@marmooo/midy 0.4.9 → 0.5.0

package/esm/midy.js

@@ -1,6 +1,55 @@
 import { parseMidi } from "midi-file";
 import { parse, SoundFont } from "@marmooo/soundfont-parser";
 import { OggVorbisDecoderWebWorker } from "@wasm-audio-decoders/ogg-vorbis";
+// Cache mode
+// - "none"  for full real-time control (dynamic CC, LFO, pitch)
+// - "ads"   for real-time playback with higher cache hit rate
+// - "adsr"  for real-time playback with accurate release envelope
+// - "note"  for efficient playback when note behavior is fixed
+// - "audio" for fully pre-rendered playback (lowest CPU)
+//
+// "none"
+//   No caching. Envelope processing is done in real time on every note.
+//   Uses Web Audio API nodes directly, so LFO and pitch envelope are
+//   fully supported. Higher CPU usage.
+// "ads"
+//   Pre-renders the ADS (Attack-Decay-Sustain) phase into an
+//   OfflineAudioContext and caches the result. The sustain tail is
+//   aligned to the loop boundary as a fixed buffer. Release is
+//   handled by fading volumeNode gain to 0 at note-off.
+//   LFO effects (modLfoToPitch, modLfoToFilterFc, modLfoToVolume,
+//   vibLfoToPitch) are applied in real time after playback starts.
+// "adsr"
+//   Pre-renders the full ADSR envelope (Attack-Decay-Sustain-Release)
+//   into an OfflineAudioContext. The cache key includes the note
+//   duration in ticks (tempo-independent) and the volRelease parameter,
+//   so notes with the same duration and release shape share a buffer.
+//   LFO effects are applied in real time after playback starts,
+//   same as "ads" mode. Higher cache hit rate than "note" mode
+//   because LFO variations do not produce separate cache entries.
+// "note"
+//   Renders the full noteOn-to-noteOff duration per note in an
+//   OfflineAudioContext. All events during the note (volume,
+//   expression, pitch bend, LFO, CC#1) are baked into the buffer,
+//   so no real-time processing is needed during playback. Greatly
+//   reduces CPU load for songs with many simultaneous notes.
+//   MIDI file playback only — does not respond to real-time CC changes.
+// "audio"
+//   Renders the entire MIDI file into a single AudioBuffer offline.
+//   Call render() to complete rendering before calling start().
+//   Playback simply streams an AudioBufferSourceNode, so CPU usage
+//   is near zero. Seek and tempo changes are handled in real time.
+//   A "rendering" event is dispatched when rendering starts, and a
+//   "rendered" event is dispatched when rendering completes.
+/** @type {"none"|"ads"|"adsr"|"note"|"audio"} */
+const DEFAULT_CACHE_MODE = "ads";
+const _f64Buf = new ArrayBuffer(8);
+const _f64Array = new Float64Array(_f64Buf);
+const _u64Array = new BigUint64Array(_f64Buf);
+function f64ToBigInt(value) {
+    _f64Array[0] = value;
+    return _u64Array[0];
+}
 let decoderPromise = null;
 let decoderQueue = Promise.resolve();
 function initDecoder() {
@@ -48,6 +97,24 @@ class Note {
             writable: true,
             value: void 0
         });
+        Object.defineProperty(this, "timelineIndex", {
+            enumerable: true,
+            configurable: true,
+            writable: true,
+            value: null
+        });
+        Object.defineProperty(this, "renderedBuffer", {
+            enumerable: true,
+            configurable: true,
+            writable: true,
+            value: null
+        });
+        Object.defineProperty(this, "fullCacheVoiceId", {
+            enumerable: true,
+            configurable: true,
+            writable: true,
+            value: null
+        });
         Object.defineProperty(this, "filterEnvelopeNode", {
             enumerable: true,
             configurable: true,
@@ -293,12 +360,12 @@ class Channel {
     resetSettings(settings) {
         Object.assign(this, settings);
     }
-    resetTable(channel) {
-        channel.controlTable.set(defaultControlValues);
-        channel.scaleOctaveTuningTable.fill(0); // [-100, 100] cent
-        channel.channelPressureTable.set(defaultPressureValues);
-        channel.polyphonicKeyPressureTable.set(defaultPressureValues);
-        channel.keyBasedTable.fill(-1);
+    resetTable() {
+        this.controlTable.set(defaultControlValues);
+        this.scaleOctaveTuningTable.fill(0); // [-100, 100] cent
+        this.channelPressureTable.set(defaultPressureValues);
+        this.polyphonicKeyPressureTable.set(defaultPressureValues);
+        this.keyBasedTable.fill(-1);
     }
 }
 const drumExclusiveClassesByKit = new Array(57);
@@ -450,13 +517,73 @@ const defaultControlValues = new Int8Array([
     ...[-1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1],
     ...defaultPressureValues,
 ]);
+class RenderedBuffer {
+    constructor(buffer, meta = {}) {
+        Object.defineProperty(this, "buffer", {
+            enumerable: true,
+            configurable: true,
+            writable: true,
+            value: void 0
+        });
+        Object.defineProperty(this, "isLoop", {
+            enumerable: true,
+            configurable: true,
+            writable: true,
+            value: void 0
+        });
+        Object.defineProperty(this, "isFull", {
+            enumerable: true,
+            configurable: true,
+            writable: true,
+            value: void 0
+        });
+        Object.defineProperty(this, "adsDuration", {
+            enumerable: true,
+            configurable: true,
+            writable: true,
+            value: void 0
+        });
+        Object.defineProperty(this, "loopStart", {
+            enumerable: true,
+            configurable: true,
+            writable: true,
+            value: void 0
+        });
+        Object.defineProperty(this, "loopDuration", {
+            enumerable: true,
+            configurable: true,
+            writable: true,
+            value: void 0
+        });
+        Object.defineProperty(this, "noteDuration", {
+            enumerable: true,
+            configurable: true,
+            writable: true,
+            value: void 0
+        });
+        Object.defineProperty(this, "releaseDuration", {
+            enumerable: true,
+            configurable: true,
+            writable: true,
+            value: void 0
+        });
+        this.buffer = buffer;
+        this.isLoop = meta.isLoop ?? false;
+        this.isFull = meta.isFull ?? false;
+        this.adsDuration = meta.adsDuration;
+        this.loopStart = meta.loopStart;
+        this.loopDuration = meta.loopDuration;
+        this.noteDuration = meta.noteDuration;
+        this.releaseDuration = meta.releaseDuration;
+    }
+}
 function cbToRatio(cb) {
     return Math.pow(10, cb / 200);
 }
 const decayCurve = 1 / (-Math.log(cbToRatio(-1000)));
 const releaseCurve = 1 / (-Math.log(cbToRatio(-600)));
 export class Midy extends EventTarget {
-    constructor(audioContext) {
+    constructor(audioContext, options = {}) {
         super();
         // https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4191557/
         // https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12488797/
@@ -638,9 +765,7 @@ export class Midy extends EventTarget {
             enumerable: true,
             configurable: true,
             writable: true,
-            value: new Set([
-                "noteOff",
-            ])
+            value: new Set(["noteOff"])
         });
         Object.defineProperty(this, "tempo", {
             enumerable: true,
@@ -696,6 +821,51 @@ export class Midy extends EventTarget {
             writable: true,
             value: new Array(this.numChannels * drumExclusiveClassCount)
         });
+        // "adsr" mode
+        Object.defineProperty(this, "adsrVoiceCache", {
+            enumerable: true,
+            configurable: true,
+            writable: true,
+            value: new Map()
+        });
+        // "note" mode
+        Object.defineProperty(this, "noteOnDurations", {
+            enumerable: true,
+            configurable: true,
+            writable: true,
+            value: new Map()
+        });
+        Object.defineProperty(this, "noteOnEvents", {
+            enumerable: true,
+            configurable: true,
+            writable: true,
+            value: new Map()
+        });
+        Object.defineProperty(this, "fullVoiceCache", {
+            enumerable: true,
+            configurable: true,
+            writable: true,
+            value: new Map()
+        });
+        // "audio" mode
+        Object.defineProperty(this, "renderedAudioBuffer", {
+            enumerable: true,
+            configurable: true,
+            writable: true,
+            value: null
+        });
+        Object.defineProperty(this, "isRendering", {
+            enumerable: true,
+            configurable: true,
+            writable: true,
+            value: false
+        });
+        Object.defineProperty(this, "audioModeBufferSource", {
+            enumerable: true,
+            configurable: true,
+            writable: true,
+            value: null
+        });
         Object.defineProperty(this, "mpeEnabled", {
             enumerable: true,
             configurable: true,
@@ -723,10 +893,8 @@ export class Midy extends EventTarget {
                 noteToChannel: new Map(),
             }
         });
-        this.decoder = new OggVorbisDecoderWebWorker();
-        this.decoderReady = this.decoder.ready;
-        this.decoderQueue = Promise.resolve();
         this.audioContext = audioContext;
+        this.cacheMode = options.cacheMode ?? DEFAULT_CACHE_MODE;
         this.masterVolume = new GainNode(audioContext);
         this.scheduler = new GainNode(audioContext, { gain: 0 });
         this.schedulerBuffer = new AudioBuffer({
@@ -802,9 +970,178 @@ export class Midy extends EventTarget {
         this.instruments = midiData.instruments;
         this.timeline = midiData.timeline;
         this.totalTime = this.calcTotalTime();
+        if (this.cacheMode === "audio") {
+            await this.render();
+        }
+    }
+    buildNoteOnDurations() {
+        const { timeline, totalTime, noteOnDurations, noteOnEvents, numChannels } = this;
+        noteOnDurations.clear();
+        noteOnEvents.clear();
+        const inverseTempo = 1 / this.tempo;
+        const sustainPedal = new Uint8Array(numChannels);
+        const sostenutoPedal = new Uint8Array(numChannels);
+        const sostenutoKeys = new Array(numChannels).fill(null).map(() => new Set());
+        const activeNotes = new Map();
+        const pendingOff = new Map();
+        const finalizeEntry = (entry, endTime, endTicks) => {
+            const duration = Math.max(0, endTime - entry.startTime);
+            const durationTicks = (endTicks == null || endTicks === Infinity)
+                ? Infinity
+                : Math.max(0, endTicks - entry.startTicks);
+            noteOnDurations.set(entry.idx, duration);
+            noteOnEvents.set(entry.idx, {
+                duration,
+                durationTicks,
+                startTime: entry.startTime,
+                events: entry.events,
+            });
+        };
+        for (let i = 0; i < timeline.length; i++) {
+            const event = timeline[i];
+            const t = event.startTime * inverseTempo;
+            switch (event.type) {
+                case "noteOn": {
+                    const key = event.noteNumber * numChannels + event.channel;
+                    if (!activeNotes.has(key))
+                        activeNotes.set(key, []);
+                    activeNotes.get(key).push({
+                        idx: i,
+                        startTime: t,
+                        startTicks: event.ticks,
+                        events: [],
+                    });
+                    const pendingStack = pendingOff.get(key);
+                    if (pendingStack && pendingStack.length > 0)
+                        pendingStack.shift();
+                    break;
+                }
+                case "noteOff": {
+                    const ch = event.channel;
+                    const key = event.noteNumber * numChannels + ch;
+                    const isSostenuto = sostenutoKeys[ch].has(key);
+                    if (sustainPedal[ch] || isSostenuto) {
+                        if (!pendingOff.has(key))
+                            pendingOff.set(key, []);
+                        pendingOff.get(key).push({ t, ticks: event.ticks });
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        const stack = activeNotes.get(key);
+                        if (stack && stack.length > 0) {
+                            finalizeEntry(stack.shift(), t, event.ticks);
+                            if (stack.length === 0)
+                                activeNotes.delete(key);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                }
+                case "controller": {
+                    const ch = event.channel;
+                    for (const [key, entries] of activeNotes) {
+                        if (key % numChannels !== ch)
+                            continue;
+                        for (const entry of entries)
+                            entry.events.push(event);
+                    }
+                    switch (event.controllerType) {
+                        case 64: { // Sustain Pedal
+                            const on = event.value >= 64;
+                            sustainPedal[ch] = on ? 1 : 0;
+                            if (!on) {
+                                for (const [key, offItems] of pendingOff) {
+                                    if (key % numChannels !== ch)
+                                        continue;
+                                    const activeStack = activeNotes.get(key);
+                                    for (const { t: offTime, ticks: offTicks } of offItems) {
+                                        if (activeStack && activeStack.length > 0) {
+                                            finalizeEntry(activeStack.shift(), offTime, offTicks);
+                                            if (activeStack.length === 0)
+                                                activeNotes.delete(key);
+                                        }
+                                    }
+                                    pendingOff.delete(key);
+                                }
+                            }
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        case 66: { // Sostenuto Pedal
+                            const on = event.value >= 64;
+                            if (on && !sostenutoPedal[ch]) {
+                                for (const [key] of activeNotes) {
+                                    if (key % numChannels === ch)
+                                        sostenutoKeys[ch].add(key);
+                                }
+                            }
+                            else if (!on) {
+                                sostenutoKeys[ch].clear();
+                            }
+                            sostenutoPedal[ch] = on ? 1 : 0;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        case 121: // Reset All Controllers
+                            sustainPedal[ch] = 0;
+                            sostenutoPedal[ch] = 0;
+                            sostenutoKeys[ch].clear();
+                            break;
+                        case 120: // All Sound Off
+                        case 123: { // All Notes Off
+                            for (const [key, stack] of activeNotes) {
+                                if (key % numChannels !== ch)
+                                    continue;
+                                for (const entry of stack)
+                                    finalizeEntry(entry, t, event.ticks);
+                                activeNotes.delete(key);
+                            }
+                            for (const key of pendingOff.keys()) {
+                                if (key % numChannels === ch)
+                                    pendingOff.delete(key);
+                            }
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                }
+                case "sysEx":
+                    if (event.data[0] === 126 && event.data[1] === 9 && event.data[2] === 3) {
+                        // GM1 System On / GM2 System On
+                        if (event.data[3] === 1 || event.data[3] === 3) {
+                            sustainPedal.fill(0);
+                            pendingOff.clear();
+                            for (const [, stack] of activeNotes) {
+                                for (const entry of stack)
+                                    finalizeEntry(entry, t, event.ticks);
+                            }
+                            activeNotes.clear();
+                        }
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        for (const [, entries] of activeNotes) {
+                            for (const entry of entries)
+                                entry.events.push(event);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case "pitchBend":
+                case "programChange":
+                case "channelAftertouch":
+                case "noteAftertouch": {
+                    const ch = event.channel;
+                    for (const [key, entries] of activeNotes) {
+                        if (key % numChannels !== ch)
+                            continue;
+                        for (const entry of entries)
+                            entry.events.push(event);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        for (const [, stack] of activeNotes) {
+            for (const entry of stack)
+                finalizeEntry(entry, totalTime, Infinity);
+        }
     }
     cacheVoiceIds() {
-        const { channels, timeline, voiceCounter } = this;
+        const { channels, timeline, voiceCounter, cacheMode } = this;
         for (let i = 0; i < timeline.length; i++) {
             const event = timeline[i];
             switch (event.type) {
@@ -830,6 +1167,9 @@ export class Midy extends EventTarget {
                 voiceCounter.delete(audioBufferId);
         }
         this.GM2SystemOn();
+        if (cacheMode === "adsr" || cacheMode === "note" || cacheMode === "audio") {
+            this.buildNoteOnDurations();
+        }
     }
     getVoiceId(channel, noteNumber, velocity) {
         const programNumber = channel.programNumber;
@@ -848,7 +1188,8 @@ export class Midy extends EventTarget {
         const soundFont = this.soundFonts[soundFontIndex];
         const voice = soundFont.getVoice(bank, programNumber, noteNumber, velocity);
         const { instrument, sampleID } = voice.generators;
-        return soundFontIndex * (2 ** 32) + (instrument << 16) + sampleID;
+        return soundFontIndex * (2 ** 31) + instrument * (2 ** 24) +
+            (sampleID << 8);
     }
     createChannelAudioNodes(audioContext) {
         const { gainLeft, gainRight } = this.panToGain(defaultControllerState.panMSB.defaultValue);
@@ -858,11 +1199,7 @@ export class Midy extends EventTarget {
         gainL.connect(merger, 0, 0);
         gainR.connect(merger, 0, 1);
         merger.connect(this.masterVolume);
-        return {
-            gainL,
-            gainR,
-            merger,
-        };
+        return { gainL, gainR, merger };
     }
     createChannels(audioContext) {
         const settings = this.constructor.channelSettings;
@@ -925,15 +1262,26 @@ export class Midy extends EventTarget {
         return ((programNumber === 48 && noteNumber === 88) ||
             (programNumber === 56 && 47 <= noteNumber && noteNumber <= 84));
     }
-    createBufferSource(channel, noteNumber, voiceParams, audioBuffer) {
+    createBufferSource(channel, noteNumber, voiceParams, renderedOrRaw) {
+        const isRendered = renderedOrRaw instanceof RenderedBuffer;
+        const audioBuffer = isRendered ? renderedOrRaw.buffer : renderedOrRaw;
         const bufferSource = new AudioBufferSourceNode(this.audioContext);
         bufferSource.buffer = audioBuffer;
-        bufferSource.loop = channel.isDrum
+        const isDrumLoop = channel.isDrum
             ? this.isLoopDrum(channel, noteNumber)
-            : (voiceParams.sampleModes % 2 !== 0);
+            : voiceParams.sampleModes % 2 !== 0;
+        const isLoop = isRendered ? renderedOrRaw.isLoop : isDrumLoop;
+        bufferSource.loop = isLoop;
         if (bufferSource.loop) {
-            bufferSource.loopStart = voiceParams.loopStart / voiceParams.sampleRate;
-            bufferSource.loopEnd = voiceParams.loopEnd / voiceParams.sampleRate;
+            if (isRendered && renderedOrRaw.adsDuration != null) {
+                bufferSource.loopStart = renderedOrRaw.loopStart;
+                bufferSource.loopEnd = renderedOrRaw.loopStart +
+                    renderedOrRaw.loopDuration;
+            }
+            else {
+                bufferSource.loopStart = voiceParams.loopStart / voiceParams.sampleRate;
+                bufferSource.loopEnd = voiceParams.loopEnd / voiceParams.sampleRate;
+            }
         }
         return bufferSource;
     }
@@ -950,15 +1298,14 @@ export class Midy extends EventTarget {
                 break;
             const startTime = t + schedulingOffset;
             switch (event.type) {
-                case "noteOn":
-                    this.noteOn(event.channel, event.noteNumber, event.velocity, startTime);
-                    break;
-                case "noteOff": {
-                    this.noteOff(event.channel, event.noteNumber, event.velocity, startTime, false);
+                case "noteOn": {
+                    const note = this.createNote(event.channel, event.noteNumber, event.velocity, startTime);
+                    note.timelineIndex = queueIndex;
+                    this.setupNote(event.channel, note, startTime);
                     break;
                 }
-                case "noteAftertouch":
-                    this.setPolyphonicKeyPressure(event.channel, event.noteNumber, event.amount, startTime);
+                case "noteOff":
+                    this.noteOff(event.channel, event.noteNumber, event.velocity, startTime, false);
                     break;
                 case "controller":
                     this.setControlChange(event.channel, event.controllerType, event.value, startTime);
@@ -966,14 +1313,17 @@ export class Midy extends EventTarget {
                 case "programChange":
                     this.setProgramChange(event.channel, event.programNumber, startTime);
                     break;
-                case "channelAftertouch":
-                    this.setChannelPressure(event.channel, event.amount, startTime);
-                    break;
                 case "pitchBend":
                     this.setPitchBend(event.channel, event.value + 8192, startTime);
                     break;
                 case "sysEx":
                     this.handleSysEx(event.data, startTime);
+                    break;
+                case "channelAftertouch":
+                    this.setChannelPressure(event.channel, event.amount, startTime);
+                    break;
+                case "noteAftertouch":
+                    this.setPolyphonicKeyPressure(event.channel, event.noteNumber, event.amount, startTime);
             }
             queueIndex++;
         }
@@ -994,6 +1344,7 @@ export class Midy extends EventTarget {
         this.drumExclusiveClassNotes.fill(undefined);
         this.voiceCache.clear();
         this.realtimeVoiceCache.clear();
+        this.adsrVoiceCache.clear();
         const channels = this.channels;
         for (let ch = 0; ch < channels.length; ch++) {
             channels[ch].scheduledNotes = [];
@@ -1020,14 +1371,104 @@ export class Midy extends EventTarget {
                     break;
                 case "sysEx":
                     this.handleSysEx(event.data, now - resumeTime + event.startTime * inverseTempo);
+                    break;
+                case "channelAftertouch":
+                    this.setChannelPressure(event.channel, event.amount, now - resumeTime + event.startTime * inverseTempo);
+                    break;
+                case "noteAftertouch":
+                    this.setPolyphonicKeyPressure(event.channel, event.noteNumber, event.amount, now - resumeTime + event.startTime * inverseTempo);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    async playAudioBuffer() {
+        const audioContext = this.audioContext;
+        const paused = this.isPaused;
+        this.isPlaying = true;
+        this.isPaused = false;
+        this.startTime = audioContext.currentTime;
+        if (paused) {
+            this.dispatchEvent(new Event("resumed"));
+        }
+        else {
+            this.dispatchEvent(new Event("started"));
+        }
+        let exitReason;
+        outer: while (true) {
+            const buffer = this.renderedAudioBuffer;
+            const bufferSource = new AudioBufferSourceNode(audioContext, { buffer });
+            bufferSource.playbackRate.value = this.tempo;
+            bufferSource.connect(this.masterVolume);
+            const offset = Math.min(Math.max(this.resumeTime, 0), buffer.duration);
+            bufferSource.start(audioContext.currentTime, offset);
+            this.audioModeBufferSource = bufferSource;
+            let naturalEnded = false;
+            bufferSource.onended = () => {
+                naturalEnded = true;
+            };
+            while (true) {
+                const now = audioContext.currentTime;
+                await this.scheduleTask(() => { }, now + this.noteCheckInterval);
+                if (naturalEnded || this.currentTime() >= this.totalTime) {
+                    bufferSource.disconnect();
+                    this.audioModeBufferSource = null;
+                    if (this.loop) {
+                        this.resumeTime = 0;
+                        this.startTime = audioContext.currentTime;
+                        this.dispatchEvent(new Event("looped"));
+                        continue outer;
+                    }
+                    await audioContext.suspend();
+                    exitReason = "ended";
+                    break outer;
+                }
+                if (this.isPausing) {
+                    this.resumeTime = this.currentTime();
+                    bufferSource.stop();
+                    bufferSource.disconnect();
+                    this.audioModeBufferSource = null;
+                    await audioContext.suspend();
+                    this.isPausing = false;
+                    exitReason = "paused";
+                    break outer;
+                }
+                else if (this.isStopping) {
+                    bufferSource.stop();
+                    bufferSource.disconnect();
+                    this.audioModeBufferSource = null;
+                    await audioContext.suspend();
+                    this.isStopping = false;
+                    exitReason = "stopped";
+                    break outer;
+                }
+                else if (this.isSeeking) {
+                    bufferSource.stop();
+                    bufferSource.disconnect();
+                    this.audioModeBufferSource = null;
+                    this.startTime = audioContext.currentTime;
+                    this.isSeeking = false;
+                    this.dispatchEvent(new Event("seeked"));
+                    continue outer;
+                }
             }
         }
+        this.isPlaying = false;
+        if (exitReason === "paused") {
+            this.isPaused = true;
+            this.dispatchEvent(new Event("paused"));
+        }
+        else if (exitReason !== undefined) {
+            this.isPaused = false;
+            this.dispatchEvent(new Event(exitReason));
+        }
     }
     async playNotes() {
         const audioContext = this.audioContext;
         if (audioContext.state === "suspended") {
             await audioContext.resume();
         }
+        if (this.cacheMode === "audio" && this.renderedAudioBuffer) {
+            return await this.playAudioBuffer();
+        }
         const paused = this.isPaused;
         this.isPlaying = true;
         this.isPaused = false;
@@ -1167,12 +1608,12 @@ export class Midy extends EventTarget {
                         if (data[0] === 126 && data[1] === 9 && data[2] === 3) {
                             switch (data[3]) {
                                 case 1:
-                                    this.GM1SystemOn(scheduleTime);
+                                    this.GM1SystemOn();
                                     break;
                                 case 2: // GM System Off
                                     break;
                                 case 3:
-                                    this.GM2SystemOn(scheduleTime);
+                                    this.GM2SystemOn();
                                     break;
                                 default:
                                     console.warn(`Unsupported Exclusive Message: ${data}`);
@@ -1239,6 +1680,193 @@ export class Midy extends EventTarget {
         this.notePromises = [];
         return stopPromise;
     }
+    async render() {
+        if (this.isRendering)
+            return;
+        if (this.timeline.length === 0)
+            return;
+        if (this.voiceCounter.size === 0)
+            this.cacheVoiceIds();
+        this.isRendering = true;
+        this.renderedAudioBuffer = null;
+        this.dispatchEvent(new Event("rendering"));
+        const sampleRate = this.audioContext.sampleRate;
+        const totalSamples = Math.ceil((this.totalTime + this.startDelay) * sampleRate);
+        const renderBankMSB = new Uint8Array(this.numChannels);
+        const renderBankLSB = new Uint8Array(this.numChannels);
+        const renderProgramNumber = new Uint8Array(this.numChannels);
+        const renderIsDrum = new Uint8Array(this.numChannels);
+        const renderNoteAftertouch = new Uint8Array(this.numChannels * 128);
+        renderBankMSB.fill(121);
+        renderIsDrum[9] = 1;
+        renderBankMSB[9] = 120;
+        const renderControllerStates = Array.from({ length: this.numChannels }, () => {
+            const state = new Float32Array(256);
+            for (const { type, defaultValue } of Object.values(defaultControllerState)) {
+                state[type] = defaultValue;
+            }
+            return state;
+        });
+        const tasks = [];
+        const timeline = this.timeline;
+        const inverseTempo = 1 / this.tempo;
+        for (let i = 0; i < timeline.length; i++) {
+            const event = timeline[i];
+            const ch = event.channel;
+            switch (event.type) {
+                case "noteOn": {
+                    const noteEvent = this.noteOnEvents.get(i);
+                    const noteDuration = noteEvent?.duration ??
+                        this.noteOnDurations.get(i) ??
+                        0;
+                    if (noteDuration <= 0)
+                        continue;
+                    const { noteNumber, velocity } = event;
+                    const isDrum = renderIsDrum[ch] === 1;
+                    const programNumber = renderProgramNumber[ch];
+                    const bankTable = this.soundFontTable[programNumber];
+                    if (!bankTable)
+                        continue;
+                    let bank = isDrum ? 128 : renderBankLSB[ch];
+                    if (bankTable[bank] === undefined) {
+                        if (isDrum)
+                            continue;
+                        bank = 0;
+                    }
+                    const soundFontIndex = bankTable[bank];
+                    if (soundFontIndex === undefined)
+                        continue;
+                    const soundFont = this.soundFonts[soundFontIndex];
+                    const pressure = renderNoteAftertouch[ch * 128 + noteNumber];
+                    const fakeChannel = {
+                        state: { array: renderControllerStates[ch].slice() },
+                        programNumber,
+                        isDrum,
+                        modulationDepthRange: 50,
+                        detune: 0,
+                    };
+                    const controllerState = this.getControllerState(fakeChannel, noteNumber, velocity, pressure);
+                    const voice = soundFont.getVoice(bank, programNumber, noteNumber, velocity);
+                    if (!voice)
+                        continue;
+                    const voiceParams = voice.getAllParams(controllerState);
+                    const t = event.startTime * inverseTempo + this.startDelay;
+                    const fakeNote = { voiceParams, channel: ch, noteNumber, velocity };
+                    const promise = (async () => {
+                        try {
+                            return await this.createFullRenderedBuffer(fakeChannel, fakeNote, voiceParams, noteDuration, noteEvent);
+                        }
+                        catch (err) {
+                            console.warn("render: note render failed", err);
+                            return null;
+                        }
+                    })();
+                    tasks.push({ t, promise, fakeChannel });
+                    break;
+                }
+                case "controller": {
+                    const { controllerType, value } = event;
+                    switch (controllerType) {
+                        case 0: // bankMSB
+                            renderBankMSB[ch] = value;
+                            if (this.mode === "GM2") {
+                                if (value === 120) {
+                                    renderIsDrum[ch] = 1;
+                                }
+                                else if (value === 121) {
+                                    renderIsDrum[ch] = 0;
+                                }
+                            }
+                            break;
+                        case 32: // bankLSB
+                            renderBankLSB[ch] = value;
+                            break;
+                        default: {
+                            const stateIndex = 128 + controllerType;
+                            if (stateIndex < 256) {
+                                renderControllerStates[ch][stateIndex] = value / 127;
+                            }
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                }
+                case "pitchBend":
+                    renderControllerStates[ch][14] = (event.value + 8192) / 16383;
+                    break;
+                case "programChange":
+                    renderProgramNumber[ch] = event.programNumber;
+                    if (this.mode === "GM2") {
+                        if (renderBankMSB[ch] === 120) {
+                            renderIsDrum[ch] = 1;
+                        }
+                        else if (renderBankMSB[ch] === 121) {
+                            renderIsDrum[ch] = 0;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case "sysEx": {
+                    const data = event.data;
+                    if (data[0] === 126 && data[1] === 9 && data[2] === 3) {
+                        if (data[3] === 1) { // GM1 System On
+                            renderBankMSB.fill(0);
+                            renderBankLSB.fill(0);
+                            renderProgramNumber.fill(0);
+                            renderIsDrum.fill(0);
+                            renderIsDrum[9] = 1;
+                            renderBankMSB[9] = 1;
+                            for (let c = 0; c < this.numChannels; c++) {
+                                for (const { type, defaultValue } of Object.values(defaultControllerState)) {
+                                    renderControllerStates[c][type] = defaultValue;
+                                }
+                            }
+                            renderNoteAftertouch.fill(0);
+                        }
+                        else if (data[3] === 3) { // GM2 System On
+                            renderBankMSB.fill(121);
+                            renderBankLSB.fill(0);
+                            renderProgramNumber.fill(0);
+                            renderIsDrum.fill(0);
+                            renderIsDrum[9] = 1;
+                            renderBankMSB[9] = 120;
+                            for (let c = 0; c < this.numChannels; c++) {
+                                for (const { type, defaultValue } of Object.values(defaultControllerState)) {
+                                    renderControllerStates[c][type] = defaultValue;
+                                }
+                            }
+                            renderNoteAftertouch.fill(0);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                }
+                case "channelAftertouch":
+                    renderControllerStates[ch][13] = event.amount / 127;
+                    break;
+                case "noteAftertouch":
+                    renderNoteAftertouch[ch * 128 + event.noteNumber] = event.amount;
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+        const offlineContext = new OfflineAudioContext(2, totalSamples, sampleRate);
+        for (let i = 0; i < tasks.length; i++) {
+            const { t, promise } = tasks[i];
+            const noteBuffer = await promise;
+            if (!noteBuffer)
+                continue;
+            const audioBuffer = noteBuffer instanceof RenderedBuffer
+                ? noteBuffer.buffer
+                : noteBuffer;
+            const bufferSource = new AudioBufferSourceNode(offlineContext, {
+                buffer: audioBuffer,
+            });
+            bufferSource.connect(offlineContext.destination);
+            bufferSource.start(t);
+        }
+        this.renderedAudioBuffer = await offlineContext.startRendering();
+        this.isRendering = false;
+        this.dispatchEvent(new Event("rendered"));
+        return this.renderedAudioBuffer;
+    }
     async start() {
         if (this.isPlaying || this.isPaused)
             return;
@@ -1275,11 +1903,22 @@ export class Midy extends EventTarget {
         }
     }
     tempoChange(tempo) {
+        const cacheMode = this.cacheMode;
         const timeScale = this.tempo / tempo;
         this.resumeTime = this.resumeTime * timeScale;
         this.tempo = tempo;
         this.totalTime = this.calcTotalTime();
         this.seekTo(this.currentTime() * timeScale);
+        if (cacheMode === "adsr" || cacheMode === "note" || cacheMode === "audio") {
+            this.buildNoteOnDurations();
+            this.fullVoiceCache.clear();
+            this.adsrVoiceCache.clear();
+        }
+        if (cacheMode === "audio") {
+            if (this.audioModeBufferSource) {
+                this.audioModeBufferSource.playbackRate.setValueAtTime(this.tempo, this.audioContext.currentTime);
+            }
+        }
     }
     calcTotalTime() {
         const totalTimeEventTypes = this.totalTimeEventTypes;
@@ -1300,6 +1939,9 @@ export class Midy extends EventTarget {
         if (!this.isPlaying)
             return this.resumeTime;
         const now = this.audioContext.currentTime;
+        if (this.cacheMode === "audio") {
+            return this.resumeTime + (now - this.startTime) * this.tempo;
+        }
         return now + this.resumeTime - this.startTime;
     }
     async processScheduledNotes(channel, callback) {
@@ -1513,6 +2155,8 @@ export class Midy extends EventTarget {
     }
     updateChannelDetune(channel, scheduleTime) {
         this.processScheduledNotes(channel, (note) => {
+            if (note.renderedBuffer?.isFull)
+                return;
             if (this.isPortamento(channel, note)) {
                 this.setPortamentoDetune(channel, note, scheduleTime);
             }
@@ -1604,6 +2248,8 @@ export class Midy extends EventTarget {
             .exponentialRampToValueAtTime(sustainVolume, portamentoTime);
     }
     setVolumeEnvelope(channel, note, scheduleTime) {
+        if (!note.volumeEnvelopeNode)
+            return;
         const { voiceParams, startTime, noteNumber } = note;
         const attackVolume = cbToRatio(-voiceParams.initialAttenuation) *
             (1 + this.getChannelAmplitudeControl(channel));
@@ -1649,9 +2295,6 @@ export class Midy extends EventTarget {
     }
     setDetune(channel, note, scheduleTime) {
         const detune = this.calcNoteDetune(channel, note);
-        note.bufferSource.detune
-            .cancelScheduledValues(scheduleTime)
-            .setValueAtTime(detune, scheduleTime);
         const timeConstant = this.perceptualSmoothingTime / 5; // 99.3% (5 * tau)
         note.bufferSource.detune
             .cancelAndHoldAtTime(scheduleTime)
@@ -1714,6 +2357,8 @@ export class Midy extends EventTarget {
             .exponentialRampToValueAtTime(adjustedSustainFreq, portamentoTime);
     }
     setFilterEnvelope(channel, note, scheduleTime) {
+        if (!note.filterEnvelopeNode)
+            return;
         const { voiceParams, startTime, noteNumber } = note;
         const modEnvToFilterFc = voiceParams.modEnvToFilterFc;
         const baseCent = voiceParams.initialFilterFc +
@@ -1759,11 +2404,14 @@ export class Midy extends EventTarget {
         this.setModLfoToVolume(channel, note, scheduleTime);
         note.modLfo.start(note.startTime + voiceParams.delayModLFO);
         note.modLfo.connect(note.modLfoToFilterFc);
-        note.modLfoToFilterFc.connect(note.filterEnvelopeNode.frequency);
+        if (note.filterEnvelopeNode) {
+            note.modLfoToFilterFc.connect(note.filterEnvelopeNode.frequency);
+        }
         note.modLfo.connect(note.modLfoToPitch);
         note.modLfoToPitch.connect(note.bufferSource.detune);
         note.modLfo.connect(note.modLfoToVolume);
-        note.modLfoToVolume.connect(note.volumeEnvelopeNode.gain);
+        const volumeTarget = note.volumeEnvelopeNode ?? note.volumeNode;
+        note.modLfoToVolume.connect(volumeTarget.gain);
     }
     startVibrato(channel, note, scheduleTime) {
         const { voiceParams, noteNumber } = note;
@@ -1779,34 +2427,346 @@ export class Midy extends EventTarget {
         note.vibLfo.connect(note.vibLfoToPitch);
         note.vibLfoToPitch.connect(note.bufferSource.detune);
     }
-    async getAudioBuffer(channel, noteNumber, velocity, voiceParams, realtime) {
+    async createAdsRenderedBuffer(channel, note, voiceParams, audioBuffer, isDrum = false) {
+        const isLoop = isDrum ? false : (voiceParams.sampleModes % 2 !== 0);
+        const volAttack = voiceParams.volDelay + voiceParams.volAttack;
+        const volHold = volAttack + voiceParams.volHold;
+        const decayDuration = voiceParams.volDecay;
+        const adsDuration = volHold + decayDuration * decayCurve * 5;
+        const loopStartTime = voiceParams.loopStart / voiceParams.sampleRate;
+        const loopDuration = isLoop
+            ? (voiceParams.loopEnd - voiceParams.loopStart) / voiceParams.sampleRate
+            : 0;
+        const loopCount = isLoop && adsDuration > loopStartTime
+            ? Math.ceil((adsDuration - loopStartTime) / loopDuration)
+            : 0;
+        const alignedLoopStart = loopStartTime + loopCount * loopDuration;
+        const renderDuration = isLoop
+            ? alignedLoopStart + loopDuration
+            : audioBuffer.duration;
+        const offlineContext = new OfflineAudioContext(audioBuffer.numberOfChannels, Math.ceil(renderDuration * this.audioContext.sampleRate), this.audioContext.sampleRate);
+        const bufferSource = new AudioBufferSourceNode(offlineContext);
+        bufferSource.buffer = audioBuffer;
+        bufferSource.playbackRate.value = voiceParams.playbackRate;
+        bufferSource.loop = isLoop;
+        if (isLoop) {
+            bufferSource.loopStart = loopStartTime;
+            bufferSource.loopEnd = loopStartTime + loopDuration;
+        }
+        const initialFreq = this.clampCutoffFrequency(this.centToHz(voiceParams.initialFilterFc));
+        const filterEnvelopeNode = new BiquadFilterNode(offlineContext, {
+            type: "lowpass",
+            Q: voiceParams.initialFilterQ / 10, // dB
+            frequency: initialFreq,
+        });
+        const volumeEnvelopeNode = new GainNode(offlineContext);
+        const offlineNote = {
+            ...note,
+            startTime: 0,
+            bufferSource,
+            filterEnvelopeNode,
+            volumeEnvelopeNode,
+        };
+        this.setVolumeEnvelope(channel, offlineNote, 0);
+        this.setFilterEnvelope(channel, offlineNote, 0);
+        bufferSource.connect(filterEnvelopeNode);
+        filterEnvelopeNode.connect(volumeEnvelopeNode);
+        volumeEnvelopeNode.connect(offlineContext.destination);
+        if (voiceParams.sample.type === "compressed") {
+            bufferSource.start(0, voiceParams.start / audioBuffer.sampleRate);
+        }
+        else {
+            bufferSource.start(0);
+        }
+        const buffer = await offlineContext.startRendering();
+        return new RenderedBuffer(buffer, {
+            isLoop,
+            adsDuration,
+            loopStart: alignedLoopStart,
+            loopDuration,
+        });
+    }
+    async createAdsrRenderedBuffer(channel, note, voiceParams, audioBuffer, noteDuration) {
+        const isLoop = voiceParams.sampleModes % 2 !== 0;
+        const volAttack = voiceParams.volDelay + voiceParams.volAttack;
+        const volHold = volAttack + voiceParams.volHold;
+        const decayDuration = voiceParams.volDecay;
+        const adsDuration = volHold + decayDuration * decayCurve * 5;
+        const releaseDuration = voiceParams.volRelease;
+        const loopStartTime = voiceParams.loopStart / voiceParams.sampleRate;
+        const loopDuration = isLoop
+            ? (voiceParams.loopEnd - voiceParams.loopStart) / voiceParams.sampleRate
+            : 0;
+        const noteLoopCount = isLoop && noteDuration > loopStartTime
+            ? Math.ceil((noteDuration - loopStartTime) / loopDuration)
+            : 0;
+        const alignedNoteEnd = isLoop
+            ? loopStartTime + noteLoopCount * loopDuration
+            : noteDuration;
+        const noteOffTime = alignedNoteEnd;
+        const totalDuration = noteOffTime + releaseDuration;
+        const sampleRate = this.audioContext.sampleRate;
+        const offlineContext = new OfflineAudioContext(audioBuffer.numberOfChannels, Math.ceil(totalDuration * sampleRate), sampleRate);
+        const bufferSource = new AudioBufferSourceNode(offlineContext);
+        bufferSource.buffer = audioBuffer;
+        bufferSource.playbackRate.value = voiceParams.playbackRate;
+        bufferSource.loop = isLoop;
+        if (isLoop) {
+            bufferSource.loopStart = loopStartTime;
+            bufferSource.loopEnd = loopStartTime + loopDuration;
+        }
+        const initialFreq = this.clampCutoffFrequency(this.centToHz(voiceParams.initialFilterFc));
+        const filterEnvelopeNode = new BiquadFilterNode(offlineContext, {
+            type: "lowpass",
+            Q: voiceParams.initialFilterQ / 10, // dB
+            frequency: initialFreq,
+        });
+        const volumeEnvelopeNode = new GainNode(offlineContext);
+        const offlineNote = {
+            ...note,
+            startTime: 0,
+            bufferSource,
+            filterEnvelopeNode,
+            volumeEnvelopeNode,
+        };
+        this.setVolumeEnvelope(channel, offlineNote, 0);
+        this.setFilterEnvelope(channel, offlineNote, 0);
+        const attackVolume = cbToRatio(-voiceParams.initialAttenuation);
+        const sustainVolume = attackVolume * (1 - voiceParams.volSustain);
+        const volDelayTime = voiceParams.volDelay;
+        const volAttackTime = volDelayTime + voiceParams.volAttack;
+        const volHoldTime = volAttackTime + voiceParams.volHold;
+        let gainAtNoteOff;
+        if (noteOffTime <= volDelayTime) {
+            gainAtNoteOff = 0;
+        }
+        else if (noteOffTime <= volAttackTime) {
+            gainAtNoteOff = 1e-6 + (attackVolume - 1e-6) *
+                (noteOffTime - volDelayTime) / voiceParams.volAttack;
+        }
+        else if (noteOffTime <= volHoldTime) {
+            gainAtNoteOff = attackVolume;
+        }
+        else {
+            const decayElapsed = noteOffTime - volHoldTime;
+            gainAtNoteOff = sustainVolume +
+                (attackVolume - sustainVolume) *
+                    Math.exp(-decayElapsed / (decayCurve * voiceParams.volDecay));
+        }
+        volumeEnvelopeNode.gain
+            .cancelScheduledValues(noteOffTime)
+            .setValueAtTime(gainAtNoteOff, noteOffTime)
+            .setTargetAtTime(0, noteOffTime, releaseDuration * releaseCurve);
+        filterEnvelopeNode.frequency
+            .cancelScheduledValues(noteOffTime)
+            .setValueAtTime(initialFreq, noteOffTime)
+            .setTargetAtTime(initialFreq, noteOffTime, voiceParams.modRelease * releaseCurve);
+        bufferSource.connect(filterEnvelopeNode);
+        filterEnvelopeNode.connect(volumeEnvelopeNode);
+        volumeEnvelopeNode.connect(offlineContext.destination);
+        if (isLoop) {
+            bufferSource.start(0, voiceParams.start / audioBuffer.sampleRate);
+        }
+        else {
+            bufferSource.start(0);
+        }
+        const buffer = await offlineContext.startRendering();
+        return new RenderedBuffer(buffer, {
+            isLoop: false,
+            isFull: false,
+            adsDuration,
+            noteDuration: noteOffTime,
+            releaseDuration,
+        });
+    }
+    async createFullRenderedBuffer(channel, note, voiceParams, noteDuration, noteEvent = {}) {
+        const { startTime: noteStartTime = 0, events: noteEvents = [] } = noteEvent;
+        const ch = note.channel ?? 0;
+        const releaseEndDuration = voiceParams.volRelease * releaseCurve * 5;
+        const totalDuration = noteDuration + releaseEndDuration;
+        const sampleRate = this.audioContext.sampleRate;
+        const offlineContext = new OfflineAudioContext(2, Math.ceil(totalDuration * sampleRate), sampleRate);
+        const offlinePlayer = new this.constructor(offlineContext, {
+            cacheMode: "none",
+        });
+        offlineContext.suspend = () => Promise.resolve();
+        offlineContext.resume = () => Promise.resolve();
+        offlinePlayer.soundFonts = this.soundFonts;
+        offlinePlayer.soundFontTable = this.soundFontTable;
+        const dstChannel = offlinePlayer.channels[ch];
+        dstChannel.state.array.set(channel.state.array);
+        dstChannel.isDrum = channel.isDrum;
+        dstChannel.programNumber = channel.programNumber;
+        dstChannel.modulationDepthRange = channel.modulationDepthRange;
+        dstChannel.detune = this.calcChannelDetune(dstChannel);
+        await offlinePlayer.noteOn(ch, note.noteNumber, note.velocity, 0);
+        for (const event of noteEvents) {
+            const t = event.startTime / this.tempo - noteStartTime;
+            if (t < 0 || t > noteDuration)
+                continue;
+            switch (event.type) {
+                case "controller":
+                    offlinePlayer.setControlChange(ch, event.controllerType, event.value, t);
+                    break;
+                case "pitchBend":
+                    offlinePlayer.setPitchBend(ch, event.value + 8192, t);
+                    break;
+                case "sysEx":
+                    offlinePlayer.handleSysEx(event.data, t);
+                    break;
+                case "channelAftertouch":
+                    offlinePlayer.setChannelPressure(ch, event.amount, t);
+                    break;
+                case "noteAftertouch":
+                    offlinePlayer.setPolyphonicKeyPressure(ch, event.noteNumber, event.amount, t);
+            }
+        }
+        offlinePlayer.noteOff(ch, note.noteNumber, 0, noteDuration, true);
+        const buffer = await offlineContext.startRendering();
+        return new RenderedBuffer(buffer, {
+            isLoop: false,
+            isFull: true,
+            noteDuration: noteDuration,
+            releaseDuration: releaseEndDuration,
+        });
+    }
+    async getAudioBuffer(channel, note, realtime) {
+        const cacheMode = this.cacheMode;
+        const { noteNumber, velocity } = note;
         const audioBufferId = this.getVoiceId(channel, noteNumber, velocity);
+        if (!realtime) {
+            if (cacheMode === "note") {
+                return await this.getFullCachedBuffer(note, audioBufferId);
+            }
+            else if (cacheMode === "adsr") {
+                return await this.getAdsrCachedBuffer(channel, note, audioBufferId);
+            }
+        }
+        if (cacheMode === "none") {
+            return await this.createAudioBuffer(note.voiceParams);
+        }
+        // fallback to ADS cache:
+        // - "ads" (realtime or not)
+        // - "adsr" + realtime
+        // - "note" + realtime
+        return await this.getAdsCachedBuffer(channel, note, audioBufferId, realtime);
+    }
+    async getAdsCachedBuffer(channel, note, audioBufferId, realtime) {
+        const cacheKey = audioBufferId + (note.noteNumber << 1) + 1;
+        const voiceParams = note.voiceParams;
         if (realtime) {
-            const cachedAudioBuffer = this.realtimeVoiceCache.get(audioBufferId);
-            if (cachedAudioBuffer)
-                return cachedAudioBuffer;
-            const audioBuffer = await this.createAudioBuffer(voiceParams);
-            this.realtimeVoiceCache.set(audioBufferId, audioBuffer);
-            return audioBuffer;
+            const cached = this.realtimeVoiceCache.get(cacheKey);
+            if (cached)
+                return cached;
+            const rawBuffer = await this.createAudioBuffer(voiceParams);
+            const rendered = await this.createAdsRenderedBuffer(channel, note, voiceParams, rawBuffer, channel.isDrum);
+            this.realtimeVoiceCache.set(cacheKey, rendered);
+            return rendered;
         }
         else {
-            const cache = this.voiceCache.get(audioBufferId);
+            const cache = this.voiceCache.get(cacheKey);
             if (cache) {
                 cache.counter += 1;
                 if (cache.maxCount <= cache.counter) {
-                    this.voiceCache.delete(audioBufferId);
+                    this.voiceCache.delete(cacheKey);
                 }
                 return cache.audioBuffer;
             }
             else {
-                const maxCount = this.voiceCounter.get(audioBufferId) ?? 0;
-                const audioBuffer = await this.createAudioBuffer(voiceParams);
-                const cache = { audioBuffer, maxCount, counter: 1 };
-                this.voiceCache.set(audioBufferId, cache);
-                return audioBuffer;
+                const maxCount = this.voiceCounter.get(cacheKey) ?? 0;
+                const rawBuffer = await this.createAudioBuffer(voiceParams);
+                const rendered = await this.createAdsRenderedBuffer(channel, note, voiceParams, rawBuffer, channel.isDrum);
+                const cache = { audioBuffer: rendered, maxCount, counter: 1 };
+                this.voiceCache.set(cacheKey, cache);
+                return rendered;
             }
         }
     }
+    async getAdsrCachedBuffer(channel, note, audioBufferId) {
+        const voiceParams = note.voiceParams;
+        const timelineIndex = note.timelineIndex;
+        const noteEvent = this.noteOnEvents.get(timelineIndex);
+        const noteDurationTicks = noteEvent?.durationTicks ?? 0;
+        const safeTicks = noteDurationTicks === Infinity
+            ? 0xffffffffn
+            : BigInt(noteDurationTicks);
+        const volReleaseBits = f64ToBigInt(voiceParams.volRelease);
+        const playbackRateBits = f64ToBigInt(voiceParams.playbackRate);
+        const cacheKey = (BigInt(audioBufferId) << 160n) |
+            (playbackRateBits << 96n) |
+            (safeTicks << 64n) |
+            volReleaseBits;
+        let durationMap = this.adsrVoiceCache.get(audioBufferId);
+        if (!durationMap) {
+            durationMap = new Map();
+            this.adsrVoiceCache.set(audioBufferId, durationMap);
+        }
+        const cached = durationMap.get(cacheKey);
+        if (cached instanceof RenderedBuffer) {
+            return cached;
+        }
+        if (cached instanceof Promise) {
+            const buf = await cached;
+            if (buf == null)
+                return await this.createAudioBuffer(voiceParams);
+            return buf;
+        }
+        const noteDuration = noteEvent?.duration ?? 0;
+        const renderPromise = (async () => {
+            try {
+                const rawBuffer = await this.createAudioBuffer(voiceParams);
+                const rendered = await this.createAdsrRenderedBuffer(channel, note, voiceParams, rawBuffer, noteDuration);
+                durationMap.set(cacheKey, rendered);
+                return rendered;
+            }
+            catch (err) {
+                durationMap.delete(cacheKey);
+                throw err;
+            }
+        })();
+        durationMap.set(cacheKey, renderPromise);
+        return await renderPromise;
+    }
+    async getFullCachedBuffer(note, audioBufferId) {
+        const voiceParams = note.voiceParams;
+        const timelineIndex = note.timelineIndex;
+        const noteEvent = this.noteOnEvents.get(timelineIndex);
+        const noteDuration = noteEvent?.duration ?? 0;
+        const cacheKey = timelineIndex;
+        let durationMap = this.fullVoiceCache.get(audioBufferId);
+        if (!durationMap) {
+            durationMap = new Map();
+            this.fullVoiceCache.set(audioBufferId, durationMap);
+        }
+        const cached = durationMap.get(cacheKey);
+        if (cached instanceof RenderedBuffer) {
+            note.fullCacheVoiceId = audioBufferId;
+            return cached;
+        }
+        if (cached instanceof Promise) {
+            const buf = await cached;
+            if (buf == null)
+                return await this.createAudioBuffer(voiceParams);
+            note.fullCacheVoiceId = audioBufferId;
+            return buf;
+        }
+        const renderPromise = (async () => {
+            try {
+                const rawBuffer = await this.createAudioBuffer(voiceParams);
+                const rendered = await this.createFullRenderedBuffer(note, voiceParams, rawBuffer, noteDuration, noteEvent);
+                durationMap.set(cacheKey, rendered);
+                return rendered;
+            }
+            catch (err) {
+                durationMap.delete(cacheKey);
+                throw err;
+            }
+        })();
+        durationMap.set(cacheKey, renderPromise);
+        const rendered = await renderPromise;
+        note.fullCacheVoiceId = audioBufferId;
+        return rendered;
+    }
     async setNoteAudioNode(channel, note, realtime) {
         const audioContext = this.audioContext;
         const now = audioContext.currentTime;
@@ -1815,50 +2775,72 @@ export class Midy extends EventTarget {
         const controllerState = this.getControllerState(channel, noteNumber, velocity, 0);
         const voiceParams = note.voice.getAllParams(controllerState);
         note.voiceParams = voiceParams;
-        const audioBuffer = await this.getAudioBuffer(channel, noteNumber, velocity, voiceParams, realtime);
+        const audioBuffer = await this.getAudioBuffer(channel, note, realtime);
+        const isRendered = audioBuffer instanceof RenderedBuffer;
+        note.renderedBuffer = isRendered ? audioBuffer : null;
         note.bufferSource = this.createBufferSource(channel, noteNumber, voiceParams, audioBuffer);
-        note.volumeEnvelopeNode = new GainNode(audioContext);
         note.volumeNode = new GainNode(audioContext);
-        const filterResonance = this.getRelativeKeyBasedValue(channel, noteNumber, 71);
-        note.filterEnvelopeNode = new BiquadFilterNode(audioContext, {
-            type: "lowpass",
-            Q: voiceParams.initialFilterQ / 5 * filterResonance, // dB
-        });
-        const prevNote = channel.scheduledNotes.at(-1);
-        if (prevNote && prevNote.noteNumber !== noteNumber) {
-            note.portamentoNoteNumber = prevNote.noteNumber;
-        }
-        this.setVolumeNode(channel, note, now);
-        if (!channel.isDrum && this.isPortamento(channel, note)) {
-            this.setPortamentoVolumeEnvelope(channel, note, now);
-            this.setPortamentoFilterEnvelope(channel, note, now);
-            this.setPortamentoPitchEnvelope(channel, note, now);
-            this.setPortamentoDetune(channel, note, now);
-        }
-        else {
-            this.setVolumeEnvelope(channel, note, now);
-            this.setFilterEnvelope(channel, note, now);
-            this.setPitchEnvelope(note, now);
+        note.volumeNode.gain.setValueAtTime(1, now);
+        const cacheMode = this.cacheMode;
+        const isFullCached = isRendered && audioBuffer.isFull === true;
+        if (cacheMode === "none") {
+            note.volumeEnvelopeNode = new GainNode(audioContext);
+            note.filterEnvelopeNode = new BiquadFilterNode(audioContext, {
+                type: "lowpass",
+                Q: voiceParams.initialFilterQ / 10, // dB
+            });
+            const prevNote = channel.scheduledNotes.at(-1);
+            if (prevNote && prevNote.noteNumber !== noteNumber) {
+                note.portamentoNoteNumber = prevNote.noteNumber;
+            }
+            if (!channel.isDrum && this.isPortamento(channel, note)) {
+                this.setPortamentoVolumeEnvelope(channel, note, now);
+                this.setPortamentoFilterEnvelope(channel, note, now);
+                this.setPortamentoPitchEnvelope(channel, note, now);
+                this.setPortamentoDetune(channel, note, now);
+            }
+            else {
+                this.setVolumeEnvelope(channel, note, now);
+                this.setFilterEnvelope(channel, note, now);
+                this.setPitchEnvelope(note, now);
+                this.setDetune(channel, note, now);
+            }
+            if (0 < state.vibratoDepth) {
+                this.startVibrato(channel, note, now);
+            }
+            if (0 < state.modulationDepthMSB) {
+                this.startModulation(channel, note, now);
+            }
+            if (channel.mono && channel.currentBufferSource) {
+                channel.currentBufferSource.stop(startTime);
+                channel.currentBufferSource = note.bufferSource;
+            }
+            note.bufferSource.connect(note.filterEnvelopeNode);
+            note.filterEnvelopeNode.connect(note.volumeEnvelopeNode);
+            note.volumeEnvelopeNode.connect(note.volumeNode);
+            this.setChorusSend(channel, note, now);
+            this.setReverbSend(channel, note, now);
+        }
+        else if (isFullCached) { // "note" mode
+            note.volumeEnvelopeNode = null;
+            note.filterEnvelopeNode = null;
+            note.bufferSource.connect(note.volumeNode);
+            this.setChorusSend(channel, note, now);
+            this.setReverbSend(channel, note, now);
+        }
+        else { // "ads" / "asdr" mode
+            note.volumeEnvelopeNode = null;
+            note.filterEnvelopeNode = null;
             this.setDetune(channel, note, now);
+            if (0 < state.modulationDepthMSB) {
+                this.startModulation(channel, note, now);
+            }
+            note.bufferSource.connect(note.volumeNode);
+            this.setChorusSend(channel, note, now);
+            this.setReverbSend(channel, note, now);
         }
-        if (0 < state.vibratoDepth) {
-            this.startVibrato(channel, note, now);
-        }
-        if (0 < state.modulationDepthMSB + state.modulationDepthLSB) {
-            this.startModulation(channel, note, now);
-        }
-        if (channel.mono && channel.currentBufferSource) {
-            channel.currentBufferSource.stop(startTime);
-            channel.currentBufferSource = note.bufferSource;
-        }
-        note.bufferSource.connect(note.filterEnvelopeNode);
-        note.filterEnvelopeNode.connect(note.volumeEnvelopeNode);
-        note.volumeEnvelopeNode.connect(note.volumeNode);
-        this.setChorusSend(channel, note, now);
-        this.setReverbSend(channel, note, now);
         if (voiceParams.sample.type === "compressed") {
-            const offset = voiceParams.start / audioBuffer.sampleRate;
-            note.bufferSource.start(startTime, offset);
+            note.bufferSource.start(startTime);
         }
         else {
             note.bufferSource.start(startTime);
@@ -1900,25 +2882,28 @@ export class Midy extends EventTarget {
     }
     setNoteRouting(channelNumber, note, startTime) {
         const channel = this.channels[channelNumber];
-        const { noteNumber, volumeNode } = note;
-        if (channel.isDrum) {
-            const { keyBasedGainLs, keyBasedGainRs } = channel;
-            let gainL = keyBasedGainLs[noteNumber];
-            let gainR = keyBasedGainRs[noteNumber];
-            if (!gainL) {
-                const audioNodes = this.createChannelAudioNodes(this.audioContext);
-                gainL = keyBasedGainLs[noteNumber] = audioNodes.gainL;
-                gainR = keyBasedGainRs[noteNumber] = audioNodes.gainR;
-            }
-            volumeNode.connect(gainL);
-            volumeNode.connect(gainR);
+        const { volumeNode } = note;
+        if (note.renderedBuffer?.isFull) {
+            volumeNode.connect(this.masterVolume);
         }
         else {
-            volumeNode.connect(channel.gainL);
-            volumeNode.connect(channel.gainR);
-        }
-        if (0.5 <= channel.state.sustainPedal) {
-            channel.sustainNotes.push(note);
+            if (channel.isDrum) {
+                const noteNumber = note.noteNumber;
+                const { keyBasedGainLs, keyBasedGainRs } = channel;
+                let gainL = keyBasedGainLs[noteNumber];
+                let gainR = keyBasedGainRs[noteNumber];
+                if (!gainL) {
+                    const audioNodes = this.createChannelAudioNodes(this.audioContext);
+                    gainL = keyBasedGainLs[noteNumber] = audioNodes.gainL;
+                    gainR = keyBasedGainRs[noteNumber] = audioNodes.gainR;
+                }
+                volumeNode.connect(gainL);
+                volumeNode.connect(gainR);
+            }
+            else {
+                volumeNode.connect(channel.gainL);
+                volumeNode.connect(channel.gainR);
+            }
         }
         this.handleExclusiveClass(note, channelNumber, startTime);
         this.handleDrumExclusiveClass(note, channelNumber, startTime);
@@ -1933,17 +2918,22 @@ export class Midy extends EventTarget {
             this.mpeState.channelToNotes.get(channelNumber).add(noteIndex);
             this.mpeState.noteToChannel.set(noteIndex, channelNumber);
         }
-        await this.startNote(channelNumber, noteNumber, velocity, startTime);
+        const note = this.createNote(channelNumber, noteNumber, velocity, startTime);
+        return await this.setupNote(channelNumber, note, startTime);
     }
-    async startNote(channelNumber, noteNumber, velocity, startTime) {
-        const channel = this.channels[channelNumber];
-        const realtime = startTime === undefined;
-        if (realtime)
+    createNote(channelNumber, noteNumber, velocity, startTime) {
+        if (!(0 <= startTime))
             startTime = this.audioContext.currentTime;
         const note = new Note(noteNumber, velocity, startTime);
-        const scheduledNotes = channel.scheduledNotes;
-        note.index = scheduledNotes.length;
-        scheduledNotes.push(note);
+        note.channel = channelNumber;
+        const channel = this.channels[channelNumber];
+        note.index = channel.scheduledNotes.length;
+        channel.scheduledNotes.push(note);
+        return note;
+    }
+    async setupNote(channelNumber, note, startTime) {
+        const realtime = startTime === undefined;
+        const channel = this.channels[channelNumber];
         const programNumber = channel.programNumber;
         const bankTable = this.soundFontTable[programNumber];
         if (!bankTable)
@@ -1958,18 +2948,24 @@ export class Midy extends EventTarget {
         if (soundFontIndex === undefined)
             return;
         const soundFont = this.soundFonts[soundFontIndex];
-        note.voice = soundFont.getVoice(bank, programNumber, noteNumber, velocity);
+        note.voice = soundFont.getVoice(bank, programNumber, note.noteNumber, note.velocity);
         if (!note.voice)
             return;
         await this.setNoteAudioNode(channel, note, realtime);
         this.setNoteRouting(channelNumber, note, startTime);
         note.resolveReady();
+        if (0.5 <= channel.state.sustainPedal) {
+            channel.sustainNotes.push(note);
+        }
+        if (0.5 <= channel.state.sostenutoPedal) {
+            channel.sostenutoNotes.push(note);
+        }
         return note;
     }
     disconnectNote(note) {
         note.bufferSource.disconnect();
-        note.filterEnvelopeNode.disconnect();
-        note.volumeEnvelopeNode.disconnect();
+        note.filterEnvelopeNode?.disconnect();
+        note.volumeEnvelopeNode?.disconnect();
         note.volumeNode.disconnect();
         if (note.modLfoToPitch) {
             note.modLfoToVolume.disconnect();
@@ -1987,17 +2983,114 @@ export class Midy extends EventTarget {
             note.chorusSend.disconnect();
         }
     }
+    releaseFullCache(note) {
+        if (note.timelineIndex == null || note.fullCacheVoiceId == null)
+            return;
+        const durationMap = this.fullVoiceCache.get(note.fullCacheVoiceId);
+        if (!durationMap)
+            return;
+        const entry = durationMap.get(note.timelineIndex);
+        if (entry instanceof RenderedBuffer) {
+            durationMap.delete(note.timelineIndex);
+            if (durationMap.size === 0) {
+                this.fullVoiceCache.delete(note.fullCacheVoiceId);
+            }
+        }
+    }
     releaseNote(channel, note, endTime) {
         endTime ??= this.audioContext.currentTime;
+        if (note.renderedBuffer?.isFull) {
+            const rb = note.renderedBuffer;
+            const naturalEndTime = note.startTime + rb.buffer.duration;
+            const noteOffTime = note.startTime + (rb.noteDuration ?? 0);
+            const isEarlyCut = endTime < noteOffTime;
+            if (isEarlyCut) {
+                const releaseTime = this.getRelativeKeyBasedValue(channel, note.noteNumber, 72) * 2;
+                const volDuration = note.voiceParams.volRelease * releaseTime;
+                const volRelease = endTime + volDuration;
+                note.volumeNode.gain
+                    .cancelScheduledValues(endTime)
+                    .setValueAtTime(1, endTime)
+                    .setTargetAtTime(0, endTime, volDuration * releaseCurve);
+                return new Promise((resolve) => {
+                    this.scheduleTask(() => {
+                        note.bufferSource.loop = false;
+                        note.bufferSource.stop(volRelease);
+                        this.disconnectNote(note);
+                        channel.scheduledNotes[note.index] = undefined;
+                        this.releaseFullCache(note);
+                        resolve();
+                    }, volRelease);
+                });
+            }
+            else {
+                const now = this.audioContext.currentTime;
+                if (naturalEndTime <= now) {
+                    this.disconnectNote(note);
+                    channel.scheduledNotes[note.index] = undefined;
+                    this.releaseFullCache(note);
+                    return Promise.resolve();
+                }
+                return new Promise((resolve) => {
+                    this.scheduleTask(() => {
+                        this.disconnectNote(note);
+                        channel.scheduledNotes[note.index] = undefined;
+                        this.releaseFullCache(note);
+                        resolve();
+                    }, naturalEndTime);
+                });
+            }
+        }
         const releaseTime = this.getRelativeKeyBasedValue(channel, note.noteNumber, 72) * 2;
         const volDuration = note.voiceParams.volRelease * releaseTime;
         const volRelease = endTime + volDuration;
-        note.filterEnvelopeNode.frequency
-            .cancelScheduledValues(endTime)
-            .setTargetAtTime(note.adjustedBaseFreq, endTime, note.voiceParams.modRelease * releaseCurve);
-        note.volumeEnvelopeNode.gain
-            .cancelScheduledValues(endTime)
-            .setTargetAtTime(0, endTime, volDuration * releaseCurve);
+        if (note.volumeEnvelopeNode) { // "none" mode
+            note.filterEnvelopeNode.frequency
+                .cancelScheduledValues(endTime)
+                .setTargetAtTime(note.adjustedBaseFreq, endTime, note.voiceParams.modRelease * releaseCurve);
+            note.volumeEnvelopeNode.gain
+                .cancelScheduledValues(endTime)
+                .setTargetAtTime(0, endTime, volDuration * releaseCurve);
+        }
+        else { // "ads" / "adsr" mode
+            const isAdsr = note.renderedBuffer?.releaseDuration != null &&
+                !note.renderedBuffer.isFull;
+            if (isAdsr) {
+                const rb = note.renderedBuffer;
+                const naturalEndTime = note.startTime + rb.buffer.duration;
+                const noteOffTime = note.startTime + (rb.noteDuration ?? 0);
+                const isEarlyCut = endTime < noteOffTime;
+                if (isEarlyCut) {
+                    const volRelease = endTime + volDuration;
+                    note.volumeNode.gain
+                        .cancelScheduledValues(endTime)
+                        .setValueAtTime(1, endTime)
+                        .setTargetAtTime(0, endTime, volDuration * releaseCurve);
+                    return new Promise((resolve) => {
+                        this.scheduleTask(() => {
+                            note.bufferSource.stop(volRelease);
+                            this.disconnectNote(note);
+                            channel.scheduledNotes[note.index] = undefined;
+                            resolve();
+                        }, volRelease);
+                    });
+                }
+                else {
+                    return new Promise((resolve) => {
+                        this.scheduleTask(() => {
+                            note.bufferSource.stop();
+                            this.disconnectNote(note);
+                            channel.scheduledNotes[note.index] = undefined;
+                            resolve();
+                        }, naturalEndTime);
+                    });
+                }
+            }
+            note.volumeNode.gain
+                .cancelScheduledValues(endTime)
+                .setValueAtTime(1, endTime)
+                .setTargetAtTime(0, endTime, volDuration * releaseCurve);
+        }
         return new Promise((resolve) => {
             this.scheduleTask(() => {
                 const bufferSource = note.bufferSource;
@@ -2234,7 +3327,7 @@ export class Midy extends EventTarget {
         this.applyVoiceParams(channel, 14, scheduleTime);
     }
     setModLfoToPitch(channel, note, scheduleTime) {
-        if (note.modulationDepth) {
+        if (note.modLfoToPitch) {
             const { modulationDepthMSB, modulationDepthLSB } = channel.state;
             const modulationDepth = modulationDepthMSB + modulationDepthLSB / 128;
             const modLfoToPitch = note.voiceParams.modLfoToPitch +
@@ -2399,7 +3492,7 @@ export class Midy extends EventTarget {
             reverbEffectsSend: (channel, note, scheduleTime) => {
                 this.setReverbSend(channel, note, scheduleTime);
             },
-            delayModLFO: (_channel, note, _scheduleTime) => {
+            delayModLFO: (channel, note, _scheduleTime) => {
                 const { modulationDepthMSB, modulationDepthLSB } = channel.state;
                 if (0 < modulationDepthMSB + modulationDepthLSB) {
                     this.setDelayModLFO(note);
@@ -2437,11 +3530,12 @@ export class Midy extends EventTarget {
         state[2] = velocity / 127;
         state[3] = noteNumber / 127;
         state[10] = polyphonicKeyPressure / 127;
-        state[13] = state.channelPressure / 127;
         return state;
     }
     applyVoiceParams(channel, controllerType, scheduleTime) {
         this.processScheduledNotes(channel, (note) => {
+            if (note.renderedBuffer?.isFull)
+                return;
             const controllerState = this.getControllerState(channel, note.noteNumber, note.velocity, note.pressure);
             const voiceParams = note.voice.getParams(controllerType, controllerState);
             let applyVolumeEnvelope = false;
@@ -2548,8 +3642,8 @@ export class Midy extends EventTarget {
         const modulationDepth = modulationDepthMSB + modulationDepthLSB / 128;
         const depth = modulationDepth * channel.modulationDepthRange;
         this.processScheduledNotes(channel, (note) => {
-            if (note.modulationDepth) {
-                note.modulationDepth.gain.setValueAtTime(depth, scheduleTime);
+            if (note.modLfoToPitch) {
+                note.modLfoToPitch.gain.setValueAtTime(depth, scheduleTime);
             }
             else {
                 this.startModulation(channel, note, scheduleTime);
@@ -2704,11 +3798,15 @@ export class Midy extends EventTarget {
             return;
         if (!(0 <= scheduleTime))
             scheduleTime = this.audioContext.currentTime;
-        channel.state.sustainPedal = value / 127;
+        const state = channel.state;
+        const prevValue = state.sustainPedal;
+        state.sustainPedal = value / 127;
         if (64 <= value) {
-            this.processScheduledNotes(channel, (note) => {
-                channel.sustainNotes.push(note);
-            });
+            if (prevValue < 0.5) {
+                this.processScheduledNotes(channel, (note) => {
+                    channel.sustainNotes.push(note);
+                });
+            }
         }
         else {
             this.releaseSustainPedal(channelNumber, value, scheduleTime);
@@ -2732,13 +3830,17 @@ export class Midy extends EventTarget {
             return;
         if (!(0 <= scheduleTime))
             scheduleTime = this.audioContext.currentTime;
-        channel.state.sostenutoPedal = value / 127;
+        const state = channel.state;
+        const prevValue = state.sostenutoPedal;
+        state.sostenutoPedal = value / 127;
         if (64 <= value) {
-            const sostenutoNotes = [];
-            this.processActiveNotes(channel, scheduleTime, (note) => {
-                sostenutoNotes.push(note);
-            });
-            channel.sostenutoNotes = sostenutoNotes;
+            if (prevValue < 0.5) {
+                const sostenutoNotes = [];
+                this.processActiveNotes(channel, scheduleTime, (note) => {
+                    sostenutoNotes.push(note);
+                });
+                channel.sostenutoNotes = sostenutoNotes;
+            }
         }
         else {
             this.releaseSostenutoPedal(channelNumber, value, scheduleTime);
@@ -3108,7 +4210,7 @@ export class Midy extends EventTarget {
             }
         }
         channel.resetSettings(this.constructor.channelSettings);
-        this.resetTable(channel);
+        channel.resetTable();
         this.mode = "GM2";
         this.masterFineTuning = 0; // cent
         this.masterCoarseTuning = 0; // cent
@@ -3271,7 +4373,7 @@ export class Midy extends EventTarget {
             case 9:
                 switch (data[3]) {
                     case 1: // https://amei.or.jp/midistandardcommittee/Recommended_Practice/e/ca22.pdf
-                        return this.handleChannelPressureSysEx(data, scheduelTime);
+                        return this.handleChannelPressureSysEx(data, scheduleTime);
                     case 2: // https://amei.or.jp/midistandardcommittee/Recommended_Practice/e/ca22.pdf
                         return this.handlePolyphonicKeyPressureSysEx(data, scheduleTime);
                     case 3: // https://amei.or.jp/midistandardcommittee/Recommended_Practice/e/ca22.pdf