@mastra/mssql 0.0.0-scorers-api-v2-20250801171841 → 0.0.0-scorers-logs-20251208093427

package/dist/index.js

@@ -1,1215 +1,2822 @@
-import { MessageList } from '@mastra/core/agent';
 import { MastraError, ErrorCategory, ErrorDomain } from '@mastra/core/error';
-import { MastraStorage, TABLE_EVALS, TABLE_TRACES, TABLE_WORKFLOW_SNAPSHOT, TABLE_THREADS, TABLE_MESSAGES, TABLE_RESOURCES } from '@mastra/core/storage';
-import { parseSqlIdentifier, parseFieldKey } from '@mastra/core/utils';
-import sql from 'mssql';
+import { MastraStorage, createStorageErrorId, StoreOperations, TABLE_WORKFLOW_SNAPSHOT, TABLE_SCHEMAS, TABLE_THREADS, TABLE_MESSAGES, TABLE_TRACES, TABLE_SCORERS, TABLE_SPANS, ScoresStorage, normalizePerPage, calculatePagination, WorkflowsStorage, MemoryStorage, TABLE_RESOURCES, ObservabilityStorage, transformScoreRow as transformScoreRow$1 } from '@mastra/core/storage';
+import sql2 from 'mssql';
+import { MessageList } from '@mastra/core/agent';
+import { parseSqlIdentifier } from '@mastra/core/utils';
+import { randomUUID } from 'crypto';
+import { saveScorePayloadSchema } from '@mastra/core/evals';
 
 // src/storage/index.ts
-var MSSQLStore = class extends MastraStorage {
-  pool;
-  schema;
-  setupSchemaPromise = null;
-  schemaSetupComplete = void 0;
-  isConnected = null;
-  constructor(config) {
-    super({ name: "MSSQLStore" });
-    try {
-      if ("connectionString" in config) {
-        if (!config.connectionString || typeof config.connectionString !== "string" || config.connectionString.trim() === "") {
-          throw new Error("MSSQLStore: connectionString must be provided and cannot be empty.");
+function getSchemaName(schema) {
+  return schema ? `[${parseSqlIdentifier(schema, "schema name")}]` : void 0;
+}
+function getTableName({ indexName, schemaName }) {
+  const parsedIndexName = parseSqlIdentifier(indexName, "index name");
+  const quotedIndexName = `[${parsedIndexName}]`;
+  const quotedSchemaName = schemaName;
+  return quotedSchemaName ? `${quotedSchemaName}.${quotedIndexName}` : quotedIndexName;
+}
+function buildDateRangeFilter(dateRange, fieldName) {
+  const filters = {};
+  if (dateRange?.start) {
+    filters[`${fieldName}_gte`] = dateRange.start;
+  }
+  if (dateRange?.end) {
+    filters[`${fieldName}_lte`] = dateRange.end;
+  }
+  return filters;
+}
+function isInOperator(value) {
+  return typeof value === "object" && value !== null && "$in" in value && Array.isArray(value.$in);
+}
+function prepareWhereClause(filters, _schema) {
+  const conditions = [];
+  const params = {};
+  let paramIndex = 1;
+  Object.entries(filters).forEach(([key, value]) => {
+    if (value === void 0) return;
+    if (key.endsWith("_gte")) {
+      const paramName = `p${paramIndex++}`;
+      const fieldName = key.slice(0, -4);
+      conditions.push(`[${parseSqlIdentifier(fieldName, "field name")}] >= @${paramName}`);
+      params[paramName] = value instanceof Date ? value.toISOString() : value;
+    } else if (key.endsWith("_lte")) {
+      const paramName = `p${paramIndex++}`;
+      const fieldName = key.slice(0, -4);
+      conditions.push(`[${parseSqlIdentifier(fieldName, "field name")}] <= @${paramName}`);
+      params[paramName] = value instanceof Date ? value.toISOString() : value;
+    } else if (value === null) {
+      conditions.push(`[${parseSqlIdentifier(key, "field name")}] IS NULL`);
+    } else if (isInOperator(value)) {
+      const inValues = value.$in;
+      if (inValues.length === 0) {
+        conditions.push("1 = 0");
+      } else if (inValues.length === 1) {
+        const paramName = `p${paramIndex++}`;
+        conditions.push(`[${parseSqlIdentifier(key, "field name")}] = @${paramName}`);
+        params[paramName] = inValues[0] instanceof Date ? inValues[0].toISOString() : inValues[0];
+      } else {
+        const inParamNames = [];
+        for (const item of inValues) {
+          const paramName = `p${paramIndex++}`;
+          inParamNames.push(`@${paramName}`);
+          params[paramName] = item instanceof Date ? item.toISOString() : item;
         }
+        conditions.push(`[${parseSqlIdentifier(key, "field name")}] IN (${inParamNames.join(", ")})`);
+      }
+    } else if (Array.isArray(value)) {
+      if (value.length === 0) {
+        conditions.push("1 = 0");
+      } else if (value.length === 1) {
+        const paramName = `p${paramIndex++}`;
+        conditions.push(`[${parseSqlIdentifier(key, "field name")}] = @${paramName}`);
+        params[paramName] = value[0] instanceof Date ? value[0].toISOString() : value[0];
       } else {
-        const required = ["server", "database", "user", "password"];
-        for (const key of required) {
-          if (!(key in config) || typeof config[key] !== "string" || config[key].trim() === "") {
-            throw new Error(`MSSQLStore: ${key} must be provided and cannot be empty.`);
-          }
+        const inParamNames = [];
+        for (const item of value) {
+          const paramName = `p${paramIndex++}`;
+          inParamNames.push(`@${paramName}`);
+          params[paramName] = item instanceof Date ? item.toISOString() : item;
         }
+        conditions.push(`[${parseSqlIdentifier(key, "field name")}] IN (${inParamNames.join(", ")})`);
       }
-      this.schema = config.schemaName;
-      this.pool = "connectionString" in config ? new sql.ConnectionPool(config.connectionString) : new sql.ConnectionPool({
-        server: config.server,
-        database: config.database,
-        user: config.user,
-        password: config.password,
-        port: config.port,
-        options: config.options || { encrypt: true, trustServerCertificate: true }
-      });
-    } catch (e) {
-      throw new MastraError(
-        {
-          id: "MASTRA_STORAGE_MSSQL_STORE_INITIALIZATION_FAILED",
-          domain: ErrorDomain.STORAGE,
-          category: ErrorCategory.USER
-        },
-        e
-      );
-    }
-  }
-  async init() {
-    if (this.isConnected === null) {
-      this.isConnected = this._performInitializationAndStore();
-    }
-    try {
-      await this.isConnected;
-      await super.init();
-    } catch (error) {
-      this.isConnected = null;
-      throw new MastraError(
-        {
-          id: "MASTRA_STORAGE_MSSQL_STORE_INIT_FAILED",
-          domain: ErrorDomain.STORAGE,
-          category: ErrorCategory.THIRD_PARTY
-        },
-        error
-      );
-    }
-  }
-  async _performInitializationAndStore() {
-    try {
-      await this.pool.connect();
-      return true;
-    } catch (err) {
-      throw err;
+    } else {
+      const paramName = `p${paramIndex++}`;
+      conditions.push(`[${parseSqlIdentifier(key, "field name")}] = @${paramName}`);
+      params[paramName] = value instanceof Date ? value.toISOString() : value;
     }
-  }
-  get supports() {
-    return {
-      selectByIncludeResourceScope: true,
-      resourceWorkingMemory: true,
-      hasColumn: true,
-      createTable: true,
-      deleteMessages: false
-    };
-  }
-  getTableName(indexName) {
-    const parsedIndexName = parseSqlIdentifier(indexName, "index name");
-    const quotedIndexName = `[${parsedIndexName}]`;
-    const quotedSchemaName = this.getSchemaName();
-    return quotedSchemaName ? `${quotedSchemaName}.${quotedIndexName}` : quotedIndexName;
-  }
-  getSchemaName() {
-    return this.schema ? `[${parseSqlIdentifier(this.schema, "schema name")}]` : void 0;
-  }
-  transformEvalRow(row) {
-    let testInfoValue = null, resultValue = null;
-    if (row.test_info) {
+  });
+  return {
+    sql: conditions.length > 0 ? ` WHERE ${conditions.join(" AND ")}` : "",
+    params
+  };
+}
+function transformFromSqlRow({
+  tableName,
+  sqlRow
+}) {
+  const schema = TABLE_SCHEMAS[tableName];
+  const result = {};
+  Object.entries(sqlRow).forEach(([key, value]) => {
+    const columnSchema = schema?.[key];
+    if (columnSchema?.type === "jsonb" && typeof value === "string") {
       try {
-        testInfoValue = typeof row.test_info === "string" ? JSON.parse(row.test_info) : row.test_info;
+        result[key] = JSON.parse(value);
       } catch {
+        result[key] = value;
       }
+    } else if (columnSchema?.type === "timestamp" && value && typeof value === "string") {
+      result[key] = new Date(value);
+    } else if (columnSchema?.type === "timestamp" && value instanceof Date) {
+      result[key] = value;
+    } else if (columnSchema?.type === "boolean") {
+      result[key] = Boolean(value);
+    } else {
+      result[key] = value;
     }
-    if (row.test_info) {
-      try {
-        resultValue = typeof row.result === "string" ? JSON.parse(row.result) : row.result;
-      } catch {
+  });
+  return result;
+}
+
+// src/storage/domains/memory/index.ts
+var MemoryMSSQL = class extends MemoryStorage {
+  pool;
+  schema;
+  operations;
+  _parseAndFormatMessages(messages, format) {
+    const messagesWithParsedContent = messages.map((message) => {
+      if (typeof message.content === "string") {
+        try {
+          return { ...message, content: JSON.parse(message.content) };
+        } catch {
+          return message;
+        }
       }
-    }
-    return {
-      agentName: row.agent_name,
-      input: row.input,
-      output: row.output,
-      result: resultValue,
-      metricName: row.metric_name,
-      instructions: row.instructions,
-      testInfo: testInfoValue,
-      globalRunId: row.global_run_id,
-      runId: row.run_id,
-      createdAt: row.created_at
-    };
+      return message;
+    });
+    const cleanMessages = messagesWithParsedContent.map(({ seq_id, ...rest }) => rest);
+    const list = new MessageList().add(cleanMessages, "memory");
+    return format === "v2" ? list.get.all.db() : list.get.all.v1();
   }
-  /** @deprecated use getEvals instead */
-  async getEvalsByAgentName(agentName, type) {
-    try {
-      let query = `SELECT * FROM ${this.getTableName(TABLE_EVALS)} WHERE agent_name = @p1`;
-      if (type === "test") {
-        query += " AND test_info IS NOT NULL AND JSON_VALUE(test_info, '$.testPath') IS NOT NULL";
-      } else if (type === "live") {
-        query += " AND (test_info IS NULL OR JSON_VALUE(test_info, '$.testPath') IS NULL)";
-      }
-      query += " ORDER BY created_at DESC";
-      const request = this.pool.request();
-      request.input("p1", agentName);
-      const result = await request.query(query);
-      const rows = result.recordset;
-      return typeof this.transformEvalRow === "function" ? rows?.map((row) => this.transformEvalRow(row)) ?? [] : rows ?? [];
-    } catch (error) {
-      if (error && error.number === 208 && error.message && error.message.includes("Invalid object name")) {
-        return [];
-      }
-      console.error("Failed to get evals for the specified agent: " + error?.message);
-      throw error;
-    }
+  constructor({
+    pool,
+    schema,
+    operations
+  }) {
+    super();
+    this.pool = pool;
+    this.schema = schema;
+    this.operations = operations;
   }
-  async batchInsert({ tableName, records }) {
-    const transaction = this.pool.transaction();
+  async getThreadById({ threadId }) {
     try {
-      await transaction.begin();
-      for (const record of records) {
-        await this.insert({ tableName, record });
+      const sql5 = `SELECT 
+        id,
+        [resourceId],
+        title,
+        metadata,
+        [createdAt],
+        [updatedAt]
+      FROM ${getTableName({ indexName: TABLE_THREADS, schemaName: getSchemaName(this.schema) })}
+      WHERE id = @threadId`;
+      const request = this.pool.request();
+      request.input("threadId", threadId);
+      const resultSet = await request.query(sql5);
+      const thread = resultSet.recordset[0] || null;
+      if (!thread) {
+        return null;
       }
-      await transaction.commit();
+      return {
+        ...thread,
+        metadata: typeof thread.metadata === "string" ? JSON.parse(thread.metadata) : thread.metadata,
+        createdAt: thread.createdAt,
+        updatedAt: thread.updatedAt
+      };
     } catch (error) {
-      await transaction.rollback();
       throw new MastraError(
         {
-          id: "MASTRA_STORAGE_MSSQL_STORE_BATCH_INSERT_FAILED",
+          id: createStorageErrorId("MSSQL", "GET_THREAD_BY_ID", "FAILED"),
           domain: ErrorDomain.STORAGE,
           category: ErrorCategory.THIRD_PARTY,
           details: {
-            tableName,
-            numberOfRecords: records.length
+            threadId
           }
         },
         error
       );
     }
   }
-  /** @deprecated use getTracesPaginated instead*/
-  async getTraces(args) {
-    if (args.fromDate || args.toDate) {
-      args.dateRange = {
-        start: args.fromDate,
-        end: args.toDate
-      };
-    }
-    const result = await this.getTracesPaginated(args);
-    return result.traces;
-  }
-  async getTracesPaginated(args) {
-    const { name, scope, page = 0, perPage: perPageInput, attributes, filters, dateRange } = args;
-    const fromDate = dateRange?.start;
-    const toDate = dateRange?.end;
-    const perPage = perPageInput !== void 0 ? perPageInput : 100;
-    const currentOffset = page * perPage;
-    const paramMap = {};
-    const conditions = [];
-    let paramIndex = 1;
-    if (name) {
-      const paramName = `p${paramIndex++}`;
-      conditions.push(`[name] LIKE @${paramName}`);
-      paramMap[paramName] = `${name}%`;
-    }
-    if (scope) {
-      const paramName = `p${paramIndex++}`;
-      conditions.push(`[scope] = @${paramName}`);
-      paramMap[paramName] = scope;
-    }
-    if (attributes) {
-      Object.entries(attributes).forEach(([key, value]) => {
-        const parsedKey = parseFieldKey(key);
-        const paramName = `p${paramIndex++}`;
-        conditions.push(`JSON_VALUE([attributes], '$.${parsedKey}') = @${paramName}`);
-        paramMap[paramName] = value;
-      });
-    }
-    if (filters) {
-      Object.entries(filters).forEach(([key, value]) => {
-        const parsedKey = parseFieldKey(key);
-        const paramName = `p${paramIndex++}`;
-        conditions.push(`[${parsedKey}] = @${paramName}`);
-        paramMap[paramName] = value;
+  async listThreadsByResourceId(args) {
+    const { resourceId, page = 0, perPage: perPageInput, orderBy } = args;
+    if (page < 0) {
+      throw new MastraError({
+        id: createStorageErrorId("MSSQL", "LIST_THREADS_BY_RESOURCE_ID", "INVALID_PAGE"),
+        domain: ErrorDomain.STORAGE,
+        category: ErrorCategory.USER,
+        text: "Page number must be non-negative",
+        details: {
+          resourceId,
+          page
+        }
       });
     }
-    if (fromDate instanceof Date && !isNaN(fromDate.getTime())) {
-      const paramName = `p${paramIndex++}`;
-      conditions.push(`[createdAt] >= @${paramName}`);
-      paramMap[paramName] = fromDate.toISOString();
-    }
-    if (toDate instanceof Date && !isNaN(toDate.getTime())) {
-      const paramName = `p${paramIndex++}`;
-      conditions.push(`[createdAt] <= @${paramName}`);
-      paramMap[paramName] = toDate.toISOString();
-    }
-    const whereClause = conditions.length > 0 ? `WHERE ${conditions.join(" AND ")}` : "";
-    const countQuery = `SELECT COUNT(*) as total FROM ${this.getTableName(TABLE_TRACES)} ${whereClause}`;
-    let total = 0;
+    const perPage = normalizePerPage(perPageInput, 100);
+    const { offset, perPage: perPageForResponse } = calculatePagination(page, perPageInput, perPage);
+    const { field, direction } = this.parseOrderBy(orderBy);
     try {
+      const baseQuery = `FROM ${getTableName({ indexName: TABLE_THREADS, schemaName: getSchemaName(this.schema) })} WHERE [resourceId] = @resourceId`;
+      const countQuery = `SELECT COUNT(*) as count ${baseQuery}`;
       const countRequest = this.pool.request();
-      Object.entries(paramMap).forEach(([key, value]) => {
-        if (value instanceof Date) {
-          countRequest.input(key, sql.DateTime, value);
-        } else {
-          countRequest.input(key, value);
-        }
-      });
+      countRequest.input("resourceId", resourceId);
       const countResult = await countRequest.query(countQuery);
-      total = parseInt(countResult.recordset[0].total, 10);
+      const total = parseInt(countResult.recordset[0]?.count ?? "0", 10);
+      if (total === 0) {
+        return {
+          threads: [],
+          total: 0,
+          page,
+          perPage: perPageForResponse,
+          hasMore: false
+        };
+      }
+      const orderByField = field === "createdAt" ? "[createdAt]" : "[updatedAt]";
+      const dir = (direction || "DESC").toUpperCase() === "ASC" ? "ASC" : "DESC";
+      const limitValue = perPageInput === false ? total : perPage;
+      const dataQuery = `SELECT id, [resourceId], title, metadata, [createdAt], [updatedAt] ${baseQuery} ORDER BY ${orderByField} ${dir} OFFSET @offset ROWS FETCH NEXT @perPage ROWS ONLY`;
+      const dataRequest = this.pool.request();
+      dataRequest.input("resourceId", resourceId);
+      dataRequest.input("offset", offset);
+      if (limitValue > 2147483647) {
+        dataRequest.input("perPage", sql2.BigInt, limitValue);
+      } else {
+        dataRequest.input("perPage", limitValue);
+      }
+      const rowsResult = await dataRequest.query(dataQuery);
+      const rows = rowsResult.recordset || [];
+      const threads = rows.map((thread) => ({
+        ...thread,
+        metadata: typeof thread.metadata === "string" ? JSON.parse(thread.metadata) : thread.metadata,
+        createdAt: thread.createdAt,
+        updatedAt: thread.updatedAt
+      }));
+      return {
+        threads,
+        total,
+        page,
+        perPage: perPageForResponse,
+        hasMore: perPageInput === false ? false : offset + perPage < total
+      };
     } catch (error) {
-      throw new MastraError(
+      const mastraError = new MastraError(
         {
-          id: "MASTRA_STORAGE_MSSQL_STORE_GET_TRACES_PAGINATED_FAILED_TO_RETRIEVE_TOTAL_COUNT",
+          id: createStorageErrorId("MSSQL", "LIST_THREADS_BY_RESOURCE_ID", "FAILED"),
           domain: ErrorDomain.STORAGE,
           category: ErrorCategory.THIRD_PARTY,
           details: {
-            name: args.name ?? "",
-            scope: args.scope ?? ""
+            resourceId,
+            page
           }
         },
         error
       );
-    }
-    if (total === 0) {
+      this.logger?.error?.(mastraError.toString());
+      this.logger?.trackException?.(mastraError);
       return {
-        traces: [],
+        threads: [],
         total: 0,
         page,
-        perPage,
+        perPage: perPageForResponse,
         hasMore: false
       };
     }
-    const dataQuery = `SELECT * FROM ${this.getTableName(TABLE_TRACES)} ${whereClause} ORDER BY [seq_id] DESC OFFSET @offset ROWS FETCH NEXT @limit ROWS ONLY`;
-    const dataRequest = this.pool.request();
-    Object.entries(paramMap).forEach(([key, value]) => {
-      if (value instanceof Date) {
-        dataRequest.input(key, sql.DateTime, value);
+  }
+  async saveThread({ thread }) {
+    try {
+      const table = getTableName({ indexName: TABLE_THREADS, schemaName: getSchemaName(this.schema) });
+      const mergeSql = `MERGE INTO ${table} WITH (HOLDLOCK) AS target
+        USING (SELECT @id AS id) AS source
+        ON (target.id = source.id)
+        WHEN MATCHED THEN
+          UPDATE SET
+            [resourceId] = @resourceId,
+            title = @title,
+            metadata = @metadata,
+            [updatedAt] = @updatedAt
+        WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN
+          INSERT (id, [resourceId], title, metadata, [createdAt], [updatedAt])
+          VALUES (@id, @resourceId, @title, @metadata, @createdAt, @updatedAt);`;
+      const req = this.pool.request();
+      req.input("id", thread.id);
+      req.input("resourceId", thread.resourceId);
+      req.input("title", thread.title);
+      const metadata = thread.metadata ? JSON.stringify(thread.metadata) : null;
+      if (metadata === null) {
+        req.input("metadata", sql2.NVarChar, null);
       } else {
-        dataRequest.input(key, value);
+        req.input("metadata", metadata);
       }
-    });
-    dataRequest.input("offset", currentOffset);
-    dataRequest.input("limit", perPage);
-    try {
-      const rowsResult = await dataRequest.query(dataQuery);
-      const rows = rowsResult.recordset;
-      const traces = rows.map((row) => ({
-        id: row.id,
-        parentSpanId: row.parentSpanId,
-        traceId: row.traceId,
-        name: row.name,
-        scope: row.scope,
-        kind: row.kind,
-        status: JSON.parse(row.status),
-        events: JSON.parse(row.events),
-        links: JSON.parse(row.links),
-        attributes: JSON.parse(row.attributes),
-        startTime: row.startTime,
-        endTime: row.endTime,
-        other: row.other,
-        createdAt: row.createdAt
-      }));
-      return {
-        traces,
-        total,
-        page,
-        perPage,
-        hasMore: currentOffset + traces.length < total
-      };
+      req.input("createdAt", sql2.DateTime2, thread.createdAt);
+      req.input("updatedAt", sql2.DateTime2, thread.updatedAt);
+      await req.query(mergeSql);
+      return thread;
     } catch (error) {
       throw new MastraError(
         {
-          id: "MASTRA_STORAGE_MSSQL_STORE_GET_TRACES_PAGINATED_FAILED_TO_RETRIEVE_TRACES",
+          id: createStorageErrorId("MSSQL", "SAVE_THREAD", "FAILED"),
           domain: ErrorDomain.STORAGE,
           category: ErrorCategory.THIRD_PARTY,
           details: {
-            name: args.name ?? "",
-            scope: args.scope ?? ""
+            threadId: thread.id
           }
         },
         error
       );
     }
   }
-  async setupSchema() {
-    if (!this.schema || this.schemaSetupComplete) {
-      return;
+  /**
+   * Updates a thread's title and metadata, merging with existing metadata. Returns the updated thread.
+   */
+  async updateThread({
+    id,
+    title,
+    metadata
+  }) {
+    const existingThread = await this.getThreadById({ threadId: id });
+    if (!existingThread) {
+      throw new MastraError({
+        id: createStorageErrorId("MSSQL", "UPDATE_THREAD", "NOT_FOUND"),
+        domain: ErrorDomain.STORAGE,
+        category: ErrorCategory.USER,
+        text: `Thread ${id} not found`,
+        details: {
+          threadId: id,
+          title
+        }
+      });
     }
-    if (!this.setupSchemaPromise) {
-      this.setupSchemaPromise = (async () => {
-        try {
-          const checkRequest = this.pool.request();
-          checkRequest.input("schemaName", this.schema);
-          const checkResult = await checkRequest.query(`
-            SELECT 1 AS found FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SCHEMATA WHERE SCHEMA_NAME = @schemaName
-          `);
-          const schemaExists = Array.isArray(checkResult.recordset) && checkResult.recordset.length > 0;
-          if (!schemaExists) {
-            try {
-              await this.pool.request().query(`CREATE SCHEMA [${this.schema}]`);
-              this.logger?.info?.(`Schema "${this.schema}" created successfully`);
-            } catch (error) {
-              this.logger?.error?.(`Failed to create schema "${this.schema}"`, { error });
-              throw new Error(
-                `Unable to create schema "${this.schema}". This requires CREATE privilege on the database. Either create the schema manually or grant CREATE privilege to the user.`
-              );
-            }
-          }
-          this.schemaSetupComplete = true;
-          this.logger?.debug?.(`Schema "${this.schema}" is ready for use`);
-        } catch (error) {
-          this.schemaSetupComplete = void 0;
-          this.setupSchemaPromise = null;
-          throw error;
-        } finally {
-          this.setupSchemaPromise = null;
-        }
-      })();
-    }
-    await this.setupSchemaPromise;
-  }
-  getSqlType(type, isPrimaryKey = false) {
-    switch (type) {
-      case "text":
-        return isPrimaryKey ? "NVARCHAR(255)" : "NVARCHAR(MAX)";
-      case "timestamp":
-        return "DATETIME2(7)";
-      case "uuid":
-        return "UNIQUEIDENTIFIER";
-      case "jsonb":
-        return "NVARCHAR(MAX)";
-      case "integer":
-        return "INT";
-      case "bigint":
-        return "BIGINT";
-      default:
+    const mergedMetadata = {
+      ...existingThread.metadata,
+      ...metadata
+    };
+    try {
+      const table = getTableName({ indexName: TABLE_THREADS, schemaName: getSchemaName(this.schema) });
+      const sql5 = `UPDATE ${table}
+        SET title = @title,
+            metadata = @metadata,
+            [updatedAt] = @updatedAt
+        OUTPUT INSERTED.*
+        WHERE id = @id`;
+      const req = this.pool.request();
+      req.input("id", id);
+      req.input("title", title);
+      req.input("metadata", JSON.stringify(mergedMetadata));
+      req.input("updatedAt", /* @__PURE__ */ new Date());
+      const result = await req.query(sql5);
+      let thread = result.recordset && result.recordset[0];
+      if (thread && "seq_id" in thread) {
+        const { seq_id, ...rest } = thread;
+        thread = rest;
+      }
+      if (!thread) {
         throw new MastraError({
-          id: "MASTRA_STORAGE_MSSQL_STORE_TYPE_NOT_SUPPORTED",
+          id: createStorageErrorId("MSSQL", "UPDATE_THREAD", "NOT_FOUND"),
           domain: ErrorDomain.STORAGE,
-          category: ErrorCategory.THIRD_PARTY
+          category: ErrorCategory.USER,
+          text: `Thread ${id} not found after update`,
+          details: {
+            threadId: id,
+            title
+          }
         });
-    }
-  }
-  async createTable({
-    tableName,
-    schema
-  }) {
-    try {
-      const uniqueConstraintColumns = tableName === TABLE_WORKFLOW_SNAPSHOT ? ["workflow_name", "run_id"] : [];
-      const columns = Object.entries(schema).map(([name, def]) => {
-        const parsedName = parseSqlIdentifier(name, "column name");
-        const constraints = [];
-        if (def.primaryKey) constraints.push("PRIMARY KEY");
-        if (!def.nullable) constraints.push("NOT NULL");
-        const isIndexed = !!def.primaryKey || uniqueConstraintColumns.includes(name);
-        return `[${parsedName}] ${this.getSqlType(def.type, isIndexed)} ${constraints.join(" ")}`.trim();
-      }).join(",\n");
-      if (this.schema) {
-        await this.setupSchema();
-      }
-      const checkTableRequest = this.pool.request();
-      checkTableRequest.input("tableName", this.getTableName(tableName).replace(/[[\]]/g, "").split(".").pop());
-      const checkTableSql = `SELECT 1 AS found FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES WHERE TABLE_SCHEMA = @schema AND TABLE_NAME = @tableName`;
-      checkTableRequest.input("schema", this.schema || "dbo");
-      const checkTableResult = await checkTableRequest.query(checkTableSql);
-      const tableExists = Array.isArray(checkTableResult.recordset) && checkTableResult.recordset.length > 0;
-      if (!tableExists) {
-        const createSql = `CREATE TABLE ${this.getTableName(tableName)} (
-${columns}
-)`;
-        await this.pool.request().query(createSql);
-      }
-      const columnCheckSql = `
-        SELECT 1 AS found
-        FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLUMNS
-        WHERE TABLE_SCHEMA = @schema AND TABLE_NAME = @tableName AND COLUMN_NAME = 'seq_id'
-      `;
-      const checkColumnRequest = this.pool.request();
-      checkColumnRequest.input("schema", this.schema || "dbo");
-      checkColumnRequest.input("tableName", this.getTableName(tableName).replace(/[[\]]/g, "").split(".").pop());
-      const columnResult = await checkColumnRequest.query(columnCheckSql);
-      const columnExists = Array.isArray(columnResult.recordset) && columnResult.recordset.length > 0;
-      if (!columnExists) {
-        const alterSql = `ALTER TABLE ${this.getTableName(tableName)} ADD seq_id BIGINT IDENTITY(1,1)`;
-        await this.pool.request().query(alterSql);
-      }
-      if (tableName === TABLE_WORKFLOW_SNAPSHOT) {
-        const constraintName = "mastra_workflow_snapshot_workflow_name_run_id_key";
-        const checkConstraintSql = `SELECT 1 AS found FROM sys.key_constraints WHERE name = @constraintName`;
-        const checkConstraintRequest = this.pool.request();
-        checkConstraintRequest.input("constraintName", constraintName);
-        const constraintResult = await checkConstraintRequest.query(checkConstraintSql);
-        const constraintExists = Array.isArray(constraintResult.recordset) && constraintResult.recordset.length > 0;
-        if (!constraintExists) {
-          const addConstraintSql = `ALTER TABLE ${this.getTableName(tableName)} ADD CONSTRAINT ${constraintName} UNIQUE ([workflow_name], [run_id])`;
-          await this.pool.request().query(addConstraintSql);
-        }
       }
+      return {
+        ...thread,
+        metadata: typeof thread.metadata === "string" ? JSON.parse(thread.metadata) : thread.metadata,
+        createdAt: thread.createdAt,
+        updatedAt: thread.updatedAt
+      };
     } catch (error) {
       throw new MastraError(
         {
-          id: "MASTRA_STORAGE_MSSQL_STORE_CREATE_TABLE_FAILED",
+          id: createStorageErrorId("MSSQL", "UPDATE_THREAD", "FAILED"),
           domain: ErrorDomain.STORAGE,
           category: ErrorCategory.THIRD_PARTY,
           details: {
-            tableName
+            threadId: id,
+            title
           }
         },
         error
       );
     }
   }
-  getDefaultValue(type) {
-    switch (type) {
-      case "timestamp":
-        return "DEFAULT SYSDATETIMEOFFSET()";
-      case "jsonb":
-        return "DEFAULT N'{}'";
-      default:
-        return super.getDefaultValue(type);
-    }
-  }
-  async alterTable({
-    tableName,
-    schema,
-    ifNotExists
-  }) {
-    const fullTableName = this.getTableName(tableName);
+  async deleteThread({ threadId }) {
+    const messagesTable = getTableName({ indexName: TABLE_MESSAGES, schemaName: getSchemaName(this.schema) });
+    const threadsTable = getTableName({ indexName: TABLE_THREADS, schemaName: getSchemaName(this.schema) });
+    const deleteMessagesSql = `DELETE FROM ${messagesTable} WHERE [thread_id] = @threadId`;
+    const deleteThreadSql = `DELETE FROM ${threadsTable} WHERE id = @threadId`;
+    const tx = this.pool.transaction();
     try {
-      for (const columnName of ifNotExists) {
-        if (schema[columnName]) {
-          const columnCheckRequest = this.pool.request();
-          columnCheckRequest.input("tableName", fullTableName.replace(/[[\]]/g, "").split(".").pop());
-          columnCheckRequest.input("columnName", columnName);
-          columnCheckRequest.input("schema", this.schema || "dbo");
-          const checkSql = `SELECT 1 AS found FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLUMNS WHERE TABLE_SCHEMA = @schema AND TABLE_NAME = @tableName AND COLUMN_NAME = @columnName`;
-          const checkResult = await columnCheckRequest.query(checkSql);
-          const columnExists = Array.isArray(checkResult.recordset) && checkResult.recordset.length > 0;
-          if (!columnExists) {
-            const columnDef = schema[columnName];
-            const sqlType = this.getSqlType(columnDef.type);
-            const nullable = columnDef.nullable === false ? "NOT NULL" : "";
-            const defaultValue = columnDef.nullable === false ? this.getDefaultValue(columnDef.type) : "";
-            const parsedColumnName = parseSqlIdentifier(columnName, "column name");
-            const alterSql = `ALTER TABLE ${fullTableName} ADD [${parsedColumnName}] ${sqlType} ${nullable} ${defaultValue}`.trim();
-            await this.pool.request().query(alterSql);
-            this.logger?.debug?.(`Ensured column ${parsedColumnName} exists in table ${fullTableName}`);
-          }
-        }
-      }
+      await tx.begin();
+      const req = tx.request();
+      req.input("threadId", threadId);
+      await req.query(deleteMessagesSql);
+      await req.query(deleteThreadSql);
+      await tx.commit();
     } catch (error) {
+      await tx.rollback().catch(() => {
+      });
       throw new MastraError(
         {
-          id: "MASTRA_STORAGE_MSSQL_STORE_ALTER_TABLE_FAILED",
+          id: createStorageErrorId("MSSQL", "DELETE_THREAD", "FAILED"),
           domain: ErrorDomain.STORAGE,
           category: ErrorCategory.THIRD_PARTY,
           details: {
-            tableName
+            threadId
           }
         },
         error
       );
     }
   }
-  async clearTable({ tableName }) {
-    const fullTableName = this.getTableName(tableName);
+  async _getIncludedMessages({ include }) {
+    if (!include || include.length === 0) return null;
+    const unionQueries = [];
+    const paramValues = [];
+    let paramIdx = 1;
+    const paramNames = [];
+    const tableName = getTableName({ indexName: TABLE_MESSAGES, schemaName: getSchemaName(this.schema) });
+    for (const inc of include) {
+      const { id, withPreviousMessages = 0, withNextMessages = 0 } = inc;
+      const pId = `@p${paramIdx}`;
+      const pPrev = `@p${paramIdx + 1}`;
+      const pNext = `@p${paramIdx + 2}`;
+      unionQueries.push(
+        `
+          SELECT
+            m.id, 
+            m.content, 
+            m.role, 
+            m.type,
+            m.[createdAt], 
+            m.thread_id AS threadId,
+            m.[resourceId],
+            m.seq_id
+          FROM (
+            SELECT *, ROW_NUMBER() OVER (ORDER BY [createdAt] ASC) as row_num
+            FROM ${tableName}
+            WHERE [thread_id] = (SELECT thread_id FROM ${tableName} WHERE id = ${pId})
+          ) AS m
+          WHERE m.id = ${pId}
+          OR EXISTS (
+            SELECT 1
+            FROM (
+              SELECT *, ROW_NUMBER() OVER (ORDER BY [createdAt] ASC) as row_num
+              FROM ${tableName}
+              WHERE [thread_id] = (SELECT thread_id FROM ${tableName} WHERE id = ${pId})
+            ) AS target
+            WHERE target.id = ${pId}
+            AND (
+              -- Get previous messages (messages that come BEFORE the target)
+              (m.row_num < target.row_num AND m.row_num >= target.row_num - ${pPrev})
+              OR
+              -- Get next messages (messages that come AFTER the target)
+              (m.row_num > target.row_num AND m.row_num <= target.row_num + ${pNext})
+            )
+          )
+        `
+      );
+      paramValues.push(id, withPreviousMessages, withNextMessages);
+      paramNames.push(`p${paramIdx}`, `p${paramIdx + 1}`, `p${paramIdx + 2}`);
+      paramIdx += 3;
+    }
+    const finalQuery = `
+      SELECT * FROM (
+        ${unionQueries.join(" UNION ALL ")}
+      ) AS union_result
+      ORDER BY [seq_id] ASC
+    `;
+    const req = this.pool.request();
+    for (let i = 0; i < paramValues.length; ++i) {
+      req.input(paramNames[i], paramValues[i]);
+    }
+    const result = await req.query(finalQuery);
+    const includedRows = result.recordset || [];
+    const seen = /* @__PURE__ */ new Set();
+    const dedupedRows = includedRows.filter((row) => {
+      if (seen.has(row.id)) return false;
+      seen.add(row.id);
+      return true;
+    });
+    return dedupedRows;
+  }
+  async listMessagesById({ messageIds }) {
+    if (messageIds.length === 0) return { messages: [] };
+    const selectStatement = `SELECT seq_id, id, content, role, type, [createdAt], thread_id AS threadId, resourceId`;
+    const orderByStatement = `ORDER BY [seq_id] DESC`;
     try {
-      const fkQuery = `
-        SELECT
-          OBJECT_SCHEMA_NAME(fk.parent_object_id) AS schema_name,
-          OBJECT_NAME(fk.parent_object_id) AS table_name
-        FROM sys.foreign_keys fk
-        WHERE fk.referenced_object_id = OBJECT_ID(@fullTableName)
-      `;
-      const fkResult = await this.pool.request().input("fullTableName", fullTableName).query(fkQuery);
-      const childTables = fkResult.recordset || [];
-      for (const child of childTables) {
-        const childTableName = this.schema ? `[${child.schema_name}].[${child.table_name}]` : `[${child.table_name}]`;
-        await this.clearTable({ tableName: childTableName });
-      }
-      await this.pool.request().query(`TRUNCATE TABLE ${fullTableName}`);
+      let rows = [];
+      let query = `${selectStatement} FROM ${getTableName({ indexName: TABLE_MESSAGES, schemaName: getSchemaName(this.schema) })} WHERE [id] IN (${messageIds.map((_, i) => `@id${i}`).join(", ")})`;
+      const request = this.pool.request();
+      messageIds.forEach((id, i) => request.input(`id${i}`, id));
+      query += ` ${orderByStatement}`;
+      const result = await request.query(query);
+      const remainingRows = result.recordset || [];
+      rows.push(...remainingRows);
+      rows.sort((a, b) => {
+        const timeDiff = a.seq_id - b.seq_id;
+        return timeDiff;
+      });
+      const messagesWithParsedContent = rows.map((row) => {
+        if (typeof row.content === "string") {
+          try {
+            return { ...row, content: JSON.parse(row.content) };
+          } catch {
+            return row;
+          }
+        }
+        return row;
+      });
+      const cleanMessages = messagesWithParsedContent.map(({ seq_id, ...rest }) => rest);
+      const list = new MessageList().add(cleanMessages, "memory");
+      return { messages: list.get.all.db() };
     } catch (error) {
-      throw new MastraError(
+      const mastraError = new MastraError(
         {
-          id: "MASTRA_STORAGE_MSSQL_STORE_CLEAR_TABLE_FAILED",
+          id: createStorageErrorId("MSSQL", "LIST_MESSAGES_BY_ID", "FAILED"),
           domain: ErrorDomain.STORAGE,
           category: ErrorCategory.THIRD_PARTY,
           details: {
-            tableName
+            messageIds: JSON.stringify(messageIds)
           }
         },
         error
       );
+      this.logger?.error?.(mastraError.toString());
+      this.logger?.trackException?.(mastraError);
+      return { messages: [] };
     }
   }
-  async insert({ tableName, record }) {
-    try {
-      const columns = Object.keys(record).map((col) => parseSqlIdentifier(col, "column name"));
-      const values = Object.values(record);
-      const paramNames = values.map((_, i) => `@param${i}`);
-      const insertSql = `INSERT INTO ${this.getTableName(tableName)} (${columns.map((c) => `[${c}]`).join(", ")}) VALUES (${paramNames.join(", ")})`;
-      const request = this.pool.request();
-      values.forEach((value, i) => {
-        if (value instanceof Date) {
-          request.input(`param${i}`, sql.DateTime2, value);
-        } else if (typeof value === "object" && value !== null) {
-          request.input(`param${i}`, JSON.stringify(value));
-        } else {
-          request.input(`param${i}`, value);
-        }
-      });
-      await request.query(insertSql);
-    } catch (error) {
+  async listMessages(args) {
+    const { threadId, resourceId, include, filter, perPage: perPageInput, page = 0, orderBy } = args;
+    const threadIds = Array.isArray(threadId) ? threadId : [threadId];
+    if (threadIds.length === 0 || threadIds.some((id) => !id.trim())) {
       throw new MastraError(
         {
-          id: "MASTRA_STORAGE_MSSQL_STORE_INSERT_FAILED",
+          id: createStorageErrorId("MSSQL", "LIST_MESSAGES", "INVALID_THREAD_ID"),
           domain: ErrorDomain.STORAGE,
           category: ErrorCategory.THIRD_PARTY,
-          details: {
-            tableName
-          }
+          details: { threadId: Array.isArray(threadId) ? threadId.join(",") : threadId }
         },
-        error
+        new Error("threadId must be a non-empty string or array of non-empty strings")
       );
     }
-  }
-  async load({ tableName, keys }) {
-    try {
-      const keyEntries = Object.entries(keys).map(([key, value]) => [parseSqlIdentifier(key, "column name"), value]);
-      const conditions = keyEntries.map(([key], i) => `[${key}] = @param${i}`).join(" AND ");
-      const values = keyEntries.map(([_, value]) => value);
-      const sql2 = `SELECT * FROM ${this.getTableName(tableName)} WHERE ${conditions}`;
-      const request = this.pool.request();
-      values.forEach((value, i) => {
-        request.input(`param${i}`, value);
+    if (page < 0) {
+      throw new MastraError({
+        id: createStorageErrorId("MSSQL", "LIST_MESSAGES", "INVALID_PAGE"),
+        domain: ErrorDomain.STORAGE,
+        category: ErrorCategory.USER,
+        text: "Page number must be non-negative",
+        details: {
+          threadId: Array.isArray(threadId) ? threadId.join(",") : threadId,
+          page
+        }
+      });
+    }
+    const perPage = normalizePerPage(perPageInput, 40);
+    const { offset, perPage: perPageForResponse } = calculatePagination(page, perPageInput, perPage);
+    try {
+      const { field, direction } = this.parseOrderBy(orderBy, "ASC");
+      const orderByStatement = `ORDER BY [${field}] ${direction}, [seq_id] ${direction}`;
+      const tableName = getTableName({ indexName: TABLE_MESSAGES, schemaName: getSchemaName(this.schema) });
+      const baseQuery = `SELECT seq_id, id, content, role, type, [createdAt], thread_id AS threadId, resourceId FROM ${tableName}`;
+      const filters = {
+        thread_id: threadIds.length === 1 ? threadIds[0] : { $in: threadIds },
+        ...resourceId ? { resourceId } : {},
+        ...buildDateRangeFilter(filter?.dateRange, "createdAt")
+      };
+      const { sql: actualWhereClause = "", params: whereParams } = prepareWhereClause(
+        filters);
+      const bindWhereParams = (req) => {
+        Object.entries(whereParams).forEach(([paramName, paramValue]) => req.input(paramName, paramValue));
+      };
+      const countRequest = this.pool.request();
+      bindWhereParams(countRequest);
+      const countResult = await countRequest.query(`SELECT COUNT(*) as total FROM ${tableName}${actualWhereClause}`);
+      const total = parseInt(countResult.recordset[0]?.total, 10) || 0;
+      const fetchBaseMessages = async () => {
+        const request = this.pool.request();
+        bindWhereParams(request);
+        if (perPageInput === false) {
+          const result2 = await request.query(`${baseQuery}${actualWhereClause} ${orderByStatement}`);
+          return result2.recordset || [];
+        }
+        request.input("offset", offset);
+        request.input("limit", perPage > 2147483647 ? sql2.BigInt : sql2.Int, perPage);
+        const result = await request.query(
+          `${baseQuery}${actualWhereClause} ${orderByStatement} OFFSET @offset ROWS FETCH NEXT @limit ROWS ONLY`
+        );
+        return result.recordset || [];
+      };
+      const baseRows = perPage === 0 ? [] : await fetchBaseMessages();
+      const messages = [...baseRows];
+      const seqById = /* @__PURE__ */ new Map();
+      messages.forEach((msg) => {
+        if (typeof msg.seq_id === "number") seqById.set(msg.id, msg.seq_id);
+      });
+      if (total === 0 && messages.length === 0 && (!include || include.length === 0)) {
+        return {
+          messages: [],
+          total: 0,
+          page,
+          perPage: perPageForResponse,
+          hasMore: false
+        };
+      }
+      if (include?.length) {
+        const messageIds = new Set(messages.map((m) => m.id));
+        const includeMessages = await this._getIncludedMessages({ include });
+        includeMessages?.forEach((msg) => {
+          if (!messageIds.has(msg.id)) {
+            messages.push(msg);
+            messageIds.add(msg.id);
+            if (typeof msg.seq_id === "number") seqById.set(msg.id, msg.seq_id);
+          }
+        });
+      }
+      const parsed = this._parseAndFormatMessages(messages, "v2");
+      const mult = direction === "ASC" ? 1 : -1;
+      const finalMessages = parsed.sort((a, b) => {
+        const aVal = field === "createdAt" ? new Date(a.createdAt).getTime() : a[field];
+        const bVal = field === "createdAt" ? new Date(b.createdAt).getTime() : b[field];
+        if (aVal == null || bVal == null) {
+          return aVal == null && bVal == null ? a.id.localeCompare(b.id) : aVal == null ? 1 : -1;
+        }
+        const diff = (typeof aVal === "number" && typeof bVal === "number" ? aVal - bVal : String(aVal).localeCompare(String(bVal))) * mult;
+        if (diff !== 0) return diff;
+        const seqA = seqById.get(a.id);
+        const seqB = seqById.get(b.id);
+        return seqA != null && seqB != null ? (seqA - seqB) * mult : a.id.localeCompare(b.id);
+      });
+      const threadIdSet = new Set(threadIds);
+      const returnedThreadMessageCount = finalMessages.filter((m) => m.threadId && threadIdSet.has(m.threadId)).length;
+      const hasMore = perPageInput !== false && returnedThreadMessageCount < total && offset + perPage < total;
+      return {
+        messages: finalMessages,
+        total,
+        page,
+        perPage: perPageForResponse,
+        hasMore
+      };
+    } catch (error) {
+      const mastraError = new MastraError(
+        {
+          id: createStorageErrorId("MSSQL", "LIST_MESSAGES", "FAILED"),
+          domain: ErrorDomain.STORAGE,
+          category: ErrorCategory.THIRD_PARTY,
+          details: {
+            threadId: Array.isArray(threadId) ? threadId.join(",") : threadId,
+            resourceId: resourceId ?? ""
+          }
+        },
+        error
+      );
+      this.logger?.error?.(mastraError.toString());
+      this.logger?.trackException?.(mastraError);
+      return {
+        messages: [],
+        total: 0,
+        page,
+        perPage: perPageForResponse,
+        hasMore: false
+      };
+    }
+  }
+  async saveMessages({ messages }) {
+    if (messages.length === 0) return { messages: [] };
+    const threadId = messages[0]?.threadId;
+    if (!threadId) {
+      throw new MastraError({
+        id: createStorageErrorId("MSSQL", "SAVE_MESSAGES", "INVALID_THREAD_ID"),
+        domain: ErrorDomain.STORAGE,
+        category: ErrorCategory.THIRD_PARTY,
+        text: `Thread ID is required`
+      });
+    }
+    const thread = await this.getThreadById({ threadId });
+    if (!thread) {
+      throw new MastraError({
+        id: createStorageErrorId("MSSQL", "SAVE_MESSAGES", "THREAD_NOT_FOUND"),
+        domain: ErrorDomain.STORAGE,
+        category: ErrorCategory.THIRD_PARTY,
+        text: `Thread ${threadId} not found`,
+        details: { threadId }
+      });
+    }
+    const tableMessages = getTableName({ indexName: TABLE_MESSAGES, schemaName: getSchemaName(this.schema) });
+    const tableThreads = getTableName({ indexName: TABLE_THREADS, schemaName: getSchemaName(this.schema) });
+    try {
+      const transaction = this.pool.transaction();
+      await transaction.begin();
+      try {
+        for (const message of messages) {
+          if (!message.threadId) {
+            throw new Error(
+              `Expected to find a threadId for message, but couldn't find one. An unexpected error has occurred.`
+            );
+          }
+          if (!message.resourceId) {
+            throw new Error(
+              `Expected to find a resourceId for message, but couldn't find one. An unexpected error has occurred.`
+            );
+          }
+          const request = transaction.request();
+          request.input("id", message.id);
+          request.input("thread_id", message.threadId);
+          request.input(
+            "content",
+            typeof message.content === "string" ? message.content : JSON.stringify(message.content)
+          );
+          request.input("createdAt", sql2.DateTime2, message.createdAt);
+          request.input("role", message.role);
+          request.input("type", message.type || "v2");
+          request.input("resourceId", message.resourceId);
+          const mergeSql = `MERGE INTO ${tableMessages} AS target
+            USING (SELECT @id AS id) AS src
+            ON target.id = src.id
+            WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET
+              thread_id = @thread_id,
+              content = @content,
+              [createdAt] = @createdAt,
+              role = @role,
+              type = @type,
+              resourceId = @resourceId
+            WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN INSERT (id, thread_id, content, [createdAt], role, type, resourceId)
+              VALUES (@id, @thread_id, @content, @createdAt, @role, @type, @resourceId);`;
+          await request.query(mergeSql);
+        }
+        const threadReq = transaction.request();
+        threadReq.input("updatedAt", sql2.DateTime2, /* @__PURE__ */ new Date());
+        threadReq.input("id", threadId);
+        await threadReq.query(`UPDATE ${tableThreads} SET [updatedAt] = @updatedAt WHERE id = @id`);
+        await transaction.commit();
+      } catch (error) {
+        await transaction.rollback();
+        throw error;
+      }
+      const messagesWithParsedContent = messages.map((message) => {
+        if (typeof message.content === "string") {
+          try {
+            return { ...message, content: JSON.parse(message.content) };
+          } catch {
+            return message;
+          }
+        }
+        return message;
+      });
+      const list = new MessageList().add(messagesWithParsedContent, "memory");
+      return { messages: list.get.all.db() };
+    } catch (error) {
+      throw new MastraError(
+        {
+          id: createStorageErrorId("MSSQL", "SAVE_MESSAGES", "FAILED"),
+          domain: ErrorDomain.STORAGE,
+          category: ErrorCategory.THIRD_PARTY,
+          details: { threadId }
+        },
+        error
+      );
+    }
+  }
+  async updateMessages({
+    messages
+  }) {
+    if (!messages || messages.length === 0) {
+      return [];
+    }
+    const messageIds = messages.map((m) => m.id);
+    const idParams = messageIds.map((_, i) => `@id${i}`).join(", ");
+    let selectQuery = `SELECT id, content, role, type, createdAt, thread_id AS threadId, resourceId FROM ${getTableName({ indexName: TABLE_MESSAGES, schemaName: getSchemaName(this.schema) })}`;
+    if (idParams.length > 0) {
+      selectQuery += ` WHERE id IN (${idParams})`;
+    } else {
+      return [];
+    }
+    const selectReq = this.pool.request();
+    messageIds.forEach((id, i) => selectReq.input(`id${i}`, id));
+    const existingMessagesDb = (await selectReq.query(selectQuery)).recordset;
+    if (!existingMessagesDb || existingMessagesDb.length === 0) {
+      return [];
+    }
+    const existingMessages = existingMessagesDb.map((msg) => {
+      if (typeof msg.content === "string") {
+        try {
+          msg.content = JSON.parse(msg.content);
+        } catch {
+        }
+      }
+      return msg;
+    });
+    const threadIdsToUpdate = /* @__PURE__ */ new Set();
+    const transaction = this.pool.transaction();
+    try {
+      await transaction.begin();
+      for (const existingMessage of existingMessages) {
+        const updatePayload = messages.find((m) => m.id === existingMessage.id);
+        if (!updatePayload) continue;
+        const { id, ...fieldsToUpdate } = updatePayload;
+        if (Object.keys(fieldsToUpdate).length === 0) continue;
+        threadIdsToUpdate.add(existingMessage.threadId);
+        if (updatePayload.threadId && updatePayload.threadId !== existingMessage.threadId) {
+          threadIdsToUpdate.add(updatePayload.threadId);
+        }
+        const setClauses = [];
+        const req = transaction.request();
+        req.input("id", id);
+        const columnMapping = { threadId: "thread_id" };
+        const updatableFields = { ...fieldsToUpdate };
+        if (updatableFields.content) {
+          const newContent = {
+            ...existingMessage.content,
+            ...updatableFields.content,
+            ...existingMessage.content?.metadata && updatableFields.content.metadata ? { metadata: { ...existingMessage.content.metadata, ...updatableFields.content.metadata } } : {}
+          };
+          setClauses.push(`content = @content`);
+          req.input("content", JSON.stringify(newContent));
+          delete updatableFields.content;
+        }
+        for (const key in updatableFields) {
+          if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(updatableFields, key)) {
+            const dbColumn = columnMapping[key] || key;
+            setClauses.push(`[${dbColumn}] = @${dbColumn}`);
+            req.input(dbColumn, updatableFields[key]);
+          }
+        }
+        if (setClauses.length > 0) {
+          const updateSql = `UPDATE ${getTableName({ indexName: TABLE_MESSAGES, schemaName: getSchemaName(this.schema) })} SET ${setClauses.join(", ")} WHERE id = @id`;
+          await req.query(updateSql);
+        }
+      }
+      if (threadIdsToUpdate.size > 0) {
+        const threadIdParams = Array.from(threadIdsToUpdate).map((_, i) => `@tid${i}`).join(", ");
+        const threadReq = transaction.request();
+        Array.from(threadIdsToUpdate).forEach((tid, i) => threadReq.input(`tid${i}`, tid));
+        threadReq.input("updatedAt", (/* @__PURE__ */ new Date()).toISOString());
+        const threadSql = `UPDATE ${getTableName({ indexName: TABLE_THREADS, schemaName: getSchemaName(this.schema) })} SET updatedAt = @updatedAt WHERE id IN (${threadIdParams})`;
+        await threadReq.query(threadSql);
+      }
+      await transaction.commit();
+    } catch (error) {
+      await transaction.rollback();
+      throw new MastraError(
+        {
+          id: createStorageErrorId("MSSQL", "UPDATE_MESSAGES", "FAILED"),
+          domain: ErrorDomain.STORAGE,
+          category: ErrorCategory.THIRD_PARTY
+        },
+        error
+      );
+    }
+    const refetchReq = this.pool.request();
+    messageIds.forEach((id, i) => refetchReq.input(`id${i}`, id));
+    const updatedMessages = (await refetchReq.query(selectQuery)).recordset;
+    return (updatedMessages || []).map((message) => {
+      if (typeof message.content === "string") {
+        try {
+          message.content = JSON.parse(message.content);
+        } catch {
+        }
+      }
+      return message;
+    });
+  }
+  async deleteMessages(messageIds) {
+    if (!messageIds || messageIds.length === 0) {
+      return;
+    }
+    try {
+      const messageTableName = getTableName({ indexName: TABLE_MESSAGES, schemaName: getSchemaName(this.schema) });
+      const threadTableName = getTableName({ indexName: TABLE_THREADS, schemaName: getSchemaName(this.schema) });
+      const placeholders = messageIds.map((_, idx) => `@p${idx + 1}`).join(",");
+      const request = this.pool.request();
+      messageIds.forEach((id, idx) => {
+        request.input(`p${idx + 1}`, id);
+      });
+      const messages = await request.query(
+        `SELECT DISTINCT [thread_id] FROM ${messageTableName} WHERE [id] IN (${placeholders})`
+      );
+      const threadIds = messages.recordset?.map((msg) => msg.thread_id).filter(Boolean) || [];
+      const transaction = this.pool.transaction();
+      await transaction.begin();
+      try {
+        const deleteRequest = transaction.request();
+        messageIds.forEach((id, idx) => {
+          deleteRequest.input(`p${idx + 1}`, id);
+        });
+        await deleteRequest.query(`DELETE FROM ${messageTableName} WHERE [id] IN (${placeholders})`);
+        if (threadIds.length > 0) {
+          for (const threadId of threadIds) {
+            const updateRequest = transaction.request();
+            updateRequest.input("p1", threadId);
+            await updateRequest.query(`UPDATE ${threadTableName} SET [updatedAt] = GETDATE() WHERE [id] = @p1`);
+          }
+        }
+        await transaction.commit();
+      } catch (error) {
+        try {
+          await transaction.rollback();
+        } catch {
+        }
+        throw error;
+      }
+    } catch (error) {
+      throw new MastraError(
+        {
+          id: createStorageErrorId("MSSQL", "DELETE_MESSAGES", "FAILED"),
+          domain: ErrorDomain.STORAGE,
+          category: ErrorCategory.THIRD_PARTY,
+          details: { messageIds: messageIds.join(", ") }
+        },
+        error
+      );
+    }
+  }
+  async getResourceById({ resourceId }) {
+    const tableName = getTableName({ indexName: TABLE_RESOURCES, schemaName: getSchemaName(this.schema) });
+    try {
+      const req = this.pool.request();
+      req.input("resourceId", resourceId);
+      const result = (await req.query(`SELECT * FROM ${tableName} WHERE id = @resourceId`)).recordset[0];
+      if (!result) {
+        return null;
+      }
+      return {
+        id: result.id,
+        createdAt: result.createdAt,
+        updatedAt: result.updatedAt,
+        workingMemory: result.workingMemory,
+        metadata: typeof result.metadata === "string" ? JSON.parse(result.metadata) : result.metadata
+      };
+    } catch (error) {
+      const mastraError = new MastraError(
+        {
+          id: createStorageErrorId("MSSQL", "GET_RESOURCE_BY_ID", "FAILED"),
+          domain: ErrorDomain.STORAGE,
+          category: ErrorCategory.THIRD_PARTY,
+          details: { resourceId }
+        },
+        error
+      );
+      this.logger?.error?.(mastraError.toString());
+      this.logger?.trackException?.(mastraError);
+      throw mastraError;
+    }
+  }
+  async saveResource({ resource }) {
+    await this.operations.insert({
+      tableName: TABLE_RESOURCES,
+      record: {
+        ...resource,
+        metadata: resource.metadata
+      }
+    });
+    return resource;
+  }
+  async updateResource({
+    resourceId,
+    workingMemory,
+    metadata
+  }) {
+    try {
+      const existingResource = await this.getResourceById({ resourceId });
+      if (!existingResource) {
+        const newResource = {
+          id: resourceId,
+          workingMemory,
+          metadata: metadata || {},
+          createdAt: /* @__PURE__ */ new Date(),
+          updatedAt: /* @__PURE__ */ new Date()
+        };
+        return this.saveResource({ resource: newResource });
+      }
+      const updatedResource = {
+        ...existingResource,
+        workingMemory: workingMemory !== void 0 ? workingMemory : existingResource.workingMemory,
+        metadata: {
+          ...existingResource.metadata,
+          ...metadata
+        },
+        updatedAt: /* @__PURE__ */ new Date()
+      };
+      const tableName = getTableName({ indexName: TABLE_RESOURCES, schemaName: getSchemaName(this.schema) });
+      const updates = [];
+      const req = this.pool.request();
+      if (workingMemory !== void 0) {
+        updates.push("workingMemory = @workingMemory");
+        req.input("workingMemory", workingMemory);
+      }
+      if (metadata) {
+        updates.push("metadata = @metadata");
+        req.input("metadata", JSON.stringify(updatedResource.metadata));
+      }
+      updates.push("updatedAt = @updatedAt");
+      req.input("updatedAt", updatedResource.updatedAt.toISOString());
+      req.input("id", resourceId);
+      await req.query(`UPDATE ${tableName} SET ${updates.join(", ")} WHERE id = @id`);
+      return updatedResource;
+    } catch (error) {
+      const mastraError = new MastraError(
+        {
+          id: createStorageErrorId("MSSQL", "UPDATE_RESOURCE", "FAILED"),
+          domain: ErrorDomain.STORAGE,
+          category: ErrorCategory.THIRD_PARTY,
+          details: { resourceId }
+        },
+        error
+      );
+      this.logger?.error?.(mastraError.toString());
+      this.logger?.trackException?.(mastraError);
+      throw mastraError;
+    }
+  }
+};
+var ObservabilityMSSQL = class extends ObservabilityStorage {
+  pool;
+  operations;
+  schema;
+  constructor({
+    pool,
+    operations,
+    schema
+  }) {
+    super();
+    this.pool = pool;
+    this.operations = operations;
+    this.schema = schema;
+  }
+  get tracingStrategy() {
+    return {
+      preferred: "batch-with-updates",
+      supported: ["batch-with-updates", "insert-only"]
+    };
+  }
+  async createSpan(span) {
+    try {
+      const startedAt = span.startedAt instanceof Date ? span.startedAt.toISOString() : span.startedAt;
+      const endedAt = span.endedAt instanceof Date ? span.endedAt.toISOString() : span.endedAt;
+      const record = {
+        ...span,
+        startedAt,
+        endedAt
+        // Note: createdAt/updatedAt will be set by default values
+      };
+      return this.operations.insert({ tableName: TABLE_SPANS, record });
+    } catch (error) {
+      throw new MastraError(
+        {
+          id: createStorageErrorId("MSSQL", "CREATE_SPAN", "FAILED"),
+          domain: ErrorDomain.STORAGE,
+          category: ErrorCategory.USER,
+          details: {
+            spanId: span.spanId,
+            traceId: span.traceId,
+            spanType: span.spanType,
+            spanName: span.name
+          }
+        },
+        error
+      );
+    }
+  }
+  async getTrace(traceId) {
+    try {
+      const tableName = getTableName({
+        indexName: TABLE_SPANS,
+        schemaName: getSchemaName(this.schema)
+      });
+      const request = this.pool.request();
+      request.input("traceId", traceId);
+      const result = await request.query(
+        `SELECT
+          [traceId], [spanId], [parentSpanId], [name], [scope], [spanType],
+          [attributes], [metadata], [links], [input], [output], [error], [isEvent],
+          [startedAt], [endedAt], [createdAt], [updatedAt]
+        FROM ${tableName}
+        WHERE [traceId] = @traceId
+        ORDER BY [startedAt] DESC`
+      );
+      if (!result.recordset || result.recordset.length === 0) {
+        return null;
+      }
+      return {
+        traceId,
+        spans: result.recordset.map(
+          (span) => transformFromSqlRow({
+            tableName: TABLE_SPANS,
+            sqlRow: span
+          })
+        )
+      };
+    } catch (error) {
+      throw new MastraError(
+        {
+          id: createStorageErrorId("MSSQL", "GET_TRACE", "FAILED"),
+          domain: ErrorDomain.STORAGE,
+          category: ErrorCategory.USER,
+          details: {
+            traceId
+          }
+        },
+        error
+      );
+    }
+  }
+  async updateSpan({
+    spanId,
+    traceId,
+    updates
+  }) {
+    try {
+      const data = { ...updates };
+      if (data.endedAt instanceof Date) {
+        data.endedAt = data.endedAt.toISOString();
+      }
+      if (data.startedAt instanceof Date) {
+        data.startedAt = data.startedAt.toISOString();
+      }
+      await this.operations.update({
+        tableName: TABLE_SPANS,
+        keys: { spanId, traceId },
+        data
+      });
+    } catch (error) {
+      throw new MastraError(
+        {
+          id: createStorageErrorId("MSSQL", "UPDATE_SPAN", "FAILED"),
+          domain: ErrorDomain.STORAGE,
+          category: ErrorCategory.USER,
+          details: {
+            spanId,
+            traceId
+          }
+        },
+        error
+      );
+    }
+  }
+  async getTracesPaginated({
+    filters,
+    pagination
+  }) {
+    const page = pagination?.page ?? 0;
+    const perPage = pagination?.perPage ?? 10;
+    const { entityId, entityType, ...actualFilters } = filters || {};
+    const filtersWithDateRange = {
+      ...actualFilters,
+      ...buildDateRangeFilter(pagination?.dateRange, "startedAt"),
+      parentSpanId: null
+      // Only get root spans for traces
+    };
+    const whereClause = prepareWhereClause(filtersWithDateRange);
+    let actualWhereClause = whereClause.sql;
+    const params = { ...whereClause.params };
+    let currentParamIndex = Object.keys(params).length + 1;
+    if (entityId && entityType) {
+      let name = "";
+      if (entityType === "workflow") {
+        name = `workflow run: '${entityId}'`;
+      } else if (entityType === "agent") {
+        name = `agent run: '${entityId}'`;
+      } else {
+        const error = new MastraError({
+          id: createStorageErrorId("MSSQL", "GET_TRACES_PAGINATED", "INVALID_ENTITY_TYPE"),
+          domain: ErrorDomain.STORAGE,
+          category: ErrorCategory.USER,
+          details: {
+            entityType
+          },
+          text: `Cannot filter by entity type: ${entityType}`
+        });
+        throw error;
+      }
+      const entityParam = `p${currentParamIndex++}`;
+      if (actualWhereClause) {
+        actualWhereClause += ` AND [name] = @${entityParam}`;
+      } else {
+        actualWhereClause = ` WHERE [name] = @${entityParam}`;
+      }
+      params[entityParam] = name;
+    }
+    const tableName = getTableName({
+      indexName: TABLE_SPANS,
+      schemaName: getSchemaName(this.schema)
+    });
+    try {
+      const countRequest = this.pool.request();
+      Object.entries(params).forEach(([key, value]) => {
+        countRequest.input(key, value);
+      });
+      const countResult = await countRequest.query(
+        `SELECT COUNT(*) as count FROM ${tableName}${actualWhereClause}`
+      );
+      const total = countResult.recordset[0]?.count ?? 0;
+      if (total === 0) {
+        return {
+          pagination: {
+            total: 0,
+            page,
+            perPage,
+            hasMore: false
+          },
+          spans: []
+        };
+      }
+      const dataRequest = this.pool.request();
+      Object.entries(params).forEach(([key, value]) => {
+        dataRequest.input(key, value);
+      });
+      dataRequest.input("offset", page * perPage);
+      dataRequest.input("limit", perPage);
+      const dataResult = await dataRequest.query(
+        `SELECT * FROM ${tableName}${actualWhereClause} ORDER BY [startedAt] DESC OFFSET @offset ROWS FETCH NEXT @limit ROWS ONLY`
+      );
+      const spans = dataResult.recordset.map(
+        (row) => transformFromSqlRow({
+          tableName: TABLE_SPANS,
+          sqlRow: row
+        })
+      );
+      return {
+        pagination: {
+          total,
+          page,
+          perPage,
+          hasMore: (page + 1) * perPage < total
+        },
+        spans
+      };
+    } catch (error) {
+      throw new MastraError(
+        {
+          id: createStorageErrorId("MSSQL", "GET_TRACES_PAGINATED", "FAILED"),
+          domain: ErrorDomain.STORAGE,
+          category: ErrorCategory.USER
+        },
+        error
+      );
+    }
+  }
+  async batchCreateSpans(args) {
+    if (!args.records || args.records.length === 0) {
+      return;
+    }
+    try {
+      await this.operations.batchInsert({
+        tableName: TABLE_SPANS,
+        records: args.records.map((span) => ({
+          ...span,
+          startedAt: span.startedAt instanceof Date ? span.startedAt.toISOString() : span.startedAt,
+          endedAt: span.endedAt instanceof Date ? span.endedAt.toISOString() : span.endedAt
+        }))
+      });
+    } catch (error) {
+      throw new MastraError(
+        {
+          id: createStorageErrorId("MSSQL", "BATCH_CREATE_SPANS", "FAILED"),
+          domain: ErrorDomain.STORAGE,
+          category: ErrorCategory.USER,
+          details: {
+            count: args.records.length
+          }
+        },
+        error
+      );
+    }
+  }
+  async batchUpdateSpans(args) {
+    if (!args.records || args.records.length === 0) {
+      return;
+    }
+    try {
+      const updates = args.records.map(({ traceId, spanId, updates: data }) => {
+        const processedData = { ...data };
+        if (processedData.endedAt instanceof Date) {
+          processedData.endedAt = processedData.endedAt.toISOString();
+        }
+        if (processedData.startedAt instanceof Date) {
+          processedData.startedAt = processedData.startedAt.toISOString();
+        }
+        return {
+          keys: { spanId, traceId },
+          data: processedData
+        };
+      });
+      await this.operations.batchUpdate({
+        tableName: TABLE_SPANS,
+        updates
+      });
+    } catch (error) {
+      throw new MastraError(
+        {
+          id: createStorageErrorId("MSSQL", "BATCH_UPDATE_SPANS", "FAILED"),
+          domain: ErrorDomain.STORAGE,
+          category: ErrorCategory.USER,
+          details: {
+            count: args.records.length
+          }
+        },
+        error
+      );
+    }
+  }
+  async batchDeleteTraces(args) {
+    if (!args.traceIds || args.traceIds.length === 0) {
+      return;
+    }
+    try {
+      const keys = args.traceIds.map((traceId) => ({ traceId }));
+      await this.operations.batchDelete({
+        tableName: TABLE_SPANS,
+        keys
+      });
+    } catch (error) {
+      throw new MastraError(
+        {
+          id: createStorageErrorId("MSSQL", "BATCH_DELETE_TRACES", "FAILED"),
+          domain: ErrorDomain.STORAGE,
+          category: ErrorCategory.USER,
+          details: {
+            count: args.traceIds.length
+          }
+        },
+        error
+      );
+    }
+  }
+};
+var StoreOperationsMSSQL = class extends StoreOperations {
+  pool;
+  schemaName;
+  setupSchemaPromise = null;
+  schemaSetupComplete = void 0;
+  getSqlType(type, isPrimaryKey = false, useLargeStorage = false) {
+    switch (type) {
+      case "text":
+        if (useLargeStorage) {
+          return "NVARCHAR(MAX)";
+        }
+        return isPrimaryKey ? "NVARCHAR(255)" : "NVARCHAR(400)";
+      case "timestamp":
+        return "DATETIME2(7)";
+      case "uuid":
+        return "UNIQUEIDENTIFIER";
+      case "jsonb":
+        return "NVARCHAR(MAX)";
+      case "integer":
+        return "INT";
+      case "bigint":
+        return "BIGINT";
+      case "float":
+        return "FLOAT";
+      case "boolean":
+        return "BIT";
+      default:
+        throw new MastraError({
+          id: createStorageErrorId("MSSQL", "TYPE", "NOT_SUPPORTED"),
+          domain: ErrorDomain.STORAGE,
+          category: ErrorCategory.THIRD_PARTY
+        });
+    }
+  }
+  constructor({ pool, schemaName }) {
+    super();
+    this.pool = pool;
+    this.schemaName = schemaName;
+  }
+  async hasColumn(table, column) {
+    const schema = this.schemaName || "dbo";
+    const request = this.pool.request();
+    request.input("schema", schema);
+    request.input("table", table);
+    request.input("column", column);
+    request.input("columnLower", column.toLowerCase());
+    const result = await request.query(
+      `SELECT 1 FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLUMNS WHERE TABLE_SCHEMA = @schema AND TABLE_NAME = @table AND (COLUMN_NAME = @column OR COLUMN_NAME = @columnLower)`
+    );
+    return result.recordset.length > 0;
+  }
+  async setupSchema() {
+    if (!this.schemaName || this.schemaSetupComplete) {
+      return;
+    }
+    if (!this.setupSchemaPromise) {
+      this.setupSchemaPromise = (async () => {
+        try {
+          const checkRequest = this.pool.request();
+          checkRequest.input("schemaName", this.schemaName);
+          const checkResult = await checkRequest.query(`
+            SELECT 1 AS found FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SCHEMATA WHERE SCHEMA_NAME = @schemaName
+          `);
+          const schemaExists = Array.isArray(checkResult.recordset) && checkResult.recordset.length > 0;
+          if (!schemaExists) {
+            try {
+              await this.pool.request().query(`CREATE SCHEMA [${this.schemaName}]`);
+              this.logger?.info?.(`Schema "${this.schemaName}" created successfully`);
+            } catch (error) {
+              this.logger?.error?.(`Failed to create schema "${this.schemaName}"`, { error });
+              throw new Error(
+                `Unable to create schema "${this.schemaName}". This requires CREATE privilege on the database. Either create the schema manually or grant CREATE privilege to the user.`
+              );
+            }
+          }
+          this.schemaSetupComplete = true;
+          this.logger?.debug?.(`Schema "${this.schemaName}" is ready for use`);
+        } catch (error) {
+          this.schemaSetupComplete = void 0;
+          this.setupSchemaPromise = null;
+          throw error;
+        } finally {
+          this.setupSchemaPromise = null;
+        }
+      })();
+    }
+    await this.setupSchemaPromise;
+  }
+  async insert({
+    tableName,
+    record,
+    transaction
+  }) {
+    try {
+      const columns = Object.keys(record);
+      const parsedColumns = columns.map((col) => parseSqlIdentifier(col, "column name"));
+      const paramNames = columns.map((_, i) => `@param${i}`);
+      const insertSql = `INSERT INTO ${getTableName({ indexName: tableName, schemaName: getSchemaName(this.schemaName) })} (${parsedColumns.map((c) => `[${c}]`).join(", ")}) VALUES (${paramNames.join(", ")})`;
+      const request = transaction ? transaction.request() : this.pool.request();
+      columns.forEach((col, i) => {
+        const value = record[col];
+        const preparedValue = this.prepareValue(value, col, tableName);
+        if (preparedValue instanceof Date) {
+          request.input(`param${i}`, sql2.DateTime2, preparedValue);
+        } else if (preparedValue === null || preparedValue === void 0) {
+          request.input(`param${i}`, this.getMssqlType(tableName, col), null);
+        } else {
+          request.input(`param${i}`, preparedValue);
+        }
+      });
+      await request.query(insertSql);
+    } catch (error) {
+      throw new MastraError(
+        {
+          id: createStorageErrorId("MSSQL", "INSERT", "FAILED"),
+          domain: ErrorDomain.STORAGE,
+          category: ErrorCategory.THIRD_PARTY,
+          details: {
+            tableName
+          }
+        },
+        error
+      );
+    }
+  }
+  async clearTable({ tableName }) {
+    const fullTableName = getTableName({ indexName: tableName, schemaName: getSchemaName(this.schemaName) });
+    try {
+      try {
+        await this.pool.request().query(`TRUNCATE TABLE ${fullTableName}`);
+      } catch (truncateError) {
+        if (truncateError?.number === 4712) {
+          await this.pool.request().query(`DELETE FROM ${fullTableName}`);
+        } else {
+          throw truncateError;
+        }
+      }
+    } catch (error) {
+      throw new MastraError(
+        {
+          id: createStorageErrorId("MSSQL", "CLEAR_TABLE", "FAILED"),
+          domain: ErrorDomain.STORAGE,
+          category: ErrorCategory.THIRD_PARTY,
+          details: {
+            tableName
+          }
+        },
+        error
+      );
+    }
+  }
+  getDefaultValue(type) {
+    switch (type) {
+      case "timestamp":
+        return "DEFAULT SYSUTCDATETIME()";
+      case "jsonb":
+        return "DEFAULT N'{}'";
+      case "boolean":
+        return "DEFAULT 0";
+      default:
+        return super.getDefaultValue(type);
+    }
+  }
+  async createTable({
+    tableName,
+    schema
+  }) {
+    try {
+      const uniqueConstraintColumns = tableName === TABLE_WORKFLOW_SNAPSHOT ? ["workflow_name", "run_id"] : [];
+      const largeDataColumns = [
+        "workingMemory",
+        "snapshot",
+        "metadata",
+        "content",
+        // messages.content - can be very long conversation content
+        "input",
+        // evals.input - test input data
+        "output",
+        // evals.output - test output data
+        "instructions",
+        // evals.instructions - evaluation instructions
+        "other"
+        // traces.other - additional trace data
+      ];
+      const columns = Object.entries(schema).map(([name, def]) => {
+        const parsedName = parseSqlIdentifier(name, "column name");
+        const constraints = [];
+        if (def.primaryKey) constraints.push("PRIMARY KEY");
+        if (!def.nullable) constraints.push("NOT NULL");
+        const isIndexed = !!def.primaryKey || uniqueConstraintColumns.includes(name);
+        const useLargeStorage = largeDataColumns.includes(name);
+        return `[${parsedName}] ${this.getSqlType(def.type, isIndexed, useLargeStorage)} ${constraints.join(" ")}`.trim();
+      }).join(",\n");
+      if (this.schemaName) {
+        await this.setupSchema();
+      }
+      const checkTableRequest = this.pool.request();
+      checkTableRequest.input(
+        "tableName",
+        getTableName({ indexName: tableName, schemaName: getSchemaName(this.schemaName) }).replace(/[[\]]/g, "").split(".").pop()
+      );
+      const checkTableSql = `SELECT 1 AS found FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES WHERE TABLE_SCHEMA = @schema AND TABLE_NAME = @tableName`;
+      checkTableRequest.input("schema", this.schemaName || "dbo");
+      const checkTableResult = await checkTableRequest.query(checkTableSql);
+      const tableExists = Array.isArray(checkTableResult.recordset) && checkTableResult.recordset.length > 0;
+      if (!tableExists) {
+        const createSql = `CREATE TABLE ${getTableName({ indexName: tableName, schemaName: getSchemaName(this.schemaName) })} (
+${columns}
+)`;
+        await this.pool.request().query(createSql);
+      }
+      const columnCheckSql = `
+        SELECT 1 AS found
+        FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLUMNS
+        WHERE TABLE_SCHEMA = @schema AND TABLE_NAME = @tableName AND COLUMN_NAME = 'seq_id'
+      `;
+      const checkColumnRequest = this.pool.request();
+      checkColumnRequest.input("schema", this.schemaName || "dbo");
+      checkColumnRequest.input(
+        "tableName",
+        getTableName({ indexName: tableName, schemaName: getSchemaName(this.schemaName) }).replace(/[[\]]/g, "").split(".").pop()
+      );
+      const columnResult = await checkColumnRequest.query(columnCheckSql);
+      const columnExists = Array.isArray(columnResult.recordset) && columnResult.recordset.length > 0;
+      if (!columnExists) {
+        const alterSql = `ALTER TABLE ${getTableName({ indexName: tableName, schemaName: getSchemaName(this.schemaName) })} ADD seq_id BIGINT IDENTITY(1,1)`;
+        await this.pool.request().query(alterSql);
+      }
+      if (tableName === TABLE_WORKFLOW_SNAPSHOT) {
+        const constraintName = "mastra_workflow_snapshot_workflow_name_run_id_key";
+        const checkConstraintSql = `SELECT 1 AS found FROM sys.key_constraints WHERE name = @constraintName`;
+        const checkConstraintRequest = this.pool.request();
+        checkConstraintRequest.input("constraintName", constraintName);
+        const constraintResult = await checkConstraintRequest.query(checkConstraintSql);
+        const constraintExists = Array.isArray(constraintResult.recordset) && constraintResult.recordset.length > 0;
+        if (!constraintExists) {
+          const addConstraintSql = `ALTER TABLE ${getTableName({ indexName: tableName, schemaName: getSchemaName(this.schemaName) })} ADD CONSTRAINT ${constraintName} UNIQUE ([workflow_name], [run_id])`;
+          await this.pool.request().query(addConstraintSql);
+        }
+      }
+    } catch (error) {
+      throw new MastraError(
+        {
+          id: createStorageErrorId("MSSQL", "CREATE_TABLE", "FAILED"),
+          domain: ErrorDomain.STORAGE,
+          category: ErrorCategory.THIRD_PARTY,
+          details: {
+            tableName
+          }
+        },
+        error
+      );
+    }
+  }
+  /**
+   * Alters table schema to add columns if they don't exist
+   * @param tableName Name of the table
+   * @param schema Schema of the table
+   * @param ifNotExists Array of column names to add if they don't exist
+   */
+  async alterTable({
+    tableName,
+    schema,
+    ifNotExists
+  }) {
+    const fullTableName = getTableName({ indexName: tableName, schemaName: getSchemaName(this.schemaName) });
+    try {
+      for (const columnName of ifNotExists) {
+        if (schema[columnName]) {
+          const columnCheckRequest = this.pool.request();
+          columnCheckRequest.input("tableName", fullTableName.replace(/[[\]]/g, "").split(".").pop());
+          columnCheckRequest.input("columnName", columnName);
+          columnCheckRequest.input("schema", this.schemaName || "dbo");
+          const checkSql = `SELECT 1 AS found FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLUMNS WHERE TABLE_SCHEMA = @schema AND TABLE_NAME = @tableName AND COLUMN_NAME = @columnName`;
+          const checkResult = await columnCheckRequest.query(checkSql);
+          const columnExists = Array.isArray(checkResult.recordset) && checkResult.recordset.length > 0;
+          if (!columnExists) {
+            const columnDef = schema[columnName];
+            const largeDataColumns = [
+              "workingMemory",
+              "snapshot",
+              "metadata",
+              "content",
+              "input",
+              "output",
+              "instructions",
+              "other"
+            ];
+            const useLargeStorage = largeDataColumns.includes(columnName);
+            const isIndexed = !!columnDef.primaryKey;
+            const sqlType = this.getSqlType(columnDef.type, isIndexed, useLargeStorage);
+            const nullable = columnDef.nullable === false ? "NOT NULL" : "";
+            const defaultValue = columnDef.nullable === false ? this.getDefaultValue(columnDef.type) : "";
+            const parsedColumnName = parseSqlIdentifier(columnName, "column name");
+            const alterSql = `ALTER TABLE ${fullTableName} ADD [${parsedColumnName}] ${sqlType} ${nullable} ${defaultValue}`.trim();
+            await this.pool.request().query(alterSql);
+            this.logger?.debug?.(`Ensured column ${parsedColumnName} exists in table ${fullTableName}`);
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    } catch (error) {
+      throw new MastraError(
+        {
+          id: createStorageErrorId("MSSQL", "ALTER_TABLE", "FAILED"),
+          domain: ErrorDomain.STORAGE,
+          category: ErrorCategory.THIRD_PARTY,
+          details: {
+            tableName
+          }
+        },
+        error
+      );
+    }
+  }
+  async load({ tableName, keys }) {
+    try {
+      const keyEntries = Object.entries(keys).map(([key, value]) => [parseSqlIdentifier(key, "column name"), value]);
+      const conditions = keyEntries.map(([key], i) => `[${key}] = @param${i}`).join(" AND ");
+      const sql5 = `SELECT * FROM ${getTableName({ indexName: tableName, schemaName: getSchemaName(this.schemaName) })} WHERE ${conditions}`;
+      const request = this.pool.request();
+      keyEntries.forEach(([key, value], i) => {
+        const preparedValue = this.prepareValue(value, key, tableName);
+        if (preparedValue === null || preparedValue === void 0) {
+          request.input(`param${i}`, this.getMssqlType(tableName, key), null);
+        } else {
+          request.input(`param${i}`, preparedValue);
+        }
       });
-      const resultSet = await request.query(sql2);
+      const resultSet = await request.query(sql5);
       const result = resultSet.recordset[0] || null;
       if (!result) {
         return null;
       }
-      if (tableName === TABLE_WORKFLOW_SNAPSHOT) {
-        const snapshot = result;
-        if (typeof snapshot.snapshot === "string") {
-          snapshot.snapshot = JSON.parse(snapshot.snapshot);
-        }
-        return snapshot;
+      if (tableName === TABLE_WORKFLOW_SNAPSHOT) {
+        const snapshot = result;
+        if (typeof snapshot.snapshot === "string") {
+          snapshot.snapshot = JSON.parse(snapshot.snapshot);
+        }
+        return snapshot;
+      }
+      return result;
+    } catch (error) {
+      throw new MastraError(
+        {
+          id: createStorageErrorId("MSSQL", "LOAD", "FAILED"),
+          domain: ErrorDomain.STORAGE,
+          category: ErrorCategory.THIRD_PARTY,
+          details: {
+            tableName
+          }
+        },
+        error
+      );
+    }
+  }
+  async batchInsert({ tableName, records }) {
+    const transaction = this.pool.transaction();
+    try {
+      await transaction.begin();
+      for (const record of records) {
+        await this.insert({ tableName, record, transaction });
+      }
+      await transaction.commit();
+    } catch (error) {
+      await transaction.rollback();
+      throw new MastraError(
+        {
+          id: createStorageErrorId("MSSQL", "BATCH_INSERT", "FAILED"),
+          domain: ErrorDomain.STORAGE,
+          category: ErrorCategory.THIRD_PARTY,
+          details: {
+            tableName,
+            numberOfRecords: records.length
+          }
+        },
+        error
+      );
+    }
+  }
+  async dropTable({ tableName }) {
+    try {
+      const tableNameWithSchema = getTableName({ indexName: tableName, schemaName: getSchemaName(this.schemaName) });
+      await this.pool.request().query(`DROP TABLE IF EXISTS ${tableNameWithSchema}`);
+    } catch (error) {
+      throw new MastraError(
+        {
+          id: createStorageErrorId("MSSQL", "DROP_TABLE", "FAILED"),
+          domain: ErrorDomain.STORAGE,
+          category: ErrorCategory.THIRD_PARTY,
+          details: {
+            tableName
+          }
+        },
+        error
+      );
+    }
+  }
+  /**
+   * Prepares a value for database operations, handling Date objects and JSON serialization
+   */
+  prepareValue(value, columnName, tableName) {
+    if (value === null || value === void 0) {
+      return value;
+    }
+    if (value instanceof Date) {
+      return value;
+    }
+    const schema = TABLE_SCHEMAS[tableName];
+    const columnSchema = schema?.[columnName];
+    if (columnSchema?.type === "boolean") {
+      return value ? 1 : 0;
+    }
+    if (columnSchema?.type === "jsonb") {
+      if (typeof value === "string") {
+        const trimmed = value.trim();
+        if (trimmed.length > 0) {
+          try {
+            JSON.parse(trimmed);
+            return trimmed;
+          } catch {
+          }
+        }
+        return JSON.stringify(value);
+      }
+      if (typeof value === "bigint") {
+        return value.toString();
+      }
+      return JSON.stringify(value);
+    }
+    if (typeof value === "object") {
+      return JSON.stringify(value);
+    }
+    return value;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Maps TABLE_SCHEMAS types to mssql param types (used when value is null)
+   */
+  getMssqlType(tableName, columnName) {
+    const col = TABLE_SCHEMAS[tableName]?.[columnName];
+    switch (col?.type) {
+      case "text":
+        return sql2.NVarChar;
+      case "timestamp":
+        return sql2.DateTime2;
+      case "uuid":
+        return sql2.UniqueIdentifier;
+      case "jsonb":
+        return sql2.NVarChar;
+      case "integer":
+        return sql2.Int;
+      case "bigint":
+        return sql2.BigInt;
+      case "float":
+        return sql2.Float;
+      case "boolean":
+        return sql2.Bit;
+      default:
+        return sql2.NVarChar;
+    }
+  }
+  /**
+   * Update a single record in the database
+   */
+  async update({
+    tableName,
+    keys,
+    data,
+    transaction
+  }) {
+    try {
+      if (!data || Object.keys(data).length === 0) {
+        throw new MastraError({
+          id: createStorageErrorId("MSSQL", "UPDATE", "EMPTY_DATA"),
+          domain: ErrorDomain.STORAGE,
+          category: ErrorCategory.USER,
+          text: "Cannot update with empty data payload"
+        });
+      }
+      if (!keys || Object.keys(keys).length === 0) {
+        throw new MastraError({
+          id: createStorageErrorId("MSSQL", "UPDATE", "EMPTY_KEYS"),
+          domain: ErrorDomain.STORAGE,
+          category: ErrorCategory.USER,
+          text: "Cannot update without keys to identify records"
+        });
+      }
+      const setClauses = [];
+      const request = transaction ? transaction.request() : this.pool.request();
+      let paramIndex = 0;
+      Object.entries(data).forEach(([key, value]) => {
+        const parsedKey = parseSqlIdentifier(key, "column name");
+        const paramName = `set${paramIndex++}`;
+        setClauses.push(`[${parsedKey}] = @${paramName}`);
+        const preparedValue = this.prepareValue(value, key, tableName);
+        if (preparedValue === null || preparedValue === void 0) {
+          request.input(paramName, this.getMssqlType(tableName, key), null);
+        } else {
+          request.input(paramName, preparedValue);
+        }
+      });
+      const whereConditions = [];
+      Object.entries(keys).forEach(([key, value]) => {
+        const parsedKey = parseSqlIdentifier(key, "column name");
+        const paramName = `where${paramIndex++}`;
+        whereConditions.push(`[${parsedKey}] = @${paramName}`);
+        const preparedValue = this.prepareValue(value, key, tableName);
+        if (preparedValue === null || preparedValue === void 0) {
+          request.input(paramName, this.getMssqlType(tableName, key), null);
+        } else {
+          request.input(paramName, preparedValue);
+        }
+      });
+      const tableName_ = getTableName({
+        indexName: tableName,
+        schemaName: getSchemaName(this.schemaName)
+      });
+      const updateSql = `UPDATE ${tableName_} SET ${setClauses.join(", ")} WHERE ${whereConditions.join(" AND ")}`;
+      await request.query(updateSql);
+    } catch (error) {
+      throw new MastraError(
+        {
+          id: createStorageErrorId("MSSQL", "UPDATE", "FAILED"),
+          domain: ErrorDomain.STORAGE,
+          category: ErrorCategory.THIRD_PARTY,
+          details: {
+            tableName
+          }
+        },
+        error
+      );
+    }
+  }
+  /**
+   * Update multiple records in a single batch transaction
+   */
+  async batchUpdate({
+    tableName,
+    updates
+  }) {
+    const transaction = this.pool.transaction();
+    try {
+      await transaction.begin();
+      for (const { keys, data } of updates) {
+        await this.update({ tableName, keys, data, transaction });
+      }
+      await transaction.commit();
+    } catch (error) {
+      await transaction.rollback();
+      throw new MastraError(
+        {
+          id: createStorageErrorId("MSSQL", "BATCH_UPDATE", "FAILED"),
+          domain: ErrorDomain.STORAGE,
+          category: ErrorCategory.THIRD_PARTY,
+          details: {
+            tableName,
+            numberOfRecords: updates.length
+          }
+        },
+        error
+      );
+    }
+  }
+  /**
+   * Delete multiple records by keys
+   */
+  async batchDelete({ tableName, keys }) {
+    if (keys.length === 0) {
+      return;
+    }
+    const tableName_ = getTableName({
+      indexName: tableName,
+      schemaName: getSchemaName(this.schemaName)
+    });
+    const transaction = this.pool.transaction();
+    try {
+      await transaction.begin();
+      for (const keySet of keys) {
+        const conditions = [];
+        const request = transaction.request();
+        let paramIndex = 0;
+        Object.entries(keySet).forEach(([key, value]) => {
+          const parsedKey = parseSqlIdentifier(key, "column name");
+          const paramName = `p${paramIndex++}`;
+          conditions.push(`[${parsedKey}] = @${paramName}`);
+          const preparedValue = this.prepareValue(value, key, tableName);
+          if (preparedValue === null || preparedValue === void 0) {
+            request.input(paramName, this.getMssqlType(tableName, key), null);
+          } else {
+            request.input(paramName, preparedValue);
+          }
+        });
+        const deleteSql = `DELETE FROM ${tableName_} WHERE ${conditions.join(" AND ")}`;
+        await request.query(deleteSql);
+      }
+      await transaction.commit();
+    } catch (error) {
+      await transaction.rollback();
+      throw new MastraError(
+        {
+          id: createStorageErrorId("MSSQL", "BATCH_DELETE", "FAILED"),
+          domain: ErrorDomain.STORAGE,
+          category: ErrorCategory.THIRD_PARTY,
+          details: {
+            tableName,
+            numberOfRecords: keys.length
+          }
+        },
+        error
+      );
+    }
+  }
+  /**
+   * Create a new index on a table
+   */
+  async createIndex(options) {
+    try {
+      const { name, table, columns, unique = false, where } = options;
+      const schemaName = this.schemaName || "dbo";
+      const fullTableName = getTableName({
+        indexName: table,
+        schemaName: getSchemaName(this.schemaName)
+      });
+      const indexNameSafe = parseSqlIdentifier(name, "index name");
+      const checkRequest = this.pool.request();
+      checkRequest.input("indexName", indexNameSafe);
+      checkRequest.input("schemaName", schemaName);
+      checkRequest.input("tableName", table);
+      const indexExists = await checkRequest.query(`
+        SELECT 1 as found
+        FROM sys.indexes i
+        INNER JOIN sys.tables t ON i.object_id = t.object_id
+        INNER JOIN sys.schemas s ON t.schema_id = s.schema_id
+        WHERE i.name = @indexName
+          AND s.name = @schemaName
+          AND t.name = @tableName
+      `);
+      if (indexExists.recordset && indexExists.recordset.length > 0) {
+        return;
+      }
+      const uniqueStr = unique ? "UNIQUE " : "";
+      const columnsStr = columns.map((col) => {
+        if (col.includes(" DESC") || col.includes(" ASC")) {
+          const [colName, ...modifiers] = col.split(" ");
+          if (!colName) {
+            throw new Error(`Invalid column specification: ${col}`);
+          }
+          return `[${parseSqlIdentifier(colName, "column name")}] ${modifiers.join(" ")}`;
+        }
+        return `[${parseSqlIdentifier(col, "column name")}]`;
+      }).join(", ");
+      const whereStr = where ? ` WHERE ${where}` : "";
+      const createIndexSql = `CREATE ${uniqueStr}INDEX [${indexNameSafe}] ON ${fullTableName} (${columnsStr})${whereStr}`;
+      await this.pool.request().query(createIndexSql);
+    } catch (error) {
+      throw new MastraError(
+        {
+          id: createStorageErrorId("MSSQL", "INDEX_CREATE", "FAILED"),
+          domain: ErrorDomain.STORAGE,
+          category: ErrorCategory.THIRD_PARTY,
+          details: {
+            indexName: options.name,
+            tableName: options.table
+          }
+        },
+        error
+      );
+    }
+  }
+  /**
+   * Drop an existing index
+   */
+  async dropIndex(indexName) {
+    try {
+      const schemaName = this.schemaName || "dbo";
+      const indexNameSafe = parseSqlIdentifier(indexName, "index name");
+      const checkRequest = this.pool.request();
+      checkRequest.input("indexName", indexNameSafe);
+      checkRequest.input("schemaName", schemaName);
+      const result = await checkRequest.query(`
+        SELECT t.name as table_name
+        FROM sys.indexes i
+        INNER JOIN sys.tables t ON i.object_id = t.object_id
+        INNER JOIN sys.schemas s ON t.schema_id = s.schema_id
+        WHERE i.name = @indexName
+          AND s.name = @schemaName
+      `);
+      if (!result.recordset || result.recordset.length === 0) {
+        return;
+      }
+      if (result.recordset.length > 1) {
+        const tables = result.recordset.map((r) => r.table_name).join(", ");
+        throw new MastraError({
+          id: createStorageErrorId("MSSQL", "INDEX", "AMBIGUOUS"),
+          domain: ErrorDomain.STORAGE,
+          category: ErrorCategory.USER,
+          text: `Index "${indexNameSafe}" exists on multiple tables (${tables}) in schema "${schemaName}". Please drop indexes manually or ensure unique index names.`
+        });
+      }
+      const tableName = result.recordset[0].table_name;
+      const fullTableName = getTableName({
+        indexName: tableName,
+        schemaName: getSchemaName(this.schemaName)
+      });
+      const dropSql = `DROP INDEX [${indexNameSafe}] ON ${fullTableName}`;
+      await this.pool.request().query(dropSql);
+    } catch (error) {
+      throw new MastraError(
+        {
+          id: createStorageErrorId("MSSQL", "INDEX_DROP", "FAILED"),
+          domain: ErrorDomain.STORAGE,
+          category: ErrorCategory.THIRD_PARTY,
+          details: {
+            indexName
+          }
+        },
+        error
+      );
+    }
+  }
+  /**
+   * List indexes for a specific table or all tables
+   */
+  async listIndexes(tableName) {
+    try {
+      const schemaName = this.schemaName || "dbo";
+      let query;
+      const request = this.pool.request();
+      request.input("schemaName", schemaName);
+      if (tableName) {
+        query = `
+          SELECT 
+            i.name as name,
+            o.name as [table],
+            i.is_unique as is_unique,
+            CAST(SUM(s.used_page_count) * 8 / 1024.0 AS VARCHAR(50)) + ' MB' as size
+          FROM sys.indexes i
+          INNER JOIN sys.objects o ON i.object_id = o.object_id
+          INNER JOIN sys.schemas sch ON o.schema_id = sch.schema_id
+          LEFT JOIN sys.dm_db_partition_stats s ON i.object_id = s.object_id AND i.index_id = s.index_id
+          WHERE sch.name = @schemaName
+          AND o.name = @tableName
+          AND i.name IS NOT NULL
+          GROUP BY i.name, o.name, i.is_unique
+        `;
+        request.input("tableName", tableName);
+      } else {
+        query = `
+          SELECT 
+            i.name as name,
+            o.name as [table],
+            i.is_unique as is_unique,
+            CAST(SUM(s.used_page_count) * 8 / 1024.0 AS VARCHAR(50)) + ' MB' as size
+          FROM sys.indexes i
+          INNER JOIN sys.objects o ON i.object_id = o.object_id
+          INNER JOIN sys.schemas sch ON o.schema_id = sch.schema_id
+          LEFT JOIN sys.dm_db_partition_stats s ON i.object_id = s.object_id AND i.index_id = s.index_id
+          WHERE sch.name = @schemaName
+          AND i.name IS NOT NULL
+          GROUP BY i.name, o.name, i.is_unique
+        `;
+      }
+      const result = await request.query(query);
+      const indexes = [];
+      for (const row of result.recordset) {
+        const colRequest = this.pool.request();
+        colRequest.input("indexName", row.name);
+        colRequest.input("schemaName", schemaName);
+        const colResult = await colRequest.query(`
+          SELECT c.name as column_name
+          FROM sys.indexes i
+          INNER JOIN sys.index_columns ic ON i.object_id = ic.object_id AND i.index_id = ic.index_id
+          INNER JOIN sys.columns c ON ic.object_id = c.object_id AND ic.column_id = c.column_id
+          INNER JOIN sys.objects o ON i.object_id = o.object_id
+          INNER JOIN sys.schemas s ON o.schema_id = s.schema_id
+          WHERE i.name = @indexName
+          AND s.name = @schemaName
+          ORDER BY ic.key_ordinal
+        `);
+        indexes.push({
+          name: row.name,
+          table: row.table,
+          columns: colResult.recordset.map((c) => c.column_name),
+          unique: row.is_unique || false,
+          size: row.size || "0 MB",
+          definition: ""
+          // MSSQL doesn't store definition like PG
+        });
       }
-      return result;
+      return indexes;
     } catch (error) {
       throw new MastraError(
         {
-          id: "MASTRA_STORAGE_MSSQL_STORE_LOAD_FAILED",
+          id: createStorageErrorId("MSSQL", "INDEX_LIST", "FAILED"),
           domain: ErrorDomain.STORAGE,
           category: ErrorCategory.THIRD_PARTY,
-          details: {
+          details: tableName ? {
             tableName
-          }
+          } : {}
         },
         error
       );
     }
   }
-  async getThreadById({ threadId }) {
+  /**
+   * Get detailed statistics for a specific index
+   */
+  async describeIndex(indexName) {
     try {
-      const sql2 = `SELECT 
-        id,
-        [resourceId],
-        title,
-        metadata,
-        [createdAt],
-        [updatedAt]
-      FROM ${this.getTableName(TABLE_THREADS)}
-      WHERE id = @threadId`;
+      const schemaName = this.schemaName || "dbo";
       const request = this.pool.request();
-      request.input("threadId", threadId);
-      const resultSet = await request.query(sql2);
-      const thread = resultSet.recordset[0] || null;
-      if (!thread) {
-        return null;
+      request.input("indexName", indexName);
+      request.input("schemaName", schemaName);
+      const query = `
+        SELECT 
+          i.name as name,
+          o.name as [table],
+          i.is_unique as is_unique,
+          CAST(SUM(s.used_page_count) * 8 / 1024.0 AS VARCHAR(50)) + ' MB' as size,
+          i.type_desc as method,
+          ISNULL(us.user_scans, 0) as scans,
+          ISNULL(us.user_seeks + us.user_scans, 0) as tuples_read,
+          ISNULL(us.user_lookups, 0) as tuples_fetched
+        FROM sys.indexes i
+        INNER JOIN sys.objects o ON i.object_id = o.object_id
+        INNER JOIN sys.schemas sch ON o.schema_id = sch.schema_id
+        LEFT JOIN sys.dm_db_partition_stats s ON i.object_id = s.object_id AND i.index_id = s.index_id
+        LEFT JOIN sys.dm_db_index_usage_stats us ON i.object_id = us.object_id AND i.index_id = us.index_id
+        WHERE i.name = @indexName
+        AND sch.name = @schemaName
+        GROUP BY i.name, o.name, i.is_unique, i.type_desc, us.user_seeks, us.user_scans, us.user_lookups
+      `;
+      const result = await request.query(query);
+      if (!result.recordset || result.recordset.length === 0) {
+        throw new Error(`Index "${indexName}" not found in schema "${schemaName}"`);
       }
+      const row = result.recordset[0];
+      const colRequest = this.pool.request();
+      colRequest.input("indexName", indexName);
+      colRequest.input("schemaName", schemaName);
+      const colResult = await colRequest.query(`
+        SELECT c.name as column_name
+        FROM sys.indexes i
+        INNER JOIN sys.index_columns ic ON i.object_id = ic.object_id AND i.index_id = ic.index_id
+        INNER JOIN sys.columns c ON ic.object_id = c.object_id AND ic.column_id = c.column_id
+        INNER JOIN sys.objects o ON i.object_id = o.object_id
+        INNER JOIN sys.schemas s ON o.schema_id = s.schema_id
+        WHERE i.name = @indexName
+        AND s.name = @schemaName
+        ORDER BY ic.key_ordinal
+      `);
       return {
-        ...thread,
-        metadata: typeof thread.metadata === "string" ? JSON.parse(thread.metadata) : thread.metadata,
-        createdAt: thread.createdAt,
-        updatedAt: thread.updatedAt
+        name: row.name,
+        table: row.table,
+        columns: colResult.recordset.map((c) => c.column_name),
+        unique: row.is_unique || false,
+        size: row.size || "0 MB",
+        definition: "",
+        method: row.method?.toLowerCase() || "nonclustered",
+        scans: Number(row.scans) || 0,
+        tuples_read: Number(row.tuples_read) || 0,
+        tuples_fetched: Number(row.tuples_fetched) || 0
       };
     } catch (error) {
       throw new MastraError(
         {
-          id: "MASTRA_STORAGE_MSSQL_STORE_GET_THREAD_BY_ID_FAILED",
+          id: createStorageErrorId("MSSQL", "INDEX_DESCRIBE", "FAILED"),
           domain: ErrorDomain.STORAGE,
           category: ErrorCategory.THIRD_PARTY,
           details: {
-            threadId
+            indexName
           }
         },
         error
       );
     }
   }
-  async getThreadsByResourceIdPaginated(args) {
-    const { resourceId, page = 0, perPage: perPageInput } = args;
+  /**
+   * Returns definitions for automatic performance indexes
+   * IMPORTANT: Uses seq_id DESC instead of createdAt DESC for MSSQL due to millisecond accuracy limitations
+   * NOTE: Using NVARCHAR(400) for text columns (800 bytes) leaves room for composite indexes
+   */
+  getAutomaticIndexDefinitions() {
+    const schemaPrefix = this.schemaName ? `${this.schemaName}_` : "";
+    return [
+      // Composite indexes for optimal filtering + sorting performance
+      // NVARCHAR(400) = 800 bytes, plus BIGINT (8 bytes) = 808 bytes total (under 900-byte limit)
+      {
+        name: `${schemaPrefix}mastra_threads_resourceid_seqid_idx`,
+        table: TABLE_THREADS,
+        columns: ["resourceId", "seq_id DESC"]
+      },
+      {
+        name: `${schemaPrefix}mastra_messages_thread_id_seqid_idx`,
+        table: TABLE_MESSAGES,
+        columns: ["thread_id", "seq_id DESC"]
+      },
+      {
+        name: `${schemaPrefix}mastra_traces_name_seqid_idx`,
+        table: TABLE_TRACES,
+        columns: ["name", "seq_id DESC"]
+      },
+      {
+        name: `${schemaPrefix}mastra_scores_trace_id_span_id_seqid_idx`,
+        table: TABLE_SCORERS,
+        columns: ["traceId", "spanId", "seq_id DESC"]
+      },
+      // Spans indexes for optimal trace querying
+      {
+        name: `${schemaPrefix}mastra_ai_spans_traceid_startedat_idx`,
+        table: TABLE_SPANS,
+        columns: ["traceId", "startedAt DESC"]
+      },
+      {
+        name: `${schemaPrefix}mastra_ai_spans_parentspanid_startedat_idx`,
+        table: TABLE_SPANS,
+        columns: ["parentSpanId", "startedAt DESC"]
+      },
+      {
+        name: `${schemaPrefix}mastra_ai_spans_name_idx`,
+        table: TABLE_SPANS,
+        columns: ["name"]
+      },
+      {
+        name: `${schemaPrefix}mastra_ai_spans_spantype_startedat_idx`,
+        table: TABLE_SPANS,
+        columns: ["spanType", "startedAt DESC"]
+      }
+    ];
+  }
+  /**
+   * Creates automatic indexes for optimal query performance
+   * Uses getAutomaticIndexDefinitions() to determine which indexes to create
+   */
+  async createAutomaticIndexes() {
     try {
-      const perPage = perPageInput !== void 0 ? perPageInput : 100;
-      const currentOffset = page * perPage;
-      const baseQuery = `FROM ${this.getTableName(TABLE_THREADS)} WHERE [resourceId] = @resourceId`;
-      const countQuery = `SELECT COUNT(*) as count ${baseQuery}`;
-      const countRequest = this.pool.request();
-      countRequest.input("resourceId", resourceId);
-      const countResult = await countRequest.query(countQuery);
-      const total = parseInt(countResult.recordset[0]?.count ?? "0", 10);
-      if (total === 0) {
-        return {
-          threads: [],
-          total: 0,
-          page,
-          perPage,
-          hasMore: false
-        };
+      const indexes = this.getAutomaticIndexDefinitions();
+      for (const indexOptions of indexes) {
+        try {
+          await this.createIndex(indexOptions);
+        } catch (error) {
+          this.logger?.warn?.(`Failed to create index ${indexOptions.name}:`, error);
+        }
       }
-      const dataQuery = `SELECT id, [resourceId], title, metadata, [createdAt], [updatedAt] ${baseQuery} ORDER BY [seq_id] DESC OFFSET @offset ROWS FETCH NEXT @perPage ROWS ONLY`;
-      const dataRequest = this.pool.request();
-      dataRequest.input("resourceId", resourceId);
-      dataRequest.input("perPage", perPage);
-      dataRequest.input("offset", currentOffset);
-      const rowsResult = await dataRequest.query(dataQuery);
-      const rows = rowsResult.recordset || [];
-      const threads = rows.map((thread) => ({
-        ...thread,
-        metadata: typeof thread.metadata === "string" ? JSON.parse(thread.metadata) : thread.metadata,
-        createdAt: thread.createdAt,
-        updatedAt: thread.updatedAt
-      }));
-      return {
-        threads,
-        total,
-        page,
-        perPage,
-        hasMore: currentOffset + threads.length < total
-      };
     } catch (error) {
-      const mastraError = new MastraError(
+      throw new MastraError(
         {
-          id: "MASTRA_STORAGE_MSSQL_STORE_GET_THREADS_BY_RESOURCE_ID_PAGINATED_FAILED",
+          id: createStorageErrorId("MSSQL", "CREATE_PERFORMANCE_INDEXES", "FAILED"),
           domain: ErrorDomain.STORAGE,
-          category: ErrorCategory.THIRD_PARTY,
-          details: {
-            resourceId,
-            page
-          }
+          category: ErrorCategory.THIRD_PARTY
         },
         error
       );
-      this.logger?.error?.(mastraError.toString());
-      this.logger?.trackException?.(mastraError);
-      return { threads: [], total: 0, page, perPage: perPageInput || 100, hasMore: false };
     }
   }
-  async saveThread({ thread }) {
+};
+function transformScoreRow(row) {
+  return transformScoreRow$1(row, {
+    convertTimestamps: true
+  });
+}
+var ScoresMSSQL = class extends ScoresStorage {
+  pool;
+  operations;
+  schema;
+  constructor({
+    pool,
+    operations,
+    schema
+  }) {
+    super();
+    this.pool = pool;
+    this.operations = operations;
+    this.schema = schema;
+  }
+  async getScoreById({ id }) {
     try {
-      const table = this.getTableName(TABLE_THREADS);
-      const mergeSql = `MERGE INTO ${table} WITH (HOLDLOCK) AS target
-        USING (SELECT @id AS id) AS source
-        ON (target.id = source.id)
-        WHEN MATCHED THEN
-          UPDATE SET
-            [resourceId] = @resourceId,
-            title = @title,
-            metadata = @metadata,
-            [createdAt] = @createdAt,
-            [updatedAt] = @updatedAt
-        WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN
-          INSERT (id, [resourceId], title, metadata, [createdAt], [updatedAt])
-          VALUES (@id, @resourceId, @title, @metadata, @createdAt, @updatedAt);`;
-      const req = this.pool.request();
-      req.input("id", thread.id);
-      req.input("resourceId", thread.resourceId);
-      req.input("title", thread.title);
-      req.input("metadata", thread.metadata ? JSON.stringify(thread.metadata) : null);
-      req.input("createdAt", thread.createdAt);
-      req.input("updatedAt", thread.updatedAt);
-      await req.query(mergeSql);
-      return thread;
+      const request = this.pool.request();
+      request.input("p1", id);
+      const result = await request.query(
+        `SELECT * FROM ${getTableName({ indexName: TABLE_SCORERS, schemaName: getSchemaName(this.schema) })} WHERE id = @p1`
+      );
+      if (result.recordset.length === 0) {
+        return null;
+      }
+      return transformScoreRow(result.recordset[0]);
     } catch (error) {
       throw new MastraError(
         {
-          id: "MASTRA_STORAGE_MSSQL_STORE_SAVE_THREAD_FAILED",
+          id: createStorageErrorId("MSSQL", "GET_SCORE_BY_ID", "FAILED"),
           domain: ErrorDomain.STORAGE,
           category: ErrorCategory.THIRD_PARTY,
-          details: {
-            threadId: thread.id
-          }
+          details: { id }
         },
         error
       );
     }
   }
-  /**
-   * @deprecated use getThreadsByResourceIdPaginated instead
-   */
-  async getThreadsByResourceId(args) {
-    const { resourceId } = args;
+  async saveScore(score) {
+    let validatedScore;
     try {
-      const baseQuery = `FROM ${this.getTableName(TABLE_THREADS)} WHERE [resourceId] = @resourceId`;
-      const dataQuery = `SELECT id, [resourceId], title, metadata, [createdAt], [updatedAt] ${baseQuery} ORDER BY [seq_id] DESC`;
-      const request = this.pool.request();
-      request.input("resourceId", resourceId);
-      const resultSet = await request.query(dataQuery);
-      const rows = resultSet.recordset || [];
-      return rows.map((thread) => ({
-        ...thread,
-        metadata: typeof thread.metadata === "string" ? JSON.parse(thread.metadata) : thread.metadata,
-        createdAt: thread.createdAt,
-        updatedAt: thread.updatedAt
-      }));
+      validatedScore = saveScorePayloadSchema.parse(score);
     } catch (error) {
-      this.logger?.error?.(`Error getting threads for resource ${resourceId}:`, error);
-      return [];
+      throw new MastraError(
+        {
+          id: createStorageErrorId("MSSQL", "SAVE_SCORE", "VALIDATION_FAILED"),
+          domain: ErrorDomain.STORAGE,
+          category: ErrorCategory.USER,
+          details: {
+            scorer: score.scorer?.id ?? "unknown",
+            entityId: score.entityId ?? "unknown",
+            entityType: score.entityType ?? "unknown",
+            traceId: score.traceId ?? "",
+            spanId: score.spanId ?? ""
+          }
+        },
+        error
+      );
     }
-  }
-  /**
-   * Updates a thread's title and metadata, merging with existing metadata. Returns the updated thread.
-   */
-  async updateThread({
-    id,
-    title,
-    metadata
-  }) {
-    const existingThread = await this.getThreadById({ threadId: id });
-    if (!existingThread) {
-      throw new MastraError({
-        id: "MASTRA_STORAGE_MSSQL_STORE_UPDATE_THREAD_FAILED",
-        domain: ErrorDomain.STORAGE,
-        category: ErrorCategory.USER,
-        text: `Thread ${id} not found`,
-        details: {
-          threadId: id,
-          title
+    try {
+      const scoreId = randomUUID();
+      const now = /* @__PURE__ */ new Date();
+      const {
+        scorer,
+        preprocessStepResult,
+        analyzeStepResult,
+        metadata,
+        input,
+        output,
+        additionalContext,
+        requestContext,
+        entity,
+        ...rest
+      } = validatedScore;
+      await this.operations.insert({
+        tableName: TABLE_SCORERS,
+        record: {
+          id: scoreId,
+          ...rest,
+          input: input || "",
+          output: output || "",
+          preprocessStepResult: preprocessStepResult || null,
+          analyzeStepResult: analyzeStepResult || null,
+          metadata: metadata || null,
+          additionalContext: additionalContext || null,
+          requestContext: requestContext || null,
+          entity: entity || null,
+          scorer: scorer || null,
+          createdAt: now.toISOString(),
+          updatedAt: now.toISOString()
         }
       });
+      return { score: { ...validatedScore, id: scoreId, createdAt: now, updatedAt: now } };
+    } catch (error) {
+      throw new MastraError(
+        {
+          id: createStorageErrorId("MSSQL", "SAVE_SCORE", "FAILED"),
+          domain: ErrorDomain.STORAGE,
+          category: ErrorCategory.THIRD_PARTY
+        },
+        error
+      );
     }
-    const mergedMetadata = {
-      ...existingThread.metadata,
-      ...metadata
-    };
+  }
+  async listScoresByScorerId({
+    scorerId,
+    pagination,
+    entityId,
+    entityType,
+    source
+  }) {
     try {
-      const table = this.getTableName(TABLE_THREADS);
-      const sql2 = `UPDATE ${table}
-        SET title = @title,
-            metadata = @metadata,
-            [updatedAt] = @updatedAt
-        OUTPUT INSERTED.*
-        WHERE id = @id`;
-      const req = this.pool.request();
-      req.input("id", id);
-      req.input("title", title);
-      req.input("metadata", JSON.stringify(mergedMetadata));
-      req.input("updatedAt", (/* @__PURE__ */ new Date()).toISOString());
-      const result = await req.query(sql2);
-      let thread = result.recordset && result.recordset[0];
-      if (thread && "seq_id" in thread) {
-        const { seq_id, ...rest } = thread;
-        thread = rest;
+      const conditions = ["[scorerId] = @p1"];
+      const params = { p1: scorerId };
+      let paramIndex = 2;
+      if (entityId) {
+        conditions.push(`[entityId] = @p${paramIndex}`);
+        params[`p${paramIndex}`] = entityId;
+        paramIndex++;
       }
-      if (!thread) {
-        throw new MastraError({
-          id: "MASTRA_STORAGE_MSSQL_STORE_UPDATE_THREAD_FAILED",
+      if (entityType) {
+        conditions.push(`[entityType] = @p${paramIndex}`);
+        params[`p${paramIndex}`] = entityType;
+        paramIndex++;
+      }
+      if (source) {
+        conditions.push(`[source] = @p${paramIndex}`);
+        params[`p${paramIndex}`] = source;
+        paramIndex++;
+      }
+      const whereClause = conditions.join(" AND ");
+      const tableName = getTableName({ indexName: TABLE_SCORERS, schemaName: getSchemaName(this.schema) });
+      const countRequest = this.pool.request();
+      Object.entries(params).forEach(([key, value]) => {
+        countRequest.input(key, value);
+      });
+      const totalResult = await countRequest.query(`SELECT COUNT(*) as count FROM ${tableName} WHERE ${whereClause}`);
+      const total = totalResult.recordset[0]?.count || 0;
+      const { page, perPage: perPageInput } = pagination;
+      if (total === 0) {
+        return {
+          pagination: {
+            total: 0,
+            page,
+            perPage: perPageInput,
+            hasMore: false
+          },
+          scores: []
+        };
+      }
+      const perPage = normalizePerPage(perPageInput, 100);
+      const { offset: start, perPage: perPageForResponse } = calculatePagination(page, perPageInput, perPage);
+      const limitValue = perPageInput === false ? total : perPage;
+      const end = perPageInput === false ? total : start + perPage;
+      const dataRequest = this.pool.request();
+      Object.entries(params).forEach(([key, value]) => {
+        dataRequest.input(key, value);
+      });
+      dataRequest.input("perPage", limitValue);
+      dataRequest.input("offset", start);
+      const dataQuery = `SELECT * FROM ${tableName} WHERE ${whereClause} ORDER BY [createdAt] DESC OFFSET @offset ROWS FETCH NEXT @perPage ROWS ONLY`;
+      const result = await dataRequest.query(dataQuery);
+      return {
+        pagination: {
+          total: Number(total),
+          page,
+          perPage: perPageForResponse,
+          hasMore: end < total
+        },
+        scores: result.recordset.map((row) => transformScoreRow(row))
+      };
+    } catch (error) {
+      throw new MastraError(
+        {
+          id: createStorageErrorId("MSSQL", "LIST_SCORES_BY_SCORER_ID", "FAILED"),
           domain: ErrorDomain.STORAGE,
-          category: ErrorCategory.USER,
-          text: `Thread ${id} not found after update`,
-          details: {
-            threadId: id,
-            title
-          }
-        });
+          category: ErrorCategory.THIRD_PARTY,
+          details: { scorerId }
+        },
+        error
+      );
+    }
+  }
+  async listScoresByRunId({
+    runId,
+    pagination
+  }) {
+    try {
+      const request = this.pool.request();
+      request.input("p1", runId);
+      const totalResult = await request.query(
+        `SELECT COUNT(*) as count FROM ${getTableName({ indexName: TABLE_SCORERS, schemaName: getSchemaName(this.schema) })} WHERE [runId] = @p1`
+      );
+      const total = totalResult.recordset[0]?.count || 0;
+      const { page, perPage: perPageInput } = pagination;
+      if (total === 0) {
+        return {
+          pagination: {
+            total: 0,
+            page,
+            perPage: perPageInput,
+            hasMore: false
+          },
+          scores: []
+        };
       }
+      const perPage = normalizePerPage(perPageInput, 100);
+      const { offset: start, perPage: perPageForResponse } = calculatePagination(page, perPageInput, perPage);
+      const limitValue = perPageInput === false ? total : perPage;
+      const end = perPageInput === false ? total : start + perPage;
+      const dataRequest = this.pool.request();
+      dataRequest.input("p1", runId);
+      dataRequest.input("p2", limitValue);
+      dataRequest.input("p3", start);
+      const result = await dataRequest.query(
+        `SELECT * FROM ${getTableName({ indexName: TABLE_SCORERS, schemaName: getSchemaName(this.schema) })} WHERE [runId] = @p1 ORDER BY [createdAt] DESC OFFSET @p3 ROWS FETCH NEXT @p2 ROWS ONLY`
+      );
       return {
-        ...thread,
-        metadata: typeof thread.metadata === "string" ? JSON.parse(thread.metadata) : thread.metadata,
-        createdAt: thread.createdAt,
-        updatedAt: thread.updatedAt
+        pagination: {
+          total: Number(total),
+          page,
+          perPage: perPageForResponse,
+          hasMore: end < total
+        },
+        scores: result.recordset.map((row) => transformScoreRow(row))
       };
     } catch (error) {
       throw new MastraError(
         {
-          id: "MASTRA_STORAGE_MSSQL_STORE_UPDATE_THREAD_FAILED",
+          id: createStorageErrorId("MSSQL", "LIST_SCORES_BY_RUN_ID", "FAILED"),
           domain: ErrorDomain.STORAGE,
           category: ErrorCategory.THIRD_PARTY,
-          details: {
-            threadId: id,
-            title
-          }
+          details: { runId }
         },
         error
       );
     }
   }
-  async deleteThread({ threadId }) {
-    const messagesTable = this.getTableName(TABLE_MESSAGES);
-    const threadsTable = this.getTableName(TABLE_THREADS);
-    const deleteMessagesSql = `DELETE FROM ${messagesTable} WHERE [thread_id] = @threadId`;
-    const deleteThreadSql = `DELETE FROM ${threadsTable} WHERE id = @threadId`;
-    const tx = this.pool.transaction();
+  async listScoresByEntityId({
+    entityId,
+    entityType,
+    pagination
+  }) {
     try {
-      await tx.begin();
-      const req = tx.request();
-      req.input("threadId", threadId);
-      await req.query(deleteMessagesSql);
-      await req.query(deleteThreadSql);
-      await tx.commit();
+      const request = this.pool.request();
+      request.input("p1", entityId);
+      request.input("p2", entityType);
+      const totalResult = await request.query(
+        `SELECT COUNT(*) as count FROM ${getTableName({ indexName: TABLE_SCORERS, schemaName: getSchemaName(this.schema) })} WHERE [entityId] = @p1 AND [entityType] = @p2`
+      );
+      const total = totalResult.recordset[0]?.count || 0;
+      const { page, perPage: perPageInput } = pagination;
+      const perPage = normalizePerPage(perPageInput, 100);
+      const { offset: start, perPage: perPageForResponse } = calculatePagination(page, perPageInput, perPage);
+      if (total === 0) {
+        return {
+          pagination: {
+            total: 0,
+            page,
+            perPage: perPageForResponse,
+            hasMore: false
+          },
+          scores: []
+        };
+      }
+      const limitValue = perPageInput === false ? total : perPage;
+      const end = perPageInput === false ? total : start + perPage;
+      const dataRequest = this.pool.request();
+      dataRequest.input("p1", entityId);
+      dataRequest.input("p2", entityType);
+      dataRequest.input("p3", limitValue);
+      dataRequest.input("p4", start);
+      const result = await dataRequest.query(
+        `SELECT * FROM ${getTableName({ indexName: TABLE_SCORERS, schemaName: getSchemaName(this.schema) })} WHERE [entityId] = @p1 AND [entityType] = @p2 ORDER BY [createdAt] DESC OFFSET @p4 ROWS FETCH NEXT @p3 ROWS ONLY`
+      );
+      return {
+        pagination: {
+          total: Number(total),
+          page,
+          perPage: perPageForResponse,
+          hasMore: end < total
+        },
+        scores: result.recordset.map((row) => transformScoreRow(row))
+      };
     } catch (error) {
-      await tx.rollback().catch(() => {
-      });
       throw new MastraError(
         {
-          id: "MASTRA_STORAGE_MSSQL_STORE_DELETE_THREAD_FAILED",
+          id: createStorageErrorId("MSSQL", "LIST_SCORES_BY_ENTITY_ID", "FAILED"),
           domain: ErrorDomain.STORAGE,
           category: ErrorCategory.THIRD_PARTY,
-          details: {
-            threadId
-          }
+          details: { entityId, entityType }
         },
         error
       );
     }
   }
-  async _getIncludedMessages({
-    threadId,
-    selectBy,
-    orderByStatement
+  async listScoresBySpan({
+    traceId,
+    spanId,
+    pagination
   }) {
-    const include = selectBy?.include;
-    if (!include) return null;
-    const unionQueries = [];
-    const paramValues = [];
-    let paramIdx = 1;
-    const paramNames = [];
-    for (const inc of include) {
-      const { id, withPreviousMessages = 0, withNextMessages = 0 } = inc;
-      const searchId = inc.threadId || threadId;
-      const pThreadId = `@p${paramIdx}`;
-      const pId = `@p${paramIdx + 1}`;
-      const pPrev = `@p${paramIdx + 2}`;
-      const pNext = `@p${paramIdx + 3}`;
-      unionQueries.push(
-        `
-          SELECT
-            m.id, 
-            m.content, 
-            m.role, 
-            m.type,
-            m.[createdAt], 
-            m.thread_id AS threadId,
-            m.[resourceId],
-            m.seq_id
-          FROM (
-            SELECT *, ROW_NUMBER() OVER (${orderByStatement}) as row_num
-            FROM ${this.getTableName(TABLE_MESSAGES)}
-            WHERE [thread_id] = ${pThreadId}
-          ) AS m
-          WHERE m.id = ${pId}
-          OR EXISTS (
-            SELECT 1
-            FROM (
-              SELECT *, ROW_NUMBER() OVER (${orderByStatement}) as row_num
-              FROM ${this.getTableName(TABLE_MESSAGES)}
-              WHERE [thread_id] = ${pThreadId}
-            ) AS target
-            WHERE target.id = ${pId}
-            AND (
-              (m.row_num <= target.row_num + ${pPrev} AND m.row_num > target.row_num)
-              OR
-              (m.row_num >= target.row_num - ${pNext} AND m.row_num < target.row_num)
-            )
-          )
-        `
-      );
-      paramValues.push(searchId, id, withPreviousMessages, withNextMessages);
-      paramNames.push(`p${paramIdx}`, `p${paramIdx + 1}`, `p${paramIdx + 2}`, `p${paramIdx + 3}`);
-      paramIdx += 4;
-    }
-    const finalQuery = `
-      SELECT * FROM (
-        ${unionQueries.join(" UNION ALL ")}
-      ) AS union_result
-      ORDER BY [seq_id] ASC
-    `;
-    const req = this.pool.request();
-    for (let i = 0; i < paramValues.length; ++i) {
-      req.input(paramNames[i], paramValues[i]);
-    }
-    const result = await req.query(finalQuery);
-    const includedRows = result.recordset || [];
-    const seen = /* @__PURE__ */ new Set();
-    const dedupedRows = includedRows.filter((row) => {
-      if (seen.has(row.id)) return false;
-      seen.add(row.id);
-      return true;
-    });
-    return dedupedRows;
-  }
-  async getMessages(args) {
-    const { threadId, format, selectBy } = args;
-    const selectStatement = `SELECT seq_id, id, content, role, type, [createdAt], thread_id AS threadId`;
-    const orderByStatement = `ORDER BY [seq_id] DESC`;
-    const limit = this.resolveMessageLimit({ last: selectBy?.last, defaultLimit: 40 });
     try {
-      let rows = [];
-      const include = selectBy?.include || [];
-      if (include?.length) {
-        const includeMessages = await this._getIncludedMessages({ threadId, selectBy, orderByStatement });
-        if (includeMessages) {
-          rows.push(...includeMessages);
-        }
-      }
-      const excludeIds = rows.map((m) => m.id).filter(Boolean);
-      let query = `${selectStatement} FROM ${this.getTableName(TABLE_MESSAGES)} WHERE [thread_id] = @threadId`;
       const request = this.pool.request();
-      request.input("threadId", threadId);
-      if (excludeIds.length > 0) {
-        const excludeParams = excludeIds.map((_, idx) => `@id${idx}`);
-        query += ` AND id NOT IN (${excludeParams.join(", ")})`;
-        excludeIds.forEach((id, idx) => {
-          request.input(`id${idx}`, id);
-        });
+      request.input("p1", traceId);
+      request.input("p2", spanId);
+      const totalResult = await request.query(
+        `SELECT COUNT(*) as count FROM ${getTableName({ indexName: TABLE_SCORERS, schemaName: getSchemaName(this.schema) })} WHERE [traceId] = @p1 AND [spanId] = @p2`
+      );
+      const total = totalResult.recordset[0]?.count || 0;
+      const { page, perPage: perPageInput } = pagination;
+      const perPage = normalizePerPage(perPageInput, 100);
+      const { offset: start, perPage: perPageForResponse } = calculatePagination(page, perPageInput, perPage);
+      if (total === 0) {
+        return {
+          pagination: {
+            total: 0,
+            page,
+            perPage: perPageForResponse,
+            hasMore: false
+          },
+          scores: []
+        };
       }
-      query += ` ${orderByStatement} OFFSET 0 ROWS FETCH NEXT @limit ROWS ONLY`;
-      request.input("limit", limit);
-      const result = await request.query(query);
-      const remainingRows = result.recordset || [];
-      rows.push(...remainingRows);
-      rows.sort((a, b) => {
-        const timeDiff = a.seq_id - b.seq_id;
-        return timeDiff;
-      });
-      rows = rows.map(({ seq_id, ...rest }) => rest);
-      const fetchedMessages = (rows || []).map((message) => {
-        if (typeof message.content === "string") {
-          try {
-            message.content = JSON.parse(message.content);
-          } catch {
-          }
-        }
-        if (format === "v1") {
-          if (Array.isArray(message.content)) ; else if (typeof message.content === "object" && message.content && Array.isArray(message.content.parts)) {
-            message.content = message.content.parts;
-          } else {
-            message.content = [{ type: "text", text: "" }];
-          }
-        } else {
-          if (typeof message.content !== "object" || !message.content || !("parts" in message.content)) {
-            message.content = { format: 2, parts: [{ type: "text", text: "" }] };
-          }
-        }
-        if (message.type === "v2") delete message.type;
-        return message;
-      });
-      return format === "v2" ? fetchedMessages.map(
-        (m) => ({ ...m, content: m.content || { format: 2, parts: [{ type: "text", text: "" }] } })
-      ) : fetchedMessages;
+      const limitValue = perPageInput === false ? total : perPage;
+      const end = perPageInput === false ? total : start + perPage;
+      const dataRequest = this.pool.request();
+      dataRequest.input("p1", traceId);
+      dataRequest.input("p2", spanId);
+      dataRequest.input("p3", limitValue);
+      dataRequest.input("p4", start);
+      const result = await dataRequest.query(
+        `SELECT * FROM ${getTableName({ indexName: TABLE_SCORERS, schemaName: getSchemaName(this.schema) })} WHERE [traceId] = @p1 AND [spanId] = @p2 ORDER BY [createdAt] DESC OFFSET @p4 ROWS FETCH NEXT @p3 ROWS ONLY`
+      );
+      return {
+        pagination: {
+          total: Number(total),
+          page,
+          perPage: perPageForResponse,
+          hasMore: end < total
+        },
+        scores: result.recordset.map((row) => transformScoreRow(row))
+      };
     } catch (error) {
-      const mastraError = new MastraError(
+      throw new MastraError(
         {
-          id: "MASTRA_STORAGE_MSSQL_STORE_GET_MESSAGES_FAILED",
+          id: createStorageErrorId("MSSQL", "LIST_SCORES_BY_SPAN", "FAILED"),
           domain: ErrorDomain.STORAGE,
           category: ErrorCategory.THIRD_PARTY,
-          details: {
-            threadId
-          }
+          details: { traceId, spanId }
         },
         error
       );
-      this.logger?.error?.(mastraError.toString());
-      this.logger?.trackException(mastraError);
-      return [];
     }
   }
-  async getMessagesPaginated(args) {
-    const { threadId, selectBy } = args;
-    const { page = 0, perPage: perPageInput } = selectBy?.pagination || {};
-    const orderByStatement = `ORDER BY [seq_id] DESC`;
-    if (selectBy?.include?.length) {
-      await this._getIncludedMessages({ threadId, selectBy, orderByStatement });
+};
+var WorkflowsMSSQL = class extends WorkflowsStorage {
+  pool;
+  operations;
+  schema;
+  constructor({
+    pool,
+    operations,
+    schema
+  }) {
+    super();
+    this.pool = pool;
+    this.operations = operations;
+    this.schema = schema;
+  }
+  parseWorkflowRun(row) {
+    let parsedSnapshot = row.snapshot;
+    if (typeof parsedSnapshot === "string") {
+      try {
+        parsedSnapshot = JSON.parse(row.snapshot);
+      } catch (e) {
+        this.logger?.warn?.(`Failed to parse snapshot for workflow ${row.workflow_name}:`, e);
+      }
     }
+    return {
+      workflowName: row.workflow_name,
+      runId: row.run_id,
+      snapshot: parsedSnapshot,
+      createdAt: row.createdAt,
+      updatedAt: row.updatedAt,
+      resourceId: row.resourceId
+    };
+  }
+  async updateWorkflowResults({
+    workflowName,
+    runId,
+    stepId,
+    result,
+    requestContext
+  }) {
+    const table = getTableName({ indexName: TABLE_WORKFLOW_SNAPSHOT, schemaName: getSchemaName(this.schema) });
+    const transaction = this.pool.transaction();
     try {
-      const { threadId: threadId2, format, selectBy: selectBy2 } = args;
-      const { page: page2 = 0, perPage: perPageInput2, dateRange } = selectBy2?.pagination || {};
-      const fromDate = dateRange?.start;
-      const toDate = dateRange?.end;
-      const selectStatement = `SELECT seq_id, id, content, role, type, [createdAt], thread_id AS threadId`;
-      const orderByStatement2 = `ORDER BY [seq_id] DESC`;
-      let messages2 = [];
-      if (selectBy2?.include?.length) {
-        const includeMessages = await this._getIncludedMessages({ threadId: threadId2, selectBy: selectBy2, orderByStatement: orderByStatement2 });
-        if (includeMessages) messages2.push(...includeMessages);
-      }
-      const perPage = perPageInput2 !== void 0 ? perPageInput2 : this.resolveMessageLimit({ last: selectBy2?.last, defaultLimit: 40 });
-      const currentOffset = page2 * perPage;
-      const conditions = ["[thread_id] = @threadId"];
-      const request = this.pool.request();
-      request.input("threadId", threadId2);
-      if (fromDate instanceof Date && !isNaN(fromDate.getTime())) {
-        conditions.push("[createdAt] >= @fromDate");
-        request.input("fromDate", fromDate.toISOString());
-      }
-      if (toDate instanceof Date && !isNaN(toDate.getTime())) {
-        conditions.push("[createdAt] <= @toDate");
-        request.input("toDate", toDate.toISOString());
-      }
-      const whereClause = `WHERE ${conditions.join(" AND ")}`;
-      const countQuery = `SELECT COUNT(*) as total FROM ${this.getTableName(TABLE_MESSAGES)} ${whereClause}`;
-      const countResult = await request.query(countQuery);
-      const total = parseInt(countResult.recordset[0]?.total, 10) || 0;
-      if (total === 0 && messages2.length > 0) {
-        const parsedIncluded = this._parseAndFormatMessages(messages2, format);
-        return {
-          messages: parsedIncluded,
-          total: parsedIncluded.length,
-          page: page2,
-          perPage,
-          hasMore: false
+      await transaction.begin();
+      const selectRequest = new sql2.Request(transaction);
+      selectRequest.input("workflow_name", workflowName);
+      selectRequest.input("run_id", runId);
+      const existingSnapshotResult = await selectRequest.query(
+        `SELECT snapshot FROM ${table} WITH (UPDLOCK, HOLDLOCK) WHERE workflow_name = @workflow_name AND run_id = @run_id`
+      );
+      let snapshot;
+      if (!existingSnapshotResult.recordset || existingSnapshotResult.recordset.length === 0) {
+        snapshot = {
+          context: {},
+          activePaths: [],
+          activeStepsPath: {},
+          timestamp: Date.now(),
+          suspendedPaths: {},
+          resumeLabels: {},
+          serializedStepGraph: [],
+          status: "pending",
+          value: {},
+          waitingPaths: {},
+          runId,
+          requestContext: {}
         };
+      } else {
+        const existingSnapshot = existingSnapshotResult.recordset[0].snapshot;
+        snapshot = typeof existingSnapshot === "string" ? JSON.parse(existingSnapshot) : existingSnapshot;
       }
-      const excludeIds = messages2.map((m) => m.id);
-      if (excludeIds.length > 0) {
-        const excludeParams = excludeIds.map((_, idx) => `@id${idx}`);
-        conditions.push(`id NOT IN (${excludeParams.join(", ")})`);
-        excludeIds.forEach((id, idx) => request.input(`id${idx}`, id));
-      }
-      const finalWhereClause = `WHERE ${conditions.join(" AND ")}`;
-      const dataQuery = `${selectStatement} FROM ${this.getTableName(TABLE_MESSAGES)} ${finalWhereClause} ${orderByStatement2} OFFSET @offset ROWS FETCH NEXT @limit ROWS ONLY`;
-      request.input("offset", currentOffset);
-      request.input("limit", perPage);
-      const rowsResult = await request.query(dataQuery);
-      const rows = rowsResult.recordset || [];
-      rows.sort((a, b) => a.seq_id - b.seq_id);
-      messages2.push(...rows);
-      const parsed = this._parseAndFormatMessages(messages2, format);
-      return {
-        messages: parsed,
-        total: total + excludeIds.length,
-        page: page2,
-        perPage,
-        hasMore: currentOffset + rows.length < total
-      };
+      snapshot.context[stepId] = result;
+      snapshot.requestContext = { ...snapshot.requestContext, ...requestContext };
+      const upsertReq = new sql2.Request(transaction);
+      upsertReq.input("workflow_name", workflowName);
+      upsertReq.input("run_id", runId);
+      upsertReq.input("snapshot", JSON.stringify(snapshot));
+      upsertReq.input("createdAt", sql2.DateTime2, /* @__PURE__ */ new Date());
+      upsertReq.input("updatedAt", sql2.DateTime2, /* @__PURE__ */ new Date());
+      await upsertReq.query(
+        `MERGE ${table} AS target
+         USING (SELECT @workflow_name AS workflow_name, @run_id AS run_id) AS src
+           ON target.workflow_name = src.workflow_name AND target.run_id = src.run_id
+         WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET snapshot = @snapshot, [updatedAt] = @updatedAt
+         WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN INSERT (workflow_name, run_id, snapshot, [createdAt], [updatedAt])
+           VALUES (@workflow_name, @run_id, @snapshot, @createdAt, @updatedAt);`
+      );
+      await transaction.commit();
+      return snapshot.context;
     } catch (error) {
-      const mastraError = new MastraError(
+      try {
+        await transaction.rollback();
+      } catch {
+      }
+      throw new MastraError(
         {
-          id: "MASTRA_STORAGE_MSSQL_STORE_GET_MESSAGES_PAGINATED_FAILED",
+          id: createStorageErrorId("MSSQL", "UPDATE_WORKFLOW_RESULTS", "FAILED"),
           domain: ErrorDomain.STORAGE,
           category: ErrorCategory.THIRD_PARTY,
           details: {
-            threadId,
-            page
+            workflowName,
+            runId,
+            stepId
           }
         },
         error
       );
-      this.logger?.error?.(mastraError.toString());
-      this.logger?.trackException(mastraError);
-      return { messages: [], total: 0, page, perPage: perPageInput || 40, hasMore: false };
     }
   }
-  _parseAndFormatMessages(messages, format) {
-    const parsedMessages = messages.map((message) => {
-      let parsed = message;
-      if (typeof parsed.content === "string") {
-        try {
-          parsed = { ...parsed, content: JSON.parse(parsed.content) };
-        } catch {
-        }
-      }
-      if (format === "v1") {
-        if (Array.isArray(parsed.content)) ; else if (parsed.content?.parts) {
-          parsed.content = parsed.content.parts;
-        } else {
-          parsed.content = [{ type: "text", text: "" }];
-        }
-      } else {
-        if (!parsed.content?.parts) {
-          parsed = { ...parsed, content: { format: 2, parts: [{ type: "text", text: "" }] } };
-        }
-      }
-      return parsed;
-    });
-    const list = new MessageList().add(parsedMessages, "memory");
-    return format === "v2" ? list.get.all.v2() : list.get.all.v1();
-  }
-  async saveMessages({
-    messages,
-    format
+  async updateWorkflowState({
+    workflowName,
+    runId,
+    opts
   }) {
-    if (messages.length === 0) return messages;
-    const threadId = messages[0]?.threadId;
-    if (!threadId) {
-      throw new MastraError({
-        id: "MASTRA_STORAGE_MSSQL_STORE_SAVE_MESSAGES_FAILED",
-        domain: ErrorDomain.STORAGE,
-        category: ErrorCategory.THIRD_PARTY,
-        text: `Thread ID is required`
-      });
-    }
-    const thread = await this.getThreadById({ threadId });
-    if (!thread) {
-      throw new MastraError({
-        id: "MASTRA_STORAGE_MSSQL_STORE_SAVE_MESSAGES_FAILED",
-        domain: ErrorDomain.STORAGE,
-        category: ErrorCategory.THIRD_PARTY,
-        text: `Thread ${threadId} not found`,
-        details: { threadId }
-      });
-    }
-    const tableMessages = this.getTableName(TABLE_MESSAGES);
-    const tableThreads = this.getTableName(TABLE_THREADS);
+    const table = getTableName({ indexName: TABLE_WORKFLOW_SNAPSHOT, schemaName: getSchemaName(this.schema) });
+    const transaction = this.pool.transaction();
     try {
-      const transaction = this.pool.transaction();
       await transaction.begin();
-      try {
-        for (const message of messages) {
-          if (!message.threadId) {
-            throw new Error(
-              `Expected to find a threadId for message, but couldn't find one. An unexpected error has occurred.`
-            );
-          }
-          if (!message.resourceId) {
-            throw new Error(
-              `Expected to find a resourceId for message, but couldn't find one. An unexpected error has occurred.`
-            );
-          }
-          const request = transaction.request();
-          request.input("id", message.id);
-          request.input("thread_id", message.threadId);
-          request.input(
-            "content",
-            typeof message.content === "string" ? message.content : JSON.stringify(message.content)
-          );
-          request.input("createdAt", message.createdAt.toISOString() || (/* @__PURE__ */ new Date()).toISOString());
-          request.input("role", message.role);
-          request.input("type", message.type || "v2");
-          request.input("resourceId", message.resourceId);
-          const mergeSql = `MERGE INTO ${tableMessages} AS target
-            USING (SELECT @id AS id) AS src
-            ON target.id = src.id
-            WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET
-              thread_id = @thread_id,
-              content = @content,
-              [createdAt] = @createdAt,
-              role = @role,
-              type = @type,
-              resourceId = @resourceId
-            WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN INSERT (id, thread_id, content, [createdAt], role, type, resourceId)
-              VALUES (@id, @thread_id, @content, @createdAt, @role, @type, @resourceId);`;
-          await request.query(mergeSql);
-        }
-        const threadReq = transaction.request();
-        threadReq.input("updatedAt", (/* @__PURE__ */ new Date()).toISOString());
-        threadReq.input("id", threadId);
-        await threadReq.query(`UPDATE ${tableThreads} SET [updatedAt] = @updatedAt WHERE id = @id`);
-        await transaction.commit();
-      } catch (error) {
+      const selectRequest = new sql2.Request(transaction);
+      selectRequest.input("workflow_name", workflowName);
+      selectRequest.input("run_id", runId);
+      const existingSnapshotResult = await selectRequest.query(
+        `SELECT snapshot FROM ${table} WITH (UPDLOCK, HOLDLOCK) WHERE workflow_name = @workflow_name AND run_id = @run_id`
+      );
+      if (!existingSnapshotResult.recordset || existingSnapshotResult.recordset.length === 0) {
         await transaction.rollback();
-        throw error;
+        return void 0;
       }
-      const messagesWithParsedContent = messages.map((message) => {
-        if (typeof message.content === "string") {
-          try {
-            return { ...message, content: JSON.parse(message.content) };
-          } catch {
-            return message;
-          }
-        }
-        return message;
-      });
-      const list = new MessageList().add(messagesWithParsedContent, "memory");
-      if (format === "v2") return list.get.all.v2();
-      return list.get.all.v1();
+      const existingSnapshot = existingSnapshotResult.recordset[0].snapshot;
+      const snapshot = typeof existingSnapshot === "string" ? JSON.parse(existingSnapshot) : existingSnapshot;
+      if (!snapshot || !snapshot?.context) {
+        await transaction.rollback();
+        throw new MastraError(
+          {
+            id: createStorageErrorId("MSSQL", "UPDATE_WORKFLOW_STATE", "SNAPSHOT_NOT_FOUND"),
+            domain: ErrorDomain.STORAGE,
+            category: ErrorCategory.SYSTEM,
+            details: {
+              workflowName,
+              runId
+            }
+          },
+          new Error(`Snapshot not found for runId ${runId}`)
+        );
+      }
+      const updatedSnapshot = { ...snapshot, ...opts };
+      const updateRequest = new sql2.Request(transaction);
+      updateRequest.input("snapshot", JSON.stringify(updatedSnapshot));
+      updateRequest.input("workflow_name", workflowName);
+      updateRequest.input("run_id", runId);
+      updateRequest.input("updatedAt", sql2.DateTime2, /* @__PURE__ */ new Date());
+      await updateRequest.query(
+        `UPDATE ${table} SET snapshot = @snapshot, [updatedAt] = @updatedAt WHERE workflow_name = @workflow_name AND run_id = @run_id`
+      );
+      await transaction.commit();
+      return updatedSnapshot;
     } catch (error) {
+      try {
+        await transaction.rollback();
+      } catch {
+      }
+      if (error instanceof MastraError) throw error;
       throw new MastraError(
         {
-          id: "MASTRA_STORAGE_MSSQL_STORE_SAVE_MESSAGES_FAILED",
+          id: createStorageErrorId("MSSQL", "UPDATE_WORKFLOW_STATE", "FAILED"),
           domain: ErrorDomain.STORAGE,
           category: ErrorCategory.THIRD_PARTY,
-          details: { threadId }
+          details: {
+            workflowName,
+            runId
+          }
         },
         error
       );
@@ -1218,30 +2825,33 @@ ${columns}
   async persistWorkflowSnapshot({
     workflowName,
     runId,
+    resourceId,
     snapshot
   }) {
-    const table = this.getTableName(TABLE_WORKFLOW_SNAPSHOT);
+    const table = getTableName({ indexName: TABLE_WORKFLOW_SNAPSHOT, schemaName: getSchemaName(this.schema) });
     const now = (/* @__PURE__ */ new Date()).toISOString();
     try {
       const request = this.pool.request();
       request.input("workflow_name", workflowName);
       request.input("run_id", runId);
+      request.input("resourceId", resourceId);
       request.input("snapshot", JSON.stringify(snapshot));
-      request.input("createdAt", now);
-      request.input("updatedAt", now);
+      request.input("createdAt", sql2.DateTime2, new Date(now));
+      request.input("updatedAt", sql2.DateTime2, new Date(now));
       const mergeSql = `MERGE INTO ${table} AS target
         USING (SELECT @workflow_name AS workflow_name, @run_id AS run_id) AS src
         ON target.workflow_name = src.workflow_name AND target.run_id = src.run_id
         WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET
+          resourceId = @resourceId,
           snapshot = @snapshot,
           [updatedAt] = @updatedAt
-        WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN INSERT (workflow_name, run_id, snapshot, [createdAt], [updatedAt])
-          VALUES (@workflow_name, @run_id, @snapshot, @createdAt, @updatedAt);`;
+        WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN INSERT (workflow_name, run_id, resourceId, snapshot, [createdAt], [updatedAt])
+          VALUES (@workflow_name, @run_id, @resourceId, @snapshot, @createdAt, @updatedAt);`;
       await request.query(mergeSql);
     } catch (error) {
       throw new MastraError(
         {
-          id: "MASTRA_STORAGE_MSSQL_STORE_PERSIST_WORKFLOW_SNAPSHOT_FAILED",
+          id: createStorageErrorId("MSSQL", "PERSIST_WORKFLOW_SNAPSHOT", "FAILED"),
           domain: ErrorDomain.STORAGE,
           category: ErrorCategory.THIRD_PARTY,
           details: {
@@ -1258,7 +2868,7 @@ ${columns}
     runId
   }) {
     try {
-      const result = await this.load({
+      const result = await this.operations.load({
         tableName: TABLE_WORKFLOW_SNAPSHOT,
         keys: {
           workflow_name: workflowName,
@@ -1272,7 +2882,7 @@ ${columns}
     } catch (error) {
       throw new MastraError(
         {
-          id: "MASTRA_STORAGE_MSSQL_STORE_LOAD_WORKFLOW_SNAPSHOT_FAILED",
+          id: createStorageErrorId("MSSQL", "LOAD_WORKFLOW_SNAPSHOT", "FAILED"),
           domain: ErrorDomain.STORAGE,
           category: ErrorCategory.THIRD_PARTY,
           details: {
@@ -1284,107 +2894,6 @@ ${columns}
       );
     }
   }
-  async hasColumn(table, column) {
-    const schema = this.schema || "dbo";
-    const request = this.pool.request();
-    request.input("schema", schema);
-    request.input("table", table);
-    request.input("column", column);
-    request.input("columnLower", column.toLowerCase());
-    const result = await request.query(
-      `SELECT 1 FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLUMNS WHERE TABLE_SCHEMA = @schema AND TABLE_NAME = @table AND (COLUMN_NAME = @column OR COLUMN_NAME = @columnLower)`
-    );
-    return result.recordset.length > 0;
-  }
-  parseWorkflowRun(row) {
-    let parsedSnapshot = row.snapshot;
-    if (typeof parsedSnapshot === "string") {
-      try {
-        parsedSnapshot = JSON.parse(row.snapshot);
-      } catch (e) {
-        console.warn(`Failed to parse snapshot for workflow ${row.workflow_name}: ${e}`);
-      }
-    }
-    return {
-      workflowName: row.workflow_name,
-      runId: row.run_id,
-      snapshot: parsedSnapshot,
-      createdAt: row.createdAt,
-      updatedAt: row.updatedAt,
-      resourceId: row.resourceId
-    };
-  }
-  async getWorkflowRuns({
-    workflowName,
-    fromDate,
-    toDate,
-    limit,
-    offset,
-    resourceId
-  } = {}) {
-    try {
-      const conditions = [];
-      const paramMap = {};
-      if (workflowName) {
-        conditions.push(`[workflow_name] = @workflowName`);
-        paramMap["workflowName"] = workflowName;
-      }
-      if (resourceId) {
-        const hasResourceId = await this.hasColumn(TABLE_WORKFLOW_SNAPSHOT, "resourceId");
-        if (hasResourceId) {
-          conditions.push(`[resourceId] = @resourceId`);
-          paramMap["resourceId"] = resourceId;
-        } else {
-          console.warn(`[${TABLE_WORKFLOW_SNAPSHOT}] resourceId column not found. Skipping resourceId filter.`);
-        }
-      }
-      if (fromDate instanceof Date && !isNaN(fromDate.getTime())) {
-        conditions.push(`[createdAt] >= @fromDate`);
-        paramMap[`fromDate`] = fromDate.toISOString();
-      }
-      if (toDate instanceof Date && !isNaN(toDate.getTime())) {
-        conditions.push(`[createdAt] <= @toDate`);
-        paramMap[`toDate`] = toDate.toISOString();
-      }
-      const whereClause = conditions.length > 0 ? `WHERE ${conditions.join(" AND ")}` : "";
-      let total = 0;
-      const tableName = this.getTableName(TABLE_WORKFLOW_SNAPSHOT);
-      const request = this.pool.request();
-      Object.entries(paramMap).forEach(([key, value]) => {
-        if (value instanceof Date) {
-          request.input(key, sql.DateTime, value);
-        } else {
-          request.input(key, value);
-        }
-      });
-      if (limit !== void 0 && offset !== void 0) {
-        const countQuery = `SELECT COUNT(*) as count FROM ${tableName} ${whereClause}`;
-        const countResult = await request.query(countQuery);
-        total = Number(countResult.recordset[0]?.count || 0);
-      }
-      let query = `SELECT * FROM ${tableName} ${whereClause} ORDER BY [seq_id] DESC`;
-      if (limit !== void 0 && offset !== void 0) {
-        query += ` OFFSET @offset ROWS FETCH NEXT @limit ROWS ONLY`;
-        request.input("limit", limit);
-        request.input("offset", offset);
-      }
-      const result = await request.query(query);
-      const runs = (result.recordset || []).map((row) => this.parseWorkflowRun(row));
-      return { runs, total: total || runs.length };
-    } catch (error) {
-      throw new MastraError(
-        {
-          id: "MASTRA_STORAGE_MSSQL_STORE_GET_WORKFLOW_RUNS_FAILED",
-          domain: ErrorDomain.STORAGE,
-          category: ErrorCategory.THIRD_PARTY,
-          details: {
-            workflowName: workflowName || "all"
-          }
-        },
-        error
-      );
-    }
-  }
   async getWorkflowRunById({
     runId,
     workflowName
@@ -1401,7 +2910,7 @@ ${columns}
         paramMap["workflowName"] = workflowName;
       }
       const whereClause = conditions.length > 0 ? `WHERE ${conditions.join(" AND ")}` : "";
-      const tableName = this.getTableName(TABLE_WORKFLOW_SNAPSHOT);
+      const tableName = getTableName({ indexName: TABLE_WORKFLOW_SNAPSHOT, schemaName: getSchemaName(this.schema) });
       const query = `SELECT * FROM ${tableName} ${whereClause}`;
       const request = this.pool.request();
       Object.entries(paramMap).forEach(([key, value]) => request.input(key, value));
@@ -1413,7 +2922,7 @@ ${columns}
     } catch (error) {
       throw new MastraError(
         {
-          id: "MASTRA_STORAGE_MSSQL_STORE_GET_WORKFLOW_RUN_BY_ID_FAILED",
+          id: createStorageErrorId("MSSQL", "GET_WORKFLOW_RUN_BY_ID", "FAILED"),
           domain: ErrorDomain.STORAGE,
           category: ErrorCategory.THIRD_PARTY,
           details: {
@@ -1425,390 +2934,407 @@ ${columns}
       );
     }
   }
-  async updateMessages({
-    messages
-  }) {
-    if (!messages || messages.length === 0) {
-      return [];
-    }
-    const messageIds = messages.map((m) => m.id);
-    const idParams = messageIds.map((_, i) => `@id${i}`).join(", ");
-    let selectQuery = `SELECT id, content, role, type, createdAt, thread_id AS threadId, resourceId FROM ${this.getTableName(TABLE_MESSAGES)}`;
-    if (idParams.length > 0) {
-      selectQuery += ` WHERE id IN (${idParams})`;
-    } else {
-      return [];
-    }
-    const selectReq = this.pool.request();
-    messageIds.forEach((id, i) => selectReq.input(`id${i}`, id));
-    const existingMessagesDb = (await selectReq.query(selectQuery)).recordset;
-    if (!existingMessagesDb || existingMessagesDb.length === 0) {
-      return [];
-    }
-    const existingMessages = existingMessagesDb.map((msg) => {
-      if (typeof msg.content === "string") {
-        try {
-          msg.content = JSON.parse(msg.content);
-        } catch {
-        }
-      }
-      return msg;
-    });
-    const threadIdsToUpdate = /* @__PURE__ */ new Set();
-    const transaction = this.pool.transaction();
+  async listWorkflowRuns({
+    workflowName,
+    fromDate,
+    toDate,
+    page,
+    perPage,
+    resourceId,
+    status
+  } = {}) {
     try {
-      await transaction.begin();
-      for (const existingMessage of existingMessages) {
-        const updatePayload = messages.find((m) => m.id === existingMessage.id);
-        if (!updatePayload) continue;
-        const { id, ...fieldsToUpdate } = updatePayload;
-        if (Object.keys(fieldsToUpdate).length === 0) continue;
-        threadIdsToUpdate.add(existingMessage.threadId);
-        if (updatePayload.threadId && updatePayload.threadId !== existingMessage.threadId) {
-          threadIdsToUpdate.add(updatePayload.threadId);
-        }
-        const setClauses = [];
-        const req = transaction.request();
-        req.input("id", id);
-        const columnMapping = { threadId: "thread_id" };
-        const updatableFields = { ...fieldsToUpdate };
-        if (updatableFields.content) {
-          const newContent = {
-            ...existingMessage.content,
-            ...updatableFields.content,
-            ...existingMessage.content?.metadata && updatableFields.content.metadata ? { metadata: { ...existingMessage.content.metadata, ...updatableFields.content.metadata } } : {}
-          };
-          setClauses.push(`content = @content`);
-          req.input("content", JSON.stringify(newContent));
-          delete updatableFields.content;
-        }
-        for (const key in updatableFields) {
-          if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(updatableFields, key)) {
-            const dbColumn = columnMapping[key] || key;
-            setClauses.push(`[${dbColumn}] = @${dbColumn}`);
-            req.input(dbColumn, updatableFields[key]);
-          }
-        }
-        if (setClauses.length > 0) {
-          const updateSql = `UPDATE ${this.getTableName(TABLE_MESSAGES)} SET ${setClauses.join(", ")} WHERE id = @id`;
-          await req.query(updateSql);
-        }
+      const conditions = [];
+      const paramMap = {};
+      if (workflowName) {
+        conditions.push(`[workflow_name] = @workflowName`);
+        paramMap["workflowName"] = workflowName;
       }
-      if (threadIdsToUpdate.size > 0) {
-        const threadIdParams = Array.from(threadIdsToUpdate).map((_, i) => `@tid${i}`).join(", ");
-        const threadReq = transaction.request();
-        Array.from(threadIdsToUpdate).forEach((tid, i) => threadReq.input(`tid${i}`, tid));
-        threadReq.input("updatedAt", (/* @__PURE__ */ new Date()).toISOString());
-        const threadSql = `UPDATE ${this.getTableName(TABLE_THREADS)} SET updatedAt = @updatedAt WHERE id IN (${threadIdParams})`;
-        await threadReq.query(threadSql);
+      if (status) {
+        conditions.push(`JSON_VALUE([snapshot], '$.status') = @status`);
+        paramMap["status"] = status;
       }
-      await transaction.commit();
-    } catch (error) {
-      await transaction.rollback();
-      throw new MastraError(
-        {
-          id: "MASTRA_STORAGE_MSSQL_UPDATE_MESSAGES_FAILED",
-          domain: ErrorDomain.STORAGE,
-          category: ErrorCategory.THIRD_PARTY
-        },
-        error
-      );
-    }
-    const refetchReq = this.pool.request();
-    messageIds.forEach((id, i) => refetchReq.input(`id${i}`, id));
-    const updatedMessages = (await refetchReq.query(selectQuery)).recordset;
-    return (updatedMessages || []).map((message) => {
-      if (typeof message.content === "string") {
-        try {
-          message.content = JSON.parse(message.content);
-        } catch {
+      if (resourceId) {
+        const hasResourceId = await this.operations.hasColumn(TABLE_WORKFLOW_SNAPSHOT, "resourceId");
+        if (hasResourceId) {
+          conditions.push(`[resourceId] = @resourceId`);
+          paramMap["resourceId"] = resourceId;
+        } else {
+          this.logger?.warn?.(`[${TABLE_WORKFLOW_SNAPSHOT}] resourceId column not found. Skipping resourceId filter.`);
         }
       }
-      return message;
-    });
-  }
-  async close() {
-    if (this.pool) {
-      try {
-        if (this.pool.connected) {
-          await this.pool.close();
-        } else if (this.pool.connecting) {
-          await this.pool.connect();
-          await this.pool.close();
-        }
-      } catch (err) {
-        if (err.message && err.message.includes("Cannot close a pool while it is connecting")) ; else {
-          throw err;
-        }
+      if (fromDate instanceof Date && !isNaN(fromDate.getTime())) {
+        conditions.push(`[createdAt] >= @fromDate`);
+        paramMap[`fromDate`] = fromDate.toISOString();
       }
-    }
-  }
-  async getEvals(options = {}) {
-    const { agentName, type, page = 0, perPage = 100, dateRange } = options;
-    const fromDate = dateRange?.start;
-    const toDate = dateRange?.end;
-    const where = [];
-    const params = {};
-    if (agentName) {
-      where.push("agent_name = @agentName");
-      params["agentName"] = agentName;
-    }
-    if (type === "test") {
-      where.push("test_info IS NOT NULL AND JSON_VALUE(test_info, '$.testPath') IS NOT NULL");
-    } else if (type === "live") {
-      where.push("(test_info IS NULL OR JSON_VALUE(test_info, '$.testPath') IS NULL)");
-    }
-    if (fromDate instanceof Date && !isNaN(fromDate.getTime())) {
-      where.push(`[created_at] >= @fromDate`);
-      params[`fromDate`] = fromDate.toISOString();
-    }
-    if (toDate instanceof Date && !isNaN(toDate.getTime())) {
-      where.push(`[created_at] <= @toDate`);
-      params[`toDate`] = toDate.toISOString();
-    }
-    const whereClause = where.length > 0 ? `WHERE ${where.join(" AND ")}` : "";
-    const tableName = this.getTableName(TABLE_EVALS);
-    const offset = page * perPage;
-    const countQuery = `SELECT COUNT(*) as total FROM ${tableName} ${whereClause}`;
-    const dataQuery = `SELECT * FROM ${tableName} ${whereClause} ORDER BY seq_id DESC OFFSET @offset ROWS FETCH NEXT @perPage ROWS ONLY`;
-    try {
-      const countReq = this.pool.request();
-      Object.entries(params).forEach(([key, value]) => {
-        if (value instanceof Date) {
-          countReq.input(key, sql.DateTime, value);
-        } else {
-          countReq.input(key, value);
-        }
-      });
-      const countResult = await countReq.query(countQuery);
-      const total = countResult.recordset[0]?.total || 0;
-      if (total === 0) {
-        return {
-          evals: [],
-          total: 0,
-          page,
-          perPage,
-          hasMore: false
-        };
+      if (toDate instanceof Date && !isNaN(toDate.getTime())) {
+        conditions.push(`[createdAt] <= @toDate`);
+        paramMap[`toDate`] = toDate.toISOString();
       }
-      const req = this.pool.request();
-      Object.entries(params).forEach(([key, value]) => {
+      const whereClause = conditions.length > 0 ? `WHERE ${conditions.join(" AND ")}` : "";
+      let total = 0;
+      const tableName = getTableName({ indexName: TABLE_WORKFLOW_SNAPSHOT, schemaName: getSchemaName(this.schema) });
+      const request = this.pool.request();
+      Object.entries(paramMap).forEach(([key, value]) => {
         if (value instanceof Date) {
-          req.input(key, sql.DateTime, value);
+          request.input(key, sql2.DateTime, value);
         } else {
-          req.input(key, value);
+          request.input(key, value);
         }
       });
-      req.input("offset", offset);
-      req.input("perPage", perPage);
-      const result = await req.query(dataQuery);
-      const rows = result.recordset;
-      return {
-        evals: rows?.map((row) => this.transformEvalRow(row)) ?? [],
-        total,
-        page,
-        perPage,
-        hasMore: offset + (rows?.length ?? 0) < total
-      };
+      const usePagination = typeof perPage === "number" && typeof page === "number";
+      if (usePagination) {
+        const countQuery = `SELECT COUNT(*) as count FROM ${tableName} ${whereClause}`;
+        const countResult = await request.query(countQuery);
+        total = Number(countResult.recordset[0]?.count || 0);
+      }
+      let query = `SELECT * FROM ${tableName} ${whereClause} ORDER BY [seq_id] DESC`;
+      if (usePagination) {
+        const normalizedPerPage = normalizePerPage(perPage, Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER);
+        const offset = page * normalizedPerPage;
+        query += ` OFFSET @offset ROWS FETCH NEXT @perPage ROWS ONLY`;
+        request.input("perPage", normalizedPerPage);
+        request.input("offset", offset);
+      }
+      const result = await request.query(query);
+      const runs = (result.recordset || []).map((row) => this.parseWorkflowRun(row));
+      return { runs, total: total || runs.length };
     } catch (error) {
-      const mastraError = new MastraError(
+      throw new MastraError(
         {
-          id: "MASTRA_STORAGE_MSSQL_STORE_GET_EVALS_FAILED",
+          id: createStorageErrorId("MSSQL", "LIST_WORKFLOW_RUNS", "FAILED"),
           domain: ErrorDomain.STORAGE,
           category: ErrorCategory.THIRD_PARTY,
           details: {
-            agentName: agentName || "all",
-            type: type || "all",
-            page,
-            perPage
+            workflowName: workflowName || "all"
           }
         },
         error
       );
-      this.logger?.error?.(mastraError.toString());
-      this.logger?.trackException(mastraError);
-      throw mastraError;
     }
   }
-  async saveResource({ resource }) {
-    const tableName = this.getTableName(TABLE_RESOURCES);
-    try {
-      const req = this.pool.request();
-      req.input("id", resource.id);
-      req.input("workingMemory", resource.workingMemory);
-      req.input("metadata", JSON.stringify(resource.metadata));
-      req.input("createdAt", resource.createdAt.toISOString());
-      req.input("updatedAt", resource.updatedAt.toISOString());
-      await req.query(
-        `INSERT INTO ${tableName} (id, workingMemory, metadata, createdAt, updatedAt) VALUES (@id, @workingMemory, @metadata, @createdAt, @updatedAt)`
-      );
-      return resource;
-    } catch (error) {
-      const mastraError = new MastraError(
-        {
-          id: "MASTRA_STORAGE_MSSQL_SAVE_RESOURCE_FAILED",
-          domain: ErrorDomain.STORAGE,
-          category: ErrorCategory.THIRD_PARTY,
-          details: { resourceId: resource.id }
-        },
-        error
-      );
-      this.logger?.error?.(mastraError.toString());
-      this.logger?.trackException(mastraError);
-      throw mastraError;
+};
+
+// src/storage/index.ts
+var MSSQLStore = class extends MastraStorage {
+  pool;
+  schema;
+  isConnected = null;
+  stores;
+  constructor(config) {
+    if (!config.id || typeof config.id !== "string" || config.id.trim() === "") {
+      throw new Error("MSSQLStore: id must be provided and cannot be empty.");
     }
-  }
-  async updateResource({
-    resourceId,
-    workingMemory,
-    metadata
-  }) {
+    super({ id: config.id, name: "MSSQLStore", disableInit: config.disableInit });
     try {
-      const existingResource = await this.getResourceById({ resourceId });
-      if (!existingResource) {
-        const newResource = {
-          id: resourceId,
-          workingMemory,
-          metadata: metadata || {},
-          createdAt: /* @__PURE__ */ new Date(),
-          updatedAt: /* @__PURE__ */ new Date()
-        };
-        return this.saveResource({ resource: newResource });
+      if ("connectionString" in config) {
+        if (!config.connectionString || typeof config.connectionString !== "string" || config.connectionString.trim() === "") {
+          throw new Error("MSSQLStore: connectionString must be provided and cannot be empty.");
+        }
+      } else {
+        const required = ["server", "database", "user", "password"];
+        for (const key of required) {
+          if (!(key in config) || typeof config[key] !== "string" || config[key].trim() === "") {
+            throw new Error(`MSSQLStore: ${key} must be provided and cannot be empty.`);
+          }
+        }
       }
-      const updatedResource = {
-        ...existingResource,
-        workingMemory: workingMemory !== void 0 ? workingMemory : existingResource.workingMemory,
-        metadata: {
-          ...existingResource.metadata,
-          ...metadata
-        },
-        updatedAt: /* @__PURE__ */ new Date()
+      this.schema = config.schemaName || "dbo";
+      this.pool = "connectionString" in config ? new sql2.ConnectionPool(config.connectionString) : new sql2.ConnectionPool({
+        server: config.server,
+        database: config.database,
+        user: config.user,
+        password: config.password,
+        port: config.port,
+        options: config.options || { encrypt: true, trustServerCertificate: true }
+      });
+      const operations = new StoreOperationsMSSQL({ pool: this.pool, schemaName: this.schema });
+      const scores = new ScoresMSSQL({ pool: this.pool, operations, schema: this.schema });
+      const workflows = new WorkflowsMSSQL({ pool: this.pool, operations, schema: this.schema });
+      const memory = new MemoryMSSQL({ pool: this.pool, schema: this.schema, operations });
+      const observability = new ObservabilityMSSQL({ pool: this.pool, operations, schema: this.schema });
+      this.stores = {
+        operations,
+        scores,
+        workflows,
+        memory,
+        observability
       };
-      const tableName = this.getTableName(TABLE_RESOURCES);
-      const updates = [];
-      const req = this.pool.request();
-      if (workingMemory !== void 0) {
-        updates.push("workingMemory = @workingMemory");
-        req.input("workingMemory", workingMemory);
-      }
-      if (metadata) {
-        updates.push("metadata = @metadata");
-        req.input("metadata", JSON.stringify(updatedResource.metadata));
-      }
-      updates.push("updatedAt = @updatedAt");
-      req.input("updatedAt", updatedResource.updatedAt.toISOString());
-      req.input("id", resourceId);
-      await req.query(`UPDATE ${tableName} SET ${updates.join(", ")} WHERE id = @id`);
-      return updatedResource;
-    } catch (error) {
-      const mastraError = new MastraError(
+    } catch (e) {
+      throw new MastraError(
         {
-          id: "MASTRA_STORAGE_MSSQL_UPDATE_RESOURCE_FAILED",
+          id: createStorageErrorId("MSSQL", "INITIALIZATION", "FAILED"),
           domain: ErrorDomain.STORAGE,
-          category: ErrorCategory.THIRD_PARTY,
-          details: { resourceId }
+          category: ErrorCategory.USER
         },
-        error
+        e
       );
-      this.logger?.error?.(mastraError.toString());
-      this.logger?.trackException(mastraError);
-      throw mastraError;
     }
   }
-  async getResourceById({ resourceId }) {
-    const tableName = this.getTableName(TABLE_RESOURCES);
+  async init() {
+    if (this.isConnected === null) {
+      this.isConnected = this._performInitializationAndStore();
+    }
     try {
-      const req = this.pool.request();
-      req.input("resourceId", resourceId);
-      const result = (await req.query(`SELECT * FROM ${tableName} WHERE id = @resourceId`)).recordset[0];
-      if (!result) {
-        return null;
+      await this.isConnected;
+      await super.init();
+      try {
+        await this.stores.operations.createAutomaticIndexes();
+      } catch (indexError) {
+        this.logger?.warn?.("Failed to create indexes:", indexError);
       }
-      return {
-        ...result,
-        workingMemory: typeof result.workingMemory === "object" ? JSON.stringify(result.workingMemory) : result.workingMemory,
-        metadata: typeof result.metadata === "string" ? JSON.parse(result.metadata) : result.metadata
-      };
     } catch (error) {
-      const mastraError = new MastraError(
+      this.isConnected = null;
+      throw new MastraError(
         {
-          id: "MASTRA_STORAGE_MSSQL_GET_RESOURCE_BY_ID_FAILED",
+          id: createStorageErrorId("MSSQL", "INIT", "FAILED"),
           domain: ErrorDomain.STORAGE,
-          category: ErrorCategory.THIRD_PARTY,
-          details: { resourceId }
+          category: ErrorCategory.THIRD_PARTY
         },
         error
       );
-      this.logger?.error?.(mastraError.toString());
-      this.logger?.trackException(mastraError);
-      throw mastraError;
     }
   }
-  async getScoreById({ id }) {
-    throw new MastraError({
-      id: "STORAGE_MONGODB_STORE_GET_SCORE_BY_ID_FAILED",
-      domain: ErrorDomain.STORAGE,
-      category: ErrorCategory.THIRD_PARTY,
-      details: { id },
-      text: "getScoreById is not implemented yet in MongoDBStore"
-    });
+  async _performInitializationAndStore() {
+    try {
+      await this.pool.connect();
+      return true;
+    } catch (err) {
+      throw err;
+    }
   }
-  async saveScore(_score) {
-    throw new MastraError({
-      id: "STORAGE_MONGODB_STORE_SAVE_SCORE_FAILED",
-      domain: ErrorDomain.STORAGE,
-      category: ErrorCategory.THIRD_PARTY,
-      details: {},
-      text: "saveScore is not implemented yet in MongoDBStore"
-    });
+  get supports() {
+    return {
+      selectByIncludeResourceScope: true,
+      resourceWorkingMemory: true,
+      hasColumn: true,
+      createTable: true,
+      deleteMessages: true,
+      listScoresBySpan: true,
+      observabilityInstance: true,
+      indexManagement: true
+    };
   }
-  async getScoresByScorerId({
-    scorerId,
+  async createTable({
+    tableName,
+    schema
+  }) {
+    return this.stores.operations.createTable({ tableName, schema });
+  }
+  async alterTable({
+    tableName,
+    schema,
+    ifNotExists
+  }) {
+    return this.stores.operations.alterTable({ tableName, schema, ifNotExists });
+  }
+  async clearTable({ tableName }) {
+    return this.stores.operations.clearTable({ tableName });
+  }
+  async dropTable({ tableName }) {
+    return this.stores.operations.dropTable({ tableName });
+  }
+  async insert({ tableName, record }) {
+    return this.stores.operations.insert({ tableName, record });
+  }
+  async batchInsert({ tableName, records }) {
+    return this.stores.operations.batchInsert({ tableName, records });
+  }
+  async load({ tableName, keys }) {
+    return this.stores.operations.load({ tableName, keys });
+  }
+  /**
+   * Memory
+   */
+  async getThreadById({ threadId }) {
+    return this.stores.memory.getThreadById({ threadId });
+  }
+  async saveThread({ thread }) {
+    return this.stores.memory.saveThread({ thread });
+  }
+  async updateThread({
+    id,
+    title,
+    metadata
+  }) {
+    return this.stores.memory.updateThread({ id, title, metadata });
+  }
+  async deleteThread({ threadId }) {
+    return this.stores.memory.deleteThread({ threadId });
+  }
+  async listMessagesById({ messageIds }) {
+    return this.stores.memory.listMessagesById({ messageIds });
+  }
+  async saveMessages(args) {
+    return this.stores.memory.saveMessages(args);
+  }
+  async updateMessages({
+    messages
+  }) {
+    return this.stores.memory.updateMessages({ messages });
+  }
+  async deleteMessages(messageIds) {
+    return this.stores.memory.deleteMessages(messageIds);
+  }
+  async getResourceById({ resourceId }) {
+    return this.stores.memory.getResourceById({ resourceId });
+  }
+  async saveResource({ resource }) {
+    return this.stores.memory.saveResource({ resource });
+  }
+  async updateResource({
+    resourceId,
+    workingMemory,
+    metadata
+  }) {
+    return this.stores.memory.updateResource({ resourceId, workingMemory, metadata });
+  }
+  /**
+   * Workflows
+   */
+  async updateWorkflowResults({
+    workflowName,
+    runId,
+    stepId,
+    result,
+    requestContext
+  }) {
+    return this.stores.workflows.updateWorkflowResults({ workflowName, runId, stepId, result, requestContext });
+  }
+  async updateWorkflowState({
+    workflowName,
+    runId,
+    opts
+  }) {
+    return this.stores.workflows.updateWorkflowState({ workflowName, runId, opts });
+  }
+  async persistWorkflowSnapshot({
+    workflowName,
+    runId,
+    resourceId,
+    snapshot
+  }) {
+    return this.stores.workflows.persistWorkflowSnapshot({ workflowName, runId, resourceId, snapshot });
+  }
+  async loadWorkflowSnapshot({
+    workflowName,
+    runId
+  }) {
+    return this.stores.workflows.loadWorkflowSnapshot({ workflowName, runId });
+  }
+  async listWorkflowRuns(args = {}) {
+    return this.stores.workflows.listWorkflowRuns(args);
+  }
+  async getWorkflowRunById({
+    runId,
+    workflowName
+  }) {
+    return this.stores.workflows.getWorkflowRunById({ runId, workflowName });
+  }
+  async close() {
+    await this.pool.close();
+  }
+  /**
+   * Index Management
+   */
+  async createIndex(options) {
+    return this.stores.operations.createIndex(options);
+  }
+  async listIndexes(tableName) {
+    return this.stores.operations.listIndexes(tableName);
+  }
+  async describeIndex(indexName) {
+    return this.stores.operations.describeIndex(indexName);
+  }
+  async dropIndex(indexName) {
+    return this.stores.operations.dropIndex(indexName);
+  }
+  /**
+   * Tracing / Observability
+   */
+  getObservabilityStore() {
+    if (!this.stores.observability) {
+      throw new MastraError({
+        id: createStorageErrorId("MSSQL", "OBSERVABILITY", "NOT_INITIALIZED"),
+        domain: ErrorDomain.STORAGE,
+        category: ErrorCategory.SYSTEM,
+        text: "Observability storage is not initialized"
+      });
+    }
+    return this.stores.observability;
+  }
+  async createSpan(span) {
+    return this.getObservabilityStore().createSpan(span);
+  }
+  async updateSpan({
+    spanId,
+    traceId,
+    updates
+  }) {
+    return this.getObservabilityStore().updateSpan({ spanId, traceId, updates });
+  }
+  async getTrace(traceId) {
+    return this.getObservabilityStore().getTrace(traceId);
+  }
+  async getTracesPaginated(args) {
+    return this.getObservabilityStore().getTracesPaginated(args);
+  }
+  async batchCreateSpans(args) {
+    return this.getObservabilityStore().batchCreateSpans(args);
+  }
+  async batchUpdateSpans(args) {
+    return this.getObservabilityStore().batchUpdateSpans(args);
+  }
+  async batchDeleteTraces(args) {
+    return this.getObservabilityStore().batchDeleteTraces(args);
+  }
+  /**
+   * Scorers
+   */
+  async getScoreById({ id: _id }) {
+    return this.stores.scores.getScoreById({ id: _id });
+  }
+  async listScoresByScorerId({
+    scorerId: _scorerId,
     pagination: _pagination,
-    entityId,
-    entityType
+    entityId: _entityId,
+    entityType: _entityType,
+    source: _source
   }) {
-    throw new MastraError({
-      id: "STORAGE_MONGODB_STORE_GET_SCORES_BY_SCORER_ID_FAILED",
-      domain: ErrorDomain.STORAGE,
-      category: ErrorCategory.THIRD_PARTY,
-      details: { scorerId, entityId: entityId || "", entityType: entityType || "" },
-      text: "getScoresByScorerId is not implemented yet in MongoDBStore"
+    return this.stores.scores.listScoresByScorerId({
+      scorerId: _scorerId,
+      pagination: _pagination,
+      entityId: _entityId,
+      entityType: _entityType,
+      source: _source
     });
   }
-  async getScoresByRunId({
-    runId,
+  async saveScore(score) {
+    return this.stores.scores.saveScore(score);
+  }
+  async listScoresByRunId({
+    runId: _runId,
     pagination: _pagination
   }) {
-    throw new MastraError({
-      id: "STORAGE_MONGODB_STORE_GET_SCORES_BY_RUN_ID_FAILED",
-      domain: ErrorDomain.STORAGE,
-      category: ErrorCategory.THIRD_PARTY,
-      details: { runId },
-      text: "getScoresByRunId is not implemented yet in MongoDBStore"
-    });
+    return this.stores.scores.listScoresByRunId({ runId: _runId, pagination: _pagination });
   }
-  async getScoresByEntityId({
-    entityId,
-    entityType,
+  async listScoresByEntityId({
+    entityId: _entityId,
+    entityType: _entityType,
     pagination: _pagination
   }) {
-    throw new MastraError({
-      id: "STORAGE_MONGODB_STORE_GET_SCORES_BY_ENTITY_ID_FAILED",
-      domain: ErrorDomain.STORAGE,
-      category: ErrorCategory.THIRD_PARTY,
-      details: { entityId, entityType },
-      text: "getScoresByEntityId is not implemented yet in MongoDBStore"
+    return this.stores.scores.listScoresByEntityId({
+      entityId: _entityId,
+      entityType: _entityType,
+      pagination: _pagination
     });
   }
-  async dropTable({ tableName }) {
-    throw new MastraError({
-      id: "STORAGE_MONGODB_STORE_DROP_TABLE_FAILED",
-      domain: ErrorDomain.STORAGE,
-      category: ErrorCategory.THIRD_PARTY,
-      details: { tableName },
-      text: "dropTable is not implemented yet in MongoDBStore"
-    });
+  async listScoresBySpan({
+    traceId,
+    spanId,
+    pagination: _pagination
+  }) {
+    return this.stores.scores.listScoresBySpan({ traceId, spanId, pagination: _pagination });
   }
 };