when:\n      u: [isNegativeConstant]\n    output: u neg\n    explain: "{u} is negative, so |{u}| = -({u})."\n    tags: [value]\n\n  - id: abs-of-exp\n    name: e to a power is positive\n    pattern: =e u ^ abs\n    output: =e u ^\n    explain: "e to any power is positive, so the absolute value changes nothing."\n    tags: [identity]\n\n  # ---- trigonometry: signs and turns ---------------------------------------\n  - id: sin-odd\n    name: Sine of a negative angle\n    pattern: u sin\n    when:\n      u: [hasMinusSign]\n    output: u neg sin neg\n    explain: "sin(-θ) = -sin θ."\n    tags: [symmetry]\n\n  - id: cos-even\n    name: Cosine of a negative angle\n    pattern: u cos\n    when:\n      u: [hasMinusSign]\n    output: u neg cos\n    explain: "cos(-θ) = cos θ."\n    tags: [symmetry]\n\n  - id: tan-odd\n    name: Tangent of a negative angle\n    pattern: u tan\n    when:\n      u: [hasMinusSign]\n    output: u neg tan neg\n    explain: "tan(-θ) = -tan θ."\n    tags: [symmetry]\n\n  - id: sin-full-turn\n    name: A full turn\n    pattern: u sin\n    when:\n      u: [[piMultipleAtLeast, 2]]\n    output: u 2 =pi * - sin\n    explain: "Turning a full 2π brings you back: sin({u}) = sin({u} - 2π)."\n    tags: [symmetry]\n\n  - id: cos-full-turn\n    name: A full turn\n    pattern: u cos\n    when:\n      u: [[piMultipleAtLeast, 2]]\n    output: u 2 =pi * - cos\n    explain: "Turning a full 2π brings you back: cos({u}) = cos({u} - 2π)."\n    tags: [symmetry]\n\n  - id: tan-half-turn\n    name: Tangent repeats every π\n    pattern: u tan\n    when:\n      u: [[piMultipleAtLeast, 1]]\n    output: u =pi - tan\n    explain: "tan repeats every π: tan({u}) = tan({u} - π)."\n    tags: [symmetry]\n\n  - id: sin-half-turn\n    name: A half turn\n    pattern: u sin\n    when:\n      u: [[piMultipleAbove, 1], [piMultipleBelow, 2]]\n    output: u =pi - sin neg\n    explain: "Half a turn flips the sign: sin({u}) = -sin({u} - π)."\n    tags: [symmetry]\n\n  - id: cos-half-turn\n    name: A half turn\n    pattern: u cos\n    when:\n      u: [[piMultipleAbove, 1], [piMultipleBelow, 2]]\n    output: u =pi - cos neg\n    explain: "Half a turn flips the sign: cos({u}) = -cos({u} - π)."\n    tags: [symmetry]\n\n  - id: sin-second-quarter\n    name: The second quarter turn\n    pattern: u sin\n    when:\n      u: [[piMultipleAbove, 1/2], [piMultipleAtMost, 1]]\n    output: =pi u - sin\n    explain: "sin({u}) = sin(π - {u})."\n    tags: [symmetry]\n\n  - id: cos-second-quarter\n    name: The second quarter turn\n    pattern: u cos\n    when:\n      u: [[piMultipleAbove, 1/2], [piMultipleAtMost, 1]]\n    output: =pi u - cos neg\n    explain: "cos({u}) = -cos(π - {u})."\n    tags: [symmetry]\n\n  - id: tan-second-quarter\n    name: The second quarter turn\n    pattern: u tan\n    when:\n      u: [[piMultipleAbove, 1/2], [piMultipleBelow, 1]]\n    output: =pi u - tan neg\n    explain: "tan({u}) = -tan(π - {u})."\n    tags: [symmetry]\n\n  # ---- trigonometry: the standard angles -------------------------------------\n  - { id: sin-0, name: Sine of 0, pattern: 0 sin, output: "0", tags: [value], explain: "sin 0 = 0." }\n  - { id: sin-pi-6, name: Sine of π/6, pattern: =pi 6 / sin, output: 1 2 /, tags: [value], explain: "sin(π/6) = 1/2." }\n  - { id: sin-pi-4, name: Sine of π/4, pattern: =pi 4 / sin, output: 2 sqrt 2 /, tags: [value], explain: "sin(π/4) = √2/2." }\n  - { id: sin-pi-3, name: Sine of π/3, pattern: =pi 3 / sin, output: 3 sqrt 2 /, tags: [value], explain: "sin(π/3) = √3/2." }\n  - { id: sin-pi-2, name: Sine of π/2, pattern: =pi 2 / sin, output: "1", tags: [value], explain: "sin(π/2) = 1." }\n  - { id: sin-pi, name: Sine of π, pattern: =pi sin, output: "0", tags: [value], explain: "sin π = 0." }\n  - { id: cos-0, name: Cosine of 0, pattern: 0 cos, output: "1", tags: [value], explain: "cos 0 = 1." }\n  - { id: cos-pi-6, name: Cosine of π/6, pattern: =pi 6 / cos, output: 3 sqrt 2 /, tags: [value], explain: "cos(π/6) = √3/2." }\n  - { id: cos-pi-4, name: Cosine of π/4, pattern: =pi 4 / cos, output: 2 sqrt 2 /, tags: [value], explain: "cos(π/4) = √2/2." }\n  - { id: cos-pi-3, name: Cosine of π/3, pattern: =pi 3 / cos, output: 1 2 /, tags: [value], explain: "cos(π/3) = 1/2." }\n  - { id: cos-pi-2, name: Cosine of π/2, pattern: =pi 2 / cos, output: "0", tags: [value], explain: "cos(π/2) = 0." }\n  - { id: cos-pi, name: Cosine of π, pattern: =pi cos, output: "-1", tags: [value], explain: "cos π = -1." }\n  - { id: tan-0, name: Tangent of 0, pattern: 0 tan, output: "0", tags: [value], explain: "tan 0 = 0." }\n  - { id: tan-pi-6, name: Tangent of π/6, pattern: =pi 6 / tan, output: 3 sqrt 3 /, tags: [value], explain: "tan(π/6) = √3/3." }\n  - { id: tan-pi-4, name: Tangent of π/4, pattern: =pi 4 / tan, output: "1", tags: [value], explain: "tan(π/4) = 1." }\n  - { id: tan-pi-3, name: Tangent of π/3, pattern: =pi 3 / tan, output: 3 sqrt, tags: [value], explain: "tan(π/3) = √3." }\n  - { id: arcsin-0, name: Arcsine of 0, pattern: 0 arcsin, output: "0", tags: [value], explain: "sin 0 = 0, so arcsin 0 = 0." }\n  - { id: arcsin-half, name: Arcsine of 1/2, pattern: 1 2 / arcsin, output: =pi 6 /, tags: [value], explain: "sin(π/6) = 1/2, so arcsin(1/2) = π/6." }\n  - { id: arcsin-1, name: Arcsine of 1, pattern: 1 arcsin, output: =pi 2 /, tags: [value], explain: "sin(π/2) = 1, so arcsin 1 = π/2." }\n  - { id: arccos-0, name: Arccosine of 0, pattern: 0 arccos, output: =pi 2 /, tags: [value], explain: "cos(π/2) = 0, so arccos 0 = π/2." }\n  - { id: arccos-half, name: Arccosine of 1/2, pattern: 1 2 / arccos, output: =pi 3 /, tags: [value], explain: "cos(π/3) = 1/2, so arccos(1/2) = π/3." }\n  - { id: arccos-1, name: Arccosine of 1, pattern: 1 arccos, output: "0", tags: [value], explain: "cos 0 = 1, so arccos 1 = 0." }\n  - { id: arccos-minus-1, name: Arccosine of -1, pattern: -1 arccos, output: =pi, tags: [value], explain: "cos π = -1, so arccos(-1) = π." }\n  - { id: arctan-0, name: Arctangent of 0, pattern: 0 arctan, output: "0", tags: [value], explain: "tan 0 = 0, so arctan 0 = 0." }\n  - { id: arctan-1, name: Arctangent of 1, pattern: 1 arctan, output: =pi 4 /, tags: [value], explain: "tan(π/4) = 1, so arctan 1 = π/4." }\n  - { id: sinh-0, name: sinh of 0, pattern: 0 sinh, output: "0", tags: [value], explain: "sinh 0 = 0." }\n  - { id: cosh-0, name: cosh of 0, pattern: 0 cosh, output: "1", tags: [value], explain: "cosh 0 = 1." }\n  - { id: tanh-0, name: tanh of 0, pattern: 0 tanh, output: "0", tags: [value], explain: "tanh 0 = 0." }\n\n  - { id: arctan-sqrt3, name: Arctangent of √3, pattern: 3 sqrt arctan, output: =pi 3 /, tags: [value], explain: "tan(π/3) = √3, so arctan √3 = π/3." }\n  - { id: arctan-sqrt3-over-3, name: Arctangent of √3/3, pattern: 3 sqrt 3 / arctan, output: =pi 6 /, tags: [value], explain: "tan(π/6) = √3/3, so arctan(√3/3) = π/6." }\n\n  # atan2(y, x): the angle of the point (x, y), in (-π, π]\n  - id: atan2-right\n    name: The angle of a point to the right\n    pattern: y x atan2\n    when:\n      x: [isPositiveConstant]\n    output: y x / arctan\n    explain: "For x > 0, atan2(y, x) = arctan(y/x)."\n    tags: [value]\n  - id: atan2-left-up\n    name: The angle of a point to the left\n    pattern: y x atan2\n    when:\n      x: [isNegativeConstant]\n      y: [isPositiveConstant]\n    output: y x / arctan =pi +\n    explain: "For x < 0 and y > 0, atan2(y, x) = arctan(y/x) + π."\n    tags: [value]\n  - id: atan2-left-down\n    name: The angle of a point to the left\n    pattern: y x atan2\n    when:\n      x: [isNegativeConstant]\n      y: [isNegativeConstant]\n    output: y x / arctan =pi -\n    explain: "For x < 0 and y < 0, atan2(y, x) = arctan(y/x) - π."\n    tags: [value]\n  - { id: atan2-negative-axis, name: The angle of a point on the negative axis, pattern: 0 x atan2, when: { x: [isNegativeConstant] }, output: =pi, tags: [value], explain: "A point on the negative x-axis is at angle π." }\n  - { id: atan2-up, name: Straight up, pattern: y 0 atan2, when: { y: [isPositiveConstant] }, output: =pi 2 /, tags: [value], explain: "A point straight up is at angle π/2." }\n  - { id: atan2-down, name: Straight down, pattern: y 0 atan2, when: { y: [isNegativeConstant] }, output: =pi 2 / neg, tags: [value], explain: "A point straight down is at angle -π/2." }\n\n  # the odd inverses take the sign out; arccos(-u) = π - arccos u\n  - id: arcsin-odd\n    name: Arcsine of a negative\n    pattern: u arcsin\n    when:\n      u: [hasMinusSign]\n    output: u neg arcsin neg\n    explain: "arcsin(-x) = -arcsin x."\n    tags: [symmetry]\n\n  - id: arctan-odd\n    name: Arctangent of a negative\n    pattern: u arctan\n    when:\n      u: [hasMinusSign]\n    output: u neg arctan neg\n    explain: "arctan(-x) = -arctan x."\n    tags: [symmetry]\n\n  - id: arccos-negative\n    name: Arccosine of a negative\n    pattern: u arccos\n    when:\n      u: [hasMinusSign]\n    output: =pi u neg arccos -\n    explain: "arccos(-x) = π - arccos x."\n    tags: [symmetry]\n\n  # ---- trigonometry: identities --------------------------------------------\n  - id: pythagorean\n    name: sin² + cos² = 1\n    pattern: u sin 2 ^ u cos 2 ^ +\n    commutative: true\n    output: "1"\n    explain: "sin²{u} + cos²{u} = 1 for every angle."\n    tags: [identity]\n\n  - id: pythagorean-multiple\n    name: sin² + cos² = 1\n    pattern: a u sin 2 ^ * a u cos 2 ^ * +\n    commutative: true\n    output: a\n    explain: "{a}·sin²{u} + {a}·cos²{u} = {a}(sin²{u} + cos²{u}) = {a}."\n    tags: [identity]\n\n  - id: one-minus-sin-squared\n    name: 1 - sin² = cos²\n    pattern: u sin 2 ^ neg 1 +\n    output: u cos 2 ^\n    explain: "1 - sin²{u} = cos²{u}."\n    tags: [identity]\n\n  - id: one-minus-cos-squared\n    name: 1 - cos² = sin²\n    pattern: u cos 2 ^ neg 1 +\n    output: u sin 2 ^\n    explain: "1 - cos²{u} = sin²{u}."\n    tags: [identity]\n\n  - id: sin-over-cos\n    name: sin/cos is tan\n    pattern: u sin u cos /\n    output: u tan\n    explain: "sin {u} / cos {u} = tan {u}."\n    tags: [identity]\n\n  - id: cos-over-sin\n    name: cos/sin is cot\n    pattern: u cos u sin /\n    output: u cot\n    explain: "cos {u} / sin {u} = cot {u}."\n    tags: [identity]\n\n  - id: sin-arcsin\n    name: sin undoes arcsin\n    pattern: u arcsin sin\n    output: u\n    explain: "sin(arcsin {u}) = {u}."\n    tags: [inverse]\n\n  - id: cos-arccos\n    name: cos undoes arccos\n    pattern: u arccos cos\n    output: u\n    explain: "cos(arccos {u}) = {u}."\n    tags: [inverse]\n\n  - id: tan-arctan\n    name: tan undoes arctan\n    pattern: u arctan tan\n    output: u\n    explain: "tan(arctan {u}) = {u}."\n    tags: [inverse]\n\n  - id: cosh-squared-minus-sinh-squared\n    name: cosh² - sinh² = 1\n    pattern: u cosh 2 ^ u sinh 2 ^ -\n    output: "1"\n    explain: "cosh²{u} - sinh²{u} = 1."\n    tags: [identity]\n\n  # ---- logs: opt-in rewrites (run with cas.rewrite(x, \'expand-log\') or \'combine-log\') ----\n  - id: ln-product\n    name: Log of a product\n    mode: expand-log\n    pattern: a b * ln\n    output: a ln b ln +\n    explain: "ln({a}·{b}) = ln {a} + ln {b} (for positive {a}, {b})."\n    tags: [log]\n\n  - id: ln-quotient\n    name: Log of a quotient\n    mode: expand-log\n    pattern: a b / ln\n    output: a ln b ln -\n    explain: "ln({a}/{b}) = ln {a} - ln {b} (for positive {a}, {b})."\n    tags: [log]\n\n  - id: ln-power\n    name: Log of a power\n    mode: expand-log\n    pattern: a n ^ ln\n    output: n a ln *\n    explain: "ln({a}^{n}) = {n}·ln {a} (for positive {a})."\n    tags: [log]\n\n  - id: ln-root\n    name: Log of a square root\n    mode: expand-log\n    pattern: a sqrt ln\n    output: a ln 2 /\n    explain: "ln √{a} = ½ ln {a}."\n    tags: [log]\n\n  - id: ln-sum-combine\n    name: Sum of logs\n    mode: combine-log\n    pattern: a ln b ln +\n    commutative: true\n    output: a b * ln\n    explain: "ln {a} + ln {b} = ln({a}·{b})."\n    tags: [log]\n\n  - id: ln-difference-combine\n    name: Difference of logs\n    mode: combine-log\n    pattern: a ln b ln -\n    output: a b / ln\n    explain: "ln {a} - ln {b} = ln({a}/{b})."\n    tags: [log]\n\n  - id: ln-multiple-combine\n    name: A multiple of a log\n    mode: combine-log\n    pattern: n a ln *\n    when:\n      n: [isRational]\n    output: a n ^ ln\n    explain: "{n}·ln {a} = ln({a}^{n})."\n    tags: [log]\n','name: Solving by undoing\n\n# mode: isolate. Each rule undoes the outermost function on the side with the\n# unknown: ln u = r → u = e^r. The predicates hasVariable and freeOfVariable mean\n# "mentions / doesn\'t mention the unknown being solved for".\n#\n# The CAS does the rest itself: it moves terms without the unknown to the other\n# side, divides by a coefficient, and when the unknown appears in several places\n# it uses the polynomial methods (factoring, the quadratic formula) or splits a\n# product equal to 0. Every answer is checked in the original equation, so a\n# rule may give extra candidates (squaring both sides does): the wrong ones are\n# dropped, with a step saying so.\n#\n# An output can give several answers: `pm` (±) splits into two, and so does\n# `|` (or): "u r arcsin = u =pi r arcsin - = |".\n\nrules:\n  - id: iso-swap\n    name: Unknown on the left\n    mode: isolate\n    pattern: l r =\n    when:\n      l: [freeOfVariable]\n      r: [hasVariable]\n    output: r l =\n    priority: 20\n    explain: "Swap the sides so the unknown is on the left."\n    tags: [tidy]\n\n  - id: iso-ln\n    name: Undo the log\n    mode: isolate\n    pattern: u ln r =\n    when:\n      u: [hasVariable]\n    output: u =e r ^ =\n    explain: "Raise e to each side: e^(ln {u}) = {u}."\n    tags: [inverse]\n\n  - id: iso-log\n    name: Undo the log\n    mode: isolate\n    pattern: b u log r =\n    when:\n      u: [hasVariable]\n      b: [freeOfVariable]\n    output: u b r ^ =\n    explain: "Raise {b} to each side: {b}^(log base {b} of {u}) = {u}."\n    tags: [inverse]\n\n  - id: iso-exp\n    name: Undo e to a power\n    mode: isolate\n    pattern: =e u ^ r =\n    when:\n      u: [hasVariable]\n    output: u r ln =\n    explain: "Take ln of each side: ln(e^{u}) = {u}."\n    tags: [inverse]\n\n  - id: iso-exponential\n    name: Undo a power of a number\n    mode: isolate\n    pattern: b u ^ r =\n    when:\n      u: [hasVariable]\n      b: [freeOfVariable]\n    output: u b r log =\n    explain: "Take the log to base {b} of each side."\n    tags: [inverse]\n\n  - id: iso-square\n    name: Undo the square\n    mode: isolate\n    pattern: u 2 ^ r =\n    when:\n      u: [hasVariable]\n    output: u r sqrt pm =\n    priority: 1\n    explain: "Take the square root of each side; {u} can be positive or negative."\n    tags: [inverse]\n\n  - id: iso-even-power\n    name: Undo an even power\n    mode: isolate\n    pattern: u n ^ r =\n    when:\n      u: [hasVariable]\n      n: [isEvenWhole]\n    output: u r 1 n / ^ pm =\n    explain: "Take the root of each side (the {n}th root); {u} can be positive or negative."\n    tags: [inverse]\n\n  - id: iso-odd-power\n    name: Undo an odd power\n    mode: isolate\n    pattern: u n ^ r =\n    when:\n      u: [hasVariable]\n      n: [isOddWhole]\n    output: u r 1 n / ^ =\n    explain: "Take the root of each side (the {n}th root)."\n    tags: [inverse]\n\n  - id: iso-fractional-power\n    name: Undo a power\n    mode: isolate\n    pattern: u n ^ r =\n    when:\n      u: [hasVariable]\n      n: [isRational]\n    output: u r 1 n / ^ =\n    priority: -1\n    explain: "Raise each side to the power 1/{n}."\n    tags: [inverse]\n\n  - id: iso-sqrt\n    name: Undo the square root\n    mode: isolate\n    pattern: u sqrt r =\n    when:\n      u: [hasVariable]\n    output: u r 2 ^ =\n    explain: "Square each side (this can add answers, so each one is checked at the end)."\n    tags: [inverse]\n\n  - id: iso-root\n    name: Undo the root\n    mode: isolate\n    pattern: n u root r =\n    when:\n      u: [hasVariable]\n      n: [freeOfVariable]\n    output: u r n ^ =\n    explain: "Raise each side to the power {n}."\n    tags: [inverse]\n\n  - id: iso-reciprocal\n    name: Undo the fraction\n    mode: isolate\n    pattern: c u / r =\n    when:\n      u: [hasVariable]\n      c: [freeOfVariable]\n    output: u c r / =\n    explain: "{c}/{u} = {r}, so {u} = {c}/{r}."\n    tags: [inverse]\n\n  - id: iso-abs\n    name: Undo the absolute value\n    mode: isolate\n    pattern: u abs r =\n    when:\n      u: [hasVariable]\n    output: u r pm =\n    explain: "|{u}| = {r} means {u} is {r} or -{r}."\n    tags: [inverse]\n\n  - id: iso-sin\n    name: Undo the sine\n    mode: isolate\n    pattern: u sin r =\n    when:\n      u: [hasVariable]\n    output: u r arcsin = u =pi r arcsin - = |\n    explain: "Two angles in a turn have sine {r}: arcsin {r} and π - arcsin {r} (add any whole number of turns, 2πk, for the rest)."\n    tags: [inverse, trig]\n\n  - id: iso-cos\n    name: Undo the cosine\n    mode: isolate\n    pattern: u cos r =\n    when:\n      u: [hasVariable]\n    output: u r arccos pm =\n    explain: "Two angles in a turn have cosine {r}: ±arccos {r} (add 2πk for the rest)."\n    tags: [inverse, trig]\n\n  - id: iso-tan\n    name: Undo the tangent\n    mode: isolate\n    pattern: u tan r =\n    when:\n      u: [hasVariable]\n    output: u r arctan =\n    explain: "Take arctan of each side (add πk for the rest)."\n    tags: [inverse, trig]\n\n  - { id: iso-arcsin, name: Undo arcsin, mode: isolate, pattern: u arcsin r =, when: { u: [hasVariable] }, output: u r sin =, tags: [inverse], explain: "Take sin of each side." }\n  - { id: iso-arccos, name: Undo arccos, mode: isolate, pattern: u arccos r =, when: { u: [hasVariable] }, output: u r cos =, tags: [inverse], explain: "Take cos of each side." }\n  - { id: iso-arctan, name: Undo arctan, mode: isolate, pattern: u arctan r =, when: { u: [hasVariable] }, output: u r tan =, tags: [inverse], explain: "Take tan of each side." }\n  - { id: iso-sinh, name: Undo sinh, mode: isolate, pattern: u sinh r =, when: { u: [hasVariable] }, output: u r arcsinh =, tags: [inverse], explain: "Take arcsinh of each side." }\n  - { id: iso-tanh, name: Undo tanh, mode: isolate, pattern: u tanh r =, when: { u: [hasVariable] }, output: u r arctanh =, tags: [inverse], explain: "Take arctanh of each side." }\n  - { id: iso-cosh, name: Undo cosh, mode: isolate, pattern: u cosh r =, when: { u: [hasVariable] }, output: u r arccosh pm =, tags: [inverse], explain: "Two numbers have cosh {r}: ±arccosh {r}." }\n  - { id: iso-arcsinh, name: Undo arcsinh, mode: isolate, pattern: u arcsinh r =, when: { u: [hasVariable] }, output: u r sinh =, tags: [inverse], explain: "Take sinh of each side." }\n  - { id: iso-arccosh, name: Undo arccosh, mode: isolate, pattern: u arccosh r =, when: { u: [hasVariable] }, output: u r cosh =, tags: [inverse], explain: "Take cosh of each side." }\n  - { id: iso-arctanh, name: Undo arctanh, mode: isolate, pattern: u arctanh r =, when: { u: [hasVariable] }, output: u r tanh =, tags: [inverse], explain: "Take tanh of each side." }\n'],ji=['name: Complex numbers\n\n# Loaded only by createCAS({ complex: true }), where i is the imaginary unit.\n# The arithmetic (i² = -1, √-4 = 2i, (2 + 3i)(1 - i) = 5 + i, 1/(1 + i) = (1 - i)/2)\n# and Re, Im, conj, arg, |z| are the normal form\'s (src/cas/form.js); unknowns\n# count as real, so Re(x + 3i) = x. Write a complex unknown as a + bi.\n\noperators:\n  - { symbol: re, arity: 1, label: real part }\n  - { symbol: im, arity: 1, label: imaginary part }\n  - { symbol: conj, arity: 1, label: complex conjugate }\n  - { symbol: arg, arity: 1, label: argument }\n\nrules:\n  - id: euler\n    name: Euler\'s formula\n    pattern: =e u ^\n    when:\n      u: [hasImaginaryPart, isConstant]\n    output: =e u re ^ u im cos =i u im sin * + *\n    explain: "e^(a + bi) = e^a (cos b + i sin b)."\n    tags: [complex]\n\n  - id: ln-negative\n    name: Log of a negative number\n    pattern: u ln\n    when:\n      u: [isNegativeConstant]\n    output: u neg ln =i =pi * +\n    explain: "{u} = |{u}|·e^(iπ), so ln {u} = ln |{u}| + iπ (the principal value)."\n    tags: [complex]\n\n  - id: ln-complex\n    name: Log of a complex number\n    pattern: u ln\n    when:\n      u: [hasImaginaryPart, isConstant]\n    output: u abs ln u arg =i * +\n    explain: "ln z = ln |z| + i arg z (the principal value)."\n    tags: [complex]\n\n  - id: i-to-the-i\n    name: i to the power i\n    pattern: =i =i ^\n    output: =e =pi 2 / neg ^\n    explain: "i = e^(iπ/2), so i^i = e^(i·iπ/2) = e^(-π/2) (the principal value)."\n    tags: [complex]\n'],Ci={normal:"Work out the numbers and collect like terms.","simplify.cancel":"Cancel the factors the top and bottom share.","simplify.expand":"Multiplying out gives something shorter.","simplify.factor":"Factoring gives something shorter.",expand:"Multiply out the brackets.",factor:"Write it as a product of factors.","factor.common":"Take out the common factor {common}.","factor.polynomial":"Factor what is left: {roots}.",together:"Write it as one fraction over a common denominator.",cancel:"Cancel the factors the top and bottom share: {cancelled}.","solve.move":"Keep the terms with {v} on the left and move the others to the right.","solve.divide":"Divide both sides by {by}.","solve.multiply":"Multiply both sides by {by}.","solve.one-side":"Move everything to one side, so the equation reads … = 0.","solve.factor":"Factor the left side.","solve.zero-product":"A product is 0 exactly when one of its factors is 0.","solve.split":"There are two cases; solve each.","solve.quadratic":"The quadratic formula with a = {a}, b = {b}, c = {c}: {v} = (-b ± √(b² - 4ac)) / 2a, and b² - 4ac = {D}.","solve.no-real":"b² - 4ac = {D} is negative, so there are no real solutions.","solve.quadratic-complex":"The quadratic formula with a = {a}, b = {b}, c = {c}: {v} = (-b ± √(b² - 4ac)) / 2a. b² - 4ac = {D} is negative, so its square root is imaginary: √({D}) = {root}.","solve.roots":"{v}^{n} = {r} has {n} solutions, spaced evenly round a circle: |{r}|^(1/{n})·(cos θ + i sin θ), with θ = (arg {r} + 2πk)/{n} for k = 0 … {last}.","solve.clear-denominator":"Multiply both sides by {den} (an answer that makes it 0 is not allowed).","solve.substitute":"Write {u} for {kernel}: this is a polynomial in {u}.","solve.reject":"{value} is not a solution: {reason}.","solve.always":"This is true for every {v}.","solve.never":"This is never true, so there is no solution.","solve.unsolved":"There is no exact method here for solving for {v}; try { approximate: true }.","solve.numeric":"Found {count} solution(s) numerically.","system.eliminate":"Use one equation to remove {v} from the others.","integrate.expand":"Multiply out, then integrate term by term.","integrate.substitute":"Let {u} = {inside}, so d{u} = {a} d{v}.","integrate.back":"Put {inside} back for {u}.","integrate.parts":"By parts with u = {u} and dv = {dv} d{v}: ∫ u dv = u·v - ∫ v du, where v = {V} and du = {du} d{v}.","integrate.constant":"The number {c} comes out of the integral.","integrate.divide":"The top has at least the degree of the bottom: divide first.","integrate.partial-fractions":"Split the fraction into simple fractions, one for each factor below.","integrate.evaluate":"Evaluate {F} at {b} and at {a}, and subtract.",substitute:"Put in the values."},Li=["normal","rewrite","simplify","expand","factor","cancel","diff","differentiate","integrate","solve","solveSystem","substitute","approximate","equivalent"];class Zi{constructor(e,n,t,r,i){this.set=e,this.messages=n,this.format=t,this.read=r,this.complex=i;for(const e of Li){const n=Zi.prototype[e];this[e]=(...e)=>Ke(i,()=>n.apply(this,e))}}node(e){if(e&&"object"==typeof e&&!Array.isArray(e)&&e.type)return e;if(Array.isArray(e))return Ie(e);if("string"!=typeof e)throw new ze("expected an expression");if(this.read){const n=this.read(e);return Array.isArray(n)?Ie(n):"string"==typeof n?Ne(n):n}return Ne(e)}step(e,n,t,r,i,s={}){return function(e,n,t,r,i,s,o,a,l=[]){const u=(s??"").replace(/\{(\w+)\}/g,(e,n)=>{const t=o?.[n];return void 0===t?e:"string"==typeof t?t:a(t)});return{id:e,name:n,tags:t,from:r.s,to:i.s,path:l,before:r.s,after:i.s,explanation:u}}(e,n,t,r,i,this.messages[e]??"",s,this.format)}result(e,n,t,r={}){let i=e;if(t.approximate&&i){i=fr(i,{digits:"number"==typeof t.approximate?t.approximate:15})}return{result:i,text:i?this.format(i):"",steps:Nr(n,Ar(t.steps)),...r}}variable(e,n){if(n)return n;const t=[...Rn(e)];return 1===t.length?t[0]:t.includes("x")?"x":t[0]??"x"}tidyStep(e,n){return e.s===n.s?[]:[this.step("normal","Work out and collect",["tidy","arithmetic"],e,n)]}normal(e){return Cn(this.node(e))}rewrite(e,n,t={}){const r=this.node(e),i=this.set.view(n);if(!i.size)throw new ze(`no rules in mode "${n}" (modes: ${this.set.modes().join(", ")})`);const s=Sr(r,i,{format:this.format,order:t.order,variable:t.variable});return this.result(s.node,[...this.tidyStep(r,Cn(r)),...s.steps],t)}simplify(e,n={}){const t=this.node(e),r=[...this.tidyStep(t,Cn(t))],i=Sr(t,this.set.view("simplify"),{format:this.format});r.push(...i.steps);let s=i.node,o=null;const a=jn(s),l=[],u=0===Rn(s).size,c=u?null:Yr(a);c&&l.push({node:Kr(c),id:"simplify.cancel",name:"Cancel"});const p=Sr(Bn(Tr(a)),this.set.view("simplify"),{format:this.format});l.push({node:p.node,id:"simplify.expand",name:"Multiply out"}),"add"!==a.k||u||l.push({node:Kr(Vr(a)),id:"simplify.factor",name:"Factor"});for(const e of l)Te(e.node)<Te(s)&&(o=this.step(e.id,e.name,["shorter"],s,e.node),s=e.node);return o&&r.push(o),this.result(s,r,n)}expand(e,n={}){const t=this.node(e),r=Bn(Tr(jn(t)));return this.result(r,t.s===r.s?[]:[this.step("expand","Multiply out",["expand"],t,r)],n)}factor(e,n={}){const t=this.node(e),r=Vr(jn(t)),i=Kr(r),s=[],o=r.notes.find(e=>"factor.common"===e.id);return i.s!==Cn(t).s&&s.push(this.step(o?"factor.common":"factor","Factor",["factor"],t,i,o?{common:Bn(o.values.common)}:{})),this.result(i,s,n)}cancel(e,n={}){const t=this.node(e),r=jn(t),i=Yr(r);if(!i)return this.result(Cn(t),this.tidyStep(t,Cn(t)),n);const s=Kr(i),o=Qr(r),a=Me("/",[Bn(o.num),Bn(o.den)]),l=[];return"/"===t.op&&a.s===Cn(t).s||l.push(this.step("together","One fraction",["together"],t,a)),s.s!==a.s&&l.push(this.step("cancel","Cancel",["cancel"],a,s,{cancelled:i.cancelled.length?i.cancelled.map(e=>this.format(Bn(e))).join(", "):"numbers"})),this.result(s,l,n)}diff(e,n,t={}){const r=this.node(e),i=this.variable(r,n);let s=r;const o=[];for(let e=0;e<(t.order??1);e++){const e=Sr(Me("der",[s,ke(i)]),this.set.view("differentiate"),{format:this.format,order:"pre"}),n=Sr(e.node,this.set.view("simplify"),{format:this.format});o.push(...e.steps,...n.steps),s=n.node}return this.result(s,o,t,{variable:i})}differentiate(e,n){const t=Sr(Me("der",[e,ke(n)]),this.set.view("differentiate"),{format:this.format,order:"pre"});return Sr(t.node,this.set.view("simplify"),{format:this.format}).node}integrate(e,n,t={}){let r=this.node(e);const i=e=>void 0===e?null:this.node("number"==typeof e?String(e):e);let s=i(t.from),o=i(t.to);if(Ae(r)&&"int"===r.op){const[e,t,i,a]=r.args;n=t.token,i&&a&&(s=i,o=a),r=e}const 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r=e.map(e=>this.node(e)),i=n??[...new Set(r.flatMap(e=>[...Rn(e)]))].sort(),s=function(e,n,t){const r=[],i=n.map(n=>{const r=ni(n)?dn([jn(n.args[0]),On(jn(n.args[1]))]):jn(n),i=t.map(n=>{const t=Cr(r,n);if(!t||Math.max(0,...t.keys())>1)throw new ze(`not linear in ${n}`);const i=t.get(1)??Ye(Pe.ZERO);if(!tn(i))throw new ze(`the coefficient of ${n} must be a number (it is ${e.format(Bn(i))})`);return i.q});let s=r;for(let e=0;e<t.length;e++)s=dn([s,gn([Ye(i[e].neg()),jn(ke(t[e]))])]);for(const e of t)if(Lr(s,e))throw new ze(`not linear in ${e}`);return{coeffs:i,rhs:On(s)}}),s=()=>i.map(e=>Xr(Bn(dn(e.coeffs.map((e,n)=>gn([Ye(e),jn(ke(t[n]))])))),Bn(e.rhs))).reduce((e,n)=>e?Me("&",[e,n]):n,null);let o=0;const a=[];for(let n=0;n<t.length&&o<i.length;n++){const l=i.findIndex((e,t)=>t>=o&&!e.coeffs[n].isZero);if(l<0)continue;[i[o],i[l]]=[i[l],i[o]];const u=s(),c=i[o],p=c.coeffs[n];c.coeffs=c.coeffs.map(e=>e.div(p)),c.rhs=gn([Ye(p.inv()),c.rhs]);for(let 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