@mark1russell7/packing 0.2.0 → 0.2.2

package/src/shelf.ts

@@ -1,10 +1,16 @@
 import { compareRects, type SortOrder } from "./order.ts";
 import type { Rect } from "./rect.ts";
+import { firstFit, type FreeSpace, type FreeSpan } from "./space.ts";
 
 /** The options of `packShelf` */
 export interface ShelfOptions {
   /** The order of the rectangles before the packing. The default is `height-desc`. */
   sortOrder?: SortOrder;
+  /**
+   * The free space of the container: `freeSpace` of the input. Without it, or when it is plain, the packer uses only the
+   * outer rectangle and the locked rectangles.
+   */
+  space?: FreeSpace;
 }
 
 /** An obstacle in the coordinates of the outer rectangle */
@@ -52,8 +58,10 @@ function nextTop(obstacles: readonly Box[], top: number, bottom: number): number
  * - A rectangle wider than the outer rectangle goes on its own row, at the left edge, and overflows.
  * - It does not change the width. Without `fixedSize`, the height grows to the content. With `fixedSize`, a
  *   rectangle that does not fit is not packed: its `wasPacked` stays `false`.
+ * - With a space that is not plain, `packRowsInSpace` packs the rows into the outline of the space and around its holes.
  */
 export function packShelf<T>(rects: Rect<T>[], outer: Rect<T>, options: ShelfOptions = {}): Rect<T> {
+  if (options.space !== undefined && !options.space.plain) return packRowsInSpace(rects, outer, options.sortOrder ?? "height-desc", options.space);
   const width = outer.size.x;
   const obstacles: Box[] = [];
   let contentBottom = 0;
@@ -119,3 +127,102 @@ export function packShelf<T>(rects: Rect<T>[], outer: Rect<T>, options: ShelfOpt
   if (!outer.fixedSize) outer.size.y = Math.max(outer.size.y, contentBottom);
   return outer;
 }
+
+/**
+ * This function gives the first x from `start` where a rectangle of width `w` fits. There, it crosses no locked rectangle,
+ * and it is in a free span of its band. It takes `firstFreeX` and `firstFit` in turn until they agree. It gives `Infinity` when no x fits.
+ */
+function placeInBand(obstacles: readonly Box[], spans: readonly FreeSpan[], start: number, w: number, top: number, bottom: number): number {
+  let x = start;
+  for (;;) {
+    const free = firstFreeX(obstacles, x, w, top, bottom);
+    const fit = firstFit(spans, free, w);
+    if (fit === free || !Number.isFinite(fit)) return fit;
+    x = fit;
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * This function packs rectangles into rows inside a free space. `packShelf` and `packRows` use it when the space is not
+ * plain. It sets the position of each rectangle and gives the outer rectangle.
+ *
+ * - A rectangle goes to the first x from the row cursor where it fits in the space and crosses no locked rectangle.
+ * - When it does not fit, a new row starts under the current row. An empty row steps down to `nextY` of the space.
+ * - When the steps of an empty row find no place, the row goes back to its last top edge. Later rectangles can use it.
+ * - A rectangle wider than the outer rectangle overflows. Without `fixedSize`, it goes on its own row at the left edge.
+ */
+export function packRowsInSpace<T>(rects: Rect<T>[], outer: Rect<T>, order: SortOrder, space: FreeSpace): Rect<T> {
+  const width = outer.size.x;
+  const ox = outer.position.x;
+  const oy = outer.position.y;
+  const limit = outer.fixedSize ? outer.size.y : Infinity;
+  const obstacles: Box[] = [];
+  let contentBottom = 0;
+  for (const rect of rects) {
+    if (!rect.locked) continue;
+    rect.wasPacked = true;
+    const left = rect.position.x - ox;
+    const top = rect.position.y - oy;
+    obstacles.push({ left, top, right: left + rect.size.x, bottom: top + rect.size.y });
+    contentBottom = Math.max(contentBottom, top + rect.size.y);
+  }
+  // The x in the row, in the coordinates of the outer rectangle, or Infinity
+  const place = (start: number, w: number, top: number, h: number): number => {
+    const spans = space.band(top + oy, top + h + oy).map((s) => ({ start: s.start - ox, end: s.end - ox }));
+    return placeInBand(obstacles, spans, start, w, top, top + h);
+  };
+
+  let rowTop = 0;
+  let rowBottom = 0;
+  let cursor = 0;
+  let rowEmpty = true;
+  for (const rect of rects.toSorted(compareRects(order))) {
+    if (rect.wasPacked) continue;
+    const w = rect.size.x;
+    const h = rect.size.y;
+    if (!(w > 0 && h > 0)) continue;
+    if (w > width) {
+      if (outer.fixedSize) continue;
+      const top = rowEmpty ? rowTop : rowBottom;
+      rect.position.set(ox, top + oy);
+      rect.wasPacked = true;
+      rowTop = top + h;
+      rowBottom = rowTop;
+      cursor = 0;
+      rowEmpty = true;
+      contentBottom = Math.max(contentBottom, top + h);
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    let x = place(cursor, w, rowTop, h);
+    if (!(x + w <= width) && !rowEmpty) {
+      rowTop = rowBottom;
+      cursor = 0;
+      rowEmpty = true;
+      x = place(0, w, rowTop, h);
+    }
+    // The steps of an empty row. They stay only when the rectangle finds a place.
+    let top = rowTop;
+    while (!(x + w <= width) && top + h <= limit) {
+      const next = Math.min(space.nextY(top + oy, top + h + oy, w) - oy, nextTop(obstacles, top, top + h));
+      if (!Number.isFinite(next)) break;
+      top = next;
+      x = place(0, w, top, h);
+    }
+    if (!(x + w <= width) || top + h > limit) continue;
+    if (top !== rowTop) {
+      rowTop = top;
+      rowBottom = top;
+    }
+
+    rect.position.set(x + ox, rowTop + oy);
+    rect.wasPacked = true;
+    rowEmpty = false;
+    cursor = x + w;
+    rowBottom = Math.max(rowBottom, rowTop + h);
+    contentBottom = Math.max(contentBottom, rowTop + h);
+  }
+
+  if (!outer.fixedSize) outer.size.y = Math.max(outer.size.y, contentBottom);
+  return outer;
+}

package/src/skyline.ts

@@ -1,12 +1,17 @@
 import { compareRects, type SortOrder } from "./order.ts";
 import type { Rect } from "./rect.ts";
+import type { FreeSpace } from "./space.ts";
 
 /**
  * This function finds the lowest window of width `rw` on a skyline. For each `x` in `[0, width - rw]`, the height
  * of the window is the largest value of `skyline[x, x + rw)`. The first `x` with the smallest height wins. A
  * monotonic deque makes the search O(width) for one rectangle.
+ *
+ * With `limit`, a window is valid only when its height plus `rh` is not more than the smallest value of
+ * `limit[x, x + rw)`. A second deque keeps that smallest value. No valid window gives the height `Infinity`.
  */
-export function lowestWindow(skyline: ArrayLike<number>, width: number, rw: number): { x: number; y: number } {
+export function lowestWindow(skyline: ArrayLike<number>, width: number, rw: number, limit?: ArrayLike<number>, rh = 0): { x: number; y: number } {
+  if (limit !== undefined) return lowestLimitedWindow(skyline, limit, width, rw, rh);
   const deque = new Int32Array(width);
   let head = 0;
   let tail = 0;
@@ -27,6 +32,45 @@ export function lowestWindow(skyline: ArrayLike<number>, width: number, rw: numb
   return { x: bestX, y: bestY };
 }
 
+/** This function is `lowestWindow` with a limit for each cell. */
+function lowestLimitedWindow(skyline: ArrayLike<number>, limit: ArrayLike<number>, width: number, rw: number, rh: number): { x: number; y: number } {
+  const high = new Int32Array(width);
+  const low = new Int32Array(width);
+  let hh = 0;
+  let ht = 0;
+  let lh = 0;
+  let lt = 0;
+  let bestX = 0;
+  let bestY = Infinity;
+  for (let i = 0; i < width; i++) {
+    while (ht > hh && skyline[high[ht - 1]!]! <= skyline[i]!) ht--;
+    high[ht++] = i;
+    if (high[hh]! <= i - rw) hh++;
+    while (lt > lh && limit[low[lt - 1]!]! >= limit[i]!) lt--;
+    low[lt++] = i;
+    if (low[lh]! <= i - rw) lh++;
+    if (i >= rw - 1) {
+      const max = skyline[high[hh]!]!;
+      if (max < bestY && max + rh <= limit[low[lh]!]!) {
+        bestY = max;
+        bestX = i - rw + 1;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return { x: bestX, y: bestY };
+}
+
+/** The options of `packSkyline` */
+export interface SkylineOptions {
+  /** The order of the rectangles before the packing. The default is `height-desc`. */
+  sortOrder?: SortOrder;
+  /**
+   * The free space of the container: `freeSpace` of the input. Without it, or when it is plain, the skyline uses only the
+   * outer rectangle and the locked rectangles.
+   */
+  space?: FreeSpace;
+}
+
 /**
  * This function packs rectangles into an outer rectangle with a skyline. It puts each rectangle in the lowest place
  * where it fits, and it does not change the width of the outer rectangle.
@@ -38,8 +82,11 @@ export function lowestWindow(skyline: ArrayLike<number>, width: number, rw: numb
  * - Without `fixedSize`, the height of the outer rectangle grows to the content. With `fixedSize`, a rectangle that
  *   does not fit is not packed: its `wasPacked` stays `false`.
  * - The default sort order is `height-desc`. The order of the array of the caller stays.
+ * - With a space that is not plain, each cell gets its start and its limit from `column` of the space. The space holds
+ *   the obstacles and the locked items, thus the locked rectangles only keep their positions.
  */
-export function packSkyline<T>(rects: Rect<T>[], outer: Rect<T>, options: { sortOrder?: SortOrder } = {}): Rect<T> {
+export function packSkyline<T>(rects: Rect<T>[], outer: Rect<T>, options: SkylineOptions = {}): Rect<T> {
+  if (options.space !== undefined && !options.space.plain) return packSkylineInSpace(rects, outer, options.sortOrder ?? "height-desc", options.space);
   // a cell for each whole unit of the width: a rectangle never goes past the right edge
   const width = Math.floor(outer.size.x);
   if (width <= 0) return outer;
@@ -81,3 +128,79 @@ export function packSkyline<T>(rects: Rect<T>[], outer: Rect<T>, options: { sort
   }
   return outer;
 }
+
+/**
+ * This function packs rectangles with a skyline in a free space. Each cell has a free range: the skyline is its start,
+ * and `limit` is its end. A cell with less room than the lowest rectangle left goes to its next free range.
+ */
+function packSkylineInSpace<T>(rects: Rect<T>[], outer: Rect<T>, order: SortOrder, space: FreeSpace): Rect<T> {
+  const width = Math.floor(outer.size.x);
+  if (width <= 0) return outer;
+  const ox = outer.position.x;
+  const oy = outer.position.y;
+  const end = outer.fixedSize ? outer.size.y : Infinity;
+  for (const rect of rects) if (rect.locked) rect.wasPacked = true;
+
+  // The free range of a cell from a y, in the coordinates of the outer rectangle
+  const rangeOf = (i: number, from: number): [number, number] => {
+    const r = space.column(ox + i, ox + i + 1, from + oy);
+    if (r === undefined) return [Infinity, -Infinity];
+    return [r.start - oy, Math.min(r.end - oy, end)];
+  };
+  const skyline = new Float64Array(width);
+  const limit = new Float64Array(width);
+  for (let i = 0; i < width; i++) [skyline[i], limit[i]] = rangeOf(i, 0);
+
+  const sorted = rects.toSorted(compareRects(order)).filter((r) => !r.wasPacked && Math.ceil(r.size.x) > 0 && r.size.y > 0);
+  // The lowest height of the rectangles from each index of the sorted list to its end
+  const lowest = new Float64Array(sorted.length + 1).fill(Infinity);
+  for (let k = sorted.length - 1; k >= 0; k--) lowest[k] = Math.min(lowest[k + 1]!, sorted[k]!.size.y);
+  const advance = (k: number): void => {
+    const need = lowest[k]!;
+    if (!Number.isFinite(need)) return;
+    for (let i = 0; i < width; i++) {
+      while (Number.isFinite(limit[i]!) && limit[i]! - skyline[i]! < need && limit[i]! < end) [skyline[i], limit[i]] = rangeOf(i, limit[i]!);
+    }
+  };
+
+  for (const [k, rect] of sorted.entries()) {
+    advance(k);
+    const rw = Math.ceil(rect.size.x);
+    const rh = rect.size.y;
+    let x: number;
+    let y: number;
+    if (rw > width) {
+      if (outer.fixedSize) continue;
+      x = 0;
+      y = 0;
+      for (let i = 0; i < width; i++) if (Number.isFinite(skyline[i]!) && skyline[i]! > y) y = skyline[i]!;
+      rect.position.set(x + ox, y + oy);
+      rect.wasPacked = true;
+      outer.size.y = Math.max(outer.size.y, y + rh);
+      continue;
+    }
+    ({ x, y } = lowestWindow(skyline, width, rw, limit, rh));
+    let sky: Float64Array = skyline;
+    let lim: Float64Array = limit;
+    if (!Number.isFinite(y)) {
+      // The second try: each cell goes to its first free range with room for this rectangle
+      sky = skyline.slice();
+      lim = limit.slice();
+      for (let i = 0; i < width; i++) {
+        while (Number.isFinite(lim[i]!) && lim[i]! - sky[i]! < rh && lim[i]! < end) [sky[i], lim[i]] = rangeOf(i, lim[i]!);
+      }
+      ({ x, y } = lowestWindow(sky, width, rw, lim, rh));
+      if (!Number.isFinite(y)) continue;
+    }
+
+    rect.position.set(x + ox, y + oy);
+    rect.wasPacked = true;
+    const top = y + rh;
+    for (let i = x; i < x + rw; i++) {
+      skyline[i] = top;
+      limit[i] = lim[i]!;
+    }
+    if (!outer.fixedSize) outer.size.y = Math.max(outer.size.y, top);
+  }
+  return outer;
+}

package/src/space.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,379 @@
+// The container layer of roadmap item k37 (docs/PACKER.md): the free space of one input, in the coordinates of the frame.
+// A strategy asks the layer where a rectangle of the frame fits. The layer knows the outline of the container, its holes,
+// the obstacles and the locked items. Thus each strategy packs into each container shape.
+
+import { boundsOf, regionHitsRect, translate } from "@mark1russell7/layout-contract";
+import { EPS, type PackInput, type Region } from "./contract.ts";
+import { buildFrame, transposeRegion, type Frame } from "./frame.ts";
+
+/** A free interval on one axis, from `start` to `end`. A box fits when it starts at `start` or later and ends at `end` or earlier. */
+export interface FreeSpan {
+  readonly start: number;
+  readonly end: number;
+}
+
+/** A rectangle of the frame: its top-left corner and its size. */
+export interface SpaceRect {
+  readonly x: number;
+  readonly y: number;
+  readonly w: number;
+  readonly h: number;
+}
+
+/**
+ * The free space of one input, in the coordinates of the frame of the adapters. A rectangle of the frame is an item with its
+ * margin, grown by half the gap on each side. Each method takes such a rectangle.
+ *
+ * - The outline of a container with a fixed size is exact. A free side uses the bounding box of the shape, and the holes stay.
+ * - The inset of the container counts as in `checkHard`: the item with its margin, grown by the inset, stays in the outline.
+ * - A rectangle obstacle and a locked item are holes with the exact rectangles of the frame.
+ * - Another obstacle blocks its range over the query, grown by half the gap on each axis.
+ */
+export interface FreeSpace {
+  /** The width of the area of the frame. A free side has the width `Infinity`. */
+  readonly w: number;
+  /** The height of the area of the frame. A free side has the height `Infinity`. */
+  readonly h: number;
+  /**
+   * The value `true` tells that the container is a plain rectangle and that each obstacle is a rectangle. Then `band` does
+   * not test y, and `column` does not test x, because each strategy tests the fixed side itself. This is the fast path.
+   */
+  readonly plain: boolean;
+  /** This method gives the free x-spans, from left to right, for a rectangle from `y0` to `y1`. */
+  band(y0: number, y1: number): FreeSpan[];
+  /**
+   * This method gives the first free y-span for a rectangle from `x0` to `x1` that ends after `from`. The span starts
+   * at `from` or later. The method gives `undefined` when no such span is free.
+   */
+  column(x0: number, x1: number, from?: number): FreeSpan | undefined;
+  /** This method tells if a rectangle is in the free space. */
+  fits(rect: SpaceRect): boolean;
+  /** This method gives the first x from `x` where a rectangle of width `w` fits from `y0` to `y1`, or `Infinity`. */
+  fitX(x: number, w: number, y0: number, y1: number): number;
+  /**
+   * This method gives the next top edge after `y0` where the free spans of a rectangle of the height `y1 - y0` change, or
+   * `Infinity`. A row that has no place for a rectangle of width `w` steps down to this edge.
+   */
+  nextY(y0: number, y1: number, w: number): number;
+}
+
+/** A rectangle hole of a layer: its edges on the axis of the spans (`a`) and on the cross axis (`c`). */
+interface Hole {
+  a0: number;
+  a1: number;
+  c0: number;
+  c1: number;
+}
+
+/** A region that blocks its range over a query, grown by `g` on each axis. */
+interface Blocker {
+  region: Region;
+  g: number;
+  /** The cross-axis edges of the bounding box of the region. */
+  c0: number;
+  c1: number;
+}
+
+/** A ring of a polygon. */
+type Ring = readonly (readonly [number, number])[];
+
+/**
+ * One axis of the free space. The spans go along x, and the query goes along y. The layer of `column` is the layer of
+ * `band` with the axes changed.
+ */
+interface Layer {
+  /** `plain` and `box`: the area of the frame. `round`: a circle or an ellipse. `rings`: a polygon. */
+  kind: "plain" | "box" | "round" | "rings";
+  /** The size of the area along the spans and across. */
+  w: number;
+  h: number;
+  /** The growth of a query for the outline: the inset less half the gap. */
+  d: number;
+  region?: Region;
+  rings: Ring[];
+  holes: Hole[];
+  blockers: Blocker[];
+}
+
+/** This function removes the closed interval from `a` to `b` from a list of spans. A span of no length goes. */
+function subtract(spans: [number, number][], a: number, b: number): [number, number][] {
+  const out: [number, number][] = [];
+  for (const [s, e] of spans) {
+    if (b <= s || a >= e) {
+      out.push([s, e]);
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (a > s) out.push([s, a]);
+    if (e > b) out.push([b, e]);
+  }
+  return out;
+}
+
+/** This function gives the x of a segment at `y`. The ends give their exact x. */
+function xAt(ax: number, ay: number, bx: number, by: number, y: number): number {
+  if (y === ay) return ax;
+  if (y === by) return bx;
+  return ax + ((y - ay) * (bx - ax)) / (by - ay);
+}
+
+/** This function gives the x-range of the part of a segment in the open strip from `y0` to `y1`, or `undefined`. */
+function edgeRange(ax: number, ay: number, bx: number, by: number, y0: number, y1: number): [number, number] | undefined {
+  const lo = Math.min(ay, by);
+  const hi = Math.max(ay, by);
+  if (hi <= y0 || lo >= y1) return undefined;
+  if (ay === by) return [Math.min(ax, bx), Math.max(ax, bx)];
+  const p = xAt(ax, ay, bx, by, Math.max(y0, lo));
+  const q = xAt(ax, ay, bx, by, Math.min(y1, hi));
+  return [Math.min(p, q), Math.max(p, q)];
+}
+
+/** This function gives the x-range of a region in the open strip from `y0` to `y1`, or `undefined` when they have no common point. */
+function regionRange(region: Region, y0: number, y1: number): [number, number] | undefined {
+  switch (region.kind) {
+    case "rect":
+      return region.y < y1 && y0 < region.y + region.h ? [region.x, region.x + region.w] : undefined;
+    case "circle":
+    case "ellipse": {
+      const rx = region.kind === "circle" ? region.r : region.rx;
+      const ry = region.kind === "circle" ? region.r : region.ry;
+      if (y1 <= region.cy - ry || y0 >= region.cy + ry) return undefined;
+      const dy = y0 <= region.cy && region.cy <= y1 ? 0 : Math.min(Math.abs(y0 - region.cy), Math.abs(y1 - region.cy));
+      const c = rx * Math.sqrt(Math.max(0, 1 - (dy / ry) ** 2));
+      return [region.cx - c, region.cx + c];
+    }
+    case "polygon": {
+      let lo = Infinity;
+      let hi = -Infinity;
+      const ring = region.points;
+      for (let i = 0; i < ring.length; i++) {
+        const a = ring[i]!;
+        const b = ring[(i + 1) % ring.length]!;
+        const r = edgeRange(a[0], a[1], b[0], b[1], y0, y1);
+        if (r === undefined) continue;
+        lo = Math.min(lo, r[0]);
+        hi = Math.max(hi, r[1]);
+      }
+      return lo <= hi ? [lo, hi] : undefined;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/** This function gives the spans of the outline of a layer for the strip from `y0` to `y1`, before the holes and the blockers. */
+function outline(layer: Layer, y0: number, y1: number): [number, number][] {
+  const { d } = layer;
+  switch (layer.kind) {
+    case "plain":
+      return [[0, layer.w]];
+    case "box":
+      return y0 < 0 || y1 > layer.h ? [] : [[0, layer.w]];
+    case "round": {
+      const r = layer.region!;
+      if (r.kind !== "circle" && r.kind !== "ellipse") return [];
+      const rx = r.kind === "circle" ? r.r : r.rx;
+      const ry = r.kind === "circle" ? r.r : r.ry;
+      const top = y0 - d;
+      const bottom = y1 + d;
+      if (top < r.cy - ry || bottom > r.cy + ry) return [];
+      const dy = Math.max(Math.abs(top - r.cy), Math.abs(bottom - r.cy));
+      // The shortest chord over the height of the query, made smaller by EPS
+      const c = rx * Math.sqrt(Math.max(0, 1 - (dy / ry) ** 2)) - EPS;
+      const a = r.cx - c + d;
+      const b = r.cx + c - d;
+      return b > a ? [[a, b]] : [];
+    }
+    case "rings": {
+      const top = y0 - d;
+      const bottom = y1 + d;
+      if (!(bottom > top)) return [];
+      const blocked: [number, number][] = [];
+      for (const ring of layer.rings) {
+        for (let i = 0; i < ring.length; i++) {
+          const a = ring[i]!;
+          const b = ring[(i + 1) % ring.length]!;
+          const r = edgeRange(a[0], a[1], b[0], b[1], top, bottom);
+          if (r !== undefined) blocked.push(r);
+        }
+      }
+      if (blocked.length === 0) return [];
+      blocked.sort((p, q) => p[0] - q[0] || p[1] - q[1]);
+      const merged: [number, number][] = [];
+      for (const r of blocked) {
+        const last = merged.at(-1);
+        if (last !== undefined && r[0] <= last[1]) last[1] = Math.max(last[1], r[1]);
+        else merged.push([r[0], r[1]]);
+      }
+      const spans: [number, number][] = [];
+      for (let i = 0; i + 1 < merged.length; i++) {
+        const a = merged[i]![1];
+        const b = merged[i + 1]![0];
+        if (!(b > a)) continue;
+        // No edge crosses the box of the gap, thus the box is fully in the polygon or fully out of it
+        if (!regionHitsRect(layer.region!, { x: a, y: top, w: b - a, h: bottom - top })) continue;
+        if (b - d > a + d) spans.push([a + d, b - d]);
+      }
+      return spans;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/** This function gives the free spans of a layer for the strip from `y0` to `y1`. */
+function spansOf(layer: Layer, y0: number, y1: number): [number, number][] {
+  let spans = outline(layer, y0, y1);
+  for (const hole of layer.holes) {
+    if (spans.length === 0) return spans;
+    if (Math.min(y1, hole.c1) - Math.max(y0, hole.c0) > 0) spans = subtract(spans, hole.a0, hole.a1);
+  }
+  for (const b of layer.blockers) {
+    if (spans.length === 0) return spans;
+    if (b.c1 + b.g <= y0 || b.c0 - b.g >= y1) continue;
+    const r = regionRange(b.region, y0 - b.g, y1 + b.g);
+    // The range grows by EPS, as the chord of a round outline shrinks by EPS
+    if (r !== undefined) spans = subtract(spans, r[0] - b.g - EPS, r[1] + b.g + EPS);
+  }
+  return spans;
+}
+
+/** This function gives the first x from `x` where a box of width `w` fits in one of the spans, or `Infinity`. */
+export function firstFit(spans: readonly FreeSpan[], x: number, w: number): number {
+  for (const s of spans) {
+    const at = Math.max(x, s.start);
+    if (at + w <= s.end) return at;
+  }
+  return Infinity;
+}
+
+/** This function gives the next top edge of a layer after `y0` for a strip of the height `y1 - y0`, as `FreeSpace.nextY` tells. */
+function nextOf(layer: Layer, y0: number, y1: number, w: number): number {
+  const height = y1 - y0;
+  const { d } = layer;
+  let next = Infinity;
+  const take = (y: number): void => {
+    if (y > y0 + EPS && y < next) next = y;
+  };
+  for (const hole of layer.holes) if (hole.c0 < y1 && y0 < hole.c1) take(hole.c1);
+  for (const b of layer.blockers) if (b.c0 - b.g < y1 && y0 < b.c1 + b.g) take(b.c1 + b.g);
+  switch (layer.kind) {
+    case "plain":
+      break;
+    case "box":
+      if (y1 > layer.h) return Infinity;
+      break;
+    case "rings":
+      for (const ring of layer.rings) {
+        for (const [, vy] of ring) {
+          take(vy + d);
+          take(vy - height - d);
+        }
+      }
+      break;
+    case "round": {
+      const r = layer.region!;
+      if (r.kind !== "circle" && r.kind !== "ellipse") break;
+      const rx = r.kind === "circle" ? r.r : r.rx;
+      const ry = r.kind === "circle" ? r.r : r.ry;
+      // The half chord that a box of width w needs, and the largest distance from the center where the chord has it
+      const need = w / 2 + d + EPS;
+      if (need >= rx) return Infinity;
+      const reach = ry * Math.sqrt(1 - (need / rx) ** 2);
+      if (y1 + d > r.cy + reach) return Infinity;
+      take(r.cy - reach + d);
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+  return next;
+}
+
+/** This function gives the layer with the axes changed: the spans go along y, and the query goes along x. */
+function transposeLayer(layer: Layer): Layer {
+  return {
+    kind: layer.kind,
+    w: layer.h,
+    h: layer.w,
+    d: layer.d,
+    ...(layer.region === undefined ? {} : { region: transposeRegion(layer.region) }),
+    rings: layer.rings.map((ring) => ring.map(([x, y]) => [y, x] as const)),
+    holes: layer.holes.map((h) => ({ a0: h.c0, a1: h.c1, c0: h.a0, c1: h.a1 })),
+    blockers: layer.blockers.map((b) => {
+      const region = transposeRegion(b.region);
+      const box = boundsOf(region);
+      return { region, g: b.g, c0: box.y, c1: box.y + box.h };
+    }),
+  };
+}
+
+/** This function makes a blocker of a region in the frame. */
+function blockerOf(region: Region, g: number): Blocker {
+  const box = boundsOf(region);
+  return { region, g, c0: box.y, c1: box.y + box.h };
+}
+
+/**
+ * This function gives the free space of an input and its frame. The adapters use it with the frame that they pack.
+ * `freeSpace` makes the frame itself.
+ */
+export function spaceOf(input: PackInput, frame: Frame): FreeSpace {
+  const { container } = input;
+  const half = (input.gap ?? 0) / 2;
+  const d = frame.inset - half;
+  const shape = container.shape === undefined ? undefined : translate(container.shape, -frame.ox, -frame.oy);
+  const fixedSize = Number.isFinite(frame.w) && Number.isFinite(frame.h);
+
+  const holes: Hole[] = [];
+  const blockers: Blocker[] = [];
+  let rectObstacles = true;
+  for (const e of frame.entries) {
+    if (!e.rect.locked) continue;
+    if (e.obstacle !== undefined && e.obstacle.region.kind !== "rect") {
+      rectObstacles = false;
+      blockers.push(blockerOf(translate(e.obstacle.region, -frame.ox, -frame.oy), half));
+      continue;
+    }
+    const r = e.rect;
+    holes.push({ a0: r.position.x, a1: r.right(), c0: r.position.y, c1: r.bottom() });
+  }
+
+  const plainShape = shape === undefined || shape.kind === "rect";
+  const plain = plainShape && rectObstacles;
+  let layer: Layer = { kind: plain ? "plain" : "box", w: frame.w, h: frame.h, d, rings: [], holes, blockers };
+  if (shape !== undefined && shape.kind !== "rect") {
+    if (fixedSize && shape.kind === "polygon") layer = { ...layer, kind: "rings", region: shape, rings: [shape.points, ...(shape.holes ?? [])] };
+    else if (fixedSize) layer = { ...layer, kind: "round", region: shape };
+    else if (shape.kind === "polygon") {
+      // A free side: the bounding box, and the holes of the shape block the rectangles grown by the inset
+      for (const ring of shape.holes ?? []) blockers.push(blockerOf({ kind: "polygon", points: ring }, d));
+    }
+  }
+  const across = transposeLayer(layer);
+
+  const band = (y0: number, y1: number): FreeSpan[] => spansOf(layer, y0, y1).map(([start, end]) => ({ start, end }));
+  return {
+    w: frame.w,
+    h: frame.h,
+    plain,
+    band,
+    column(x0, x1, from = 0) {
+      for (const [start, end] of spansOf(across, x0, x1)) {
+        const top = Math.max(start, from);
+        if (end > top) return { start: top, end };
+      }
+      return undefined;
+    },
+    fits(rect) {
+      return firstFit(band(rect.y, rect.y + rect.h), rect.x, rect.w) === rect.x;
+    },
+    fitX(x, w, y0, y1) {
+      return firstFit(band(y0, y1), x, w);
+    },
+    nextY(y0, y1, w) {
+      return nextOf(layer, y0, y1, w);
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+/**
+ * This function gives the free space of an input, in the coordinates of the frame of the adapters. The origin of the
+ * frame is the corner of the container, moved in by the inset and out by half the gap. `FreeSpace` tells the methods.
+ */
+export function freeSpace(input: PackInput): FreeSpace {
+  return spaceOf(input, buildFrame(input));
+}