@mason-data/cli 0.0.0-stage → 0.6.2

package/dist/src/duck/functions.js

@@ -0,0 +1,764 @@
+/**
+ * POSTGRES'S FUNCTIONS WHERE DUCKDB'S ANSWER DIFFERENTLY (docs/DESIGN.md "Postgres decides, DuckDB computes"):
+ * what the rewrite (src/duck/rewrite.ts) calls in place of a DuckDB function that gives another answer, or of a
+ * Postgres function DuckDB has none of. Two kinds:
+ *  - SCALAR FUNCTIONS in JavaScript (`registerFunctions`, once per DuckDB instance: a registered function is the
+ *    instance's, every connection sees it). JSON is the main one: DuckDB's JSON functions parse a value and write it
+ *    again (`7.00` comes back `7.0`, `{"a" : 1}` as `{"a":1}`), where Postgres's `json` keeps the text it was given and
+ *    `jsonb` writes it canonically (src/duck/jsonb.ts) — so every read of a json value is done here, on its text;
+ *  - and the array functions a lambda would build from DuckDB's (the deparser cannot print a lambda, and DuckDB 2.0
+ *    binds a lambda MACRO's constant arguments wrongly once its postgres extension is loaded: no macro is used).
+ * Every name is `__mason_*`, which no Postgres function has.
+ */
+import { BIGINT, BOOLEAN, DATE, DOUBLE, DuckDBDateValue, DuckDBIntervalValue, DuckDBScalarFunction, DuckDBTimestampTZValue, DuckDBTimestampValue, INTEGER, INTERVAL, LIST, TIMESTAMP, TIMESTAMPTZ, VARCHAR, listValue } from "@duckdb/node-api";
+import { pgEvalSync, PgEvalError } from "./pg-eval.js";
+import { libcKept, libcKey } from "./libc-order.js";
+import { formatFloat } from "../api/postgres/encode.js";
+import { floatAsNumeric } from "./types.js";
+import { intervalText } from "./types.js";
+import { jsonbText, parseJson, writeJson, quoteJson } from "./jsonb.js";
+import { compare, div, evaluateText, NumericError, numericText, parseNumeric } from "../lib/pg-numeric.js";
+import { toCharNumber, toCharTime } from "./to-char.js";
+import { atTimeZoneOf } from "../lib/timezone.js";
+import { gapMark } from "./gaps.js";
+import { CANCEL_SLOTS, cancelTable, isCancelled, slotOf } from "./cancel.js";
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- case mapping
+/** one character's simple mapping, as towupper / towlower give it: a character whose full mapping is several (`ß`,
+ *  `ʼn`) keeps itself */
+function simple(ch, upper) {
+    const m = upper ? ch.toUpperCase() : ch.toLowerCase();
+    return [...m].length === 1 ? m : ch;
+}
+const ASCII_ALNUM = /^[A-Za-z0-9]$/;
+const ALNUM = /^[\p{L}\p{N}]$/u;
+/** upper() / lower() as Postgres computes them under that mode (libc's upper is the rewrite's SQL, not this) */
+export function pgCase(s, upper, mode) {
+    if (mode === "icu")
+        return upper ? s.toUpperCase() : s.toLowerCase();
+    if (mode === "ascii")
+        return s.replace(upper ? /[a-z]+/g : /[A-Z]+/g, (x) => upper ? x.toUpperCase() : x.toLowerCase());
+    let out = "";
+    for (const ch of s)
+        out += simple(ch, upper);
+    return out;
+}
+/** initcap(): a letter after a letter or a digit is lowered, every other is raised (Postgres's str_initcap) */
+export function initcap(s, mode) {
+    let out = "", was = false;
+    for (const ch of s) {
+        if (mode === "ascii")
+            out += was ? ch.replace(/[A-Z]/, (c) => c.toLowerCase()) : ch.replace(/[a-z]/, (c) => c.toUpperCase());
+        else if (mode === "icu")
+            out += was ? ch.toLowerCase() : ch.toUpperCase();
+        else
+            out += simple(ch, !was);
+        was = (mode === "ascii" ? ASCII_ALNUM : ALNUM).test(ch);
+    }
+    return out;
+}
+/**
+ * A `#>` PATH ELEMENT AS AN ARRAY INDEX, as Postgres reads one (jsonfuncs.c get_path_all and jsonb_get_element: `strtoint`
+ * in base 10, nothing after the digits): white space before it, a sign (`+` or `-`), digits — `' 1'` and `'+1'` are 1,
+ * `'1 '` is no index (on an array its read is NULL; on an object every element is a key); a number outside int4 is none.
+ * null where the element is not an index. THE ONE DEFINITION: the function's step reads it, and the native read
+ * (src/duck/rewrite.ts jsonGet) leaves to the function every element that is one (tests/conventions.test.ts).
+ */
+export function pathIndex(element) {
+    if (!/^[ \t\n\v\f\r]*[+-]?[0-9]+$/.test(element))
+        return null;
+    const n = Number(element.trim());
+    return n >= -2147483648 && n <= 2147483647 ? n : null;
+}
+function step(v, s) {
+    if ("key" in s || ("either" in s && v.t === "obj")) {
+        if (v.t !== "obj")
+            return null;
+        const k = "key" in s ? s.key : s.either;
+        // a duplicate key: its LAST value (jsonb keeps only that one; json's -> reads the last)
+        for (let i = v.v.length - 1; i >= 0; i--)
+            if (v.v[i][0] === k)
+                return v.v[i][1];
+        return null;
+    }
+    if (v.t !== "arr")
+        return null;
+    let i;
+    if ("index" in s)
+        i = s.index;
+    else {
+        const n = pathIndex(s.either);
+        if (n === null)
+            return null;
+        i = n;
+    }
+    if (i < 0)
+        i += v.v.length;
+    return i >= 0 && i < v.v.length ? v.v[i] : null;
+}
+/** a json value as text: `->>`'s (a string unquoted, a JSON null is SQL NULL), else its json text — jsonb's
+ *  canonical one, or json's as the document has it */
+function valueText(source, v, canonical, asText) {
+    if (asText) {
+        if (v.t === "null")
+            return null;
+        if (v.t === "str")
+            return v.v;
+        if (v.t === "num" && canonical)
+            return numericText(parseNumeric(v.text));
+    }
+    return canonical ? writeJson(v) : source.slice(v.start, v.end);
+}
+/** `->` / `->>` / `#>` / `#>>` / json(b)_extract_path(_text): the value at the steps, or null */
+export function jsonGet(text, steps, canonical, asText) {
+    let v = parseJson(text);
+    for (const s of steps) {
+        // a jsonb scalar is stored as a one-element array: `'"s"'::jsonb -> 0` (and `-> -1`) is the scalar itself
+        if (canonical && "index" in s && v.t !== "arr" && v.t !== "obj" && (s.index === 0 || s.index === -1))
+            continue;
+        v = step(v, s);
+        if (v === null)
+            return null;
+    }
+    return valueText(text, v, canonical, asText);
+}
+/**
+ * A STORED JSON PATH'S VALUE (src/duck/kept.ts): what `jsonGet` answers for the path's `->` read (the value's JSON
+ * text), computed once when the row is written, `KEPT_NULL` where that answer is NULL, or `KEPT_RECOMPUTE` where it
+ * cannot stand in for the read — `jsonGet` raised (the read raises it again, as the statement without the stored value
+ * would), or the answer begins with a NUL (never a JSON text's first character; kept for any other caller). The
+ * column's own NULL is a row not stored yet (its default: an ADD COLUMN that writes no value, src/duck/kept.ts `keep`),
+ * so a NULL answer is the mark, and SQL turns a NULL document's answer into it (`keptValueSql`). Never throws: a write
+ * of the copy (the stream's, the poll's) must not fail over one row's JSON.
+ */
+export const KEPT_NULL = "\u0000";
+export const KEPT_RECOMPUTE = "\u0000!";
+export function keptJsonValue(text, steps, canonical, asText) {
+    let v;
+    try {
+        v = jsonGet(text, steps, canonical, asText);
+    }
+    catch {
+        return KEPT_RECOMPUTE;
+    } // the read raises it, with its own words: nothing to store but the mark
+    return v === null ? KEPT_NULL : v.startsWith(KEPT_NULL) ? KEPT_RECOMPUTE : v;
+}
+/** json(b)_array_elements(_text): each element's text; an array only (Postgres refuses a scalar or an object) */
+export function jsonElements(text, canonical, asText) {
+    const v = parseJson(text);
+    if (v.t !== "arr")
+        throw new Error(v.t === "obj" ? "cannot extract elements from an object" : "cannot extract elements from a scalar");
+    return v.v.map((x) => valueText(text, x, canonical, asText));
+}
+/** json(b)_each(_text): each member's key and value text, in the document's order (jsonb's is its canonical one) */
+export function jsonMembers(text, canonical, asText) {
+    const v = parseJson(canonical ? jsonbText(text) : text);
+    if (v.t !== "obj")
+        throw new Error(v.t === "arr" ? "cannot call json_each on an array" : "cannot deconstruct a scalar");
+    const src = canonical ? jsonbText(text) : text;
+    return v.v.map(([k, x]) => [k, valueText(src, x, canonical, asText)]);
+}
+/** jsonb's `-` of a key: an object without it, an array without its string elements equal to it */
+export function jsonbDelete(text, key) {
+    const v = parseJson(text);
+    if (v.t === "obj")
+        return writeJson({ t: "obj", v: v.v.filter(([k]) => k !== key) });
+    if (v.t === "arr")
+        return writeJson({ t: "arr", v: v.v.filter((x) => !(x.t === "str" && x.v === key)) });
+    throw new Error("cannot delete from scalar");
+}
+/** jsonb's `||`: two objects merged (the right's keys win), else both as arrays, concatenated (jsonb_concat) */
+export function jsonbConcat(a, b) {
+    const x = parseJson(a), y = parseJson(b);
+    if (x.t === "obj" && y.t === "obj")
+        return writeJson({ t: "obj", v: [...x.v, ...y.v] });
+    const items = (j) => j.t === "arr" ? j.v : [j];
+    return writeJson({ t: "arr", v: [...items(x), ...items(y)] });
+}
+/** jsonb_strip_nulls: every object member whose value is null, removed, at every depth (an array's nulls stay) */
+export function jsonbStripNulls(text) {
+    const strip = (j) => j.t === "obj" ? { t: "obj", v: j.v.filter(([, x]) => x.t !== "null").map(([k, x]) => [k, strip(x)]) }
+        : j.t === "arr" ? { t: "arr", v: j.v.map(strip) } : j;
+    return writeJson(strip(parseJson(text)));
+}
+/** quote_literal: the text as a string literal, `E'…'` with each backslash doubled where it holds one */
+/**
+ * A float cast to numeric, as Postgres writes the numeric (float8_numeric: `%.15g` of the value, float4_numeric
+ * `%.6g`, read by numeric_in): `25`, never `25.0`; `20000001.279999997` is `20000001.28`; a -0 is `0`; NaN and the
+ * infinities are numeric's. The wire's `floatAsNumeric` (src/duck/types.ts) is the one rule.
+ */
+export function floatNumericText(x, float4) {
+    return floatAsNumeric(float4 ? Math.fround(x) : x, float4 ? 6 : 15);
+}
+export function quoteLiteral(text) {
+    const q = text.replaceAll("'", "''");
+    return text.includes("\\") ? `E'${q.replaceAll("\\", "\\\\")}'` : `'${q}'`;
+}
+/** array_to_string: the elements' text joined, a NULL element skipped, or written as `nulls` when it is given */
+export function arrayToString(items, sep, nulls) {
+    return items.flatMap((x) => x !== null ? [x] : nulls !== null ? [nulls] : []).join(sep);
+}
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- intervals
+/**
+ * extract(field FROM interval), as Postgres 18 computes it (interval_part_common): the interval's parts each truncated
+ * toward zero — years and months of its months, its days, hours, minutes, seconds and micros of its time — as numeric
+ * text (a second with 6 decimals, a millisecond with 3, an epoch with 6: a year is 365.25 days, a month 30).
+ */
+export function intervalPart(field, months, days, micros) {
+    const year = Math.trunc(months / 12), mon = months % 12;
+    const hour = micros / 3600000000n, minute = (micros / 60000000n) % 60n, usec = micros % 60000000n;
+    const fixed = (v, scale) => {
+        const neg = v < 0n, a = neg ? -v : v, d = 10n ** BigInt(scale);
+        const text = scale === 0 ? `${a}` : `${a / d}.${`${a % d}`.padStart(scale, "0")}`;
+        return neg ? `-${text}` : text;
+    };
+    switch (field) {
+        case "microsecond":
+        case "microseconds": return fixed(usec, 0);
+        case "millisecond":
+        case "milliseconds": return fixed(usec, 3);
+        case "second":
+        case "seconds": return fixed(usec, 6);
+        case "minute":
+        case "minutes": return `${minute}`;
+        case "hour":
+        case "hours": return `${hour}`;
+        case "day":
+        case "days": return `${days}`;
+        case "week":
+        case "weeks": return `${Math.trunc(days / 7)}`;
+        case "month":
+        case "months": return `${mon}`;
+        case "quarter": return `${months >= 0 ? Math.trunc(mon / 3) + 1 : -(Math.trunc(-mon / 3) + 1)}`;
+        case "year":
+        case "years": return `${year}`;
+        case "decade":
+        case "decades": return `${Math.trunc(year / 10)}`;
+        case "century":
+        case "centuries": return `${Math.trunc(year / 100)}`;
+        case "millennium":
+        case "millennia": return `${Math.trunc(year / 1000)}`;
+        case "epoch":
+            return fixed(micros + (31557600n * BigInt(year) + 2592000n * BigInt(mon) + 86400n * BigInt(days)) * 1000000n, 6);
+        default: throw new Error(`unit "${field}" not supported for type interval`);
+    }
+}
+/** justify_days / justify_hours / justify_interval (Postgres's interval_justify_*): 30 days a month, 24 hours a day,
+ *  the parts given one sign */
+export function justify(kind, months, days, micros) {
+    let m = months, d = days, t = micros;
+    if (kind === "hours" || kind === "interval") {
+        d += Number(t / 86400000000n);
+        t %= 86400000000n;
+    }
+    if (kind === "days" || kind === "interval") {
+        m += Math.trunc(d / 30);
+        d %= 30;
+    }
+    if (kind === "interval") {
+        if (m > 0 && (d < 0 || (d === 0 && t < 0))) {
+            d += 30;
+            m--;
+        }
+        else if (m < 0 && (d > 0 || (d === 0 && t > 0))) {
+            d -= 30;
+            m++;
+        }
+    }
+    if (kind === "days" && ((m > 0 && d < 0) || (m < 0 && d > 0))) {
+        d += m > 0 ? 30 : -30;
+        m += m > 0 ? -1 : 1;
+    }
+    if (kind === "hours" || kind === "interval") {
+        if (d > 0 && t < 0) {
+            t += 86400000000n;
+            d--;
+        }
+        else if (d < 0 && t > 0) {
+            t -= 86400000000n;
+            d++;
+        }
+    }
+    return [m, d, t];
+}
+/** DuckDB's text of a timestamp (`2026-01-01 10:00:00.5+01`) as Postgres's json writes it (`2026-01-01T10:00:00.5+01:00`) */
+function isoTime(text, zoned) {
+    if (/infinity/i.test(text))
+        return text.toLowerCase();
+    const t = text.replace(" ", "T");
+    if (!zoned)
+        return t;
+    return t.replace(/([+-]\d{2})$/, "$1:00").replace(/([+-]\d{2})(\d{2})$/, "$1:$2");
+}
+export function jsonValue(kind, text) {
+    if (text === null)
+        return "null";
+    switch (kind) {
+        case "s": return quoteJson(text);
+        case "r": return text;
+        // a number: as written where JSON can carry it, a string where not (NaN, Infinity: datum_to_json's IsValidJsonNumber)
+        case "n": return /^-?(0|[1-9]\d*)(\.\d+)?([eE][+-]?\d+)?$/.test(text) ? text : quoteJson(text);
+        case "k": return jsonbText(text);
+        case "z":
+        case "t": return quoteJson(isoTime(text, kind === "z"));
+    }
+}
+/** an array as to_json / array_to_json write it (Postgres's array_dim_to_json): `[v,v]`, no space between elements, each
+ *  written as its element type's json — a jsonb or json element embedded as json, never quoted as a string */
+export function jsonArray(kind, items) {
+    return `[${items.map((x) => jsonValue(kind, x)).join(",")}]`;
+}
+/** json_build_object / json_build_array / to_json, written as Postgres's json functions write them: `{"k" : v, …}`,
+ *  `[v, …]`, the value alone. `shape` is the style and then one kind per argument (`o:sr` an object of one string key
+ *  and one raw value). */
+export function jsonBuild(shape, args) {
+    const [style, kinds = ""] = shape.split(":");
+    if (kinds.length !== args.length)
+        throw new Error(`a json build of ${args.length} argument(s) was described as ${shape}: report it (Mason's rewrite)`);
+    const values = args.map((a, i) => jsonValue(kinds[i], a));
+    switch (style) {
+        // to_json is strict: NULL in, NULL out
+        case "v": return args[0] === null || args[0] === undefined ? null : values[0];
+        case "a": return `[${values.join(", ")}]`;
+        // a row as row_to_json writes it: no space anywhere, a NULL row is NULL
+        case "r": {
+            const members = [];
+            for (let i = 0; i < args.length; i += 2)
+                members.push(`${quoteJson(args[i])}:${values[i + 1]}`);
+            return `{${members.join(",")}}`;
+        }
+        case "o": {
+            if (args.length % 2 !== 0)
+                throw new Error("argument list must have even number of elements");
+            const members = [];
+            for (let i = 0; i < args.length; i += 2) {
+                if (args[i] === null)
+                    throw new Error(`argument ${i + 1}: key must not be null`);
+                members.push(`${quoteJson(args[i])} : ${values[i + 1]}`);
+            }
+            return `{${members.join(", ")}}`;
+        }
+        default: throw new Error(`a json build style ${style} is unknown: report it (Mason's rewrite)`);
+    }
+}
+/** encode(bytea, format) as Postgres writes it: base64 in lines of 76, escape with a byte outside printable ASCII
+ *  as its octal and a backslash doubled */
+export function byteaEncode(bytes, format) {
+    if (format === "base64")
+        return (bytes.toString("base64").match(/.{1,76}/g) ?? []).join("\n");
+    let out = "";
+    for (const b of bytes)
+        out += b === 0x5c ? "\\\\" : b < 0x20 || b > 0x7e ? `\\${b.toString(8).padStart(3, "0")}` : String.fromCharCode(b);
+    return out;
+}
+/** decode(text, format), Postgres's readings and its errors (22023) */
+export function byteaDecode(text, format) {
+    if (format === "hex") {
+        const digits = text.replace(/[ \t\n\r]/g, "");
+        const bad = /[^0-9a-fA-F]/.exec(digits);
+        if (bad !== null)
+            throw new PgEvalError("22023", `invalid hexadecimal digit: "${bad[0]}"`);
+        if (digits.length % 2 !== 0)
+            throw new PgEvalError("22023", "invalid hexadecimal data: odd number of digits");
+        return Buffer.from(digits, "hex");
+    }
+    if (format === "base64") {
+        const s = text.replace(/[ \t\n\r]/g, "");
+        const bad = /[^A-Za-z0-9+/=]/.exec(s);
+        if (bad !== null)
+            throw new PgEvalError("22023", `invalid symbol "${bad[0]}" found while decoding base64 sequence`);
+        if (/=[^=]/.test(s) || s.length % 4 !== 0)
+            throw new PgEvalError("22023", "invalid base64 end sequence");
+        return Buffer.from(s, "base64");
+    }
+    // escape: `\\` a backslash, `\ooo` an octal byte, anything else its own UTF-8 bytes
+    const out = [];
+    const bytes = Buffer.from(text, "utf8");
+    for (let i = 0; i < bytes.length; i++) {
+        if (bytes[i] !== 0x5c) {
+            out.push(bytes[i]);
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (bytes[i + 1] === 0x5c) {
+            out.push(0x5c);
+            i++;
+            continue;
+        }
+        const oct = bytes.subarray(i + 1, i + 4).toString("latin1");
+        if (!/^[0-3][0-7][0-7]$/.test(oct))
+            throw new PgEvalError("22P02", "invalid input syntax for type bytea");
+        out.push(parseInt(oct, 8));
+        i += 3;
+    }
+    return Buffer.from(out);
+}
+/** A row's text as record_out writes it: `(1,"a b",,t)`, a column quoted when it is empty or holds a quote, a
+ *  backslash, a parenthesis, a comma or white space (a quote and a backslash doubled inside), NULL as nothing. */
+export function recordText(cols) {
+    return `(${cols.map((c) => c === null ? "" : c === "" || /["\\(),\s]/.test(c) ? `"${c.replace(/(["\\])/g, "$1$1")}"` : c).join(",")})`;
+}
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- arrays
+/** An array's text as array_out writes it: `{a,"b c",NULL}`, an element quoted when it is empty, NULL's word, or holds
+ *  a brace, a comma, a quote, a backslash or white space. `bool` elements are `t` and `f`. */
+export function arrayText(items, bool) {
+    return `{${items.map((x) => {
+        if (x === null)
+            return "NULL";
+        const t = bool ? (x === "true" ? "t" : x === "false" ? "f" : x) : x;
+        return t === "" || /^null$/i.test(t) || /[{},"\\\s]/.test(t) ? `"${t.replace(/["\\]/g, (c) => `\\${c}`)}"` : t;
+    }).join(",")}}`;
+}
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- jsonb's tests
+/** a jsonb document at its root as Postgres's containment reads it: a scalar is an array of one (JB_ROOT_IS_SCALAR) */
+const root = (j) => j.t === "arr" || j.t === "obj" ? j : { t: "arr", v: [j] };
+/** two jsonb scalars equal as equalsJsonbScalarValue says: a number by its value (1.0 = 1), the rest exactly */
+function sameScalar(a, b) {
+    if (a.t !== b.t)
+        return false;
+    switch (a.t) {
+        case "null": return true;
+        case "bool": return a.v === b.v;
+        case "str": return a.v === b.v;
+        case "num": return compare(parseNumeric(a.text), parseNumeric(b.text)) === 0;
+        default: return false;
+    }
+}
+/** JsonbDeepContains: an object holds each of the template's keys with a value that contains the template's; an array
+ *  holds, for each template element, an equal scalar or a container that contains it — of the same kind */
+function contains(a, b) {
+    if (a.t === "obj" && b.t === "obj") {
+        return b.v.every(([k, bv]) => {
+            // a duplicate key reads its last value, as jsonb keeps it
+            const av = [...a.v].reverse().find(([ak]) => ak === k)?.[1];
+            if (av === undefined)
+                return false;
+            if ((av.t === "obj" || av.t === "arr") !== (bv.t === "obj" || bv.t === "arr"))
+                return false;
+            return av.t === "obj" || av.t === "arr" ? av.t === bv.t && contains(av, bv) : sameScalar(av, bv);
+        });
+    }
+    if (a.t === "arr" && b.t === "arr") {
+        return b.v.every((bv) => bv.t === "obj" || bv.t === "arr"
+            ? a.v.some((av) => av.t === bv.t && contains(av, bv))
+            : a.v.some((av) => sameScalar(av, bv)));
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+/** `a @> b` on jsonb (jsonb_contains): their roots must both be objects or both not, then JsonbDeepContains */
+export function jsonbContains(a, b) {
+    const x = root(parseJson(a)), y = root(parseJson(b));
+    return (x.t === "obj") === (y.t === "obj") && contains(x, y);
+}
+/** `j ? key` on jsonb (jsonb_exists): an object's top-level key, or a string element of an array (a string scalar's own) */
+export function jsonbExists(j, key) {
+    const x = root(parseJson(j));
+    return x.t === "obj" ? x.v.some(([k]) => k === key) : x.t === "arr" && x.v.some((e) => e.t === "str" && e.v === key);
+}
+/** json(b)_array_length: an array's element count, Postgres's error for anything else */
+export function jsonArrayLength(j) {
+    const x = parseJson(j);
+    if (x.t === "arr")
+        return x.v.length;
+    throw new Error(x.t === "obj" ? "cannot get array length of a non-array" : "cannot get array length of a scalar");
+}
+/** string_to_array(text, delimiter [, null_string]) as Postgres splits: '' is no element, a NULL delimiter splits into
+ *  characters, an empty one keeps the text whole, and an element equal to null_string is NULL */
+export function stringToArray(s, delimiter, nullString) {
+    if (s === "")
+        return [];
+    const parts = delimiter === null ? [...s] : delimiter === "" ? [s] : s.split(delimiter);
+    return parts.map((p) => nullString !== null && p === nullString ? null : p);
+}
+const itemsOf = (v) => v.items.map((x) => x === null ? null : String(x));
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- registration
+const text = (v) => v === null || v === undefined ? null : String(v);
+/** a scalar function over VARCHAR (and BOOLEAN) arguments, one call per row; a thrown error is the statement's */
+function scalar(conn, name, params, returns, body, opts = {}) {
+    conn.registerScalarFunction(DuckDBScalarFunction.create({
+        name, returnType: returns,
+        // the session first (`cancelled` above), then the function's own arguments
+        ...(opts.varargs ? { varArgsType: VARCHAR } : { parameterTypes: [VARCHAR, ...params] }),
+        // every NULL is handled here: the session's is a connection without the variable, and a NULL argument is the
+        // function's to decide under `nulls: "pass"` (json_build_object writes `null`), else the answer is NULL
+        specialHandling: true,
+        mainFunction: (info, input, out) => {
+            FUNCTION_CALLS.set(name, (FUNCTION_CALLS.get(name) ?? 0) + 1);
+            const all = Array.from({ length: input.columnCount }, (_, c) => input.getColumnVector(c));
+            if (cancelled(info, all, input.rowCount))
+                return;
+            const vectors = all.slice(1);
+            try {
+                for (let r = 0; r < input.rowCount; r++) {
+                    const args = vectors.map((v) => v.getItem(r));
+                    out.setItem(r, opts.nulls !== "pass" && args.some((a) => a === null) ? null : body(args));
+                }
+                out.flush();
+            }
+            catch (e) {
+                // Postgres's own message where the function raises one (src/duck/store.ts postgresWording reads the prefix), and
+                // its SQLSTATE where the function says it
+                info.setError(e instanceof PgEvalError ? `mason[${e.code}]: ${e.message}` : `mason: ${e.message}`);
+            }
+        },
+    }));
+}
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------- Postgres's own functions (src/duck/pg-eval.ts)
+/** what each `__mason_pg_*` function's answer is, and how the worker's Postgres writes it for DuckDB to take whole: a
+ *  time as its microseconds (days, for a date), an interval as its three fields, ±infinity by name */
+export const PG_KINDS = {
+    text: { returns: VARCHAR, sql: (x) => `(${x})::text`, read: (t) => t },
+    bool: { returns: BOOLEAN, sql: (x) => `(${x})::text`, read: (t) => t === "true" },
+    int8: { returns: BIGINT, sql: (x) => `(${x})::int8::text`, read: (t) => BigInt(t) },
+    date: {
+        returns: DATE, sql: (x) => `CASE WHEN isfinite(${x}) THEN (${x} - date '1970-01-01')::text ELSE (${x})::text END`,
+        read: (t) => t === "infinity" ? DuckDBDateValue.PosInf : t === "-infinity" ? DuckDBDateValue.NegInf : new DuckDBDateValue(Number(t)),
+    },
+    timestamp: {
+        returns: TIMESTAMP, sql: (x) => `CASE WHEN isfinite(${x}) THEN (extract(epoch FROM ${x}) * 1000000)::int8::text ELSE (${x})::text END`,
+        read: (t) => t === "infinity" ? DuckDBTimestampValue.PosInf : t === "-infinity" ? DuckDBTimestampValue.NegInf : new DuckDBTimestampValue(BigInt(t)),
+    },
+    timestamptz: {
+        returns: TIMESTAMPTZ, sql: (x) => `CASE WHEN isfinite(${x}) THEN (extract(epoch FROM ${x}) * 1000000)::int8::text ELSE (${x})::text END`,
+        read: (t) => t === "infinity" ? DuckDBTimestampTZValue.PosInf : t === "-infinity" ? DuckDBTimestampTZValue.NegInf : new DuckDBTimestampTZValue(BigInt(t)),
+    },
+    // an infinite interval (Postgres 17+) has no DuckDB value: refused by name where one is met
+    interval: {
+        returns: INTERVAL,
+        sql: (x) => `CASE WHEN isfinite(${x}) THEN concat_ws(' ', (extract(year FROM ${x}) * 12 + extract(month FROM ${x}))::int, extract(day FROM ${x})::int, ` +
+            `(extract(hour FROM ${x}) * 3600000000 + extract(minute FROM ${x}) * 60000000 + extract(microseconds FROM ${x}))::int8) ELSE (${x})::text END`,
+        read: (t) => {
+            const parts = t.split(" ");
+            if (parts.length !== 3)
+                throw new PgEvalError("0A000", `an infinite interval (${t}) is not supported by Mason (Mason gap infinite-interval)`);
+            return new DuckDBIntervalValue(Number(parts[0]), Number(parts[1]), BigInt(parts[2]));
+        },
+    },
+    list: { returns: LIST(VARCHAR), sql: (x) => `(${x})::text[]`, read: (t) => listValue(JSON.parse(t)) },
+};
+/** a relative time read from a value at run time means the transaction's start, which the worker's Postgres does not
+ *  share: refused by name (a literal is the session's, src/duck/rewrite.ts) */
+const RELATIVE = /\b(now|today|tomorrow|yesterday)\b/i;
+const READS_TIME = /::\s*(date|timestamp|timestamptz|timestamp with(out)? time zone)\b/i;
+/**
+ * Postgres's answer for a chunk: `template` an expression over a1…an (each the argument's text), applied by the
+ * worker's Postgres to the chunk's distinct argument tuples in one statement, under the zone DuckDB's session has. A
+ * NULL argument answers NULL (every function sent here is strict); Postgres's error is the statement's, in its SQLSTATE.
+ */
+function viaPostgres(conn, kind) {
+    const k = PG_KINDS[kind];
+    conn.registerScalarFunction(DuckDBScalarFunction.create({
+        name: `__mason_pg_${kind}`, returnType: k.returns, varArgsType: VARCHAR,
+        mainFunction: (info, input, out) => {
+            try {
+                const all = Array.from({ length: input.columnCount }, (_, c) => input.getColumnVector(c));
+                if (cancelled(info, all, input.rowCount))
+                    return;
+                const vectors = all.slice(1);
+                const rows = Array.from({ length: input.rowCount }, (_, r) => vectors.map((v) => text(v.getItem(r))));
+                // the zone and the template are the rewrite's constants, the same on every row; grouped by them all the same
+                const groups = new Map();
+                for (const [zone = null, template = null, ...args] of rows) {
+                    if (zone === null || template === null || args.some((a) => a === null))
+                        continue;
+                    const g = groups.get(`${zone}\u0000${template}`) ?? { zone, template, tuples: new Map() };
+                    groups.set(`${zone}\u0000${template}`, g);
+                    g.tuples.set(JSON.stringify(args), args);
+                }
+                const answers = new Map();
+                for (const [key, g] of groups) {
+                    const tuples = [...g.tuples.values()];
+                    if (kind === "date" || kind === "timestamp" || kind === "timestamptz" || READS_TIME.test(g.template)) {
+                        const relative = tuples.flat().find((a) => a !== null && RELATIVE.test(a));
+                        if (relative !== undefined)
+                            throw new PgEvalError("0A000", `the text '${relative}' read as a time is not supported by Mason: it means the transaction's start (Mason gap relative-time-literal)`);
+                    }
+                    const n = tuples[0].length;
+                    const cols = Array.from({ length: n }, (_, i) => `a${i + 1}`);
+                    const sql = `SELECT ${k.sql("mason_x")} FROM unnest(${cols.map((_, i) => `$${i + 1}::text[]`).join(", ")}) WITH ORDINALITY AS mason_u(${cols.join(", ")}, mason_n) ` +
+                        `CROSS JOIN LATERAL (SELECT ${g.template} AS mason_x) AS mason_s ORDER BY mason_n`;
+                    const got = pgEvalSync(sql, cols.map((_, i) => tuples.map((t) => t[i])), g.zone);
+                    got.forEach(([v], i) => answers.set(`${key}\u0000${JSON.stringify(tuples[i])}`, v ?? null));
+                }
+                rows.forEach(([zone = null, template = null, ...args], r) => {
+                    const v = zone === null || template === null || args.some((a) => a === null) ? null : answers.get(`${zone}\u0000${template}\u0000${JSON.stringify(args)}`) ?? null;
+                    out.setItem(r, v === null ? null : k.read(v));
+                });
+                out.flush();
+            }
+            catch (e) {
+                // Postgres's SQLSTATE and words (src/duck/store.ts postgresWording reads them back)
+                info.setError(e instanceof PgEvalError ? `mason[${e.code}]: ${e.message}` : `mason: ${e.message}`);
+            }
+        },
+    }));
+}
+const steps = (json, either) => JSON.parse(json)
+    .map((s) => typeof s === "number" ? { index: s } : either ? { either: s } : { key: s });
+/** The libc order's two functions (src/duck/libc-order.ts), for the order the source was read with: the characters
+ *  ICU's accent and case levels read, and the key (a value holding one not covered refuses, by name). */
+export function registerLibcOrder(conn, order) {
+    scalar(conn, "__mason_libc_kept", [VARCHAR], VARCHAR, ([s]) => libcKept(order, String(s)));
+    scalar(conn, "__mason_libc_key", [VARCHAR, VARCHAR], VARCHAR, ([s, icu]) => libcKey(order, String(s), String(icu)));
+}
+/**
+ * EVERY CALL CARRIES ITS SESSION, FIRST (the test server: a client leaving mid-statement hung the process
+ * for good). A scalar function runs on the thread that registered it — the executor worker (src/duck/executor.ts) —
+ * while an executor thread waits for it, so that thread can never wait for the executor — and closing a result or a
+ * connection does, to cancel the executor's tasks. An interrupt does not end those tasks (they run on until the close),
+ * so a statement that calls one of these functions is cancelled another way: its session's cell of the CANCEL TABLE
+ * (src/duck/cancel.ts) says it is cancelled, and the statement's next call raises. DuckDB may hand that error back
+ * while another task of the query still waits for a call, so the result is closed only once the session's calls have
+ * stopped (src/duck/store.ts `cleanUp`; a deadlock under load). The table is shared memory: the listener's thread writes it
+ * while this one is busy with the statement's calls. The rewrite (src/duck/rewrite.ts `fn`) passes
+ * `getvariable('__mason_session')` as every `__mason_*` function's first argument, which DuckDB folds to the session's
+ * literal at bind time; the session runner sets the variable on its connection (its slot, `s<n>`). A connection without
+ * it (the writer, a copy's) passes NULL: never cancelled this way.
+ */
+export const SESSION_VARIABLE = "__mason_session";
+export const CANCELLED = "mason[57014]: canceling statement due to user request";
+/** how many vectors each function was called with (a call is a hop to the main thread): what a test or a measurement
+ *  reads to know whether a statement reached a function at all (the rewrite answers a `->>` natively where it can) */
+export const FUNCTION_CALLS = new Map();
+/** the cancel table the calls read: the executor's, shared with the listener (`useCancelTable`), else one of this thread's own */
+let cancels = cancelTable();
+export function useCancelTable(t) { cancels = t; }
+export function cancelsTable() { return cancels; }
+/** when each session's last call was answered (performance.now(), on this thread): what a session's runner reads to know
+ *  that no task of a statement still waits for a call before it closes the statement's result (src/duck/store.ts
+ *  `cleanUp`) */
+const lastCallAt = new Float64Array(CANCEL_SLOTS);
+export function msSinceCall(slot) { return performance.now() - (lastCallAt[slot] ?? 0); }
+/** the session's vector (the first argument, a constant): raises when the session's statement is cancelled */
+function cancelled(info, vectors, rows) {
+    const slot = rows > 0 ? slotOf(text(vectors[0]?.getItem(0))) : null;
+    if (slot !== null)
+        lastCallAt[slot] = performance.now();
+    if (slot === null || !isCancelled(cancels, slot))
+        return false;
+    info.setError(CANCELLED);
+    return true;
+}
+/** Registers the scalar functions on the instance (once: every connection of it sees them). */
+export function registerFunctions(conn) {
+    for (const kind of Object.keys(PG_KINDS))
+        viaPostgres(conn, kind);
+    scalar(conn, "__mason_case", [VARCHAR, BOOLEAN, VARCHAR], VARCHAR, ([s, up, mode]) => pgCase(String(s), up === true, String(mode)));
+    scalar(conn, "__mason_initcap", [VARCHAR, VARCHAR], VARCHAR, ([s, mode]) => initcap(String(s), String(mode)));
+    // (json, steps as a JSON array, a #> path's, jsonb's canonical text, ->>'s text)
+    scalar(conn, "__mason_json_get", [VARCHAR, VARCHAR, BOOLEAN, BOOLEAN, BOOLEAN], VARCHAR, ([j, s, either, canonical, asText]) => jsonGet(String(j), steps(String(s), either === true), canonical === true, asText === true));
+    // the same, as a stored JSON path keeps it (keptJsonValue, src/duck/kept.ts): what the copy's writes compute
+    scalar(conn, "__mason_json_kept", [VARCHAR, VARCHAR, BOOLEAN, BOOLEAN, BOOLEAN], VARCHAR, ([j, s, either, canonical, asText]) => keptJsonValue(String(j), steps(String(s), either === true), canonical === true, asText === true));
+    scalar(conn, "__mason_json_elements", [VARCHAR, BOOLEAN, BOOLEAN], LIST(VARCHAR), ([j, canonical, asText]) => listValue(jsonElements(String(j), canonical === true, asText === true)));
+    scalar(conn, "__mason_json_keys", [VARCHAR, BOOLEAN], LIST(VARCHAR), ([j, canonical]) => listValue(jsonMembers(String(j), canonical === true, false).map(([k]) => k)));
+    scalar(conn, "__mason_json_values", [VARCHAR, BOOLEAN, BOOLEAN], LIST(VARCHAR), ([j, canonical, asText]) => listValue(jsonMembers(String(j), canonical === true, asText === true).map(([, v]) => v)));
+    scalar(conn, "__mason_jsonb_text", [VARCHAR], VARCHAR, ([j]) => jsonbText(String(j)));
+    // jsonb's @>, ?, ?| and ?& (DuckDB's json_contains and json_exists answer otherwise on arrays), json(b)_array_length
+    scalar(conn, "__mason_jsonb_contains", [VARCHAR, VARCHAR], BOOLEAN, ([a, b]) => jsonbContains(String(a), String(b)));
+    scalar(conn, "__mason_jsonb_exists", [VARCHAR, VARCHAR], BOOLEAN, ([j, k]) => jsonbExists(String(j), String(k)));
+    // ?| and ?&: a NULL key is skipped, as jsonb_exists_any / _all skip it
+    scalar(conn, "__mason_jsonb_exists_any", [VARCHAR, LIST(VARCHAR)], BOOLEAN, ([j, ks]) => itemsOf(ks).some((k) => k !== null && jsonbExists(String(j), k)));
+    scalar(conn, "__mason_jsonb_exists_all", [VARCHAR, LIST(VARCHAR)], BOOLEAN, ([j, ks]) => itemsOf(ks).every((k) => k === null || jsonbExists(String(j), k)));
+    scalar(conn, "__mason_json_array_length", [VARCHAR], INTEGER, ([j]) => jsonArrayLength(String(j)));
+    scalar(conn, "__mason_string_to_array", [VARCHAR, VARCHAR, VARCHAR], LIST(VARCHAR), ([s, d, n]) => s === null ? null : listValue(stringToArray(String(s), text(d), text(n))), { nulls: "pass" });
+    scalar(conn, "__mason_json_value", [VARCHAR, VARCHAR], VARCHAR, ([kind, v]) => jsonValue(String(kind), text(v)), { nulls: "pass" });
+    scalar(conn, "__mason_json_array", [VARCHAR, LIST(VARCHAR)], VARCHAR, ([kind, a]) => jsonArray(String(kind), itemsOf(a)));
+    scalar(conn, "__mason_json_build", [], VARCHAR, ([shape, ...args]) => jsonBuild(String(shape), args.map(text)), { nulls: "pass", varargs: true });
+    // to_char, Postgres's template patterns (src/duck/to-char.ts): a time by its text in the session's zone, a number by its digits
+    scalar(conn, "__mason_to_char_time", [VARCHAR, VARCHAR], VARCHAR, ([v, f]) => toCharTime(String(v), String(f)));
+    scalar(conn, "__mason_to_char_number", [VARCHAR, VARCHAR], VARCHAR, ([v, f]) => toCharNumber(String(v), String(f)));
+    // a value's text as Postgres's output function writes it, where DuckDB's cast to VARCHAR writes another: a float's
+    // shortest digits (`0`, `NaN`, `Infinity`, `-0`; DuckDB's `0.0`, `nan`, `inf`), an interval's `1 mon` (DuckDB's `1 month`)
+    scalar(conn, "__mason_float_text", [DOUBLE, BOOLEAN], VARCHAR, ([x, four]) => four === true ? formatFloat(Math.fround(Number(x)), "float4") : formatFloat(Number(x), "float8"));
+    // a zone read from a row (AT TIME ZONE z, src/duck/rewrite.ts zoneArg): an IANA name, spelled as tzdata spells it;
+    // an abbreviation or a POSIX zone, which Postgres reads with a fixed offset and DuckDB as another zone, refused
+    scalar(conn, "__mason_zone", [VARCHAR], VARCHAR, ([z]) => {
+        const read = atTimeZoneOf(String(z));
+        if ("problem" in read)
+            throw new PgEvalError(read.sqlstate, read.sqlstate === "0A000" ? `${read.problem} (${gapMark("zone-abbreviation")})` : read.problem);
+        return read.zone;
+    });
+    // a division's divisor tested for zero (src/duck/rewrite.ts nonZero): Postgres's error, from a function DuckDB takes
+    // as deterministic, where error() is volatile and refused in a DISTINCT aggregate's ORDER BY
+    scalar(conn, "__mason_zero_divisor", [BOOLEAN], BOOLEAN, ([zero]) => { if (zero === true)
+        throw new PgEvalError("22012", "division by zero"); return false; });
+    // a numeric divided by a numeric (src/duck/rewrite.ts, `/`): Postgres's quotient, rounded at its scale (numeric_div),
+    // as the nearest double, so two quotients Postgres finds equal (0.3 / 0.1 and 0.6 / 0.2) compare, group and count as
+    // one, where DuckDB's double division gives each its own last bits. The text a client reads is the exact program's
+    scalar(conn, "__mason_numeric_div", [VARCHAR, VARCHAR], DOUBLE, ([a, b]) => {
+        const x = String(a), y = String(b);
+        // an unconstrained numeric held as a double may be NaN or ±Infinity (DuckDB writes `nan`, `inf`): Postgres's
+        // special values divide as a double's do, except by zero
+        if (!/^[+-]?[\d.]/.test(x) || !/^[+-]?[\d.]/.test(y)) {
+            if (Number(y) === 0 && !/nan/i.test(x))
+                throw new PgEvalError("22012", "division by zero");
+            // a finite value over ±Infinity is 0, never a double's -0
+            const q = Number(x.replace(/inf/i, "Infinity")) / Number(y.replace(/inf/i, "Infinity"));
+            return q === 0 ? 0 : q;
+        }
+        try {
+            return Number(numericText(div(parseNumeric(x), parseNumeric(y))));
+        }
+        catch (e) {
+            if (e instanceof NumericError)
+                throw new PgEvalError(e.sqlstate, e.message);
+            throw e;
+        }
+    });
+    // a numeric Postgres's own function computed, summed (src/duck/rewrite.ts summed): numeric_out's text as two parts
+    // DuckDB's DECIMAL(38,18) holds exactly — its integer digits and first 18 decimals (part 0), and its next 18 decimals
+    // as the decimals of a value below 1 (part 1), each with the sign — refused, by name, past 20 integer digits or 36
+    // decimals. NaN and ±Infinity are none (NULL): a sum holding one is the double's, which adds them as Postgres does
+    // (__mason_numeric_special)
+    scalar(conn, "__mason_numeric_exact", [VARCHAR, INTEGER], VARCHAR, ([t, part]) => {
+        const s = String(t);
+        if (!/^-?\d/.test(s))
+            return null;
+        const sign = s.startsWith("-") ? "-" : "";
+        const [whole, frac = ""] = s.replace(/^-/, "").split(".");
+        const kept = frac.replace(/0+$/, "");
+        if (whole.replace(/^0+(?=\d)/, "").length > 20 || kept.length > 36)
+            throw new PgEvalError("0A000", `the sum of the numeric ${s} is not supported by Mason (${gapMark("numeric-exact-sum")})`);
+        return part === 0 ? `${sign}${whole}.${kept.slice(0, 18) || "0"}` : `${sign}0.${kept.slice(18) || "0"}`;
+    });
+    // a text read as an enum (src/duck/rewrite.ts enumValue): the label, or Postgres's error for one the type lacks
+    scalar(conn, "__mason_enum_in", [VARCHAR, VARCHAR, LIST(VARCHAR)], VARCHAR, ([t, name, labels]) => {
+        const label = String(t);
+        if (!itemsOf(labels).includes(label))
+            throw new PgEvalError("22P02", `invalid input value for enum ${String(name)}: "${label}"`);
+        return label;
+    });
+    scalar(conn, "__mason_numeric_special", [VARCHAR], BOOLEAN, ([t]) => !/^-?\d/.test(String(t)));
+    // a numeric program over a row's cells' texts (src/duck/rewrite.ts exactText): Postgres's exact value as numeric_out
+    // writes it, where DuckDB computes a double (a quotient handed to ln)
+    scalar(conn, "__mason_numeric_program", [], VARCHAR, ([program, ...cells]) => {
+        const values = Object.fromEntries(cells.map((c, i) => [String(i), text(c)]));
+        try {
+            return evaluateText(JSON.parse(String(program)), values);
+        }
+        catch (e) {
+            if (e instanceof NumericError)
+                throw new PgEvalError(e.sqlstate, e.message);
+            throw e;
+        }
+    }, { nulls: "pass", varargs: true });
+    // the decimals of numeric_out's text: the value's display scale (`2.450` has 3)
+    scalar(conn, "__mason_numeric_scale", [VARCHAR], INTEGER, ([t]) => { const at = String(t).indexOf("."); return at < 0 ? 0 : String(t).length - at - 1; });
+    scalar(conn, "__mason_float_numeric_text", [DOUBLE, BOOLEAN], VARCHAR, ([x, four]) => floatNumericText(Number(x), four === true));
+    scalar(conn, "__mason_interval_text", [INTERVAL], VARCHAR, ([v]) => { const i = v; return intervalText(i.months, i.days, i.micros); });
+    scalar(conn, "__mason_interval_part", [VARCHAR, INTERVAL], VARCHAR, ([f, v]) => { const i = v; return intervalPart(String(f), i.months, i.days, i.micros); });
+    scalar(conn, "__mason_justify", [VARCHAR, INTERVAL], INTERVAL, ([k, v]) => { const i = v; const [m, d, t] = justify(String(k), i.months, i.days, i.micros); return new DuckDBIntervalValue(m, d, t); });
+    // jsonb's `-`, `||` and jsonb_strip_nulls (canonical text), quote_literal, array_to_string's NULLs
+    scalar(conn, "__mason_jsonb_delete", [VARCHAR, VARCHAR], VARCHAR, ([j, k]) => jsonbDelete(String(j), String(k)));
+    scalar(conn, "__mason_jsonb_concat", [VARCHAR, VARCHAR], VARCHAR, ([a, b]) => jsonbConcat(String(a), String(b)));
+    scalar(conn, "__mason_jsonb_strip_nulls", [VARCHAR], VARCHAR, ([j]) => jsonbStripNulls(String(j)));
+    scalar(conn, "__mason_quote_literal", [VARCHAR], VARCHAR, ([t]) => quoteLiteral(String(t)));
+    // a bytea's encode / decode (its bytes as their hex, either way: DuckDB's hex and unhex carry them)
+    scalar(conn, "__mason_bytea_encode", [VARCHAR, VARCHAR], VARCHAR, ([h, f]) => byteaEncode(Buffer.from(String(h), "hex"), String(f)));
+    scalar(conn, "__mason_bytea_decode", [VARCHAR, VARCHAR], VARCHAR, ([t, f]) => byteaDecode(String(t), String(f)).toString("hex"));
+    // a row's text as record_out writes it (each column its own text already)
+    scalar(conn, "__mason_record_text", [], VARCHAR, (cols) => recordText(cols.map(text)), { nulls: "pass", varargs: true });
+    scalar(conn, "__mason_array_to_string", [LIST(VARCHAR), VARCHAR, VARCHAR], VARCHAR, ([a, sep, n]) => a === null || sep === null ? null : arrayToString(itemsOf(a), String(sep), text(n)), { nulls: "pass" });
+    // arrays, as their elements' text (the rewrite casts an array to VARCHAR[] and the answer back to its type)
+    scalar(conn, "__mason_array_text", [LIST(VARCHAR), BOOLEAN], VARCHAR, ([a, bool]) => arrayText(itemsOf(a), bool === true));
+    // array_remove(a, v): every element not v; a NULL v removes the NULLs
+    scalar(conn, "__mason_array_remove", [LIST(VARCHAR), VARCHAR], LIST(VARCHAR), ([a, v]) => a === null ? null : listValue(itemsOf(a).filter((x) => v === null ? x !== null : x !== String(v))), { nulls: "pass" });
+}