@mark1russell7/coeval 0.6.3 → 0.7.0

package/src/formula.ts

@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
-import { type Json, type Key, isRecord } from "./doc.ts";
-import type { Kind, WorldEntry } from "./world.ts";
-import { type Context, type Resolution, valueOfThing } from "./deref.ts";
+import { type Json, type Key, docEquals, isKey, isRecord } from "./doc.ts";
+import type { Kind, KindFacts, LazyRule, WorldEntry } from "./world.ts";
+import { type CompiledPath, type Context, type Resolution, compilePath, valueOfThing } from "./deref.ts";
 import { type EvalError, type Failed, type Result, Failure, fail, ok, thrown } from "./errors.ts";
-import type { Code, CompileInput, CompiledEvaluator, CompiledPart, Evaluator, Machine } from "./evaluate.ts";
+import { type Code, type CompileInput, type CompiledEvaluator, type CompiledPart, type Evaluator, type Machine, type Runtime, resolveCompiled } from "./evaluate.ts";
 import { type MachinePart, mergeMachines } from "./merge.ts";
+import { type ValueType, HEADER_KEYS, STD_DOMAINS, callable, fieldOf, fits, fnOf, holdsEnvelope, isPrecise, isUnknown, itemOf, join, stepType, typeText } from "./types.ts";
+import type { TypeInput, TypeRule } from "./typing.ts";
 
 /** An operation of a formula language: a function of the values of its arguments. */
 export type OpFn = (...args: never[]) => unknown;
@@ -33,6 +35,14 @@ export type ExtFn = (data: Json, context: Context) => Result;
  * - `check`: a check of the value of an operation, for example "a number must be finite".
  * - `combine`: the error of two or more failed parts of an operation, a `record` or a `list`. With it, each part
  *   evaluates, and one failed part gives its own error. Without it, the first error stops the evaluation.
+ * - `pure`: the pure operations, for `factsOf` (D24). `true` names each operation that is not volatile. The default
+ *   names no operation.
+ * - `volatile`: the operations whose results can change while their arguments stay the same, for example a clock.
+ * - `sigs`: the signatures of the operations, by their name, for a check of types (TYPE.SIGNATURE). A list gives
+ *   overloads. An operation without a signature takes and gives `unknown` (TYPE.GRADUAL).
+ *
+ * A check of types trusts the signatures. Each operation must give a member of the result of each signature that
+ * its arguments match. The hook `check` must keep each result in that type.
  */
 export interface FormulaProfile {
   readonly ops?: Readonly<Record<string, OpFn>> | ((name: string) => OpFn | undefined);
@@ -45,6 +55,23 @@ export interface FormulaProfile {
   readonly missing?: (value: unknown) => boolean;
   readonly check?: (value: unknown, op: string) => Result | undefined;
   readonly combine?: (errors: readonly EvalError[]) => EvalError;
+  readonly pure?: true | readonly string[];
+  readonly volatile?: readonly string[];
+  readonly sigs?: Readonly<Record<string, Signature | readonly Signature[]>> | ((name: string) => Signature | readonly Signature[] | undefined);
+}
+
+/**
+ * The signature of an operation: the value types of its parameters and of its result (TYPE.SIGNATURE). A parameter of
+ * the type `unknown` at the end of `params` is optional. A later version can add a key, for example the type that a
+ * true result proves.
+ */
+export interface Signature {
+  /** The types of the parameters, in order. */
+  readonly params: readonly ValueType[];
+  /** The type of each argument after the parameters. Without it, the operation takes no more arguments. */
+  readonly rest?: ValueType;
+  /** The type of the result. */
+  readonly to: ValueType;
 }
 
 /** The mark of a field that the profile leaves out of a record. */
@@ -131,48 +158,352 @@ export function formulaKinds(): Readonly<Record<string, WorldEntry>> {
   const term = { shape: "term", of: "lit" } as const;
   const terms = { shape: "list", of: "lit" } as const;
   const kinds: Record<string, Kind | WorldEntry> = {
-    lit: { verbs: { eval: "formula.lit" }, summary: LIT_SUMMARY },
-    ref: { verbs: { eval: "formula.ref" }, summary: "A path from a root of the context. Its result is what the path reaches." },
-    record: { verbs: { eval: "formula.record" }, parts: { shape: "map", of: "lit" }, summary: "A record: each field is a term." },
-    list: { verbs: { eval: "formula.list" }, parts: terms, summary: "A list: each item is a term." },
+    lit: { verbs: { eval: "formula.lit" }, pure: true, summary: LIT_SUMMARY },
+    ref: { verbs: { eval: "formula.ref" }, pure: true, summary: "A path from a root of the context. Its result is what the path reaches." },
+    record: { verbs: { eval: "formula.record" }, parts: { shape: "map", of: "lit" }, pure: true, summary: "A record: each field is a term." },
+    list: { verbs: { eval: "formula.list" }, parts: terms, pure: true, summary: "A list: each item is a term." },
     let: {
       verbs: { eval: "formula.let" },
       parts: { shape: "record", fields: { bind: { shape: "map", of: "lit" }, body: term }, required: ["bind", "body"] },
       scope: [{ names: { keysAt: ["bind"] }, in: [["body"]] }],
+      pure: true,
       summary: "Names for the body. Each binding sees the names around the let, not the other bindings.",
     },
     fn: {
       verbs: { eval: "formula.fn" },
       parts: { shape: "record", fields: { params: { shape: "list", item: { shape: "text" }, distinct: true }, body: term }, required: ["params", "body"] },
       scope: [{ names: { listAt: ["params"] }, in: [["body"]] }],
+      // The body evaluates only when something calls the function.
+      pure: true,
+      lazy: [{ in: [["body"]] }],
       summary: "A function: its parameters are names for its body.",
     },
     call: {
       verbs: { eval: "formula.call" },
       parts: { shape: "record", fields: { fn: term, args: terms }, required: ["fn"] },
+      // A host function in a name is a value. When it is volatile, the host marks its read (FACTS.VOLATILE).
+      pure: true,
       summary: "It calls a function with the values of its arguments.",
     },
     if: {
       verbs: { eval: "formula.if" },
       parts: { shape: "record", fields: { test: term, then: term, else: term }, required: ["test", "then"] },
+      pure: true,
+      lazy: [{ in: [["then"], ["else"]] }],
       summary: "It evaluates the test, then only the branch that the test selects.",
     },
-    and: { verbs: { eval: "formula.and" }, parts: terms, summary: "True when each term is true. It stops at the first false term." },
-    or: { verbs: { eval: "formula.or" }, parts: terms, summary: "True when one term is true. It stops at the first true term." },
+    and: { verbs: { eval: "formula.and" }, parts: terms, pure: true, lazy: [{ after: 1 }], summary: "True when each term is true. It stops at the first false term." },
+    or: { verbs: { eval: "formula.or" }, parts: terms, pure: true, lazy: [{ after: 1 }], summary: "True when one term is true. It stops at the first true term." },
     ops: { kinds: {}, fallback: { verbs: { eval: "formula.op" }, parts: terms, summary: "An operation of the language, applied to the values of its terms." } },
     ext: { kinds: {}, fallback: { verbs: { eval: "formula.ext" }, summary: "An extension of the language. Its value is data." } },
   };
   return kinds as Readonly<Record<string, WorldEntry>>;
 }
 
+/** This function gives the type of a value of a profile: the value itself as `one`. `undefined` and a function give `unknown`. */
+function valueType(value: unknown): ValueType {
+  return value === undefined || typeof value === "function" ? "unknown" : { one: [value as Json] };
+}
+
+/** This function tells if a value has the form of a signature: a record with `params` as a list, and `to`. */
+function isSignature(value: unknown): value is Signature {
+  return typeof value === "object" && value !== null && Array.isArray((value as { readonly params?: unknown }).params) && Object.hasOwn(value, "to");
+}
+
+/** This function gives the text of a signature, for the reason of an issue. */
+function signatureText(sig: Signature): string {
+  const params = sig.params.map(typeText);
+  if (sig.rest !== undefined) params.push(`...${typeText(sig.rest)}`);
+  return `(${params.join(", ")}) => ${typeText(sig.to)}`;
+}
+
+function argumentsText(count: number): string {
+  return `${count} argument${count === 1 ? "" : "s"}`;
+}
+
+/** This function gives the text of a list of names for a reason, for example `a, b and c`. */
+function listText(names: readonly string[]): string {
+  return names.length < 2 ? names.join("") : `${names.slice(0, -1).join(", ")} and ${names[names.length - 1] as string}`;
+}
+
+/**
+ * This function tells if a signature takes a count of arguments. A parameter of the type `unknown` at the end is
+ * optional, because a missing argument is `undefined`.
+ *
+ * @returns `undefined` when the number is correct, or else the text of the numbers that the signature takes.
+ */
+function arityOf(sig: Signature, count: number, domains: Machine["domains"]): string | undefined {
+  let least = sig.params.length;
+  while (least > 0 && isUnknown(sig.params[least - 1], domains)) least -= 1;
+  const most = sig.rest === undefined ? sig.params.length : Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY;
+  if (count >= least && count <= most) return undefined;
+  if (most === Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY) return `at least ${argumentsText(least)}`;
+  return least === most ? argumentsText(most) : `${least} to ${argumentsText(most)}`;
+}
+
+/** This function gives the parameters of a document of `fn`: the texts of its list `params`. */
+function paramsOf(value: unknown): readonly string[] {
+  const params = isRecord(value) ? value["params"] : undefined;
+  return Array.isArray(params) ? params.filter((param): param is string => typeof param === "string") : [];
+}
+
+/**
+ * This function makes the type rules of the formula kit for one profile (TYPE.SYNTH, D25). Each evaluator of the kit
+ * holds its rule. The rules read the rules of the profile that change a type: `truthy`, `logic`, `otherwise`, `omit`
+ * and `sigs`.
+ */
+function formulaTypes(profile: FormulaProfile): Readonly<Record<string, TypeRule>> {
+  // Only the default truth accepts nothing but a truth value. A truth of the profile accepts each value.
+  const truth: ValueType | undefined = profile.truthy === undefined ? "bool" : undefined;
+  const logicValue = profile.logic === "value";
+  const otherwise = Object.hasOwn(profile, "otherwise") ? valueType(profile.otherwise) : "null";
+  const lookup = (name: string): readonly unknown[] | undefined => {
+    const sigs = profile.sigs;
+    if (sigs === undefined) return undefined;
+    let found: unknown;
+    if (typeof sigs === "function") {
+      try {
+        found = sigs(name);
+      } catch {
+        return undefined;
+      }
+    } else {
+      found = Object.hasOwn(sigs, name) ? sigs[name] : undefined;
+    }
+    if (found === undefined) return undefined;
+    return Array.isArray(found) ? found : [found];
+  };
+  const nameOf = (input: TypeInput): string => input.typePath.slice(1).join(".");
+  /** The signatures of an operation. Each type of a signature is a contract, thus the check examines it one time. */
+  const signatures = (input: TypeInput): { readonly sigs: readonly Signature[]; readonly bad: boolean } | undefined => {
+    const name = nameOf(input);
+    const raw = lookup(name);
+    if (raw === undefined) return undefined;
+    const sigs: Signature[] = [];
+    for (const sig of raw) {
+      if (!isSignature(sig)) continue;
+      sig.params.forEach((param, index) => input.contract(param, `parameter ${index + 1} of a signature of ops.${name}`));
+      if (sig.rest !== undefined) input.contract(sig.rest, `rest parameter of a signature of ops.${name}`);
+      input.contract(sig.to, `result of a signature of ops.${name}`);
+      sigs.push(sig);
+    }
+    return { sigs, bad: sigs.length !== raw.length };
+  };
+  const logic = (word: "and" | "or"): TypeRule => ({
+    part: (_input, path) => (truth === undefined ? {} : { expect: truth, what: `term ${Number(path[0]) + 1} of ${word}` }),
+    synth: (input) => {
+      if (!logicValue) return "bool";
+      // With the logic "value", the result is the term that decided, or the last term.
+      if (input.paths.length === 0) return { one: [word === "and"] };
+      return input.paths.reduce<ValueType>((type, path) => join(type, input.typeOf(path), input.machine.domains), "never");
+    },
+  });
+
+  return {
+    "formula.lit": { synth: (input) => valueType(input.doc.value) },
+
+    "formula.ref": {
+      synth: (input, report) => {
+        const path = input.doc.value;
+        // An address gives a thing, not a value. The check gives #VALUE! for a path that is not a list.
+        if (input.address || !Array.isArray(path) || path.length === 0) return "unknown";
+        const domains = input.machine.domains;
+        const plain = input.machine.plain === true;
+        let type: ValueType;
+        let start: number;
+        if (path[0] === "names") {
+          const name = path[1];
+          // The record of the names holds the error of a failed binding, thus the path ["names"] has no type. A record
+          // of names with only the keys of a header is an envelope, and a path into it asks the ladder.
+          if (!isKey(name) || (!plain && HEADER_KEYS.has(String(name)))) return "unknown";
+          type = input.nameType(String(name)) ?? "unknown";
+          start = 2;
+        } else {
+          type = input.rootType(String(path[0]));
+          start = 1;
+        }
+        for (let index = start; ; index += 1) {
+          // A path follows a reference document that it reaches, and it asks the ladder for a step into an envelope.
+          if (isUnknown(type, domains) || (!plain && holdsEnvelope(type, domains))) return "unknown";
+          if (index >= path.length) return type;
+          const step = path[index];
+          // A step document gives what its walker reaches. It has no type yet.
+          if (!isKey(step)) return "unknown";
+          const next = stepType(type, step, domains, input.contract);
+          if ("missing" in next) {
+            const fields = next.missing.length === 0 ? "" : ` Its fields are ${listText(next.missing)}.`;
+            report({ reason: `The value at ${path.slice(0, index).map(String).join(".")} has no field ${String(step)}.${fields}` });
+            return "unknown";
+          }
+          type = next.type;
+        }
+      },
+    },
+
+    "formula.record": {
+      part: (input, path) => {
+        const want = fieldOf(input.expected, String(path[0]), input.machine.domains);
+        return want === undefined ? {} : { expect: want, what: `field ${String(path[0])} of the record` };
+      },
+      synth: (input) => {
+        const fields: Record<string, ValueType> = {};
+        for (const path of input.paths) setOwn(fields, String(path[0]), input.typeOf(path));
+        const keys = Object.keys(fields);
+        // A profile with omit can leave out each field, thus each field is optional.
+        return { record: fields, ...(profile.omit !== undefined && keys.length > 0 ? { optional: keys } : {}), closed: true };
+      },
+    },
+
+    "formula.list": {
+      part: (input, path) => {
+        const want = itemOf(input.expected, input.machine.domains);
+        return want === undefined ? {} : { expect: want, what: `item ${Number(path[0]) + 1} of the list` };
+      },
+      synth: (input) => ({ list: input.paths.reduce<ValueType>((type, path) => join(type, input.typeOf(path), input.machine.domains), "never") }),
+    },
+
+    "formula.let": {
+      part: (input, path) => {
+        if (path[0] !== "body") return {};
+        // The scope rule keysAt puts the bindings first, thus their types are known here.
+        const names: Record<string, ValueType> = {};
+        for (const each of input.paths) if (each[0] === "bind" && each.length === 2) setOwn(names, String(each[1]), input.typeOf(each));
+        return { names, ...(isUnknown(input.expected, input.machine.domains) ? {} : { expect: input.expected, what: "body of let" }) };
+      },
+      synth: (input) => input.typeOf(["body"]),
+    },
+
+    "formula.fn": {
+      part: (input, path) => {
+        if (path[0] !== "body") return {};
+        // An expected function type gives the types of the parameters. Without it, each parameter is unknown.
+        const want = fnOf(input.expected, input.machine.domains);
+        const names: Record<string, ValueType> = {};
+        paramsOf(input.doc.value).forEach((name, index) => setOwn(names, name, want?.params[index] ?? "unknown"));
+        return { names, ...(want === undefined || isUnknown(want.to, input.machine.domains) ? {} : { expect: want.to, what: "body of fn" }) };
+      },
+      synth: (input) => {
+        const want = fnOf(input.expected, input.machine.domains);
+        return { fn: paramsOf(input.doc.value).map((_name, index) => want?.params[index] ?? "unknown"), to: input.typeOf(["body"]) };
+      },
+    },
+
+    "formula.call": {
+      synth: (input, report) => {
+        const domains = input.machine.domains;
+        const target = input.typeOf(["fn"]);
+        if (isUnknown(target, domains)) return "unknown";
+        const want = fnOf(target, domains);
+        if (want === undefined) {
+          if (callable(target, domains)) return "unknown";
+          report({ path: ["fn"], reason: `The fn of call has the type ${typeText(target)}. It must give a function.`, found: target });
+          return "unknown";
+        }
+        const args = input.paths.filter((path) => path[0] === "args");
+        for (const path of args) {
+          const index = Number(path[1]);
+          const param = want.params[index];
+          // The function does not read an argument after its parameters.
+          if (param === undefined) continue;
+          const found = input.typeOf(path);
+          if (!fits(found, param, domains)) {
+            report({ path, reason: `The argument ${index + 1} of the call has the type ${typeText(found)}. The function expects the type ${typeText(param)}.`, expected: param, found });
+          }
+        }
+        const missing = want.params.findIndex((param, index) => index >= args.length && !isUnknown(param, domains));
+        if (missing !== -1) {
+          const param = want.params[missing] as ValueType;
+          report({ reason: `The call gives ${argumentsText(args.length)}. The function expects the type ${typeText(param)} for the argument ${missing + 1}.`, expected: param });
+        }
+        return want.to;
+      },
+    },
+
+    "formula.if": {
+      part: (input, path) => {
+        if (path[0] === "test") return truth === undefined ? {} : { expect: truth, what: "test of if" };
+        return isUnknown(input.expected, input.machine.domains) ? {} : { expect: input.expected, what: `${String(path[0])} branch of if` };
+      },
+      synth: (input) => {
+        const value = input.doc.value;
+        const other = isRecord(value) && Object.hasOwn(value, "else") ? input.typeOf(["else"]) : otherwise;
+        return join(input.typeOf(["then"]), other, input.machine.domains);
+      },
+    },
+
+    "formula.and": logic("and"),
+    "formula.or": logic("or"),
+
+    "formula.op": {
+      part: (input, path) => {
+        const read = signatures(input);
+        // Only one signature gives the types of the arguments before their check. Overloads select after it.
+        if (read === undefined || read.sigs.length !== 1) return {};
+        const sig = read.sigs[0] as Signature;
+        const index = Number(path[0]);
+        const want = index < sig.params.length ? sig.params[index] : sig.rest;
+        return want === undefined ? {} : { expect: want, what: `argument ${index + 1} of ops.${nameOf(input)}` };
+      },
+      synth: (input, report) => {
+        const read = signatures(input);
+        if (read === undefined) return "unknown";
+        const name = nameOf(input);
+        const domains = input.machine.domains;
+        if (read.bad) report({ reason: `A signature of ops.${name} is not a record with params and to. The check does not read it.` });
+        const { sigs } = read;
+        if (sigs.length === 0) return "unknown";
+        const args = input.paths.map((path) => input.typeOf(path));
+        if (sigs.length === 1) {
+          const sig = sigs[0] as Signature;
+          const takes = arityOf(sig, args.length, domains);
+          if (takes !== undefined) report({ reason: `The operation ops.${name} takes ${takes}. It gets ${args.length}.` });
+          return sig.to;
+        }
+        const paramAt = (sig: Signature, index: number): ValueType => sig.params[index] ?? sig.rest ?? "unknown";
+        const fitting = sigs.filter((sig) => arityOf(sig, args.length, domains) === undefined && args.every((arg, index) => fits(arg, paramAt(sig, index), domains)));
+        if (fitting.length === 0) {
+          const given = args.map(typeText).join(", ");
+          report({ reason: `No signature of ops.${name} fits the arguments (${given}). The signatures are ${sigs.map(signatureText).join(" and ")}.` });
+          return "unknown";
+        }
+        const first = fitting[0] as Signature;
+        // Precise arguments are members of the first signature that fits. An argument with unknown can match a later one.
+        if (fitting.length === 1 || args.every((arg) => isPrecise(arg, domains))) return first.to;
+        return fitting.every((sig) => docEquals(sig.to, first.to)) ? first.to : "unknown";
+      },
+    },
+
+    "formula.ext": {
+      synth: (input) => {
+        const name = nameOf(input);
+        const own = profile.ext !== undefined && Object.hasOwn(profile.ext, name);
+        return name === "number" && !own ? "number" : "unknown";
+      },
+    },
+  };
+}
+
 /**
  * This function makes the evaluators of the formula kit for one language. Each evaluator compiles its document
- * one time into code.
+ * one time into code. Each evaluator also holds its type rule, for a check of types (TYPE.SYNTH).
  *
  * @param profile - The operations and the rules of the language.
  * @returns The evaluators, by their name.
  */
 export function formulaEvaluators(profile: FormulaProfile = {}): Readonly<Record<string, Evaluator>> {
+  const evaluators = formulaCode(profile);
+  const types = formulaTypes(profile);
+  const out: Record<string, Evaluator> = {};
+  for (const name of Object.keys(evaluators)) {
+    const evaluator = evaluators[name] as CompiledEvaluator;
+    const type = Object.hasOwn(types, name) ? types[name] : undefined;
+    out[name] = type === undefined ? evaluator : { compile: evaluator.compile, type };
+  }
+  return out;
+}
+
+/** This function makes the code of the evaluators of the formula kit, without their type rules. */
+function formulaCode(profile: FormulaProfile): Readonly<Record<string, CompiledEvaluator>> {
   const truthy = profile.truthy ?? strictTruthy;
   const otherwise = ok(Object.hasOwn(profile, "otherwise") ? profile.otherwise : null);
   const logicValue = profile.logic === "value";
@@ -203,13 +534,54 @@ export function formulaEvaluators(profile: FormulaProfile = {}): Readonly<Record
     return { ok: false, error: errors.length === 1 ? (errors[0] as EvalError) : combine(errors) };
   };
 
+  /*
+   * The code of a reference (PLAN.LEAN). The helpers below serve each reference of the language. Each code keeps only
+   * what its own reference needs. A reference with a static path keeps its compiled path, its first name and its mark
+   * `address`. It does not keep its document, its split or the functions of the other form.
+   */
+
+  /** This function gives the result of a resolution of a reference. An address gives what the path reaches: a host thing stays a thing. */
+  const give = (found: Resolution, address: boolean): Result => {
+    if (!found.ok) return fail(found.code, found.reason);
+    if (address) return ok(found.thing);
+    const reached = valueOfThing(found.thing);
+    if (reached instanceof Held) return { ok: false, error: reached.error };
+    if (missing !== undefined && missing(reached)) return fail("#N/A", "The path reaches no value.");
+    return ok(reached);
+  };
+  /** This function gives the error of a name whose binding failed, or `undefined` when the binding holds no error. */
+  const held = (ctx: Context, rt: Runtime, head: string | undefined): Failed | undefined => {
+    if (head === undefined || !Object.hasOwn(ctx.names, head)) return undefined;
+    const bound = ctx.names[head];
+    if (!(bound instanceof Held)) return undefined;
+    // The result comes from the binding of the name, thus the runtime resolves the name for the list of reads (READS.RECORD).
+    rt.resolve(ctx, ["names", head]);
+    return { ok: false, error: bound.error };
+  };
+  /** This function gives the code of a reference with a static path. A path without a first name does not test a binding. */
+  const staticRef = (compiledPath: CompiledPath, head: string | undefined, address: boolean): Code =>
+    head === undefined
+      ? (ctx, rt) => give(resolveCompiled(rt, ctx, compiledPath), address)
+      : (ctx, rt) => held(ctx, rt, head) ?? give(resolveCompiled(rt, ctx, compiledPath), address);
+  /**
+   * This function gives the code of a reference whose step documents are parts, when the kind ref has a deep shape.
+   * The steps evaluate first, in order, thus the error of a step comes before the error of a binding (FORMULA.STEPS).
+   */
+  const stepsRef = (parts: readonly CompiledPart[], fill: CompileInput["fill"], head: string | undefined, address: boolean): Code => {
+    return (ctx, rt) => {
+      const steps = valuesOf(parts, ctx, rt);
+      if (!Array.isArray(steps)) return steps;
+      return held(ctx, rt, head) ?? give(rt.resolve(ctx, fill(steps) as readonly unknown[]), address);
+    };
+  };
+
   return {
     "formula.lit": compiled(({ doc }) => {
       const result = ok(doc.value);
       return () => result;
     }),
 
-    "formula.ref": compiled(({ doc, parts, fill, address }) => {
+    "formula.ref": compiled(({ doc, parts, fill, address, machine }) => {
       const path = doc.value;
       if (!Array.isArray(path) || path.length === 0) {
         const bad = fail("#VALUE!", 'The value of ref is a path: a list that starts with a root, for example ["names", "a"].');
@@ -217,28 +589,9 @@ export function formulaEvaluators(profile: FormulaProfile = {}): Readonly<Record
       }
       // A path through a name whose binding failed gives the error of the binding.
       const head = path[0] === "names" && typeof path[1] === "string" ? path[1] : undefined;
-      const give = (found: Resolution): Result => {
-        if (!found.ok) return fail(found.code, found.reason);
-        // An address gives what the path reaches: a host thing stays a thing.
-        if (address === true) return ok(found.thing);
-        const reached = valueOfThing(found.thing);
-        if (reached instanceof Held) return { ok: false, error: reached.error };
-        if (missing !== undefined && missing(reached)) return fail("#N/A", "The path reaches no value.");
-        return ok(reached);
-      };
-      const held = (ctx: Context): Failed | undefined => {
-        if (head === undefined || !Object.hasOwn(ctx.names, head)) return undefined;
-        const bound = ctx.names[head];
-        return bound instanceof Held ? { ok: false, error: bound.error } : undefined;
-      };
-      if (parts.length === 0) return (ctx, rt) => held(ctx) ?? give(rt.resolve(ctx, path));
-      // The step documents of a path are its parts when the kind ref has a deep shape. They evaluate first, in order,
-      // thus the error of a step comes before the error of a binding that the path reads (FORMULA.STEPS).
-      return (ctx, rt) => {
-        const steps = valuesOf(parts, ctx, rt);
-        if (!Array.isArray(steps)) return steps;
-        return held(ctx) ?? give(rt.resolve(ctx, fill(steps) as readonly unknown[]));
-      };
+      // A path without parts is static, thus it compiles one time for the machine of the plan (PLAN.PATH).
+      if (parts.length === 0) return staticRef(compilePath(machine, path), head, address === true);
+      return stepsRef(parts, fill, head, address === true);
     }),
 
     "formula.step": compiled(({ doc, parts, fill }) => {
@@ -312,6 +665,8 @@ export function formulaEvaluators(profile: FormulaProfile = {}): Readonly<Record
       const names = params as readonly string[];
       const body = partsOf(value)["body"] as CompiledPart;
       return (ctx, rt) => {
+        // A closure keeps the context for each later use, thus the list of reads gets each root (READS.KEPT).
+        rt.keepsContext?.();
         const closure = (...args: readonly unknown[]): unknown => {
           const scope: Record<string, unknown> = { ...ctx.names };
           names.forEach((name, index) => setOwn(scope, name, args[index]));
@@ -507,21 +862,63 @@ export function formulaKnown(profile: FormulaProfile = {}): (path: readonly Key[
   };
 }
 
+/** The facts of an extension of the profile. It gets the context, thus it can read outside `resolve`. */
+const NOT_PURE: KindFacts = /* @__PURE__ */ Object.freeze({ pure: false });
+
+/** The facts of a standard extension. */
+const PURE: KindFacts = /* @__PURE__ */ Object.freeze({ pure: true });
+
+/** The lazy rule of a lazy operation: it covers each argument. */
+const EACH_PART: readonly LazyRule[] = /* @__PURE__ */ Object.freeze([/* @__PURE__ */ Object.freeze({})]);
+
+/**
+ * This function makes the hook `facts` of the formula kit for one profile (FACTS.PROFILE, D24). It answers for the
+ * operations and the extensions, because one fallback kind covers each of them.
+ *
+ * - An operation of `lazy` has a lazy rule for each argument.
+ * - An operation is pure when the profile names it in `pure`, or when `pure` is `true`. A volatile operation is not pure.
+ * - A standard extension is pure. An extension of the profile gets the context, thus it is not pure.
+ *
+ * @param profile - The operations, the extensions and their facts.
+ * @returns The hook: the facts of a name, or `undefined` for the facts of the contract.
+ */
+export function formulaFacts(profile: FormulaProfile = {}): (path: readonly Key[], code: string) => KindFacts | undefined {
+  const volatile = new Set(profile.volatile ?? []);
+  const pure = profile.pure === true ? undefined : new Set(profile.pure ?? []);
+  const known = formulaKnown(profile);
+  return (path, code) => {
+    if (code !== "formula.op" && code !== "formula.ext") return undefined;
+    const name = path.slice(1).join(".");
+    if (code === "formula.ext") return profile.ext !== undefined && Object.hasOwn(profile.ext, name) ? NOT_PURE : Object.hasOwn(STD_EXT, name) ? PURE : undefined;
+    // An operation that the language does not have gives #NAME?. The kit gives it no facts.
+    if (known(path, code) !== true) return undefined;
+    const isVolatile = volatile.has(name);
+    const lazy = profile.lazy !== undefined && Object.hasOwn(profile.lazy, name);
+    return { pure: !isVolatile && (pure === undefined || pure.has(name)), volatile: isVolatile, ...(lazy ? { lazy: EACH_PART } : {}) };
+  };
+}
+
 /**
  * This function makes a machine for a formula language. It merges the kit and the parts that the language adds with
  * `mergeMachines`. Thus a kind `ops.*` or a namespace `ops` of the language extends the namespace of the kit, and
  * the fallback of the kit stays. The hook `known` of the kit comes from the profile (`formulaKnown`). A hook `known`
- * of the language answers after it.
+ * of the language answers after it. The hook `facts` of the kit comes from the profile too (`formulaFacts`).
  *
  * A kind or an evaluator of the language that differs from the entry of the kit with its name is a conflict. The
  * language names the path in `replaces` to replace the entry, for example `["world", "kinds", "ref"]` or
  * `["evaluators", "formula.op"]`. Then the hook of the kit does not answer for a replaced evaluator.
  *
+ * The kit gives the domains of the kernel (`STD_DOMAINS`). Thus a domain of the language with the name `number` is a
+ * conflict. The language names `["domains", "number"]` in `replaces` to replace it.
+ *
  * @param profile - The operations and the rules of the language.
  * @param more - The parts of a machine that the language adds, with the paths of the entries that it replaces.
  * @returns The machine.
  * @throws {MergeError} The language and the kit have a conflict.
  */
 export function formulaMachine(profile: FormulaProfile = {}, more: MachinePart = {}): Machine {
-  return mergeMachines({ world: { kinds: formulaKinds() }, evaluators: formulaEvaluators(profile), known: formulaKnown(profile) }, more);
+  return mergeMachines(
+    { world: { kinds: formulaKinds() }, evaluators: formulaEvaluators(profile), domains: STD_DOMAINS, known: formulaKnown(profile), facts: formulaFacts(profile) },
+    more,
+  );
 }