@marimo-team/islands 0.25.3-dev31 → 0.25.3-dev311

package/src/core/cells/__tests__/cells.test.ts

@@ -1,32 +1,32 @@
 /* Copyright 2026 Marimo. All rights reserved. */
 
+import { defaultUserConfig } from "@/core/config/config-schema";
+
 import { python } from "@codemirror/lang-python";
 import { EditorState } from "@codemirror/state";
 import { EditorView } from "@codemirror/view";
 import { createStore } from "jotai";
+import { createRef } from "react";
 import {
   afterAll,
-  afterEach,
   beforeAll,
+  afterEach,
   beforeEach,
   describe,
   expect,
   it,
   vi,
 } from "vitest";
+import { MockExecutions } from "@/__mocks__/executions";
 import { MockNotebook } from "@/__mocks__/notebook";
 import { cellId } from "@/__tests__/branded";
 import type { CellHandle } from "@/components/editor/notebook-cell";
-import { CellId, SCRATCH_CELL_ID, SETUP_CELL_ID } from "@/core/cells/ids";
+import { CellId, SCRATCH_CELL_ID } from "@/core/cells/ids";
 import { foldAllBulk, unfoldAllBulk } from "@/core/codemirror/editing/commands";
 import { adaptiveLanguageConfiguration } from "@/core/codemirror/language/extension";
 import { OverridingHotkeyProvider } from "@/core/hotkeys/hotkeys";
 import type { OutputMessage } from "@/core/kernel/messages";
-import {
-  type CollapsibleTree,
-  MultiColumn,
-  type CellColumnId,
-} from "@/utils/id-tree";
+import type { CellConfig } from "@/core/network/types";
 import type { Seconds } from "@/utils/time";
 import {
   exportedForTesting,
@@ -34,13 +34,12 @@ import {
   type NotebookState,
   notebookAtom,
 } from "../cells";
-import { exportedForTesting as documentTransactionTestExports } from "../document-changes";
 import {
-  focusAndScrollCellIntoView,
-  scrollToBottom,
-  scrollToTop,
-} from "../scrollCellIntoView";
-import type { CellData } from "../types";
+  type CellData,
+  createCell,
+  createCellConfig,
+  createCellRuntimeState,
+} from "../types";
 
 vi.mock("@/core/codemirror/editing/commands", () => ({
   foldAllBulk: vi.fn(),
@@ -60,9 +59,6 @@ vi.mock("../scrollCellIntoView", async (importOriginal) => {
   };
 });
 
-const FIRST_COLUMN = 0;
-const SECOND_COLUMN = 1;
-
 const { initialNotebookState, reducer, createActions } = exportedForTesting;
 
 function formatCells(notebook: NotebookState) {
@@ -78,14 +74,7 @@ function formatCells(notebook: NotebookState) {
     const cells = cellsId.map((cellId) => cellData[cellId]);
     return cells.map((cell) => printCell(cell)).join("\n\n");
   };
-  const printColumn = (column: CollapsibleTree<CellId>, columnIdx: number) => {
-    return `> col ${columnIdx}\n${printCells(column.inOrderIds)}`;
-  };
-  const columns = cellIds.getColumns();
-  if (columns.length > 1) {
-    return wrap(columns.map(printColumn).join("\n\n"));
-  }
-  return wrap(printCells(cellIds.inOrderIds));
+  return wrap(printCells(cellIds));
 }
 
 function createEditor(content: string) {
@@ -96,6 +85,7 @@ function createEditor(content: string) {
       adaptiveLanguageConfiguration({
         cellId: cellId("cell1"),
         completionConfig: {
+          ...defaultUserConfig().completion,
           activate_on_typing: true,
           signature_hint_on_typing: false,
           copilot: false,
@@ -103,7 +93,7 @@ function createEditor(content: string) {
         },
         hotkeys: new OverridingHotkeyProvider({}),
         placeholderType: "marimo-import",
-        lspConfig: {},
+        lspConfig: { ...defaultUserConfig().language_servers },
       }),
     ],
   });
@@ -121,8 +111,7 @@ describe("cell reducer", () => {
   let cells: ReturnType<typeof flattenTopLevelNotebookCells>;
   let firstCellId: CellId;
 
-  const actions = createActions((action) => {
-    state = reducer(state, action);
+  const mountEditors = () => {
     for (const [cellIdString, handle] of Object.entries(state.cellHandles)) {
       // @ts-expect-error - Typescript Object.entries doesn't know that keys are CellId
       const cid: CellId = cellIdString;
@@ -136,7 +125,83 @@ describe("cell reducer", () => {
       }
     }
     cells = flattenTopLevelNotebookCells(state);
-  });
+  };
+  const actions = createActions((action) => {
+    state = reducer(state, action);
+    mountEditors();
+  });
+
+  /** Put a cell into the notebook the way the document would. */
+  function seedCell({
+    cellId,
+    before,
+    code = "",
+    name,
+    config,
+    newCellId,
+    hideCode,
+    autoFocus = true,
+  }: {
+    cellId: CellId | "__end__";
+    before: boolean;
+    code?: string;
+    name?: string;
+    config?: CellConfig;
+    newCellId?: CellId;
+    hideCode?: boolean;
+    autoFocus?: boolean;
+  }): CellId {
+    const cellIndex =
+      cellId === "__end__"
+        ? state.cellIds.length
+        : state.cellIds.indexOf(cellId);
+    const id = newCellId ?? CellId.create();
+    const cellIds = [...state.cellIds];
+    cellIds.splice(before ? cellIndex : cellIndex + 1, 0, id);
+    state = {
+      ...state,
+      cellIds,
+      cellData: {
+        ...state.cellData,
+        [id]: createCell({
+          id,
+          code,
+          name,
+          config: createCellConfig({
+            ...config,
+            ...(hideCode != null && { hide_code: hideCode }),
+          }),
+        }),
+      },
+      cellRuntime: { ...state.cellRuntime, [id]: createCellRuntimeState() },
+      cellHandles: { ...state.cellHandles, [id]: createRef() },
+      scrollKey: autoFocus ? id : null,
+    };
+    mountEditors();
+    return id;
+  }
+
+  /** Edit a cell's code as the document delivers it. */
+  function editCode(cellId: CellId, code: string) {
+    const cells = state.cellIds.map((id) => {
+      const cell = state.cellData[id];
+      return {
+        id,
+        code: id === cellId ? code : cell.code,
+        name: cell.name,
+        config: {
+          column: cell.config.column ?? null,
+          disabled: cell.config.disabled ?? false,
+          hide_code: cell.config.hide_code ?? false,
+          expand_output: cell.config.expand_output ?? false,
+        },
+      };
+    });
+    actions.reconcileDocument({
+      order: state.cellIds,
+      cells: new Map(cells.map((cell) => [cell.id, cell])),
+    });
+  }
 
   let i = 0;
   const originalCreate = CellId.create.bind(CellId);
@@ -151,907 +216,214 @@ describe("cell reducer", () => {
     i = 0;
 
     state = initialNotebookState();
-    state.cellIds = MultiColumn.from([]);
-    actions.createNewCell({ cellId: "__end__", before: false });
-    firstCellId = state.cellIds.inOrderIds[0];
-  });
-
-  afterEach(() => {
-    documentTransactionTestExports.cancelPendingChanges();
+    seedCell({ cellId: "__end__", before: false });
+    firstCellId = state.cellIds[0];
   });
 
   afterAll(() => {
     CellId.create = originalCreate;
   });
 
-  it("can add a cell after another cell", () => {
-    actions.createNewCell({
-      cellId: firstCellId,
-      before: false,
-    });
+  it("can update a cell", () => {
+    editCode(firstCellId, "import numpy as np");
     expect(formatCells(state)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
       "
-      [0] ''
-
-      [1] ''
+      [0] 'import numpy as np'
       "
     `);
   });
 
-  it("can add a cell to the end with code", () => {
-    actions.createNewCell({
-      cellId: "__end__",
-      code: "import numpy as np",
-      before: false,
+  it("keeps error evidence after an edit and a new queued run", () => {
+    const code = "raise ValueError('old failure')";
+    const output: OutputMessage = {
+      channel: "marimo-error",
+      mimetype: "application/vnd.marimo+error",
+      data: [
+        {
+          type: "exception",
+          msg: "old failure",
+          exception_type: "ValueError",
+          raising_cell: null,
+          traceback: "<pre>ValueError: old failure</pre>",
+        },
+      ],
+      code,
+      timestamp: 1,
+    };
+    actions.handleCellMessage({
+      cell_id: firstCellId,
+      output,
+      console: {
+        channel: "stderr",
+        mimetype: "application/vnd.marimo+traceback",
+        data: "<pre>ValueError: old failure</pre>",
+        code,
+        timestamp: 1,
+      },
+      status: "idle",
+      timestamp: 1,
     });
-    expect(formatCells(state)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-      "
-      [0] ''
+    editCode(firstCellId, "print('new code')");
+    actions.prepareForRun({ cellId: firstCellId });
+    actions.handleCellMessage({
+      cell_id: firstCellId,
+      output: null,
+      console: null,
+      status: "queued",
+      timestamp: 2,
+    });
+    const runtime = state.cellRuntime[firstCellId];
+    expect(runtime.output).toEqual(output);
+    expect(runtime.consoleOutputs[0].code).toBe(code);
+    expect(runtime.consoleOutputs[0].data).toContain("old failure");
+  });
 
-      [1] 'import numpy as np'
-      "
-    `);
+  it("can run cell and receive cell messages", () => {
+    // HAPPY PATH
+    /////////////////
+    // Initial state
+    let cell = cells[0];
+    expect(cell).toMatchSnapshot("initial state");
 
-    // Cell should be added to the end and edited
-    expect(cells[1].code).toBe("import numpy as np");
-    expect(cells[1].edited).toBe(true);
-    expect(cells[1].lastCodeRun).toBe(null);
-  });
+    // Update code
+    editCode(firstCellId, "import marimo as mo");
+    cell = cells[0];
+    expect(cell).toMatchSnapshot("code edited");
 
-  it("can add a cell before another cell", () => {
-    actions.createNewCell({
+    // Prepare for run
+    actions.prepareForRun({
       cellId: firstCellId,
-      before: true,
     });
-    expect(formatCells(state)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-      "
-      [1] ''
+    cell = cells[0];
+    expect(cell).toMatchSnapshot("prepared for run");
 
-      [0] ''
-      "
-    `);
-  });
+    // Receive queued messages
+    actions.handleCellMessage({
+      cell_id: firstCellId,
+      output: undefined,
+      console: null,
+      status: "queued",
+      timestamp: new Date(10).getTime() as Seconds,
+    });
+    cell = cells[0];
+    expect(cell).toMatchSnapshot("queued message received");
 
-  it("can add a cell with name and config", () => {
-    actions.createNewCell({
-      cellId: firstCellId,
-      before: false,
-      code: "x = 1",
-      name: "My Cell",
-      config: { hide_code: true, disabled: false },
+    // Receive running messages
+    actions.handleCellMessage({
+      cell_id: firstCellId,
+      output: undefined,
+      console: null,
+      status: "running",
+      timestamp: new Date(20).getTime() as Seconds,
     });
-    const newCellId = state.cellIds.inOrderIds[1];
-    expect(state.cellData[newCellId].name).toBe("My Cell");
-    expect(state.cellData[newCellId].config.hide_code).toBe(true);
-    expect(state.cellData[newCellId].config.disabled).toBe(false);
-  });
+    cell = cells[0];
+    expect(cell).toMatchSnapshot("running message received");
 
-  it("can delete a Python cell and undo delete", () => {
-    actions.createNewCell({
-      cellId: firstCellId,
-      before: false,
+    // Console messages shouldn't transition status
+    actions.handleCellMessage({
+      cell_id: firstCellId,
+      output: undefined,
+      console: {
+        channel: "stdout",
+        mimetype: "text/plain",
+        data: "hello!",
+        timestamp: 0,
+      },
+      status: undefined,
+      timestamp: new Date(22).getTime() as Seconds,
     });
-    actions.deleteCell({
-      cellId: firstCellId,
+    cell = cells[0];
+    expect(cell).toMatchSnapshot("console message received");
+
+    // Receive output messages
+    actions.handleCellMessage({
+      cell_id: firstCellId,
+      output: {
+        channel: "output",
+        mimetype: "text/plain",
+        data: "ok",
+        timestamp: 0,
+      },
+      console: {
+        channel: "stdout",
+        mimetype: "text/plain",
+        data: "hello!",
+        timestamp: 0,
+      },
+      status: "idle",
+      timestamp: new Date(33).getTime() as Seconds,
     });
-    expect(formatCells(state)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-      "
-      [1] ''
-      "
-    `);
+    cell = cells[0];
+    expect(cell).toMatchSnapshot("output received");
 
-    // undo
-    actions.undoDeleteCell();
-    expect(formatCells(state)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-      "
-      [2] ''
+    // EDITING BACK AND FORTH
+    /////////////////
+    // Update code again
+    editCode(firstCellId, "import marimo as mo\nimport numpy");
+    cell = cells[0];
+    expect(cell).toMatchSnapshot("code edited again");
 
-      [1] ''
-      "
-    `);
+    // Update code should be unedited
+    editCode(firstCellId, "import marimo as mo");
+    cell = cells[0];
+    expect(cell).toMatchSnapshot("code reverted");
 
-    // Verify scrollKey is set to the restored cell
-    expect(state.scrollKey).toBe("2");
-  });
+    // Update code should be edited again
+    editCode(firstCellId, "import marimo as mo\nimport numpy");
+    cell = cells[0];
+    expect(cell).toMatchSnapshot("code changed after revert");
 
-  it("can delete a SQL cell and undo delete", () => {
-    actions.createNewCell({
+    // ERROR RESPONSE
+    /////////////////
+    // Prepare for run
+    actions.prepareForRun({
       cellId: firstCellId,
-      before: false,
-      code: `df = mo.sql("""SELECT * FROM table""")`,
     });
-    const newCellId = state.cellIds.getColumns()[0].atOrThrow(1);
-    actions.deleteCell({
-      cellId: newCellId,
+    cell = cells[0];
+    expect(cell.output).not.toBe(null); // keep old output
+    // Queue
+    actions.handleCellMessage({
+      cell_id: firstCellId,
+      output: undefined,
+      console: null,
+      status: "queued",
+      timestamp: new Date(40).getTime() as Seconds,
     });
-    expect(formatCells(state)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-      "
-      [0] ''
-      "
-    `);
-
-    // undo
-    actions.undoDeleteCell();
-    expect(formatCells(state)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-      "
-      [0] ''
-
-      [2] 'df = mo.sql("""SELECT * FROM table""")'
-      "
-    `);
-  });
-
-  it("can delete a Markdown cell and undo delete", () => {
-    const text = "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.";
-    actions.createNewCell({
-      cellId: firstCellId,
-      before: false,
-      code: `mo.md(r"""${text}""")`,
+    cell = cells[0];
+    expect(cell.output).not.toBe(null); // keep old output
+    // Running
+    actions.handleCellMessage({
+      cell_id: firstCellId,
+      output: undefined,
+      console: null,
+      status: "running",
+      timestamp: new Date(50).getTime() as Seconds,
     });
-    const newCellId = state.cellIds.getColumns()[0].atOrThrow(1);
-    actions.deleteCell({
-      cellId: newCellId,
+    cell = cells[0];
+    expect(cell.output).not.toBe(null); // keep old output
+    // Receive error
+    actions.handleCellMessage({
+      cell_id: firstCellId,
+      output: {
+        channel: "marimo-error",
+        mimetype: "application/vnd.marimo+error",
+        data: [
+          { type: "exception", exception_type: "ValueError", msg: "Oh no!" },
+        ],
+        timestamp: 0,
+      },
+      console: null,
+      status: "idle",
+      timestamp: new Date(61).getTime() as Seconds,
     });
-    expect(formatCells(state)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-      "
-      [0] ''
-      "
-    `);
-
-    // undo
-    actions.undoDeleteCell();
-    expect(formatCells(state)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-      "
-      [0] ''
-
-      [2] 'mo.md(r"""The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.""")'
-      "
-    `);
-  });
+    cell = cells[0];
+    expect(cell.output).not.toBe(null); // keep old output
+    expect(cell).toMatchSnapshot("error response received");
 
-  it("undo delete restores cell config (hide_code, disabled)", () => {
-    actions.createNewCell({
-      cellId: firstCellId,
-      before: false,
-      code: "x = 1",
-    });
-    const newCellId = state.cellIds.getColumns()[0].atOrThrow(1);
-
-    // Set config to hidden and disabled
-    actions.updateCellConfig({
-      cellId: newCellId,
-      config: { hide_code: true, disabled: true },
-    });
-    expect(state.cellData[newCellId].config.hide_code).toBe(true);
-    expect(state.cellData[newCellId].config.disabled).toBe(true);
-
-    // Delete the cell
-    actions.deleteCell({ cellId: newCellId });
-    expect(state.cellIds.inOrderIds).not.toContain(newCellId);
-
-    // Undo delete
-    actions.undoDeleteCell();
-    const restoredCellId =
-      state.cellIds.inOrderIds[state.cellIds.inOrderIds.length - 1];
-
-    // Config should be preserved
-    expect(state.cellData[restoredCellId].config.hide_code).toBe(true);
-    expect(state.cellData[restoredCellId].config.disabled).toBe(true);
-  });
-
-  it("can update a cell", () => {
-    actions.updateCellCode({
-      cellId: firstCellId,
-      code: "import numpy as np",
-      formattingChange: false,
-    });
-    expect(formatCells(state)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-      "
-      [0] 'import numpy as np'
-      "
-    `);
-  });
-
-  it("can move a cell", () => {
-    actions.createNewCell({
-      cellId: firstCellId,
-      before: false,
-    });
-    expect(formatCells(state)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-      "
-      [0] ''
-
-      [1] ''
-      "
-    `);
-
-    // move first cell to the end
-    actions.moveCell({
-      cellId: firstCellId,
-      before: false,
-    });
-    expect(formatCells(state)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-      "
-      [1] ''
-
-      [0] ''
-      "
-    `);
-
-    // move it back
-    actions.moveCell({
-      cellId: firstCellId,
-      before: true,
-    });
-    expect(formatCells(state)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-      "
-      [0] ''
-
-      [1] ''
-      "
-    `);
-
-    // Add a column breakpoint to test left/right movement
-    actions.addColumnBreakpoint({ cellId: cellId("1") });
-    expect(formatCells(state)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-      "
-      > col 0
-      [0] ''
-
-      > col 1
-      [1] ''
-      "
-    `);
-
-    // Move cell right
-    actions.moveCell({
-      cellId: firstCellId,
-      direction: "right",
-    });
-    expect(formatCells(state)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-      "
-      > col 0
-
-
-      > col 1
-      [0] ''
-
-      [1] ''
-      "
-    `);
-
-    // Move cell left
-    actions.moveCell({
-      cellId: firstCellId,
-      direction: "left",
-    });
-    expect(formatCells(state)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-      "
-      > col 0
-      [0] ''
-
-      > col 1
-      [1] ''
-      "
-    `);
-
-    // Try to move cell left when it's already in leftmost column (should noop)
-    actions.moveCell({
-      cellId: firstCellId,
-      direction: "left",
-    });
-    expect(formatCells(state)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-      "
-      > col 0
-      [0] ''
-
-      > col 1
-      [1] ''
-      "
-    `);
-
-    // Try to move cell right when it's already in rightmost column (should noop)
-    actions.moveCell({
-      cellId: cellId("1"),
-      direction: "right",
-    });
-    expect(formatCells(state)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-      "
-      > col 0
-      [0] ''
-
-      > col 1
-      [1] ''
-      "
-    `);
-  });
-
-  it("can drag and drop a cell", () => {
-    actions.createNewCell({
-      cellId: firstCellId,
-      before: false,
-    });
-    actions.createNewCell({
-      cellId: cellId("1"),
-      before: false,
-    });
-    expect(formatCells(state)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-      "
-      [0] ''
-
-      [1] ''
-
-      [2] ''
-      "
-    `);
-
-    // drag first cell to the end
-    actions.dropCellOverCell({
-      cellId: firstCellId,
-      overCellId: cellId("2"),
-    });
-    expect(formatCells(state)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-      "
-      [1] ''
-
-      [2] ''
-
-      [0] ''
-      "
-    `);
-
-    // drag it back to the middle
-    actions.dropCellOverCell({
-      cellId: firstCellId,
-      overCellId: cellId("2"),
-    });
-    expect(formatCells(state)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-      "
-      [1] ''
-
-      [0] ''
-
-      [2] ''
-      "
-    `);
-  });
-
-  it("can move a cell to an exact index within a column", () => {
-    actions.createNewCell({
-      cellId: firstCellId,
-      before: false,
-    });
-    actions.createNewCell({
-      cellId: cellId("1"),
-      before: false,
-    });
-
-    const columnId = state.cellIds.atOrThrow(0).id;
-    actions.moveCellToIndex({
-      cellId: firstCellId,
-      columnId,
-      index: 3,
-    });
-
-    expect(formatCells(state)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-      "
-      [1] ''
-
-      [2] ''
-
-      [0] ''
-      "
-    `);
-  });
-
-  it("can move a cell to an exact index across columns", () => {
-    actions.createNewCell({
-      cellId: firstCellId,
-      before: false,
-    });
-    actions.createNewCell({
-      cellId: cellId("1"),
-      before: false,
-    });
-    actions.addColumnBreakpoint({ cellId: cellId("1") });
-
-    const secondColumnId = state.cellIds.atOrThrow(1).id;
-    actions.moveCellToIndex({
-      cellId: firstCellId,
-      columnId: secondColumnId,
-      index: 1,
-    });
-
-    expect(formatCells(state)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-      "
-      > col 0
-
-
-      > col 1
-      [1] ''
-
-      [0] ''
-
-      [2] ''
-      "
-    `);
-  });
-
-  it("moveCellToIndex is a no-op when moving to the same position", () => {
-    actions.createNewCell({
-      cellId: firstCellId,
-      before: false,
-    });
-    actions.createNewCell({
-      cellId: cellId("1"),
-      before: false,
-    });
-
-    const columnId = state.cellIds.atOrThrow(0).id;
-    const before = formatCells(state);
-
-    actions.moveCellToIndex({
-      cellId: firstCellId,
-      columnId,
-      index: 0,
-    });
-
-    expect(formatCells(state)).toBe(before);
-  });
-
-  it("moveCellToIndex is a no-op for an invalid columnId", () => {
-    actions.createNewCell({
-      cellId: firstCellId,
-      before: false,
-    });
-
-    const before = formatCells(state);
-
-    actions.moveCellToIndex({
-      cellId: firstCellId,
-      columnId: "nonexistent-column" as CellColumnId,
-      index: 0,
-    });
-
-    expect(formatCells(state)).toBe(before);
-  });
-
-  it("can move multiple cells relative to target", () => {
-    actions.createNewCell({
-      cellId: firstCellId,
-      before: false,
-    });
-    actions.createNewCell({
-      cellId: cellId("1"),
-      before: false,
-    });
-    expect(formatCells(state)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-      "
-      [0] ''
-
-      [1] ''
-
-      [2] ''
-      "
-    `);
-
-    // Move first two cells after the third
-    actions.moveCellsRelativeTo({
-      cellIds: [firstCellId, cellId("1")],
-      targetCellId: cellId("2"),
-      position: "after",
-    });
-    expect(formatCells(state)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-      "
-      [2] ''
-
-      [0] ''
-
-      [1] ''
-      "
-    `);
-  });
-
-  it("can undo cut-paste (move with previousPlacements)", () => {
-    actions.createNewCell({
-      cellId: firstCellId,
-      before: false,
-    });
-    actions.createNewCell({
-      cellId: cellId("1"),
-      before: false,
-    });
-    expect(formatCells(state)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-      "
-      [0] ''
-
-      [1] ''
-
-      [2] ''
-      "
-    `);
-
-    const col = state.cellIds.findWithId(firstCellId);
-    const previousPlacements = [
-      {
-        columnId: col.id,
-        index: col.indexOfOrThrow(
-          firstCellId,
-        ) as import("@/utils/id-tree").CellIndex,
-      },
-      {
-        columnId: col.id,
-        index: col.indexOfOrThrow(
-          cellId("1"),
-        ) as import("@/utils/id-tree").CellIndex,
-      },
-    ];
-
-    actions.moveCellsRelativeTo({
-      cellIds: [firstCellId, cellId("1")],
-      targetCellId: cellId("2"),
-      position: "after",
-      previousPlacements,
-    });
-    expect(formatCells(state)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-      "
-      [2] ''
-
-      [0] ''
-
-      [1] ''
-      "
-    `);
-
-    actions.undoDeleteCell();
-    expect(formatCells(state)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-      "
-      [0] ''
-
-      [1] ''
-
-      [2] ''
-      "
-    `);
-  });
-
-  it("undo order: cut-paste then delete — first undo restores delete, second undo undoes move", () => {
-    actions.createNewCell({
-      cellId: firstCellId,
-      before: false,
-    });
-    actions.createNewCell({
-      cellId: cellId("1"),
-      before: false,
-    });
-
-    const col = state.cellIds.findWithId(firstCellId);
-    const previousPlacements = [
-      {
-        columnId: col.id,
-        index: col.indexOfOrThrow(
-          firstCellId,
-        ) as import("@/utils/id-tree").CellIndex,
-      },
-      {
-        columnId: col.id,
-        index: col.indexOfOrThrow(
-          cellId("1"),
-        ) as import("@/utils/id-tree").CellIndex,
-      },
-    ];
-
-    actions.moveCellsRelativeTo({
-      cellIds: [firstCellId, cellId("1")],
-      targetCellId: cellId("2"),
-      position: "after",
-      previousPlacements,
-    });
-    expect(formatCells(state)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-      "
-      [2] ''
-
-      [0] ''
-
-      [1] ''
-      "
-    `);
-
-    actions.deleteCell({ cellId: cellId("2") });
-    expect(formatCells(state)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-      "
-      [0] ''
-
-      [1] ''
-      "
-    `);
-
-    actions.undoDeleteCell();
-    expect(formatCells(state)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-      "
-      [3] ''
-
-      [0] ''
-
-      [1] ''
-      "
-    `);
-
-    actions.undoDeleteCell();
-    expect(formatCells(state)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-      "
-      [0] ''
-
-      [1] ''
-
-      [3] ''
-      "
-    `);
-  });
-
-  it("keeps error evidence after an edit and a new queued run", () => {
-    const code = "raise ValueError('old failure')";
-    const output: OutputMessage = {
-      channel: "marimo-error",
-      mimetype: "application/vnd.marimo+error",
-      data: [
-        {
-          type: "exception",
-          msg: "old failure",
-          exception_type: "ValueError",
-          raising_cell: null,
-          traceback: "<pre>ValueError: old failure</pre>",
-        },
-      ],
-      code,
-      timestamp: 1,
-    };
-    actions.handleCellMessage({
-      cell_id: firstCellId,
-      output,
-      console: {
-        channel: "stderr",
-        mimetype: "application/vnd.marimo+traceback",
-        data: "<pre>ValueError: old failure</pre>",
-        code,
-        timestamp: 1,
-      },
-      status: "idle",
-      stale_inputs: null,
-      timestamp: 1,
-    });
-    actions.updateCellCode({
-      cellId: firstCellId,
-      code: "print('new code')",
-      formattingChange: false,
-    });
-    actions.prepareForRun({ cellId: firstCellId });
-    actions.handleCellMessage({
-      cell_id: firstCellId,
-      output: null,
-      console: null,
-      status: "queued",
-      stale_inputs: null,
-      timestamp: 2,
-    });
-    const runtime = state.cellRuntime[firstCellId];
-    expect(state.cellData[firstCellId].lastCodeRun).toBe("print('new code')");
-    expect(runtime.output).toEqual(output);
-    expect(runtime.consoleOutputs[0].code).toBe(code);
-    expect(runtime.consoleOutputs[0].data).toContain("old failure");
-  });
-
-  it("can run cell and receive cell messages", () => {
-    // HAPPY PATH
-    /////////////////
-    // Initial state
-    let cell = cells[0];
-    expect(cell.status).toBe("idle");
-    expect(cell.lastCodeRun).toBe(null);
-    expect(cell.edited).toBe(false);
-    expect(cell).toMatchSnapshot("initial state");
-
-    // Update code
-    actions.updateCellCode({
-      cellId: firstCellId,
-      code: "import marimo as mo",
-      formattingChange: false,
-    });
-    cell = cells[0];
-    expect(cell.status).toBe("idle");
-    expect(cell.lastCodeRun).toBe(null);
-    expect(cell.edited).toBe(true);
-    expect(cell).toMatchSnapshot("code edited");
-
-    // Prepare for run
-    actions.prepareForRun({
-      cellId: firstCellId,
-    });
-    cell = cells[0];
-    expect(cell.status).toBe("queued");
-    expect(cell.lastCodeRun).toBe("import marimo as mo");
-    expect(cell.edited).toBe(false);
-    expect(cell).toMatchSnapshot("prepared for run");
-
-    // Receive queued messages
-    actions.handleCellMessage({
-      cell_id: firstCellId,
-      output: undefined,
-      console: null,
-      status: "queued",
-      stale_inputs: null,
-      timestamp: new Date(10).getTime() as Seconds,
-    });
-    cell = cells[0];
-    expect(cell.status).toBe("queued");
-    expect(cell.lastCodeRun).toBe("import marimo as mo");
-    expect(cell.edited).toBe(false);
-    expect(cell.runElapsedTimeMs).toBe(null);
-    expect(cell.runStartTimestamp).toBe(null);
-    expect(cell.lastRunStartTimestamp).toBe(null);
-    expect(cell).toMatchSnapshot("queued message received");
-
-    // Receive running messages
-    actions.handleCellMessage({
-      cell_id: firstCellId,
-      output: undefined,
-      console: null,
-      status: "running",
-      stale_inputs: null,
-      timestamp: new Date(20).getTime() as Seconds,
-    });
-    cell = cells[0];
-    expect(cell.status).toBe("running");
-    expect(cell.lastCodeRun).toBe("import marimo as mo");
-    expect(cell.edited).toBe(false);
-    expect(cell.runElapsedTimeMs).toBe(null);
-    expect(cell.runStartTimestamp).toBe(20);
-    expect(cell.lastRunStartTimestamp).toBe(20);
-    expect(cell).toMatchSnapshot("running message received");
-
-    // Console messages shouldn't transition status
-    actions.handleCellMessage({
-      cell_id: firstCellId,
-      output: undefined,
-      console: {
-        channel: "stdout",
-        mimetype: "text/plain",
-        data: "hello!",
-        timestamp: 0,
-      },
-      status: undefined,
-      stale_inputs: null,
-      timestamp: new Date(22).getTime() as Seconds,
-    });
-    cell = cells[0];
-    expect(cell.status).toBe("running");
-    expect(cell.edited).toBe(false);
-    expect(cell.runElapsedTimeMs).toBe(null);
-    expect(cell.runStartTimestamp).toBe(20);
-    expect(cell.lastRunStartTimestamp).toBe(20);
-    expect(cell).toMatchSnapshot("console message received");
-
-    // Receive output messages
-    actions.handleCellMessage({
-      cell_id: firstCellId,
-      output: {
-        channel: "output",
-        mimetype: "text/plain",
-        data: "ok",
-        timestamp: 0,
-      },
-      console: {
-        channel: "stdout",
-        mimetype: "text/plain",
-        data: "hello!",
-        timestamp: 0,
-      },
-      status: "idle",
-      stale_inputs: null,
-      timestamp: new Date(33).getTime() as Seconds,
-    });
-    cell = cells[0];
-    expect(cell.status).toBe("idle");
-    expect(cell.edited).toBe(false);
-    expect(cell.runElapsedTimeMs).toBe(13_000);
-    expect(cell.runStartTimestamp).toBe(null);
-    expect(cell.lastRunStartTimestamp).toBe(20);
-    expect(cell).toMatchSnapshot("output received");
-
-    // EDITING BACK AND FORTH
-    /////////////////
-    // Update code again
-    actions.updateCellCode({
-      cellId: firstCellId,
-      code: "import marimo as mo\nimport numpy",
-      formattingChange: false,
-    });
-    cell = cells[0];
-    expect(cell.status).toBe("idle");
-    expect(cell.edited).toBe(true);
-    expect(cell).toMatchSnapshot("code edited again");
-
-    // Update code should be unedited
-    actions.updateCellCode({
-      cellId: firstCellId,
-      code: "import marimo as mo",
-      formattingChange: false,
-    });
-    cell = cells[0];
-    expect(cell.edited).toBe(false);
-    expect(cell).toMatchSnapshot("code reverted");
-
-    // Update code should be edited again
-    actions.updateCellCode({
-      cellId: firstCellId,
-      code: "import marimo as mo\nimport numpy",
-      formattingChange: false,
-    });
-    cell = cells[0];
-    expect(cell.status).toBe("idle");
-    expect(cell.lastCodeRun).toBe("import marimo as mo");
-    expect(cell.edited).toBe(true);
-    expect(cell).toMatchSnapshot("code changed after revert");
-
-    // ERROR RESPONSE
-    /////////////////
-    // Prepare for run
-    actions.prepareForRun({
-      cellId: firstCellId,
-    });
-    cell = cells[0];
-    expect(cell.output).not.toBe(null); // keep old output
-    // Queue
-    actions.handleCellMessage({
-      cell_id: firstCellId,
-      output: undefined,
-      console: null,
-      status: "queued",
-      stale_inputs: null,
-      timestamp: new Date(40).getTime() as Seconds,
-    });
-    cell = cells[0];
-    expect(cell.output).not.toBe(null); // keep old output
-    // Running
-    actions.handleCellMessage({
-      cell_id: firstCellId,
-      output: undefined,
-      console: null,
-      status: "running",
-      stale_inputs: null,
-      timestamp: new Date(50).getTime() as Seconds,
-    });
-    cell = cells[0];
-    expect(cell.output).not.toBe(null); // keep old output
-    // Receive error
-    actions.handleCellMessage({
-      cell_id: firstCellId,
-      output: {
-        channel: "marimo-error",
-        mimetype: "application/vnd.marimo+error",
-        data: [
-          { type: "exception", exception_type: "ValueError", msg: "Oh no!" },
-        ],
-        timestamp: 0,
-      },
-      console: null,
-      status: "idle",
-      stale_inputs: null,
-      timestamp: new Date(61).getTime() as Seconds,
-    });
-    cell = cells[0];
-    expect(cell.output).not.toBe(null); // keep old output
-    expect(cell.status).toBe("idle");
-    expect(cell.lastCodeRun).toBe("import marimo as mo\nimport numpy");
-    expect(cell.edited).toBe(false);
-    expect(cell.runElapsedTimeMs).toBe(11_000);
-    expect(cell.runStartTimestamp).toBe(null);
-    expect(cell).toMatchSnapshot("error response received");
-
-    // INTERRUPT RESPONSE
-    /////////////////
-    // Prepare for run
-    actions.prepareForRun({
+    // INTERRUPT RESPONSE
+    /////////////////
+    // Prepare for run
+    actions.prepareForRun({
       cellId: firstCellId,
     });
     cell = cells[0];
@@ -1062,7 +434,6 @@ describe("cell reducer", () => {
       output: undefined,
       console: null,
       status: "queued",
-      stale_inputs: null,
       timestamp: new Date(40).getTime() as Seconds,
     });
     cell = cells[0];
@@ -1073,7 +444,6 @@ describe("cell reducer", () => {
       output: undefined,
       console: null,
       status: "running",
-      stale_inputs: null,
       timestamp: new Date(50).getTime() as Seconds,
     });
     cell = cells[0];
@@ -1089,100 +459,23 @@ describe("cell reducer", () => {
       },
       console: null,
       status: "idle",
-      stale_inputs: null,
       timestamp: new Date(61).getTime() as Seconds,
     });
     cell = cells[0];
-    expect(cell.status).toBe("idle");
-    expect(cell.lastCodeRun).toBe(cell.code);
-    expect(cell.edited).toBe(false);
-    expect(cell.runElapsedTimeMs).toBe(11_000);
-    expect(cell.runStartTimestamp).toBe(null);
     expect(cell).toMatchSnapshot("interruption response received");
   });
 
-  it("errors reset status to idle", () => {
-    // Initial state
-    let cell = cells[0];
-    expect(cell.status).toBe("idle");
-    expect(cell.lastCodeRun).toBe(null);
-    expect(cell.edited).toBe(false);
-    expect(cell).toMatchSnapshot("initial state");
-
-    // Update code
-    actions.updateCellCode({
-      cellId: firstCellId,
-      code: "import marimo as mo",
-      formattingChange: false,
-    });
-    cell = cells[0];
-    expect(cell.status).toBe("idle");
-    expect(cell.lastCodeRun).toBe(null);
-    expect(cell.edited).toBe(true);
-    expect(cell).toMatchSnapshot("code edited");
-
-    // Prepare for run
-    actions.prepareForRun({
-      cellId: firstCellId,
-    });
-    cell = cells[0];
-    expect(cell.status).toBe("queued");
-    expect(cell.lastCodeRun).toBe("import marimo as mo");
-    expect(cell.edited).toBe(false);
-    expect(cell).toMatchSnapshot("prepared for run");
-
-    // ERROR RESPONSE
-    //
-    // should reset status to idle
-    /////////////////
-    // Prepare for run
-    actions.prepareForRun({
-      cellId: firstCellId,
-    });
-    cell = cells[0];
-    // Receive error
-    actions.handleCellMessage({
-      cell_id: firstCellId,
-      output: {
-        channel: "marimo-error",
-        mimetype: "application/vnd.marimo+error",
-        data: [
-          { type: "exception", exception_type: "SyntaxError", msg: "Oh no!" },
-        ],
-        timestamp: 0,
-      },
-      console: null,
-      stale_inputs: null,
-      timestamp: new Date(61).getTime() as Seconds,
-    });
-    cell = cells[0];
-    expect(cell.status).toBe("idle");
-    expect(cell.lastCodeRun).toBe("import marimo as mo");
-    expect(cell.edited).toBe(false);
-    expect(cell.runElapsedTimeMs).toBe(null);
-    expect(cell.runStartTimestamp).toBe(null);
-    expect(cell).toMatchSnapshot("error response received");
-  });
-
   it("can run a stale cell", () => {
     // Update code of first cell
-    actions.updateCellCode({
-      cellId: firstCellId,
-      code: "import marimo as mo",
-      formattingChange: false,
-    });
+    editCode(firstCellId, "import marimo as mo");
     // Add cell
-    actions.createNewCell({
+    seedCell({
       cellId: firstCellId,
       before: false,
     });
     const secondCell = cells[1].id;
-    // Update code
-    actions.updateCellCode({
-      code: "mo.slider()",
-      cellId: secondCell,
-      formattingChange: false,
-    });
+    // Update code
+    editCode(secondCell, "mo.slider()");
 
     // Prepare for run
     actions.prepareForRun({
@@ -1195,15 +488,9 @@ describe("cell reducer", () => {
       output: undefined,
       console: null,
       status: "queued",
-      stale_inputs: null,
       timestamp: new Date(10).getTime() as Seconds,
     });
     let cell = cells[1];
-    expect(cell.status).toBe("queued");
-    expect(cell.lastCodeRun).toBe("mo.slider()");
-    expect(cell.edited).toBe(false);
-    expect(cell.runElapsedTimeMs).toBe(null);
-    expect(cell.runStartTimestamp).toBe(null);
     expect(cell).toMatchSnapshot("queued message received");
 
     // Receive stale message
@@ -1212,105 +499,15 @@ describe("cell reducer", () => {
       output: undefined,
       console: null,
       status: undefined,
-      stale_inputs: true,
       timestamp: new Date(20).getTime() as Seconds,
     });
     cell = cells[1];
-    expect(cell.status).toBe("queued");
-    expect(cell.lastCodeRun).toBe("mo.slider()");
-    expect(cell.edited).toBe(false);
-    expect(cell.runElapsedTimeMs).toBe(null);
-    expect(cell.runStartTimestamp).toBe(null);
     expect(cell).toMatchSnapshot("stale inputs received");
   });
 
-  it("can format code and update cell", () => {
-    const firstCellId = cells[0].id;
-    actions.updateCellCode({
-      cellId: firstCellId,
-      code: "import marimo as    mo",
-      formattingChange: false,
-    });
-    let cell = cells[0];
-    expect(cell.status).toBe("idle");
-    expect(cell.lastCodeRun).toBe(null);
-    expect(cell.edited).toBe(true);
-
-    // Run
-    actions.prepareForRun({
-      cellId: firstCellId,
-    });
-    actions.handleCellMessage({
-      cell_id: firstCellId,
-      output: {
-        channel: "output",
-        mimetype: "text/plain",
-        data: "ok",
-        timestamp: 0,
-      },
-      console: {
-        channel: "stdout",
-        mimetype: "text/plain",
-        data: "hello!",
-        timestamp: 0,
-      },
-      status: "idle",
-      stale_inputs: null,
-      timestamp: new Date(33).getTime() as Seconds,
-    });
-
-    // Check steady state
-    cell = cells[0];
-    expect(cell.status).toBe("idle");
-    expect(cell.edited).toBe(false);
-    expect(cell.lastCodeRun).toBe("import marimo as    mo");
-
-    // Format code
-    actions.updateCellCode({
-      cellId: firstCellId,
-      code: "import marimo as mo",
-      formattingChange: true,
-    });
-    cell = cells[0];
-    expect(cell.status).toBe("idle");
-    expect(cell.lastCodeRun).toBe("import marimo as mo");
-    expect(cell.edited).toBe(false);
-  });
-
-  it("can update a cells config", () => {
-    const firstCellId = cells[0].id;
-    let cell = cells[0];
-    // Starts empty
-    expect(cell.config).toEqual({
-      disabled: false,
-      hide_code: false,
-      column: null,
-      expand_output: false,
-    });
-
-    actions.updateCellConfig({
-      cellId: firstCellId,
-      config: { disabled: true },
-    });
-    cell = cells[0];
-    expect(cell.config.disabled).toBe(true);
-
-    // Revert
-    actions.updateCellConfig({
-      cellId: firstCellId,
-      config: { disabled: false },
-    });
-    cell = cells[0];
-    expect(cell.config.disabled).toBe(false);
-  });
-
   it("can run a stopped cell", () => {
     // Update code of first cell
-    actions.updateCellCode({
-      cellId: firstCellId,
-      code: "mo.md('This has an ancestor that was stopped')",
-      formattingChange: false,
-    });
+    editCode(firstCellId, "mo.md('This has an ancestor that was stopped')");
 
     // Prepare for run
     actions.prepareForRun({
@@ -1323,17 +520,9 @@ describe("cell reducer", () => {
       output: undefined,
       console: null,
       status: "queued",
-      stale_inputs: null,
       timestamp: new Date(10).getTime() as Seconds,
     });
     let cell = cells[0];
-    expect(cell.status).toBe("queued");
-    expect(cell.lastCodeRun).toBe(
-      "mo.md('This has an ancestor that was stopped')",
-    );
-    expect(cell.edited).toBe(false);
-    expect(cell.runElapsedTimeMs).toBe(null);
-    expect(cell.runStartTimestamp).toBe(null);
     expect(cell).toMatchSnapshot("queued message received");
 
     // Receive idle message
@@ -1342,7 +531,6 @@ describe("cell reducer", () => {
       output: undefined,
       console: null,
       status: "idle",
-      stale_inputs: null,
       timestamp: new Date(20).getTime() as Seconds,
     });
     cell = cells[0];
@@ -1365,16 +553,13 @@ describe("cell reducer", () => {
       },
       console: null,
       status: "idle",
-      stale_inputs: null,
       timestamp: new Date(20).getTime() as Seconds,
     });
     cell = cells[0];
-    expect(cell.status).toBe("idle");
     // oxlint-disable-next-line typescript/no-explicit-any no-unsafe-optional-chaining
     expect((cell.output?.data as any)[0].msg).toBe(
       "This cell wasn't run because an ancestor was stopped with `mo.stop`: ",
     );
-    expect(cell.stopped).toBe(true);
     expect(cell).toMatchSnapshot("ancestor stopped");
 
     // Receive queued message
@@ -1383,12 +568,9 @@ describe("cell reducer", () => {
       output: undefined,
       console: null,
       status: "queued",
-      stale_inputs: null,
       timestamp: new Date(30).getTime() as Seconds,
     });
     cell = cells[0];
-    expect(cell.status).toBe("queued");
-    expect(cell.stopped).toBe(true);
     expect(cell).toMatchSnapshot("queued after stop");
 
     // Receive running message
@@ -1397,12 +579,9 @@ describe("cell reducer", () => {
       output: undefined,
       console: null,
       status: "running",
-      stale_inputs: null,
       timestamp: new Date(40).getTime() as Seconds,
     });
     cell = cells[0];
-    expect(cell.status).toBe("running");
-    expect(cell.stopped).toBe(false);
     expect(cell.output).toBe(null);
     expect(cell).toMatchSnapshot("running after stop");
   });
@@ -1429,7 +608,6 @@ describe("cell reducer", () => {
 
     // Initial state
     let cell = cells[0];
-    expect(cell.status).toBe("idle");
     expect(cell.consoleOutputs).toEqual([]);
     expect(cell).toMatchSnapshot("initial state");
 
@@ -1438,7 +616,6 @@ describe("cell reducer", () => {
       cellId: firstCellId,
     });
     cell = cells[0];
-    expect(cell.status).toBe("queued");
     expect(cell.consoleOutputs).toEqual([]);
     expect(cell).toMatchSnapshot("prepared for run");
 
@@ -1448,11 +625,9 @@ describe("cell reducer", () => {
       output: undefined,
       console: null,
       status: "queued",
-      stale_inputs: null,
       timestamp: new Date(10).getTime() as Seconds,
     });
     cell = cells[0];
-    expect(cell.status).toBe("queued");
     expect(cell).toMatchSnapshot("queued message received");
 
     // Receive running messages
@@ -1461,11 +636,9 @@ describe("cell reducer", () => {
       output: undefined,
       console: null,
       status: "running",
-      stale_inputs: null,
       timestamp: new Date(20).getTime() as Seconds,
     });
     cell = cells[0];
-    expect(cell.status).toBe("running");
     expect(cell).toMatchSnapshot("running message received");
 
     // Add console
@@ -1474,16 +647,13 @@ describe("cell reducer", () => {
       output: undefined,
       console: STDOUT,
       status: undefined,
-      stale_inputs: null,
       timestamp: new Date(22).getTime() as Seconds,
     });
     cell = cells[0];
-    expect(cell.status).toBe("running");
     expect(cell).toMatchSnapshot("stdout received");
 
     cell = cells[0];
     expect(cell.consoleOutputs[0]).toMatchObject(STDOUT);
-    expect(cell.status).toBe("running");
     expect(cell).toMatchSnapshot("stdout verified");
 
     // Ask via stdin
@@ -1492,13 +662,11 @@ describe("cell reducer", () => {
       output: undefined,
       console: STD_IN_1,
       status: undefined,
-      stale_inputs: null,
       timestamp: new Date(22).getTime() as Seconds,
     });
     cell = cells[0];
     expect(cell.consoleOutputs[0]).toMatchObject(STDOUT);
     expect(cell.consoleOutputs[1]).toMatchObject(STD_IN_1);
-    expect(cell.status).toBe("running");
     expect(cell).toMatchSnapshot("stdin requested");
 
     // Response to stdin
@@ -1512,7 +680,6 @@ describe("cell reducer", () => {
       ...STD_IN_1,
       response: "Marimo!",
     });
-    expect(cell.status).toBe("running");
     expect(cell).toMatchSnapshot("stdin answered");
 
     // Ask via stdin, again
@@ -1521,7 +688,6 @@ describe("cell reducer", () => {
       output: undefined,
       console: STD_IN_2,
       status: undefined,
-      stale_inputs: null,
       timestamp: new Date(22).getTime() as Seconds,
     });
     cell = cells[0];
@@ -1530,7 +696,6 @@ describe("cell reducer", () => {
       { ...STD_IN_1, response: "Marimo!" },
       STD_IN_2,
     ]);
-    expect(cell.status).toBe("running");
     expect(cell).toMatchSnapshot("second stdin requested");
 
     // Interrupt, so we respond with ""
@@ -1544,11 +709,9 @@ describe("cell reducer", () => {
       },
       console: null,
       status: "idle",
-      stale_inputs: null,
       timestamp: new Date(61).getTime() as Seconds,
     });
     cell = cells[0];
-    expect(cell.status).toBe("idle");
     expect(cell.consoleOutputs).toMatchObject([
       STDOUT,
       { ...STD_IN_1, response: "Marimo!" },
@@ -1568,7 +731,6 @@ describe("cell reducer", () => {
       output: undefined,
       console: prompt,
       status: "running",
-      stale_inputs: null,
       timestamp: 1 as Seconds,
     });
 
@@ -1579,7 +741,9 @@ describe("cell reducer", () => {
       response: secret,
     });
 
-    expect(cells[0].consoleOutputs).toEqual([{ ...prompt, response: "" }]);
+    expect(cells[0].consoleOutputs).toEqual([
+      { ...prompt, id: 1, response: "" },
+    ]);
     expect(JSON.stringify(cells[0].consoleOutputs)).not.toContain(secret);
   });
 
@@ -1598,7 +762,6 @@ describe("cell reducer", () => {
       output: undefined,
       console: null,
       status: "running",
-      stale_inputs: null,
       timestamp: new Date(20).getTime() as Seconds,
     });
     actions.handleCellMessage({
@@ -1606,7 +769,6 @@ describe("cell reducer", () => {
       output: undefined,
       console: STDOUT,
       status: undefined,
-      stale_inputs: null,
       timestamp: new Date(22).getTime() as Seconds,
     });
 
@@ -1640,7 +802,6 @@ describe("cell reducer", () => {
 
     // Initial state
     let cell = cells[0];
-    expect(cell.status).toBe("idle");
     expect(cell.consoleOutputs).toEqual([]);
     expect(cell).toMatchSnapshot("initial state");
 
@@ -1650,7 +811,6 @@ describe("cell reducer", () => {
       output: undefined,
       console: [OLD_STDOUT],
       status: undefined,
-      stale_inputs: null,
       timestamp: new Date(1).getTime() as Seconds,
     });
 
@@ -1659,7 +819,6 @@ describe("cell reducer", () => {
       cellId: firstCellId,
     });
     cell = cells[0];
-    expect(cell.status).toBe("queued");
     expect(cell.consoleOutputs).toMatchObject([OLD_STDOUT]); // Old stays there until it starts running
     expect(cell).toMatchSnapshot("prepared for run");
 
@@ -1669,11 +828,9 @@ describe("cell reducer", () => {
       output: undefined,
       console: null,
       status: "queued",
-      stale_inputs: null,
       timestamp: new Date(10).getTime() as Seconds,
     });
     cell = cells[0];
-    expect(cell.status).toBe("queued");
     expect(cell.consoleOutputs).toMatchObject([OLD_STDOUT]); // Old stays there until it starts running
     expect(cell).toMatchSnapshot("queued message received");
 
@@ -1683,624 +840,50 @@ describe("cell reducer", () => {
       output: undefined,
       console: [], // Backend sends an empty array to clearu
       status: "running",
-      stale_inputs: null,
       timestamp: new Date(20).getTime() as Seconds,
     });
     cell = cells[0];
-    expect(cell.status).toBe("running");
     expect(cell.consoleOutputs).toMatchObject([]);
     expect(cell).toMatchSnapshot("console cleared while running");
 
     // Add console
     actions.handleCellMessage({
-      cell_id: firstCellId,
-      output: undefined,
-      console: [STDOUT],
-      status: "idle",
-      stale_inputs: null,
-      timestamp: new Date(22).getTime() as Seconds,
-    });
-    cell = cells[0];
-    expect(cell.consoleOutputs).toMatchObject([STDOUT]);
-    expect(cell.status).toBe("idle");
-    expect(cell).toMatchSnapshot("console received while idle");
-  });
-
-  it("can send a cell to the top", () => {
-    actions.createNewCell({ cellId: firstCellId, before: false });
-    actions.createNewCell({ cellId: cellId("1"), before: false });
-    actions.sendToTop({ cellId: cellId("2") });
-    expect(formatCells(state)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-      "
-      [2] ''
-
-      [0] ''
-
-      [1] ''
-      "
-    `);
-  });
-
-  it("can send a cell to the bottom", () => {
-    actions.createNewCell({ cellId: firstCellId, before: false });
-    actions.createNewCell({ cellId: cellId("1"), before: false });
-    actions.sendToBottom({ cellId: firstCellId });
-    expect(formatCells(state)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-      "
-      [1] ''
-
-      [2] ''
-
-      [0] ''
-      "
-    `);
-  });
-
-  it("can focus cells", () => {
-    actions.createNewCell({ cellId: firstCellId, before: false });
-    actions.createNewCell({ cellId: cellId("1"), before: false });
-
-    actions.focusCell({ cellId: cellId("1"), where: "before" });
-    expect(focusAndScrollCellIntoView).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
-      expect.objectContaining({
-        cellId: cellId("0"),
-      }),
-    );
-
-    actions.focusTopCell();
-    expect(scrollToTop).toHaveBeenCalled();
-
-    actions.focusBottomCell();
-    expect(scrollToBottom).toHaveBeenCalled();
-  });
-
-  it("can update cell name", () => {
-    actions.updateCellName({ cellId: firstCellId, name: "Test Cell" });
-    expect(state.cellData[firstCellId].name).toBe("Test Cell");
-  });
-
-  it("can set cell IDs and codes", () => {
-    const newIds = [cellId("3"), cellId("4"), cellId("5")];
-    const newCodes = ["code1", "code2", "code3"];
-
-    actions.setCellIds({ cellIds: newIds });
-    expect(state.cellIds.atOrThrow(FIRST_COLUMN).topLevelIds).toEqual(newIds);
-
-    // When codeIsStale is false, lastCodeRun should match code
-    actions.setCellCodes({
-      codes: newCodes,
-      ids: newIds,
-      codeIsStale: false,
-    });
-    newIds.forEach((id, index) => {
-      expect(state.cellData[id].code).toBe(newCodes[index]);
-      expect(state.cellData[id].lastCodeRun).toBe(newCodes[index]);
-      expect(state.cellData[id].edited).toBe(false);
-    });
-
-    // When codeIsStale is true, lastCodeRun should not change
-    const staleCodes = ["stale1", "stale2", "stale3"];
-    actions.setCellCodes({
-      codes: staleCodes,
-      ids: newIds,
-      codeIsStale: true,
-    });
-    newIds.forEach((id, index) => {
-      expect(state.cellData[id].code).toBe(staleCodes[index]);
-      expect(state.cellData[id].lastCodeRun).toBe(newCodes[index]);
-      expect(state.cellData[id].edited).toBe(true);
-    });
-  });
-
-  it("can can add a new cell with/without stale code", () => {
-    actions.setCellCodes({
-      codes: ["new code"],
-      ids: [cellId("2")],
-      codeIsStale: false,
-    });
-
-    expect(state.cellData[cellId("2")].code).toBe("new code");
-    expect(state.cellData[cellId("2")].edited).toBe(false);
-    expect(state.cellData[cellId("2")].lastCodeRun).toBe("new code");
-
-    actions.setCellCodes({
-      codes: ["new code 2"],
-      ids: [cellId("9")],
-      codeIsStale: true,
-    });
-
-    expect(state.cellData[cellId("9")].code).toBe("new code 2");
-    expect(state.cellData[cellId("9")].edited).toBe(true);
-    expect(state.cellData[cellId("9")].lastCodeRun).toBe(null);
-  });
-
-  it("can partial update cell codes", () => {
-    actions.createNewCell({ cellId: firstCellId, before: false });
-    actions.createNewCell({ cellId: cellId("1"), before: false });
-
-    expect(state.cellIds.inOrderIds).toEqual([
-      cellId("0"),
-      cellId("1"),
-      cellId("2"),
-    ]);
-    expect(state.cellData[cellId("0")].code).toBe("");
-    expect(state.cellData[cellId("1")].code).toBe("");
-    expect(state.cellData[cellId("2")].code).toBe("");
-
-    // Update cell 1
-    actions.setCellCodes({
-      codes: ["new code 2"],
-      ids: [cellId("1")],
-      codeIsStale: false,
-    });
-
-    expect(state.cellIds.inOrderIds).toEqual([
-      cellId("0"),
-      cellId("1"),
-      cellId("2"),
-    ]);
-    expect(state.cellData[cellId("0")].code).toBe("");
-    expect(state.cellData[cellId("1")].code).toBe("new code 2");
-    expect(state.cellData[cellId("1")].edited).toBe(false);
-    expect(state.cellData[cellId("2")].code).toBe("");
-  });
-
-  it("can set cell codes with new cell ids, while preserving the old cell data", () => {
-    actions.setCellCodes({
-      codes: ["code1", "code2", "code3"],
-      ids: [cellId("3"), cellId("4"), cellId("5")],
-      codeIsStale: false,
-    });
-    expect(state.cellData[cellId("3")].code).toBe("code1");
-    expect(state.cellData[cellId("4")].code).toBe("code2");
-    expect(state.cellData[cellId("5")].code).toBe("code3");
-
-    // Update with some new cell ids and some old cell ids
-    actions.setCellIds({
-      cellIds: [cellId("1"), cellId("2"), cellId("3"), cellId("4")],
-    });
-    actions.setCellCodes({
-      codes: ["new1", "new2", "code1", "code2"],
-      ids: [cellId("1"), cellId("2"), cellId("3"), cellId("4")],
-      codeIsStale: false,
-    });
-    expect(state.cellData[cellId("1")].code).toBe("new1");
-    expect(state.cellData[cellId("2")].code).toBe("new2");
-    expect(state.cellData[cellId("3")].code).toBe("code1");
-    expect(state.cellData[cellId("4")].code).toBe("code2");
-    expect(state.cellIds.inOrderIds).toEqual([
-      cellId("1"),
-      cellId("2"),
-      cellId("3"),
-      cellId("4"),
-    ]);
-    // Cell 5 data is preserved (possibly used for tracing), but it's not in the cellIds
-    expect(state.cellData[cellId("5")]).not.toBeUndefined();
-  });
-
-  it("can set cell codes with names and configs", () => {
-    const newIds = [cellId("3"), cellId("4")];
-    actions.setCellIds({ cellIds: newIds });
-    actions.setCellCodes({
-      codes: ["code1", "code2"],
-      ids: newIds,
-      codeIsStale: false,
-      names: ["setup_cell", "analysis"],
-      configs: [
-        { hide_code: true, disabled: false, column: null },
-        { hide_code: false, disabled: true, column: null },
-      ],
-    });
-
-    expect(state.cellData[cellId("3")].name).toBe("setup_cell");
-    expect(state.cellData[cellId("3")].config.hide_code).toBe(true);
-    expect(state.cellData[cellId("3")].config.disabled).toBe(false);
-
-    expect(state.cellData[cellId("4")].name).toBe("analysis");
-    expect(state.cellData[cellId("4")].config.hide_code).toBe(false);
-    expect(state.cellData[cellId("4")].config.disabled).toBe(true);
-  });
-
-  it("can set cell codes without names/configs (backward compat)", () => {
-    const newIds = [cellId("3")];
-    actions.setCellIds({ cellIds: newIds });
-    actions.setCellCodes({
-      codes: ["code1"],
-      ids: newIds,
-      codeIsStale: false,
-    });
-
-    // Should use defaults when names/configs not provided
-    expect(state.cellData[cellId("3")].code).toBe("code1");
-    expect(state.cellData[cellId("3")].config.hide_code).toBe(false);
-    expect(state.cellData[cellId("3")].config.disabled).toBe(false);
-  });
-
-  it("can update names and configs on existing cells via setCellCodes", () => {
-    // Set initial state
-    actions.setCellCodes({
-      codes: ["x = 1"],
-      ids: [firstCellId],
-      codeIsStale: false,
-      names: ["old_name"],
-      configs: [{ hide_code: false, disabled: false, column: null }],
-    });
-    expect(state.cellData[firstCellId].name).toBe("old_name");
-    expect(state.cellData[firstCellId].config.hide_code).toBe(false);
-
-    // Update with new name and config (same code)
-    actions.setCellCodes({
-      codes: ["x = 1"],
-      ids: [firstCellId],
-      codeIsStale: true,
-      names: ["new_name"],
-      configs: [{ hide_code: true, disabled: false, column: null }],
-    });
-    expect(state.cellData[firstCellId].name).toBe("new_name");
-    expect(state.cellData[firstCellId].config.hide_code).toBe(true);
-  });
-
-  it("can fold and unfold all cells", () => {
-    actions.foldAll();
-    expect(foldAllBulk).toHaveBeenCalled();
-
-    actions.unfoldAll();
-    expect(unfoldAllBulk).toHaveBeenCalled();
-  });
-
-  it("can clear logs", () => {
-    state.cellLogs = [
-      {
-        level: "stderr",
-        message: "log1",
-        timestamp: 0,
-        source: { type: "cell", cellId: firstCellId },
-      },
-      {
-        level: "stderr",
-        message: "log1",
-        timestamp: 0,
-        source: { type: "cell", cellId: firstCellId },
-      },
-    ];
-    actions.clearLogs();
-    expect(state.cellLogs).toEqual([]);
-  });
-
-  it("can collapse and expand cells", () => {
-    actions.createNewCell({ cellId: firstCellId, before: false });
-    actions.createNewCell({
-      cellId: cellId("1"),
-      before: false,
-      code: "# Header",
-    });
-    actions.createNewCell({
-      cellId: cellId("2"),
-      before: false,
-      code: "## Subheader",
-    });
-
-    const id = state.cellIds.atOrThrow(FIRST_COLUMN).atOrThrow(1);
-    state.cellRuntime[id] = {
-      ...state.cellRuntime[id],
-      outline: {
-        items: [{ name: "Header", level: 1, by: { id: "header" } }],
-      },
-    };
-
-    actions.collapseCell({ cellId: id });
-    expect(state.cellIds.atOrThrow(FIRST_COLUMN).isCollapsed(id)).toBe(true);
-
-    actions.expandCell({ cellId: id });
-    expect(state.cellIds.atOrThrow(FIRST_COLUMN).isCollapsed(id)).toBe(false);
-  });
-
-  it("can collapse and expand all cells in multiple columns", () => {
-    actions.createNewCell({ cellId: firstCellId, before: false });
-    actions.createNewCell({
-      cellId: cellId("1"),
-      before: false,
-      code: "# First Column Header",
-    });
-    actions.createNewCell({
-      cellId: cellId("2"),
-      before: false,
-      code: "## First Column Subheader",
-    });
-
-    actions.addColumnBreakpoint({ cellId: cellId("2") });
-
-    actions.createNewCell({
-      cellId: cellId("3"),
-      before: false,
-      code: "# Second Column Header",
-    });
-    actions.createNewCell({
-      cellId: cellId("4"),
-      before: false,
-      code: "## Second Column Subheader",
-    });
-
-    const firstColumnHeaderId = state.cellIds
-      .atOrThrow(FIRST_COLUMN)
-      .atOrThrow(1);
-    state.cellRuntime[firstColumnHeaderId] = {
-      ...state.cellRuntime[firstColumnHeaderId],
-      outline: {
-        items: [
-          { name: "First Column Header", level: 1, by: { id: "header" } },
-        ],
-      },
-    };
-
-    const secondColumnHeaderId = state.cellIds
-      .atOrThrow(SECOND_COLUMN)
-      .atOrThrow(0);
-    state.cellRuntime[secondColumnHeaderId] = {
-      ...state.cellRuntime[secondColumnHeaderId],
-      outline: {
-        items: [
-          { name: "Second Column Header", level: 1, by: { id: "header" } },
-        ],
-      },
-    };
-
-    actions.collapseAllCells();
-    expect(
-      state.cellIds.atOrThrow(FIRST_COLUMN).isCollapsed(firstColumnHeaderId),
-    ).toBe(true);
-    expect(
-      state.cellIds.atOrThrow(SECOND_COLUMN).isCollapsed(secondColumnHeaderId),
-    ).toBe(true);
-
-    actions.expandAllCells();
-    expect(
-      state.cellIds.atOrThrow(FIRST_COLUMN).isCollapsed(firstColumnHeaderId),
-    ).toBe(false);
-    expect(
-      state.cellIds.atOrThrow(SECOND_COLUMN).isCollapsed(secondColumnHeaderId),
-    ).toBe(false);
-  });
-
-  it("can collapse and expand nested cells in one call", () => {
-    actions.createNewCell({ cellId: firstCellId, before: false });
-    actions.createNewCell({
-      cellId: cellId("1"),
-      before: false,
-      code: "# Header",
-    });
-    actions.createNewCell({
-      cellId: cellId("2"),
-      before: false,
-      code: "## Subheader",
-    });
-    actions.createNewCell({
-      cellId: cellId("3"),
-      before: false,
-      code: "### Subsubheader",
-    });
-
-    const headerId = state.cellIds.atOrThrow(FIRST_COLUMN).atOrThrow(1);
-    state.cellRuntime[headerId] = {
-      ...state.cellRuntime[headerId],
-      outline: {
-        items: [{ name: "Header", level: 1, by: { id: "header" } }],
-      },
-    };
-
-    const subheaderId = state.cellIds.atOrThrow(FIRST_COLUMN).atOrThrow(2);
-    state.cellRuntime[subheaderId] = {
-      ...state.cellRuntime[subheaderId],
-      outline: {
-        items: [{ name: "Subheader", level: 2, by: { id: "subheader" } }],
-      },
-    };
-
-    // Check if both the parent and child are collapsed
-    actions.collapseAllCells();
-    expect(state.cellIds.atOrThrow(FIRST_COLUMN).isCollapsed(headerId)).toBe(
-      true,
-    );
-    actions.expandCell({ cellId: headerId });
-    expect(state.cellIds.atOrThrow(FIRST_COLUMN).isCollapsed(subheaderId)).toBe(
-      true,
-    );
-    actions.collapseCell({ cellId: headerId });
-
-    // Check if both the parent and child are expanded
-    actions.expandAllCells();
-    expect(state.cellIds.atOrThrow(FIRST_COLUMN).isCollapsed(headerId)).toBe(
-      false,
-    );
-    expect(state.cellIds.atOrThrow(FIRST_COLUMN).isCollapsed(subheaderId)).toBe(
-      false,
-    );
-  });
-
-  it("can collapse all cells when nested heading ranges end at the same cell", () => {
-    actions.createNewCell({ cellId: firstCellId, before: false });
-    actions.createNewCell({
-      cellId: cellId("1"),
-      before: false,
-      code: "# Header",
-    });
-    actions.createNewCell({
-      cellId: cellId("2"),
-      before: false,
-      code: "## Subheader",
-    });
-    actions.createNewCell({
-      cellId: cellId("3"),
-      before: false,
-      code: "### Subsubheader",
-    });
-
-    const headerId = state.cellIds.atOrThrow(FIRST_COLUMN).atOrThrow(1);
-    state.cellRuntime[headerId] = {
-      ...state.cellRuntime[headerId],
-      outline: {
-        items: [{ name: "Header", level: 1, by: { id: "header" } }],
-      },
-    };
-
-    const subheaderId = state.cellIds.atOrThrow(FIRST_COLUMN).atOrThrow(2);
-    state.cellRuntime[subheaderId] = {
-      ...state.cellRuntime[subheaderId],
-      outline: {
-        items: [{ name: "Subheader", level: 2, by: { id: "subheader" } }],
-      },
-    };
-
-    const subsubheaderId = state.cellIds.atOrThrow(FIRST_COLUMN).atOrThrow(3);
-    state.cellRuntime[subsubheaderId] = {
-      ...state.cellRuntime[subsubheaderId],
-      outline: {
-        items: [{ name: "Subsubheader", level: 3, by: { id: "subsubheader" } }],
-      },
-    };
-
-    // The header, subheader and subsubheader ranges all end at the last
-    // cell. Collapsing all used to throw "Node ... not found in tree" and
-    // leave the whole notebook unchanged.
-    actions.collapseAllCells();
-    expect(state.cellIds.atOrThrow(FIRST_COLUMN).isCollapsed(headerId)).toBe(
-      true,
-    );
-    expect(state.cellIds.atOrThrow(FIRST_COLUMN).topLevelIds).toEqual([
-      firstCellId,
-      headerId,
-    ]);
-
-    // Each level is nested under its parent, collapsed
-    actions.expandCell({ cellId: headerId });
-    expect(state.cellIds.atOrThrow(FIRST_COLUMN).isCollapsed(subheaderId)).toBe(
-      true,
-    );
-    actions.expandCell({ cellId: subheaderId });
-    expect(
-      state.cellIds.atOrThrow(FIRST_COLUMN).isCollapsed(subsubheaderId),
-    ).toBe(true);
-  });
-
-  it("can collapse all cells when a deep chain is followed by a later section", () => {
-    actions.createNewCell({ cellId: firstCellId, before: false });
-    actions.createNewCell({
-      cellId: cellId("1"),
-      before: false,
-      code: "# Header",
-    });
-    actions.createNewCell({
-      cellId: cellId("2"),
-      before: false,
-      code: "## Section A",
-    });
-    actions.createNewCell({
-      cellId: cellId("3"),
-      before: false,
-      code: "### Sub of A",
-    });
-    actions.createNewCell({
-      cellId: cellId("4"),
-      before: false,
-      code: "## Section B",
-    });
-
-    const headerId = state.cellIds.atOrThrow(FIRST_COLUMN).atOrThrow(1);
-    state.cellRuntime[headerId] = {
-      ...state.cellRuntime[headerId],
-      outline: {
-        items: [{ name: "Header", level: 1, by: { id: "header" } }],
-      },
-    };
-
-    const sectionAId = state.cellIds.atOrThrow(FIRST_COLUMN).atOrThrow(2);
-    state.cellRuntime[sectionAId] = {
-      ...state.cellRuntime[sectionAId],
-      outline: {
-        items: [{ name: "Section A", level: 2, by: { id: "section-a" } }],
-      },
-    };
-
-    const subsectionId = state.cellIds.atOrThrow(FIRST_COLUMN).atOrThrow(3);
-    state.cellRuntime[subsectionId] = {
-      ...state.cellRuntime[subsectionId],
-      outline: {
-        items: [{ name: "Sub of A", level: 3, by: { id: "sub-of-a" } }],
-      },
-    };
-
-    const sectionBId = state.cellIds.atOrThrow(FIRST_COLUMN).atOrThrow(4);
-    state.cellRuntime[sectionBId] = {
-      ...state.cellRuntime[sectionBId],
-      outline: {
-        items: [{ name: "Section B", level: 2, by: { id: "section-b" } }],
-      },
-    };
-
-    actions.collapseAllCells();
-    expect(state.cellIds.atOrThrow(FIRST_COLUMN).isCollapsed(headerId)).toBe(
-      true,
-    );
-    expect(state.cellIds.atOrThrow(FIRST_COLUMN).topLevelIds).toEqual([
-      firstCellId,
-      headerId,
-    ]);
-
-    // Both sections sit under the header, collapsed, with the subsection
-    // nested under section A
-    actions.expandCell({ cellId: headerId });
-    expect(state.cellIds.atOrThrow(FIRST_COLUMN).isCollapsed(sectionAId)).toBe(
-      true,
-    );
-    expect(state.cellIds.atOrThrow(FIRST_COLUMN).isCollapsed(sectionBId)).toBe(
-      true,
-    );
-    actions.expandCell({ cellId: sectionAId });
-    expect(
-      state.cellIds.atOrThrow(FIRST_COLUMN).isCollapsed(subsectionId),
-    ).toBe(true);
+      cell_id: firstCellId,
+      output: undefined,
+      console: [STDOUT],
+      status: "idle",
+      timestamp: new Date(22).getTime() as Seconds,
+    });
+    cell = cells[0];
+    expect(cell.consoleOutputs).toMatchObject([STDOUT]);
+    expect(cell).toMatchSnapshot("console received while idle");
   });
 
-  it("can show hidden cells", () => {
-    actions.createNewCell({ cellId: firstCellId, before: false });
-    actions.createNewCell({ cellId: cellId("1"), before: false });
-    actions.collapseCell({ cellId: firstCellId });
+  it("can fold and unfold all cells", () => {
+    actions.foldAll();
+    expect(foldAllBulk).toHaveBeenCalled();
 
-    actions.showCellIfHidden({ cellId: cellId("1") });
-    expect(state.cellIds.atOrThrow(FIRST_COLUMN).isCollapsed(firstCellId)).toBe(
-      false,
-    );
+    actions.unfoldAll();
+    expect(unfoldAllBulk).toHaveBeenCalled();
   });
 
-  it("can split and undo split cells", () => {
-    actions.createNewCell({
-      cellId: firstCellId,
-      before: false,
-      code: "line1\nline2",
-    });
-    const nextCellId = state.cellIds.atOrThrow(FIRST_COLUMN).atOrThrow(1);
-
-    const originalCellCount = state.cellIds.atOrThrow(FIRST_COLUMN).length;
-    // Move cursor to the second line
-    const editor = state.cellHandles[nextCellId].current?.editorView;
-    if (!editor) {
-      throw new Error("Editor not found");
-    }
-    editor.dispatch({ selection: { anchor: 5, head: 5 } });
-    actions.splitCell({ cellId: nextCellId });
-    expect(state.cellIds.atOrThrow(FIRST_COLUMN).length).toBe(
-      originalCellCount + 1,
-    );
-    expect(state.cellData[nextCellId].code).toBe("line1");
-    expect(
-      state.cellData[state.cellIds.atOrThrow(FIRST_COLUMN).atOrThrow(2)].code,
-    ).toBe("line2");
-
-    actions.undoSplitCell({ cellId: nextCellId, snapshot: "line1\nline2" });
-    expect(state.cellIds.atOrThrow(FIRST_COLUMN).length).toBe(
-      originalCellCount,
-    );
-    expect(state.cellData[nextCellId].code).toBe("line1\nline2");
+  it("can clear logs", () => {
+    state.cellLogs = [
+      {
+        level: "stderr",
+        message: "log1",
+        timestamp: 0,
+        source: { type: "cell", cellId: firstCellId },
+      },
+      {
+        level: "stderr",
+        message: "log1",
+        timestamp: 0,
+        source: { type: "cell", cellId: firstCellId },
+      },
+    ];
+    actions.clearLogs();
+    expect(state.cellLogs).toEqual([]);
   });
 
   it("can handle multiple console outputs", () => {
@@ -2322,7 +905,6 @@ describe("cell reducer", () => {
       output: undefined,
       console: [STDOUT1, STDOUT2],
       status: "running",
-      stale_inputs: null,
       timestamp: new Date(20).getTime() as Seconds,
     });
 
@@ -2339,407 +921,6 @@ describe("cell reducer", () => {
     `);
   });
 
-  it("can add a column breakpoint", () => {
-    actions.createNewCell({ cellId: firstCellId, before: false });
-    actions.createNewCell({ cellId: cellId("1"), before: false });
-    actions.createNewCell({ cellId: cellId("2"), before: false });
-
-    expect(state.cellIds.getColumns().length).toBe(1);
-    expect(formatCells(state)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-      "
-      [0] ''
-
-      [1] ''
-
-      [2] ''
-
-      [3] ''
-      "
-    `);
-
-    actions.addColumnBreakpoint({ cellId: cellId("2") });
-
-    expect(state.cellIds.getColumns().length).toBe(2);
-    expect(formatCells(state)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-      "
-      > col 0
-      [0] ''
-
-      [1] ''
-
-      > col 1
-      [2] ''
-
-      [3] ''
-      "
-    `);
-
-    // Check that the cells are in the correct columns
-    expect(state.cellIds.getColumns()[0].topLevelIds).toEqual([
-      cellId("0"),
-      cellId("1"),
-    ]);
-    expect(state.cellIds.getColumns()[1].topLevelIds).toEqual([
-      cellId("2"),
-      cellId("3"),
-    ]);
-  });
-
-  it("cannot add a column breakpoint before the first cell", () => {
-    expect(state.cellIds.getColumns().length).toBe(1);
-    actions.createNewCell({ cellId: firstCellId, before: false });
-    actions.createNewCell({ cellId: cellId("1"), before: false });
-    actions.addColumnBreakpoint({ cellId: firstCellId });
-    expect(state.cellIds.getColumns().length).toBe(1);
-  });
-
-  it("can delete a column", () => {
-    actions.createNewCell({ cellId: firstCellId, before: false });
-    actions.createNewCell({ cellId: cellId("1"), before: false });
-    actions.createNewCell({ cellId: cellId("2"), before: false });
-    actions.addColumnBreakpoint({ cellId: cellId("2") });
-
-    expect(state.cellIds.getColumns().length).toBe(2);
-    expect(formatCells(state)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-      "
-      > col 0
-      [0] ''
-
-      [1] ''
-
-      > col 1
-      [2] ''
-
-      [3] ''
-      "
-    `);
-
-    const columnId = state.cellIds.atOrThrow(0).id;
-    actions.deleteColumn({ columnId: columnId });
-
-    expect(state.cellIds.getColumns().length).toBe(1);
-    expect(formatCells(state)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-      "
-      [2] ''
-
-      [3] ''
-
-      [0] ''
-
-      [1] ''
-      "
-    `);
-
-    // Check that all cells are now in the remaining column
-    expect(state.cellIds.getColumns()[0].topLevelIds).toEqual([
-      "2",
-      "3",
-      "0",
-      "1",
-    ]);
-  });
-
-  it("deleting the last column does nothing", () => {
-    actions.createNewCell({ cellId: firstCellId, before: false });
-    actions.createNewCell({ cellId: cellId("1"), before: false });
-
-    const initialState = { ...state };
-
-    actions.deleteColumn({ columnId: initialState.cellIds.atOrThrow(0).id });
-
-    // State should not change
-    expect(state).toEqual(initialState);
-  });
-
-  it("can drop a cell over another cell", () => {
-    actions.createNewCell({ cellId: firstCellId, before: false });
-    actions.createNewCell({ cellId: cellId("1"), before: false });
-    actions.createNewCell({ cellId: cellId("2"), before: false });
-
-    expect(formatCells(state)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-      "
-      [0] ''
-
-      [1] ''
-
-      [2] ''
-
-      [3] ''
-      "
-    `);
-
-    actions.dropCellOverCell({
-      cellId: cellId("0"),
-      overCellId: cellId("3"),
-    });
-
-    expect(formatCells(state)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-      "
-      [1] ''
-
-      [2] ''
-
-      [3] ''
-
-      [0] ''
-      "
-    `);
-  });
-
-  it("can drop a cell over a new column", () => {
-    actions.createNewCell({ cellId: firstCellId, before: false });
-    actions.createNewCell({ cellId: cellId("1"), before: false });
-
-    expect(state.cellIds.getColumns().length).toBe(1);
-    expect(formatCells(state)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-      "
-      [0] ''
-
-      [1] ''
-
-      [2] ''
-      "
-    `);
-
-    actions.dropOverNewColumn({ cellId: cellId("1") });
-
-    expect(state.cellIds.getColumns().length).toBe(2);
-    expect(formatCells(state)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-      "
-      > col 0
-      [0] ''
-
-      [2] ''
-
-      > col 1
-      [1] ''
-      "
-    `);
-
-    // Check that the cells are in the correct columns
-    expect(state.cellIds.getColumns()[0].topLevelIds).toEqual([
-      cellId("0"),
-      cellId("2"),
-    ]);
-    expect(state.cellIds.getColumns()[1].topLevelIds).toEqual([cellId("1")]);
-  });
-
-  it("can drop a column over another column", () => {
-    actions.createNewCell({ cellId: firstCellId, before: false });
-    actions.createNewCell({ cellId: cellId("1"), before: false });
-    actions.createNewCell({ cellId: cellId("2"), before: false });
-    actions.addColumnBreakpoint({ cellId: cellId("2") });
-
-    expect(state.cellIds.getColumns().length).toBe(2);
-    expect(formatCells(state)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-      "
-      > col 0
-      [0] ''
-
-      [1] ''
-
-      > col 1
-      [2] ''
-
-      [3] ''
-      "
-    `);
-
-    const columnId0 = state.cellIds.atOrThrow(0).id;
-    const columnId1 = state.cellIds.atOrThrow(1).id;
-    expect(columnId0).not.toBe(columnId1);
-    actions.moveColumn({ column: columnId1, overColumn: columnId0 });
-
-    expect(state.cellIds.getColumns().length).toBe(2);
-    expect(formatCells(state)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-      "
-      > col 0
-      [2] ''
-
-      [3] ''
-
-      > col 1
-      [0] ''
-
-      [1] ''
-      "
-    `);
-
-    // Check that the columns have swapped positions
-    expect(state.cellIds.getColumns()[0].topLevelIds).toEqual([
-      cellId("2"),
-      cellId("3"),
-    ]);
-    expect(state.cellIds.getColumns()[1].topLevelIds).toEqual([
-      cellId("0"),
-      cellId("1"),
-    ]);
-  });
-
-  it("can compact columns", () => {
-    // Create initial state with 3 columns, including an empty one
-    actions.createNewCell({ cellId: firstCellId, before: false });
-    actions.createNewCell({ cellId: cellId("1"), before: false });
-    actions.addColumnBreakpoint({ cellId: cellId("1") });
-    actions.addColumnBreakpoint({ cellId: cellId("2") });
-    actions.dropOverNewColumn({ cellId: cellId("2") });
-
-    expect(state.cellIds.getColumns().length).toBe(4);
-    expect(formatCells(state)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-      "
-      > col 0
-      [0] ''
-
-      > col 1
-      [1] ''
-
-      > col 2
-
-
-      > col 3
-      [2] ''
-      "
-    `);
-
-    // Check initial column structure
-    expect(state.cellIds.getColumns()[0].topLevelIds).toEqual([cellId("0")]);
-    expect(state.cellIds.getColumns()[1].topLevelIds).toEqual([cellId("1")]);
-    expect(state.cellIds.getColumns()[2].topLevelIds).toEqual([]);
-    expect(state.cellIds.getColumns()[3].topLevelIds).toEqual([cellId("2")]);
-
-    // Compact columns
-    actions.compactColumns();
-
-    expect(state.cellIds.getColumns().length).toBe(3);
-    expect(formatCells(state)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-      "
-      > col 0
-      [0] ''
-
-      > col 1
-      [1] ''
-
-      > col 2
-      [2] ''
-      "
-    `);
-
-    // Check compacted column structure
-    expect(state.cellIds.getColumns()[0].topLevelIds).toEqual([cellId("0")]);
-    expect(state.cellIds.getColumns()[1].topLevelIds).toEqual([cellId("1")]);
-    expect(state.cellIds.getColumns()[2].topLevelIds).toEqual([cellId("2")]);
-  });
-
-  it("rebuildCellColumns regroups cells by config.column", () => {
-    // Create four cells in a single column.
-    actions.createNewCell({ cellId: firstCellId, before: false });
-    actions.createNewCell({ cellId: cellId("1"), before: false });
-    actions.createNewCell({ cellId: cellId("2"), before: false });
-    expect(state.cellIds.getColumns().length).toBe(1);
-
-    // Explicitly set config.column on each cell. This ONLY updates metadata —
-    // updateCellConfig does not touch the MultiColumn tree.
-    actions.updateCellConfig({
-      cellId: cellId("0"),
-      config: { column: 0 },
-    });
-    actions.updateCellConfig({
-      cellId: cellId("2"),
-      config: { column: 1 },
-    });
-
-    // Tree is still a single column at this point.
-    expect(state.cellIds.getColumns().length).toBe(1);
-
-    // Now rebuild the column tree from metadata.
-    actions.rebuildCellColumns({
-      cellIds: [cellId("0"), cellId("1"), cellId("2"), cellId("3")],
-    });
-
-    expect(state.cellIds.getColumns().length).toBe(2);
-    // Cell 1 inherits from 0 (col 0), cell 3 inherits from 2 (col 1).
-    expect(state.cellIds.getColumns()[0].topLevelIds).toEqual([
-      cellId("0"),
-      cellId("1"),
-    ]);
-    expect(state.cellIds.getColumns()[1].topLevelIds).toEqual([
-      cellId("2"),
-      cellId("3"),
-    ]);
-  });
-
-  it("rebuildCellColumns with explicit column on every cell", () => {
-    actions.createNewCell({ cellId: firstCellId, before: false });
-    actions.createNewCell({ cellId: cellId("1"), before: false });
-    actions.createNewCell({ cellId: cellId("2"), before: false });
-
-    for (const [id, col] of [
-      ["0", 1],
-      ["1", 0],
-      ["2", 1],
-      ["3", 0],
-    ] as const) {
-      actions.updateCellConfig({ cellId: cellId(id), config: { column: col } });
-    }
-
-    actions.rebuildCellColumns({
-      cellIds: [cellId("0"), cellId("1"), cellId("2"), cellId("3")],
-    });
-
-    expect(state.cellIds.getColumns().length).toBe(2);
-    expect(state.cellIds.getColumns()[0].topLevelIds).toEqual([
-      cellId("1"),
-      cellId("3"),
-    ]);
-    expect(state.cellIds.getColumns()[1].topLevelIds).toEqual([
-      cellId("0"),
-      cellId("2"),
-    ]);
-  });
-
-  it("rebuildCellColumns collapses to one column when all cells are col 0", () => {
-    actions.createNewCell({ cellId: firstCellId, before: false });
-    actions.addColumnBreakpoint({ cellId: cellId("1") });
-    expect(state.cellIds.getColumns().length).toBe(2);
-
-    // Wipe column metadata back to 0 for both cells.
-    actions.updateCellConfig({ cellId: cellId("0"), config: { column: 0 } });
-    actions.updateCellConfig({ cellId: cellId("1"), config: { column: 0 } });
-
-    actions.rebuildCellColumns({
-      cellIds: [cellId("0"), cellId("1")],
-    });
-
-    expect(state.cellIds.getColumns().length).toBe(1);
-    expect(state.cellIds.getColumns()[0].topLevelIds).toEqual([
-      cellId("0"),
-      cellId("1"),
-    ]);
-  });
-
-  it("rebuildCellColumns follows the provided order, not current tree order", () => {
-    // Start with a single column.
-    actions.createNewCell({ cellId: firstCellId, before: false });
-    actions.createNewCell({ cellId: cellId("1"), before: false });
-    actions.updateCellConfig({ cellId: cellId("0"), config: { column: 0 } });
-    actions.updateCellConfig({ cellId: cellId("2"), config: { column: 1 } });
-
-    // Pass the reversed order. The rebuild should honor it.
-    actions.rebuildCellColumns({
-      cellIds: [cellId("2"), cellId("1"), cellId("0")],
-    });
-
-    // cellIds iteration:
-    //   2 → col=1, pushed to col1, prev=1
-    //   1 → col=null, pushed to col[prev=1] = col1
-    //   0 → col=0, pushed to col0
-    expect(state.cellIds.getColumns()[0].topLevelIds).toEqual([cellId("0")]);
-    expect(state.cellIds.getColumns()[1].topLevelIds).toEqual([
-      cellId("2"),
-      cellId("1"),
-    ]);
-  });
-
   it("can clear output of a single cell", () => {
     // Set up initial state with output
     actions.handleCellMessage({
@@ -2757,7 +938,6 @@ describe("cell reducer", () => {
         timestamp: 0,
       },
       status: "idle",
-      stale_inputs: null,
       timestamp: new Date(33).getTime() as Seconds,
     });
 
@@ -2792,7 +972,6 @@ describe("cell reducer", () => {
         timestamp: 0,
       },
       status: "idle",
-      stale_inputs: null,
       timestamp: new Date(33).getTime() as Seconds,
     });
 
@@ -2806,7 +985,6 @@ describe("cell reducer", () => {
         timestamp: 0,
       },
       status: "idle",
-      stale_inputs: null,
       timestamp: new Date(34).getTime() as Seconds,
     });
 
@@ -2828,8 +1006,8 @@ describe("cell reducer", () => {
 
   it("can clear output of all cells", () => {
     // Create multiple cells with output
-    actions.createNewCell({ cellId: firstCellId, before: false });
-    const secondCellId = state.cellIds.atOrThrow(FIRST_COLUMN).atOrThrow(1);
+    seedCell({ cellId: firstCellId, before: false });
+    const secondCellId = state.cellIds[1];
 
     // Add output to both cells
     const outputMessage = {
@@ -2846,7 +1024,6 @@ describe("cell reducer", () => {
         timestamp: 0,
       },
       status: "idle",
-      stale_inputs: null,
       timestamp: new Date(33).getTime() as Seconds,
     } as const;
 
@@ -2857,139 +1034,27 @@ describe("cell reducer", () => {
     actions.handleCellMessage({
       ...outputMessage,
       cell_id: secondCellId,
-    });
-
-    // Verify initial state has output
-    expect(state.cellRuntime[firstCellId].output).not.toBeNull();
-    expect(state.cellRuntime[firstCellId].consoleOutputs.length).toBe(1);
-    expect(state.cellRuntime[secondCellId].output).not.toBeNull();
-    expect(state.cellRuntime[secondCellId].consoleOutputs.length).toBe(1);
-
-    // Clear all outputs
-    actions.clearAllCellOutputs();
-
-    // Verify all outputs are cleared
-    expect(state.cellRuntime[firstCellId].output).toBeNull();
-    expect(state.cellRuntime[firstCellId].consoleOutputs).toEqual([]);
-    expect(state.cellRuntime[secondCellId].output).toBeNull();
-    expect(state.cellRuntime[secondCellId].consoleOutputs).toEqual([]);
-  });
-
-  it("skips creating new cell if code exists and skipIfCodeExists is true", () => {
-    // Add initial cell with code
-    actions.updateCellCode({
-      cellId: firstCellId,
-      code: "import numpy as np",
-      formattingChange: false,
-    });
-
-    // Try to create new cell with same code and skipIfCodeExists
-    actions.createNewCell({
-      cellId: "__end__",
-      code: "import numpy as np",
-      before: false,
-      skipIfCodeExists: true,
-    });
-
-    // Should still only have one cell
-    expect(state.cellIds.inOrderIds.length).toBe(1);
-    expect(formatCells(state)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-      "
-      [0] 'import numpy as np'
-      "
-    `);
-
-    // Verify we can still add cell with different code
-    actions.createNewCell({
-      cellId: "__end__",
-      code: "import pandas as pd",
-      before: false,
-      skipIfCodeExists: true,
-    });
-
-    expect(state.cellIds.inOrderIds.length).toBe(2);
-    expect(formatCells(state)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-      "
-      [0] 'import numpy as np'
-
-      [1] 'import pandas as pd'
-      "
-    `);
-  });
-
-  it("can create and noop-update a setup cell", () => {
-    // Create the setup cell
-    actions.addSetupCellIfDoesntExist({ code: "# Setup code" });
-
-    // Check that setup cell was created
-    expect(state.cellData[SETUP_CELL_ID].id).toBe(SETUP_CELL_ID);
-    expect(state.cellData[SETUP_CELL_ID].name).toBe("setup");
-    expect(state.cellData[SETUP_CELL_ID].code).toBe("# Setup code");
-    expect(state.cellData[SETUP_CELL_ID].edited).toBe(true);
-    expect(state.cellIds.inOrderIds).toContain(SETUP_CELL_ID);
-
-    // Update the setup cell
-    actions.addSetupCellIfDoesntExist({ code: "# Updated setup code" });
-
-    // Check that the setup cell did not change, since it already exists
-    expect(state.cellData[SETUP_CELL_ID].code).toBe("# Setup code");
-    expect(state.cellData[SETUP_CELL_ID].edited).toBe(true);
-    expect(state.cellIds.inOrderIds).toContain(SETUP_CELL_ID);
-  });
-
-  it("can delete and undelete the setup cell", () => {
-    // Create the setup cell
-    actions.addSetupCellIfDoesntExist({ code: "# Setup code" });
-
-    // Check that setup cell was created
-    expect(state.cellData[SETUP_CELL_ID].id).toBe(SETUP_CELL_ID);
-    expect(state.cellData[SETUP_CELL_ID].name).toBe("setup");
-    expect(state.cellData[SETUP_CELL_ID].code).toBe("# Setup code");
-    expect(state.cellData[SETUP_CELL_ID].edited).toBe(true);
-    expect(state.cellIds.inOrderIds).toContain(SETUP_CELL_ID);
-
-    // Delete the setup cell
-    actions.deleteCell({ cellId: SETUP_CELL_ID });
-
-    // Check that setup cell was deleted
-    expect(state.cellData[SETUP_CELL_ID]).toBeDefined(); // we keep old state
-    expect(state.cellIds.inOrderIds).not.toContain(SETUP_CELL_ID);
-
-    // Undo delete the setup cell
-    actions.undoDeleteCell();
-
-    // Check that setup cell was restored
-    expect(state.cellData[SETUP_CELL_ID].id).toBe(SETUP_CELL_ID);
-    expect(state.cellData[SETUP_CELL_ID].name).toBe("setup");
-    expect(state.cellData[SETUP_CELL_ID].code).toBe("# Setup code");
-    expect(state.cellData[SETUP_CELL_ID].edited).toBe(true);
-    expect(state.cellIds.inOrderIds).toContain(SETUP_CELL_ID);
-
-    // Verify scrollKey is set to the restored setup cell
-    expect(state.scrollKey).toBe(SETUP_CELL_ID);
-  });
-
-  it("can delete and then create a new setup cell", () => {
-    // Create the setup cell
-    actions.addSetupCellIfDoesntExist({ code: "# Setup code" });
+    });
 
-    // Delete the setup cell
-    actions.deleteCell({ cellId: SETUP_CELL_ID });
+    // Verify initial state has output
+    expect(state.cellRuntime[firstCellId].output).not.toBeNull();
+    expect(state.cellRuntime[firstCellId].consoleOutputs.length).toBe(1);
+    expect(state.cellRuntime[secondCellId].output).not.toBeNull();
+    expect(state.cellRuntime[secondCellId].consoleOutputs.length).toBe(1);
 
-    // Create a new setup cell
-    actions.addSetupCellIfDoesntExist({ code: "# New code" });
+    // Clear all outputs
+    actions.clearAllCellOutputs();
 
-    // Check that the new setup cell was created
-    expect(state.cellData[SETUP_CELL_ID].id).toBe(SETUP_CELL_ID);
-    expect(state.cellData[SETUP_CELL_ID].name).toBe("setup");
-    expect(state.cellData[SETUP_CELL_ID].code).toBe("# New code");
-    expect(state.cellData[SETUP_CELL_ID].edited).toBe(true);
-    expect(state.cellIds.inOrderIds).toContain(SETUP_CELL_ID);
+    // Verify all outputs are cleared
+    expect(state.cellRuntime[firstCellId].output).toBeNull();
+    expect(state.cellRuntime[firstCellId].consoleOutputs).toEqual([]);
+    expect(state.cellRuntime[secondCellId].output).toBeNull();
+    expect(state.cellRuntime[secondCellId].consoleOutputs).toEqual([]);
   });
 
   it("can clear all outputs", () => {
     // Add a cell and give it output
-    actions.createNewCell({
+    seedCell({
       cellId: firstCellId,
       before: false,
     });
@@ -3017,522 +1082,13 @@ describe("cell reducer", () => {
     expect(state.cellRuntime[cell2Id].output).toBeNull();
   });
 
-  describe("moveToNextCell", () => {
-    let cell1Id: CellId;
-    let cell2Id: CellId;
-    let cell3Id: CellId;
-
-    beforeEach(() => {
-      // Create a few cells to work with
-      actions.createNewCell({ cellId: "__end__", before: false });
-      actions.createNewCell({ cellId: "__end__", before: false });
-
-      cell1Id = state.cellIds.inOrderIds[0];
-      cell2Id = state.cellIds.inOrderIds[1];
-      cell3Id = state.cellIds.inOrderIds[2];
-    });
-
-    it("creates new cell when moving after last cell with noCreate=false", () => {
-      const initialCellCount = state.cellIds.inOrderIds.length;
-
-      actions.moveToNextCell({
-        cellId: cell3Id,
-        before: false,
-        noCreate: false,
-      });
-
-      expect(state.cellIds.inOrderIds.length).toBe(initialCellCount + 1);
-    });
-
-    it("creates new cell when moving before first cell with noCreate=false", () => {
-      const initialCellCount = state.cellIds.inOrderIds.length;
-
-      actions.moveToNextCell({
-        cellId: cell1Id,
-        before: true,
-        noCreate: false,
-      });
-
-      expect(state.cellIds.inOrderIds.length).toBe(initialCellCount + 1);
-    });
-
-    it("does not create new cell when moving after last cell with noCreate=true", () => {
-      const initialCellCount = state.cellIds.inOrderIds.length;
-      const initialState = { ...state };
-
-      actions.moveToNextCell({
-        cellId: cell3Id,
-        before: false,
-        noCreate: true,
-      });
-
-      // Should not create a new cell
-      expect(state.cellIds.inOrderIds.length).toBe(initialCellCount);
-      // Should not crash or throw an error
-      expect(state.cellIds.inOrderIds).toEqual(initialState.cellIds.inOrderIds);
-    });
-
-    it("does not create new cell when moving before first cell with noCreate=true", () => {
-      const initialCellCount = state.cellIds.inOrderIds.length;
-      const initialState = { ...state };
-
-      actions.moveToNextCell({ cellId: cell1Id, before: true, noCreate: true });
-
-      // Should not create a new cell
-      expect(state.cellIds.inOrderIds.length).toBe(initialCellCount);
-      // Should not crash or throw an error
-      expect(state.cellIds.inOrderIds).toEqual(initialState.cellIds.inOrderIds);
-    });
-
-    it("focuses next cell when moving within bounds", () => {
-      const focusSpy = vi.mocked(focusAndScrollCellIntoView);
-      focusSpy.mockClear();
-
-      actions.moveToNextCell({
-        cellId: cell1Id,
-        before: false,
-        noCreate: true,
-      });
-
-      expect(focusSpy).toHaveBeenCalledWith({
-        cellId: cell2Id,
-        cell: state.cellHandles[cell2Id],
-        isCodeHidden: false,
-        codeFocus: "top",
-        variableName: undefined,
-      });
-    });
-
-    it("focuses previous cell when moving backward within bounds", () => {
-      const focusSpy = vi.mocked(focusAndScrollCellIntoView);
-      focusSpy.mockClear();
-
-      actions.moveToNextCell({ cellId: cell2Id, before: true, noCreate: true });
-
-      expect(focusSpy).toHaveBeenCalledWith({
-        cellId: cell1Id,
-        cell: state.cellHandles[cell1Id],
-        isCodeHidden: false,
-        codeFocus: "bottom",
-        variableName: undefined,
-      });
-    });
-
-    it("does not move focus from scratch cell", () => {
-      const focusSpy = vi.mocked(focusAndScrollCellIntoView);
-      focusSpy.mockClear();
-      const initialState = { ...state };
-
-      actions.moveToNextCell({
-        cellId: SCRATCH_CELL_ID,
-        before: false,
-        noCreate: false,
-      });
-
-      expect(focusSpy).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
-      expect(state.cellIds.inOrderIds).toEqual(initialState.cellIds.inOrderIds);
-    });
-  });
-
-  describe("untouched cells functionality", () => {
-    it("starts with empty untouchedNewCells set", () => {
-      expect(state.untouchedNewCells).toEqual(new Set());
-    });
-
-    it("can create a new cell with hideCode option", () => {
-      const initialCellCount = state.cellIds.inOrderIds.length;
-
-      actions.createNewCell({
-        cellId: "__end__",
-        before: false,
-        hideCode: true,
-      });
-
-      expect(state.cellIds.inOrderIds.length).toBe(initialCellCount + 1);
-      const newCellId =
-        state.cellIds.inOrderIds[state.cellIds.inOrderIds.length - 1];
-      expect(state.untouchedNewCells.has(newCellId)).toBe(true);
-    });
-
-    it("adds interactively-created hidden cell with boilerplate code to untouchedNewCells", () => {
-      // Markdown cells are created with hideCode and non-empty default code
-      // (e.g. `mo.md(r"""\n""")`). They are user-initiated, so their editor
-      // should be shown until first blur.
-      actions.createNewCell({
-        cellId: "__end__",
-        before: false,
-        code: 'mo.md(r"""\n""")',
-        hideCode: true,
-        autoFocus: true,
-      });
-
-      const newCellId =
-        state.cellIds.inOrderIds[state.cellIds.inOrderIds.length - 1];
-      expect(state.untouchedNewCells.has(newCellId)).toBe(true);
-    });
-
-    it("does not add programmatically-created hidden cell with code to untouchedNewCells", () => {
-      // Cells created by the kernel (e.g. via code_mode) carry code and
-      // autoFocus=false; their hide_code must take effect immediately.
-      actions.createNewCell({
-        cellId: "__end__",
-        before: false,
-        code: "x = 1",
-        hideCode: true,
-        autoFocus: false,
-      });
-
-      const newCellId =
-        state.cellIds.inOrderIds[state.cellIds.inOrderIds.length - 1];
-      expect(state.untouchedNewCells.has(newCellId)).toBe(false);
-    });
-
-    it("does not add cell to untouchedNewCells when hideCode is false", () => {
-      actions.createNewCell({
-        cellId: "__end__",
-        before: false,
-        hideCode: false,
-      });
-
-      const newCellId =
-        state.cellIds.inOrderIds[state.cellIds.inOrderIds.length - 1];
-      expect(state.untouchedNewCells.has(newCellId)).toBe(false);
-    });
-
-    it("does not add cell to untouchedNewCells when hideCode is undefined", () => {
-      actions.createNewCell({
-        cellId: "__end__",
-        before: false,
-      });
-
-      const newCellId =
-        state.cellIds.inOrderIds[state.cellIds.inOrderIds.length - 1];
-      expect(state.untouchedNewCells.has(newCellId)).toBe(false);
-    });
-
-    it("can mark a cell as touched", () => {
-      // Create a cell with hideCode
-      actions.createNewCell({
-        cellId: "__end__",
-        before: false,
-        hideCode: true,
-      });
-
-      const newCellId =
-        state.cellIds.inOrderIds[state.cellIds.inOrderIds.length - 1];
-      expect(state.untouchedNewCells.has(newCellId)).toBe(true);
-
-      // Mark it as touched
-      actions.markTouched({ cellId: newCellId });
-
-      expect(state.untouchedNewCells.has(newCellId)).toBe(false);
-    });
-
-    it("markTouched is idempotent", () => {
-      // Create a cell with hideCode
-      actions.createNewCell({
-        cellId: "__end__",
-        before: false,
-        hideCode: true,
-      });
-
-      const newCellId =
-        state.cellIds.inOrderIds[state.cellIds.inOrderIds.length - 1];
-      expect(state.untouchedNewCells.has(newCellId)).toBe(true);
-
-      // Mark it as touched multiple times
-      actions.markTouched({ cellId: newCellId });
-      actions.markTouched({ cellId: newCellId });
-      actions.markTouched({ cellId: newCellId });
-
-      expect(state.untouchedNewCells.has(newCellId)).toBe(false);
-    });
-
-    it("can mark a non-existent cell as touched without error", () => {
-      const nonExistentCellId = cellId("non-existent");
-
-      expect(() => {
-        actions.markTouched({ cellId: nonExistentCellId });
-      }).not.toThrow();
-
-      expect(state.untouchedNewCells.has(nonExistentCellId)).toBe(false);
-    });
-
-    it("can handle multiple untouched cells", () => {
-      // Create multiple cells with hideCode
-      actions.createNewCell({
-        cellId: "__end__",
-        before: false,
-        hideCode: true,
-      });
-      actions.createNewCell({
-        cellId: "__end__",
-        before: false,
-        hideCode: true,
-      });
-      actions.createNewCell({
-        cellId: "__end__",
-        before: false,
-        hideCode: false,
-      });
-
-      const cellIds = state.cellIds.inOrderIds;
-      const cell1Id = cellIds[cellIds.length - 3];
-      const cell2Id = cellIds[cellIds.length - 2];
-      const cell3Id = cellIds[cellIds.length - 1];
-
-      expect(state.untouchedNewCells.has(cell1Id)).toBe(true);
-      expect(state.untouchedNewCells.has(cell2Id)).toBe(true);
-      expect(state.untouchedNewCells.has(cell3Id)).toBe(false);
-
-      // Mark one as touched
-      actions.markTouched({ cellId: cell1Id });
-
-      expect(state.untouchedNewCells.has(cell1Id)).toBe(false);
-      expect(state.untouchedNewCells.has(cell2Id)).toBe(true);
-      expect(state.untouchedNewCells.has(cell3Id)).toBe(false);
-    });
-
-    it("preserves untouched state when cells are moved", () => {
-      // Create cells with hideCode
-      actions.createNewCell({
-        cellId: "__end__",
-        before: false,
-        hideCode: true,
-      });
-      actions.createNewCell({
-        cellId: "__end__",
-        before: false,
-        hideCode: true,
-      });
-
-      const cellIds = state.cellIds.inOrderIds;
-      const cell1Id = cellIds[cellIds.length - 2];
-      const cell2Id = cellIds[cellIds.length - 1];
-
-      expect(state.untouchedNewCells.has(cell1Id)).toBe(true);
-      expect(state.untouchedNewCells.has(cell2Id)).toBe(true);
-
-      // Move cell1 to the end
-      actions.moveCell({
-        cellId: cell1Id,
-        before: false,
-      });
-
-      // Both cells should still be untouched
-      expect(state.untouchedNewCells.has(cell1Id)).toBe(true);
-      expect(state.untouchedNewCells.has(cell2Id)).toBe(true);
-    });
-
-    it("does not remove untouched state when cell is deleted", () => {
-      // We could implement this, but it doesn't actually affect downstream behavior.
-      // It is easier to leave it, so `undo` works as expected.
-
-      // Create a cell with hideCode
-      actions.createNewCell({
-        cellId: "__end__",
-        before: false,
-        hideCode: true,
-      });
-
-      const newCellId =
-        state.cellIds.inOrderIds[state.cellIds.inOrderIds.length - 1];
-      expect(state.untouchedNewCells.has(newCellId)).toBe(true);
-
-      // Delete the cell
-      actions.deleteCell({ cellId: newCellId });
-
-      // Does not actually remove untouched state
-      expect(state.untouchedNewCells.has(newCellId)).toBe(true);
-    });
-
-    it("restores untouched state when cell deletion is undone", () => {
-      // Create a cell with hideCode
-      actions.createNewCell({
-        cellId: "__end__",
-        before: false,
-        hideCode: true,
-      });
-
-      const newCellId =
-        state.cellIds.inOrderIds[state.cellIds.inOrderIds.length - 1];
-      expect(state.untouchedNewCells.has(newCellId)).toBe(true);
-
-      // Delete the cell
-      actions.deleteCell({ cellId: newCellId });
-      // Still exists in untouchedNewCells
-      expect(state.untouchedNewCells.has(newCellId)).toBe(true);
-
-      // Undo the deletion
-      actions.undoDeleteCell();
-
-      // The cell should be restored but no longer untouched
-      // (this is expected behavior - undoing doesn't restore untouched state)
-      const restoredCellId =
-        state.cellIds.inOrderIds[state.cellIds.inOrderIds.length - 1];
-      expect(state.untouchedNewCells.has(restoredCellId)).toBe(false);
-    });
-
-    it("untouched cell behavior with hide_code config", () => {
-      // Create a cell with hideCode and hide_code config
-      actions.createNewCell({
-        cellId: "__end__",
-        before: false,
-        hideCode: true,
-      });
-
-      const newCellId =
-        state.cellIds.inOrderIds[state.cellIds.inOrderIds.length - 1];
-
-      // Update the cell config to hide code
-      actions.updateCellConfig({
-        cellId: newCellId,
-        config: { hide_code: true },
-      });
-
-      // Cell should be untouched and have hide_code config
-      expect(state.untouchedNewCells.has(newCellId)).toBe(true);
-      expect(state.cellData[newCellId].config.hide_code).toBe(true);
-
-      // Code should not be hidden because cell is untouched
-      expect(exportedForTesting.isCellCodeHidden(state, newCellId)).toBe(false);
-
-      // Mark as touched
-      actions.markTouched({ cellId: newCellId });
-
-      // Now code should be hidden
-      expect(state.untouchedNewCells.has(newCellId)).toBe(false);
-      expect(exportedForTesting.isCellCodeHidden(state, newCellId)).toBe(true);
-    });
-
-    it("can mark an existing cell as untouched", () => {
-      // Create a cell without hideCode (not in untouchedNewCells)
-      actions.createNewCell({
-        cellId: "__end__",
-        before: false,
-        hideCode: false,
-      });
-
-      const newCellId =
-        state.cellIds.inOrderIds[state.cellIds.inOrderIds.length - 1];
-      expect(state.untouchedNewCells.has(newCellId)).toBe(false);
-
-      // Mark it as untouched
-      actions.markUntouched({ cellId: newCellId });
-
-      expect(state.untouchedNewCells.has(newCellId)).toBe(true);
-    });
-
-    it("markUntouched is idempotent", () => {
-      // Create a cell without hideCode
-      actions.createNewCell({
-        cellId: "__end__",
-        before: false,
-        hideCode: false,
-      });
-
-      const newCellId =
-        state.cellIds.inOrderIds[state.cellIds.inOrderIds.length - 1];
-      expect(state.untouchedNewCells.has(newCellId)).toBe(false);
-
-      // Mark as untouched multiple times
-      actions.markUntouched({ cellId: newCellId });
-      actions.markUntouched({ cellId: newCellId });
-      actions.markUntouched({ cellId: newCellId });
-
-      expect(state.untouchedNewCells.has(newCellId)).toBe(true);
-    });
-
-    it("markUntouched does not affect already untouched cells", () => {
-      // Create a cell with hideCode (already in untouchedNewCells)
-      actions.createNewCell({
-        cellId: "__end__",
-        before: false,
-        hideCode: true,
-      });
-
-      const newCellId =
-        state.cellIds.inOrderIds[state.cellIds.inOrderIds.length - 1];
-      expect(state.untouchedNewCells.has(newCellId)).toBe(true);
-
-      // Calling markUntouched should not change anything
-      actions.markUntouched({ cellId: newCellId });
-
-      expect(state.untouchedNewCells.has(newCellId)).toBe(true);
-    });
-
-    it("markTouched and markUntouched can toggle cell state", () => {
-      // Create a cell without hideCode
-      actions.createNewCell({
-        cellId: "__end__",
-        before: false,
-        hideCode: false,
-      });
-
-      const newCellId =
-        state.cellIds.inOrderIds[state.cellIds.inOrderIds.length - 1];
-
-      // Initially not untouched
-      expect(state.untouchedNewCells.has(newCellId)).toBe(false);
-
-      // Mark as untouched
-      actions.markUntouched({ cellId: newCellId });
-      expect(state.untouchedNewCells.has(newCellId)).toBe(true);
-
-      // Mark as touched
-      actions.markTouched({ cellId: newCellId });
-      expect(state.untouchedNewCells.has(newCellId)).toBe(false);
-
-      // Mark as untouched again
-      actions.markUntouched({ cellId: newCellId });
-      expect(state.untouchedNewCells.has(newCellId)).toBe(true);
-    });
-
-    it("markUntouched works for markdown cell conversion scenario", () => {
-      // Simulates converting a Python cell to Markdown
-      // 1. Create a regular cell (no hideCode)
-      actions.createNewCell({
-        cellId: "__end__",
-        before: false,
-        hideCode: false,
-      });
-
-      const cellId =
-        state.cellIds.inOrderIds[state.cellIds.inOrderIds.length - 1];
-
-      // Cell starts without hide_code and not in untouchedNewCells
-      expect(state.cellData[cellId].config.hide_code).toBe(false);
-      expect(state.untouchedNewCells.has(cellId)).toBe(false);
-      expect(exportedForTesting.isCellCodeHidden(state, cellId)).toBe(false);
-
-      // 2. Convert to markdown: set hide_code and mark as untouched
-      actions.updateCellConfig({
-        cellId,
-        config: { hide_code: true },
-      });
-      actions.markUntouched({ cellId });
-
-      // Code should NOT be hidden because cell is untouched (user can edit)
-      expect(state.cellData[cellId].config.hide_code).toBe(true);
-      expect(state.untouchedNewCells.has(cellId)).toBe(true);
-      expect(exportedForTesting.isCellCodeHidden(state, cellId)).toBe(false);
-
-      // 3. User blurs the cell (markTouched)
-      actions.markTouched({ cellId });
-
-      // Now code should be hidden
-      expect(state.untouchedNewCells.has(cellId)).toBe(false);
-      expect(exportedForTesting.isCellCodeHidden(state, cellId)).toBe(true);
-    });
-  });
-
   describe("releaseCellAtoms", () => {
     it("atom families cache atoms until explicitly removed", () => {
       const { cellDataAtom, cellRuntimeAtom, cellHandleAtom } =
         exportedForTesting;
 
-      actions.createNewCell({ cellId: firstCellId, before: false });
-      const newCellId = state.cellIds.inOrderIds[1];
+      seedCell({ cellId: firstCellId, before: false });
+      const newCellId = state.cellIds[1];
 
       const dataAtom1 = cellDataAtom(newCellId);
       const runtimeAtom1 = cellRuntimeAtom(newCellId);
@@ -3547,116 +1103,6 @@ describe("cell reducer", () => {
       expect(runtimeAtom2).toBe(runtimeAtom1);
       expect(handleAtom2).toBe(handleAtom1);
     });
-
-    it("cleans up atom family cache when cells are deleted", () => {
-      const { cellDataAtom, cellRuntimeAtom, cellHandleAtom } =
-        exportedForTesting;
-
-      actions.createNewCell({ cellId: firstCellId, before: false });
-      const newCellId = state.cellIds.inOrderIds[1];
-
-      // Access to create cache entries
-      const dataAtom1 = cellDataAtom(newCellId);
-      const runtimeAtom1 = cellRuntimeAtom(newCellId);
-      const handleAtom1 = cellHandleAtom(newCellId);
-
-      // Triggers purge
-      actions.deleteCell({ cellId: newCellId });
-
-      // Access again (should be new instances after cleanup)
-      const dataAtom2 = cellDataAtom(newCellId);
-      const runtimeAtom2 = cellRuntimeAtom(newCellId);
-      const handleAtom2 = cellHandleAtom(newCellId);
-
-      expect(dataAtom2).not.toBe(dataAtom1);
-      expect(runtimeAtom2).not.toBe(runtimeAtom1);
-      expect(handleAtom2).not.toBe(handleAtom1);
-    });
-  });
-});
-
-describe("isCellCodeHidden", () => {
-  const state = initialNotebookState();
-  const firstCellId = state.cellIds.inOrderIds[0];
-
-  it("returns false when hide_code is false and cell is not untouched", () => {
-    const testCellId = cellId("test-cell");
-    const testState: NotebookState = {
-      ...state,
-      cellData: {
-        ...state.cellData,
-        [testCellId]: {
-          ...state.cellData[firstCellId],
-          id: testCellId,
-          config: { hide_code: false, disabled: false, column: null },
-        },
-      },
-      untouchedNewCells: new Set(),
-    };
-
-    expect(exportedForTesting.isCellCodeHidden(testState, testCellId)).toBe(
-      false,
-    );
-  });
-
-  it("returns true when hide_code is true and cell is not untouched", () => {
-    const testCellId = cellId("test-cell");
-    const testState: NotebookState = {
-      ...state,
-      cellData: {
-        ...state.cellData,
-        [testCellId]: {
-          ...state.cellData[firstCellId],
-          id: testCellId,
-          config: { hide_code: true, disabled: false, column: null },
-        },
-      },
-      untouchedNewCells: new Set(),
-    };
-
-    expect(exportedForTesting.isCellCodeHidden(testState, testCellId)).toBe(
-      true,
-    );
-  });
-
-  it("returns false when hide_code is true but cell is untouched", () => {
-    const testCellId = cellId("test-cell");
-    const testState: NotebookState = {
-      ...state,
-      cellData: {
-        ...state.cellData,
-        [testCellId]: {
-          ...state.cellData[firstCellId],
-          id: testCellId,
-          config: { hide_code: true, disabled: false, column: null },
-        },
-      },
-      untouchedNewCells: new Set([testCellId]),
-    };
-
-    expect(exportedForTesting.isCellCodeHidden(testState, testCellId)).toBe(
-      false,
-    );
-  });
-
-  it("returns false when hide_code is false and cell is untouched", () => {
-    const testCellId = cellId("test-cell");
-    const testState: NotebookState = {
-      ...state,
-      cellData: {
-        ...state.cellData,
-        [testCellId]: {
-          ...state.cellData[firstCellId],
-          id: testCellId,
-          config: { hide_code: false, disabled: false, column: null },
-        },
-      },
-      untouchedNewCells: new Set([testCellId]),
-    };
-
-    expect(exportedForTesting.isCellCodeHidden(testState, testCellId)).toBe(
-      false,
-    );
   });
 });
 
@@ -3839,11 +1285,11 @@ describe("createTracebackInfoAtom", () => {
               data: [{ type: "syntax", msg: "Syntax error", lineno: 1 }],
               mimetype: "application/vnd.marimo+error",
             },
-            status: "queued",
           },
         },
       }),
     );
+    MockExecutions.seed(store, [MockExecutions.queued(cellId("cell1"))]);
 
     const tracebackAtom = exportedForTesting.createTracebackInfoAtom(
       cellId("cell1"),
@@ -3871,11 +1317,11 @@ describe("createTracebackInfoAtom", () => {
               data: [{ type: "syntax", msg: "Syntax error", lineno: 1 }],
               mimetype: "application/vnd.marimo+error",
             },
-            status: "running",
           },
         },
       }),
     );
+    MockExecutions.seed(store, [MockExecutions.running(cellId("cell1"))]);
 
     const tracebackAtom = exportedForTesting.createTracebackInfoAtom(
       cellId("cell1"),
@@ -3886,31 +1332,9 @@ describe("createTracebackInfoAtom", () => {
   });
 });
 
-describe("setCells snapshot preservation", () => {
+describe("kernel-ready", () => {
   const CELL_A = cellId("A");
   const CELL_B = cellId("B");
-  const newCells: CellData[] = [
-    {
-      id: CELL_A,
-      name: "a",
-      code: "1",
-      edited: false,
-      lastCodeRun: null,
-      lastExecutionTime: null,
-      config: { hide_code: false, disabled: false, column: null },
-      serializedEditorState: null,
-    },
-    {
-      id: CELL_B,
-      name: "b",
-      code: "2",
-      edited: false,
-      lastCodeRun: null,
-      lastExecutionTime: null,
-      config: { hide_code: false, disabled: false, column: null },
-      serializedEditorState: null,
-    },
-  ];
 
   const hydratedState = () =>
     MockNotebook.notebookState({
@@ -3940,44 +1364,74 @@ describe("setCells snapshot preservation", () => {
       },
     });
 
-  beforeEach(async () => {
-    const { isWasm } = await import("@/core/wasm/utils");
-    vi.mocked(isWasm).mockReturnValue(true);
-  });
-
-  it("preserves hydrated output in WASM", () => {
+  it("resetCellRuntimes starts every cell's runtime over", () => {
     const next = exportedForTesting.reducer(hydratedState(), {
-      type: "setCells",
-      payload: newCells,
+      type: "resetCellRuntimes",
+      payload: undefined,
     });
 
-    expect(next.cellRuntime[CELL_A].output).toMatchObject({
-      data: "hydrated-A",
+    expect(next.cellRuntime[CELL_A].output).toBeNull();
+    expect(next.cellRuntime[CELL_B].consoleOutputs).toEqual([]);
+  });
+
+  it("resetCellRuntimes starts the scratch cell over too", () => {
+    const state = MockNotebook.notebookState({
+      cellData: { [CELL_A]: { id: CELL_A, code: "1" } },
+      cellRuntime: {
+        [SCRATCH_CELL_ID]: {
+          output: {
+            channel: "output",
+            mimetype: "text/plain",
+            data: "scratch",
+            timestamp: 0,
+          },
+        },
+      },
     });
+    const next = exportedForTesting.reducer(state, {
+      type: "resetCellRuntimes",
+      payload: undefined,
+    });
+
+    expect(next.cellRuntime[SCRATCH_CELL_ID].output).toBeNull();
   });
 
-  it("preserves console-only hydration in WASM", () => {
-    const next = exportedForTesting.reducer(hydratedState(), {
-      type: "setCells",
-      payload: newCells,
+  describe("resetCellRuntimes in WASM", () => {
+    beforeEach(async () => {
+      const { isWasm } = await import("@/core/wasm/utils");
+      vi.mocked(isWasm).mockReturnValue(true);
     });
 
-    expect(next.cellRuntime[CELL_B].consoleOutputs).toHaveLength(1);
-    expect(next.cellRuntime[CELL_B].consoleOutputs[0]).toMatchObject({
-      data: "hydrated-B-stdout",
+    afterEach(async () => {
+      const { isWasm } = await import("@/core/wasm/utils");
+      vi.mocked(isWasm).mockReturnValue(false);
     });
-  });
 
-  it("resets cells with no prior runtime even in WASM", () => {
-    const empty = MockNotebook.notebookState({ cellData: {} });
-    const next = exportedForTesting.reducer(empty, {
-      type: "setCells",
-      payload: newCells,
+    it("keeps hydrated outputs and console", () => {
+      const next = exportedForTesting.reducer(hydratedState(), {
+        type: "resetCellRuntimes",
+        payload: undefined,
+      });
+
+      expect(next.cellRuntime[CELL_A].output).toMatchObject({
+        data: "hydrated-A",
+      });
+      expect(next.cellRuntime[CELL_B].consoleOutputs[0]).toMatchObject({
+        data: "hydrated-B-stdout",
+      });
     });
 
-    expect(next.cellRuntime[CELL_A].output).toBeNull();
-    expect(next.cellRuntime[CELL_A].consoleOutputs).toEqual([]);
-    expect(next.cellRuntime[CELL_B].output).toBeNull();
-    expect(next.cellRuntime[CELL_B].consoleOutputs).toEqual([]);
+    it("starts cells with no prior runtime over", () => {
+      const state = MockNotebook.notebookState({
+        cellData: { [CELL_A]: { id: CELL_A, code: "1" } },
+      });
+      const next = exportedForTesting.reducer(state, {
+        type: "resetCellRuntimes",
+        payload: undefined,
+      });
+
+      expect(next.cellRuntime[CELL_A].output).toBeNull();
+      expect(next.cellRuntime[CELL_A].consoleOutputs).toEqual([]);
+    });
   });
 });