@marimo-team/frontend 0.25.3-dev46 → 0.25.3-dev48

package/src/components/editor/cell/CreateCellButton.tsx

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /* Copyright 2026 Marimo. All rights reserved. */
 import { DatabaseIcon, DiamondPlusIcon, PlusIcon } from "lucide-react";
-import { useState } from "react";
+import { useRef, useState } from "react";
 import { Button } from "@/components/editor/inputs/Inputs";
 import { MinimalHotkeys } from "@/components/shortcuts/renderShortcut";
 import {
@@ -36,7 +36,8 @@ export const CreateCellButton = ({
   const { createNewCell, addSetupCellIfDoesntExist } = useCellActions();
   const shortcut = `${oneClickShortcut}-Click`;
   const [open, setOpen] = useState(false);
-  const [justOpened, setJustOpened] = useState(false);
+  // Time the dropdown last opened, to ignore the click that opened it
+  const openedAt = useRef(0);
 
   const baseTooltipContent =
     getConnectionTooltip(connectionState) || tooltipContent;
@@ -83,9 +84,7 @@ export const CreateCellButton = ({
 
   const openDropdown = () => {
     setOpen(true);
-    setJustOpened(true);
-    // Allow interactions after a brief delay to prevent the dropdown items immediately being clicked
-    setTimeout(() => setJustOpened(false), 200);
+    openedAt.current = Date.now();
   };
 
   // We use onPointerDownCapture (not onPointerDown) to intercept events in
@@ -121,15 +120,14 @@ export const CreateCellButton = ({
   const handleOpenChange = (isOpen: boolean) => {
     setOpen(isOpen);
     if (isOpen) {
-      setJustOpened(true);
-      // Allow interactions after a brief delay
-      setTimeout(() => setJustOpened(false), 200);
+      openedAt.current = Date.now();
     }
   };
 
   const handleFirstItemClick = (e: React.MouseEvent) => {
-    // Hack to prevent the first item from being clicked when the dropdown is opened
-    if (justOpened) {
+    // Hack to prevent the first item from being clicked when the dropdown is
+    // opened: allow interactions only after a brief delay
+    if (Date.now() - openedAt.current < 200) {
       e.preventDefault();
       e.stopPropagation();
       return;

package/src/components/editor/cell/code/__tests__/language-toggle.test.tsx

@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+/* Copyright 2026 Marimo. All rights reserved. */
+
+import { EditorState } from "@codemirror/state";
+import { EditorView } from "@codemirror/view";
+import { fireEvent, render, screen } from "@testing-library/react";
+import { createRef } from "react";
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
+import { TooltipProvider } from "@/components/ui/tooltip";
+import { switchLanguage } from "@/core/codemirror/language/extension";
+import { LanguageToggle } from "../language-toggle";
+
+vi.mock("@/core/codemirror/language/extension", () => ({
+  switchLanguage: vi.fn(),
+}));
+
+describe("LanguageToggle", () => {
+  afterEach(() => {
+    vi.mocked(switchLanguage).mockClear();
+  });
+
+  it("uses the editor mounted after the button rendered", () => {
+    const editorViewRef = createRef<EditorView>();
+    const onAfterToggle = vi.fn();
+    render(
+      <TooltipProvider>
+        <LanguageToggle
+          editorViewRef={editorViewRef}
+          currentLanguageAdapter="python"
+          canSwitchToLanguage={true}
+          toType="markdown"
+          displayName="Markdown"
+          icon="Markdown"
+          onAfterToggle={onAfterToggle}
+        />
+      </TooltipProvider>,
+    );
+
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole("button", { name: "Markdown" }));
+    expect(switchLanguage).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    expect(onAfterToggle).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+
+    const view = new EditorView({ state: EditorState.create() });
+    editorViewRef.current = view;
+    try {
+      fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole("button", { name: "Markdown" }));
+      expect(switchLanguage).toHaveBeenCalledWith(view, {
+        language: "markdown",
+      });
+      expect(onAfterToggle).toHaveBeenCalledOnce();
+    } finally {
+      view.destroy();
+    }
+  });
+});

package/src/components/editor/cell/code/cell-editor.tsx

@@ -572,7 +572,7 @@ const CellEditorInternal = ({
           <div className="absolute top-1 right-5">
             <LanguageToggles
               code={code}
-              editorView={editorViewRef.current}
+              editorViewRef={editorViewRef}
               currentLanguageAdapter={languageAdapter}
               onAfterToggle={afterToggleMarkdown}
             />

package/src/components/editor/cell/code/language-toggle.tsx

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ import { Functions } from "@/utils/functions";
 import { MarkdownIcon, PythonIcon } from "./icons";
 
 interface LanguageTogglesProps {
-  editorView: EditorView | null;
+  editorViewRef: React.RefObject<EditorView | null>;
   code: string;
   currentLanguageAdapter: LanguageAdapter["type"] | undefined;
   onAfterToggle: () => void;
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ interface LanguageTogglesProps {
 }
 
 export const LanguageToggles: React.FC<LanguageTogglesProps> = ({
-  editorView,
+  editorViewRef,
   code,
   currentLanguageAdapter,
   onAfterToggle,
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ export const LanguageToggles: React.FC<LanguageTogglesProps> = ({
   return (
     <div className={className}>
       <LanguageToggle
-        editorView={editorView}
+        editorViewRef={editorViewRef}
         currentLanguageAdapter={currentLanguageAdapter}
         canSwitchToLanguage={canUseSQL && currentLanguageAdapter === "python"}
         icon={
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ export const LanguageToggles: React.FC<LanguageTogglesProps> = ({
         onAfterToggle={onAfterToggle}
       />
       <LanguageToggle
-        editorView={editorView}
+        editorViewRef={editorViewRef}
         currentLanguageAdapter={currentLanguageAdapter}
         canSwitchToLanguage={
           canUseMarkdown && currentLanguageAdapter === "python"
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ export const LanguageToggles: React.FC<LanguageTogglesProps> = ({
         onAfterToggle={onAfterToggle}
       />
       <LanguageToggle
-        editorView={editorView}
+        editorViewRef={editorViewRef}
         currentLanguageAdapter={currentLanguageAdapter}
         canSwitchToLanguage={true}
         icon={
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ export const LanguageToggles: React.FC<LanguageTogglesProps> = ({
 
 interface Props {
   className?: string;
-  editorView: EditorView | null;
+  editorViewRef: React.RefObject<EditorView | null>;
   canSwitchToLanguage: boolean;
   currentLanguageAdapter: LanguageAdapter["type"] | undefined;
   toType: LanguageAdapter["type"];
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ interface Props {
 }
 
 export const LanguageToggle: React.FC<Props> = ({
-  editorView,
+  editorViewRef,
   currentLanguageAdapter,
   canSwitchToLanguage,
   icon,
@@ -114,6 +114,7 @@ export const LanguageToggle: React.FC<Props> = ({
   onAfterToggle,
 }) => {
   const handleClick = () => {
+    const editorView = editorViewRef.current;
     if (!editorView) {
       return;
     }

package/src/components/editor/file-tree/file-viewer.tsx

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ import {
   SaveIcon,
 } from "lucide-react";
 import type React from "react";
-import { useEffect, useRef, useState } from "react";
+import { useEffect, useLayoutEffect, useRef, useState } from "react";
 import { renderShortcut } from "@/components/shortcuts/renderShortcut";
 import { Alert, AlertDescription } from "@/components/ui/alert";
 import { Button } from "@/components/ui/button";
@@ -82,7 +82,9 @@ export const FileViewer: React.FC<Props> = ({ file, onOpenNotebook }) => {
   // carry no draft to preserve.
   // We use a ref for internalValue so we don't call this effect on each keystroke
   const internalValueRef = useRef<string>(internalValue);
-  internalValueRef.current = internalValue;
+  useLayoutEffect(() => {
+    internalValueRef.current = internalValue;
+  }, [internalValue]);
   useEffect(() => {
     return () => {
       if (

package/src/components/editor/output/console/ConsoleOutput.tsx

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import {
   ChevronsUpDownIcon,
   WrapTextIcon,
 } from "lucide-react";
-import React, { useEffect, useLayoutEffect, useRef, useState } from "react";
+import React, { useEffect, useLayoutEffect, useState } from "react";
 import { ToggleButton } from "react-aria-components";
 import { DebuggerControls } from "@/components/debugger/debugger-code";
 import { CopyClipboardIcon } from "@/components/icons/copy-icon";
@@ -49,31 +49,21 @@ export const CONSOLE_CLEAR_DEBOUNCE_MS = 200;
  */
 function useDebouncedConsoleOutputs<T>(outputs: T[]): T[] {
   const [debouncedOutputs, setDebouncedOutputs] = useState(outputs);
-  const timerRef = useRef<ReturnType<typeof setTimeout> | null>(null);
 
-  // Non-empty outputs: apply immediately and cancel any pending clear
+  // Non-empty outputs: apply immediately. Effect cleanup cancels pending clears.
   if (outputs.length > 0 && debouncedOutputs !== outputs) {
-    if (timerRef.current !== null) {
-      clearTimeout(timerRef.current);
-      timerRef.current = null;
-    }
     setDebouncedOutputs(outputs);
   }
 
   // Empty outputs: delay the clear so new outputs can arrive first
   useEffect(() => {
-    if (outputs.length === 0 && timerRef.current === null) {
-      timerRef.current = setTimeout(() => {
-        timerRef.current = null;
-        setDebouncedOutputs([]);
-      }, CONSOLE_CLEAR_DEBOUNCE_MS);
+    if (outputs.length > 0) {
+      return;
     }
-    return () => {
-      if (timerRef.current !== null) {
-        clearTimeout(timerRef.current);
-        timerRef.current = null;
-      }
-    };
+    const timer = setTimeout(() => {
+      setDebouncedOutputs([]);
+    }, CONSOLE_CLEAR_DEBOUNCE_MS);
+    return () => clearTimeout(timer);
   }, [outputs]);
 
   return debouncedOutputs;

package/src/components/slides/slide-cell-view.tsx

@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ export const SlideCellView = ({ cell }: { cell: RuntimeCell }) => {
       />
       <LanguageToggles
         code={cell.code}
-        editorView={editorViewRef.current}
+        editorViewRef={editorViewRef}
         currentLanguageAdapter={languageAdapter}
         onAfterToggle={afterToggleLanguage}
         className="flex items-center gap-1"

package/src/core/static/files.ts

@@ -125,6 +125,8 @@ function withoutLeadingDot(path: string): string {
 /**
  * Resolve a URL to a blob URL if it's a virtual file, for use with dynamic import().
  * Unlike fetch, import() can't be patched, so we need to convert data URLs to blob URLs.
+ * The caller owns a returned URL that differs from the input and must revoke it
+ * once no module consumers or their cleanup callbacks need it.
  *
  * @returns The original URL if not a virtual file, or a blob URL if it is
  */

package/src/hooks/useInputHistory.ts

@@ -37,12 +37,9 @@ export function useInputHistory({
   const historyIndexRef = React.useRef<number>(-1);
   // Store the current input when navigating history
   const pendingInputRef = React.useRef<string>("");
-  // Keep a ref to history for use in callbacks without causing re-renders
-  const historyRef = React.useRef(history);
-  historyRef.current = history;
 
   const navigateUp = React.useCallback(() => {
-    const currentHistory = historyRef.current;
+    const currentHistory = history;
     if (currentHistory.length === 0) {
       return;
     }
@@ -59,10 +56,10 @@ export function useInputHistory({
       historyIndexRef.current = newIndex;
       setValue(currentHistory[currentHistory.length - 1 - newIndex]);
     }
-  }, [value, setValue]);
+  }, [history, value, setValue]);
 
   const navigateDown = React.useCallback(() => {
-    const currentHistory = historyRef.current;
+    const currentHistory = history;
     if (currentHistory.length === 0) {
       return;
     }
@@ -79,7 +76,7 @@ export function useInputHistory({
       historyIndexRef.current = -1;
       setValue(pendingInputRef.current);
     }
-  }, [setValue]);
+  }, [history, setValue]);
 
   const addToHistory = React.useCallback((command: string) => {
     setHistory((prev) => {

package/src/hooks/useResizeObserver.ts

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 
 import type { RefObject } from "react";
 import { useEffect, useRef } from "react";
+import useEvent from "react-use-event-hook";
 
 interface Size {
   width: number | undefined;
@@ -30,9 +31,7 @@ export function useResizeObserver<T extends HTMLElement = HTMLElement>(
   const { ref, box = "content-box", skip } = options;
   // oxlint-disable-next-line react/hook-use-state
   const previousSize = useRef<Size>({ ...initialSize });
-  const onResize = useRef<((size: Size) => void) | undefined>(undefined);
-  // oxlint-disable-next-line react-hooks/react-compiler
-  onResize.current = options.onResize;
+  const onResize = useEvent((size: Size) => options.onResize?.(size));
 
   useEffect(() => {
     if (!ref.current || skip) {
@@ -63,9 +62,7 @@ export function useResizeObserver<T extends HTMLElement = HTMLElement>(
         previousSize.current.width = newWidth;
         previousSize.current.height = newHeight;
 
-        if (onResize.current) {
-          onResize.current(newSize);
-        }
+        onResize(newSize);
       }
     });
 
@@ -74,7 +71,7 @@ export function useResizeObserver<T extends HTMLElement = HTMLElement>(
     return () => {
       observer.disconnect();
     };
-  }, [box, ref, skip]);
+  }, [box, ref, skip, onResize]);
 }
 
 type BoxSizesKey = keyof Pick<

package/src/plugins/impl/anywidget/__tests__/registry.test.ts

@@ -238,6 +238,7 @@ describe("WidgetRegistry.getWidget", () => {
       jsUrl: SPEC.url,
       jsHash: SPEC.hash,
       kernelAuthored: true,
+      lifetime: expect.any(AbortSignal),
     });
     expect(widgetDef.initialize).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
     expect(widget.exports).toBe(exports);
@@ -263,6 +264,7 @@ describe("WidgetRegistry.getWidget", () => {
       jsUrl: SPEC.url,
       jsHash: SPEC.hash,
       kernelAuthored: true,
+      lifetime: expect.any(AbortSignal),
     });
   });
 

package/src/plugins/impl/anywidget/__tests__/widget-binding.test.ts

@@ -7,9 +7,12 @@ import { userConfigAtom } from "@/core/config/config";
 import { parseUserConfig } from "@/core/config/config-schema";
 import { initialModeAtom } from "@/core/mode";
 import { store } from "@/core/state/jotai";
+import type { DataURLString } from "@/utils/json/base64";
 import { Model } from "../model";
 import type { Host } from "../host";
-import type { ModelState } from "../types";
+import type { ModelState, WidgetModelId } from "../types";
+import { WidgetRuntime } from "../runtime";
+import { Deferred } from "@/utils/Deferred";
 import { visibleForTesting } from "../widget-binding";
 
 const { WidgetDefRegistry, WidgetBinding } = visibleForTesting;
@@ -30,13 +33,14 @@ const createTestHost = (): Host => ({
 function createBinding<T extends ModelState>(
   widgetDef: AnyWidget<T>,
   model: Model<T>,
-  options: { controller?: AbortController } = {},
+  options: { controller?: AbortController; onDestroy?: () => void } = {},
 ) {
   return WidgetBinding.create({
     widgetDef,
     model,
     createHost: createTestHost,
     controller: options.controller,
+    onDestroy: options.onDestroy,
   });
 }
 
@@ -123,6 +127,25 @@ describe("WidgetDefRegistry", () => {
     promise2.catch(() => undefined);
   });
 
+  it("does not evict a replacement when an invalidated import fails", async () => {
+    const oldImport = getModule(
+      registry,
+      "http://localhost/old.js",
+      "replaced",
+    );
+    registry.invalidate("replaced");
+    const newImport = registry.getModule({
+      jsUrl: "data:text/javascript,export default {}",
+      jsHash: "replaced",
+      kernelAuthored: true,
+    });
+    await expect(oldImport).rejects.toThrow(/untrusted/i);
+    await newImport;
+    expect(getModule(registry, "http://localhost/new.js", "replaced")).toBe(
+      newImport,
+    );
+  });
+
   describe("URL validation", () => {
     it.each([
       // Attack vector: raw <marimo-anywidget data-js-url=...> in markdown
@@ -148,9 +171,225 @@ describe("WidgetDefRegistry", () => {
       ).rejects.not.toThrow(/untrusted/i);
     });
   });
+
+  describe("static module URLs", () => {
+    afterEach(() => {
+      delete window.__MARIMO_STATIC__;
+      vi.restoreAllMocks();
+    });
+
+    it("releases the generated URL when a static module fails to import", async () => {
+      window.__MARIMO_STATIC__ = {
+        files: {
+          "/@file/widget.js":
+            "data:text/javascript;base64,ZXhwb3J0IHt9" as DataURLString,
+        },
+      };
+      const create = vi
+        .spyOn(URL, "createObjectURL")
+        .mockReturnValue("blob:widget-module");
+      const revoke = vi
+        .spyOn(URL, "revokeObjectURL")
+        .mockImplementation(() => undefined);
+
+      await expect(
+        getModule(registry, "./@file/widget.js", "static-module"),
+      ).rejects.toThrow(/blob:/);
+
+      expect(create).toHaveBeenCalledOnce();
+      expect(revoke).toHaveBeenCalledExactlyOnceWith("blob:widget-module");
+    });
+
+    it("does not revoke active modules when their cache entry is invalidated", async () => {
+      window.__MARIMO_STATIC__ = {
+        files: {
+          "/@file/widget.js":
+            "data:text/javascript;base64,ZXhwb3J0IHt9" as DataURLString,
+        },
+      };
+      const oldUrl = "data:text/javascript,export const version = 1";
+      const newUrl = "data:text/javascript,export const version = 2";
+      vi.spyOn(URL, "createObjectURL")
+        .mockReturnValueOnce(oldUrl)
+        .mockReturnValueOnce(newUrl);
+      const revoke = vi
+        .spyOn(URL, "revokeObjectURL")
+        .mockImplementation(() => undefined);
+      const oldLifetime = new AbortController();
+      const newLifetime = new AbortController();
+      const options = { jsUrl: "./@file/widget.js", jsHash: "invalidated" };
+      const oldImport = registry.getModule({
+        ...options,
+        lifetime: oldLifetime.signal,
+      });
+      registry.invalidate(options.jsHash);
+      const newImport = registry.getModule({
+        ...options,
+        lifetime: newLifetime.signal,
+      });
+      await Promise.all([oldImport, newImport]);
+      expect(revoke).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+      oldLifetime.abort();
+      await vi.waitFor(() =>
+        expect(revoke).toHaveBeenCalledExactlyOnceWith(oldUrl),
+      );
+      const siblingLifetime = new AbortController();
+      expect(
+        registry.getModule({ ...options, lifetime: siblingLifetime.signal }),
+      ).toBe(newImport);
+      newLifetime.abort();
+      siblingLifetime.abort();
+      await vi.waitFor(() => expect(revoke).toHaveBeenLastCalledWith(newUrl));
+    });
+
+    it("waits for a canceled import to settle before revoking its URL", async () => {
+      window.__MARIMO_STATIC__ = {
+        files: {
+          "/@file/widget.js":
+            "data:text/javascript;base64,ZXhwb3J0IHt9" as DataURLString,
+        },
+      };
+      const moduleUrl = "data:text/javascript,export const pending = true";
+      vi.spyOn(URL, "createObjectURL").mockReturnValue(moduleUrl);
+      const revoke = vi
+        .spyOn(URL, "revokeObjectURL")
+        .mockImplementation(() => undefined);
+      const lifetime = new AbortController();
+      const pending = registry.getModule({
+        jsUrl: "./@file/widget.js",
+        jsHash: "pending",
+        lifetime: lifetime.signal,
+      });
+      lifetime.abort();
+      expect(revoke).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+      await pending;
+      expect(revoke).toHaveBeenCalledExactlyOnceWith(moduleUrl);
+    });
+
+    it("does not revoke an unchanged URL for a missing static file", async () => {
+      window.__MARIMO_STATIC__ = { files: {} };
+      const revoke = vi
+        .spyOn(URL, "revokeObjectURL")
+        .mockImplementation(() => undefined);
+
+      await expect(
+        getModule(registry, "./@file/missing.js", "missing-module"),
+      ).rejects.toThrow(/http:/);
+
+      expect(revoke).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    });
+
+    it("keeps a shared module URL until the last widget generation is destroyed", async () => {
+      window.__MARIMO_STATIC__ = {
+        files: {
+          "/@file/widget.js":
+            "data:text/javascript;base64,ZXhwb3J0IHt9" as DataURLString,
+        },
+      };
+      // Node cannot import blob URLs; a data URL exercises successful loading.
+      const moduleUrl = `data:text/javascript,${encodeURIComponent(
+        "export default { initialize: () => ({ moduleUrl: import.meta.url }) }",
+      )}`;
+      vi.spyOn(URL, "createObjectURL").mockReturnValue(moduleUrl);
+      const revoke = vi
+        .spyOn(URL, "revokeObjectURL")
+        .mockImplementation(() => undefined);
+
+      const createRuntime = (id: string) => {
+        const runtime = new WidgetRuntime(id as WidgetModelId, {
+          timeout: 50,
+          isEditMode: () => true,
+          createHost: createTestHost,
+          onModelTimeout: vi.fn(),
+        });
+        runtime.setModel(new Model({}, createMockComm()));
+        runtime.setSpec({ url: "./@file/widget.js", hash: "static-success" });
+        return runtime;
+      };
+      const first = createRuntime("first");
+      const second = createRuntime("second");
+      const widgets = await Promise.all([
+        first.getWidget(),
+        second.getWidget(),
+      ]);
+      expect(widgets.map((widget) => widget.exports)).toEqual([
+        { moduleUrl },
+        { moduleUrl },
+      ]);
+      expect(URL.createObjectURL).toHaveBeenCalledOnce();
+      expect(revoke).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+
+      first.dispose();
+      await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 0));
+      expect(revoke).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+
+      second.dispose();
+      await vi.waitFor(() => {
+        expect(revoke).toHaveBeenCalledExactlyOnceWith(moduleUrl);
+      });
+
+      // A later generation reuses the evaluated module rather than
+      // re-running its top-level side effects, and does not revoke again.
+      const third = createRuntime("third");
+      const widget = await third.getWidget();
+      expect(widget.exports).toEqual({ moduleUrl });
+      expect(URL.createObjectURL).toHaveBeenCalledOnce();
+      third.dispose();
+      await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 0));
+      expect(revoke).toHaveBeenCalledOnce();
+    });
+  });
 });
 
 describe("WidgetBinding", () => {
+  it("releases module resources after asynchronous generation cleanup", async () => {
+    const cleanup = new Deferred<void>();
+    const onDestroy = vi.fn();
+    const binding = await createBinding(
+      { initialize: () => () => cleanup.promise },
+      new Model({}, createMockComm()),
+      { onDestroy },
+    );
+    const destroying = binding.destroy();
+    expect(onDestroy).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    cleanup.resolve();
+    await destroying;
+    await binding.destroy();
+    expect(onDestroy).toHaveBeenCalledOnce();
+  });
+
+  it("retains module resources until canceled initialization and late cleanup settle", async () => {
+    const initialize = new Deferred<() => Promise<void>>();
+    const cleanup = new Deferred<void>();
+    const controller = new AbortController();
+    const onDestroy = vi.fn();
+    const pending = createBinding(
+      { initialize: () => initialize.promise },
+      new Model({}, createMockComm()),
+      { controller, onDestroy },
+    );
+    controller.abort();
+    await expect(pending).rejects.toThrow(/binding destroyed/);
+    expect(onDestroy).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    initialize.resolve(() => cleanup.promise);
+    await Promise.resolve();
+    expect(onDestroy).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    cleanup.resolve();
+    await vi.waitFor(() => expect(onDestroy).toHaveBeenCalledOnce());
+  });
+
+  it("releases module resources when initialization fails", async () => {
+    const onDestroy = vi.fn();
+    await expect(
+      createBinding(
+        { initialize: () => Promise.reject(new Error("initialize failed")) },
+        new Model({}, createMockComm()),
+        { onDestroy },
+      ),
+    ).rejects.toThrow("initialize failed");
+    await vi.waitFor(() => expect(onDestroy).toHaveBeenCalledOnce());
+  });
+
   it("should run initialize exactly once and expose exports", async () => {
     const model = new Model<ModelState>({ count: 0 }, createMockComm());
     const exports = { setValue: vi.fn() };