@marcuspuchalla/nachos 0.1.1 → 0.1.3

package/src/__tests__/roundtrip.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,702 @@
+/**
+ * Round-Trip Tests for NACHOS CBOR Library
+ *
+ * Tests that encode(value) -> decode(hex) -> value produces the original value
+ * for all supported CBOR types and edge cases.
+ *
+ * Key considerations:
+ * - Decoder returns Map for CBOR maps (not plain objects)
+ * - Decoder returns plain Uint8Array for definite-length byte strings
+ * - NaN !== NaN, so use Number.isNaN()
+ * - Encoder treats -0.0 as integer 0 (since Number.isInteger(-0) is true)
+ */
+
+import { describe, it, expect } from 'vitest'
+import { encode, decode } from '../index'
+// Note: The decoder returns plain Uint8Array for definite-length byte strings,
+// not CborByteString objects. CborByteString is only used internally.
+
+/**
+ * Helper: round-trip a value through encode -> decode and return the decoded value.
+ */
+function roundTrip(value: any): any {
+  const encoded = encode(value)
+  const decoded = decode(encoded.hex)
+  return decoded.value
+}
+
+/**
+ * Helper: check that the hex produced by encode can be decoded back,
+ * and that bytesRead matches the encoded length.
+ */
+function roundTripFull(value: any): { hex: string; decoded: any; bytesRead: number } {
+  const encoded = encode(value)
+  const decoded = decode(encoded.hex)
+  return { hex: encoded.hex, decoded: decoded.value, bytesRead: decoded.bytesRead }
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 1. Integers
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+describe('Round-trip: Integers', () => {
+  describe('unsigned integers', () => {
+    it('should round-trip 0', () => {
+      expect(roundTrip(0)).toBe(0)
+    })
+
+    it('should round-trip 1', () => {
+      expect(roundTrip(1)).toBe(1)
+    })
+
+    it('should round-trip 23 (max direct encoding)', () => {
+      expect(roundTrip(23)).toBe(23)
+    })
+
+    it('should round-trip 24 (1-byte follows)', () => {
+      expect(roundTrip(24)).toBe(24)
+    })
+
+    it('should round-trip 255 (max 1-byte)', () => {
+      expect(roundTrip(255)).toBe(255)
+    })
+
+    it('should round-trip 256 (2-byte follows)', () => {
+      expect(roundTrip(256)).toBe(256)
+    })
+
+    it('should round-trip 65535 (max 2-byte)', () => {
+      expect(roundTrip(65535)).toBe(65535)
+    })
+
+    it('should round-trip 65536 (4-byte follows)', () => {
+      expect(roundTrip(65536)).toBe(65536)
+    })
+
+    it('should round-trip 2^32 - 1 (max 4-byte)', () => {
+      expect(roundTrip(4294967295)).toBe(4294967295)
+    })
+
+    it('should round-trip 2^32 (8-byte follows)', () => {
+      expect(roundTrip(4294967296)).toBe(4294967296)
+    })
+
+    it('should round-trip Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER', () => {
+      expect(roundTrip(Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER)).toBe(Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER)
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe('negative integers', () => {
+    it('should round-trip -1', () => {
+      expect(roundTrip(-1)).toBe(-1)
+    })
+
+    it('should round-trip -24 (max direct negative encoding)', () => {
+      expect(roundTrip(-24)).toBe(-24)
+    })
+
+    it('should round-trip -25 (1-byte follows)', () => {
+      expect(roundTrip(-25)).toBe(-25)
+    })
+
+    it('should round-trip -256', () => {
+      expect(roundTrip(-256)).toBe(-256)
+    })
+
+    it('should round-trip -257 (2-byte follows)', () => {
+      expect(roundTrip(-257)).toBe(-257)
+    })
+
+    it('should round-trip -65536', () => {
+      expect(roundTrip(-65536)).toBe(-65536)
+    })
+
+    it('should round-trip -65537 (4-byte follows)', () => {
+      expect(roundTrip(-65537)).toBe(-65537)
+    })
+
+    it('should round-trip Number.MIN_SAFE_INTEGER', () => {
+      expect(roundTrip(Number.MIN_SAFE_INTEGER)).toBe(Number.MIN_SAFE_INTEGER)
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe('BigInt values', () => {
+    it('should round-trip BigInt(0)', () => {
+      expect(roundTrip(0n)).toBe(0)
+    })
+
+    it('should round-trip BigInt larger than MAX_SAFE_INTEGER', () => {
+      const big = 2n ** 53n + 1n
+      const result = roundTrip(big)
+      expect(result).toBe(big)
+    })
+
+    it('should round-trip large negative BigInt', () => {
+      const big = -(2n ** 53n + 1n)
+      const result = roundTrip(big)
+      expect(result).toBe(big)
+    })
+
+    it('should round-trip BigInt at 2^64 - 1 boundary', () => {
+      const big = 2n ** 64n - 1n
+      const result = roundTrip(big)
+      expect(result).toBe(big)
+    })
+  })
+})
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 2. Floats
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+describe('Round-trip: Floats', () => {
+  it('should round-trip 0.0 (encodes as integer 0)', () => {
+    // 0.0 is an integer, so encoder uses integer encoding
+    expect(roundTrip(0.0)).toBe(0)
+  })
+
+  it('should encode -0.0 as integer 0 (encoder treats -0 as integer)', () => {
+    // -0.0 passes Number.isInteger() and Number.isSafeInteger(), so the
+    // encoder uses integer encoding (producing 0x00), which decodes as 0.
+    // This is expected CBOR behavior: -0 only preserves via float encoding.
+    const encoded = encode(-0.0)
+    expect(encoded.hex).toBe('00')
+    expect(roundTrip(-0.0)).toBe(0)
+  })
+
+  it('should round-trip 1.5 (exact in float16)', () => {
+    expect(roundTrip(1.5)).toBe(1.5)
+  })
+
+  it('should round-trip -4.1 (requires float64)', () => {
+    expect(roundTrip(-4.1)).toBeCloseTo(-4.1, 15)
+  })
+
+  it('should round-trip Infinity', () => {
+    expect(roundTrip(Infinity)).toBe(Infinity)
+  })
+
+  it('should round-trip -Infinity', () => {
+    expect(roundTrip(-Infinity)).toBe(-Infinity)
+  })
+
+  it('should round-trip NaN', () => {
+    const result = roundTrip(NaN)
+    expect(Number.isNaN(result)).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('should round-trip a very small float (subnormal in float16)', () => {
+    // 5.960464477539063e-8 is the smallest positive subnormal float16
+    const val = 5.960464477539063e-8
+    const result = roundTrip(val)
+    expect(result).toBe(val)
+  })
+
+  it('should round-trip 65504 (max finite float16)', () => {
+    expect(roundTrip(65504.0)).toBe(65504)
+  })
+
+  it('should round-trip 3.4028234663852886e+38 (max float32)', () => {
+    const val = 3.4028234663852886e+38
+    expect(roundTrip(val)).toBe(val)
+  })
+
+  it('should round-trip 1.1 (requires float64 precision)', () => {
+    expect(roundTrip(1.1)).toBe(1.1)
+  })
+
+  it('should round-trip Number.EPSILON', () => {
+    const val = Number.EPSILON
+    expect(roundTrip(val)).toBe(val)
+  })
+})
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 3. Strings
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+describe('Round-trip: Strings', () => {
+  it('should round-trip empty string', () => {
+    expect(roundTrip('')).toBe('')
+  })
+
+  it('should round-trip ASCII string', () => {
+    expect(roundTrip('hello')).toBe('hello')
+  })
+
+  it('should round-trip "IETF" (from RFC 8949 examples)', () => {
+    expect(roundTrip('IETF')).toBe('IETF')
+  })
+
+  it('should round-trip UTF-8 multi-byte characters', () => {
+    expect(roundTrip('\u00fc')).toBe('\u00fc')  // u-umlaut
+  })
+
+  it('should round-trip CJK characters', () => {
+    expect(roundTrip('\u6c34')).toBe('\u6c34')  // water
+  })
+
+  it('should round-trip emoji', () => {
+    expect(roundTrip('\ud83d\ude00')).toBe('\ud83d\ude00')  // grinning face
+  })
+
+  it('should round-trip string with mixed scripts', () => {
+    const mixed = 'Hello \u4e16\u754c \ud83c\udf0d!'
+    expect(roundTrip(mixed)).toBe(mixed)
+  })
+
+  it('should round-trip long string (> 256 bytes)', () => {
+    const long = 'a'.repeat(300)
+    expect(roundTrip(long)).toBe(long)
+  })
+
+  it('should round-trip string with special characters', () => {
+    const special = 'line1\nline2\ttab\r\nwindows'
+    expect(roundTrip(special)).toBe(special)
+  })
+
+  it('should round-trip string with null byte', () => {
+    const withNull = 'before\x00after'
+    expect(roundTrip(withNull)).toBe(withNull)
+  })
+})
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 4. Byte Strings
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+describe('Round-trip: Byte Strings', () => {
+  it('should round-trip empty Uint8Array', () => {
+    const result = roundTrip(new Uint8Array([]))
+    expect(result).toBeInstanceOf(Uint8Array)
+    expect(result).toEqual(new Uint8Array([]))
+  })
+
+  it('should round-trip single byte', () => {
+    const result = roundTrip(new Uint8Array([0xff]))
+    expect(result).toBeInstanceOf(Uint8Array)
+    expect(result).toEqual(new Uint8Array([0xff]))
+  })
+
+  it('should round-trip multi-byte Uint8Array', () => {
+    const input = new Uint8Array([0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04])
+    const result = roundTrip(input)
+    expect(result).toBeInstanceOf(Uint8Array)
+    expect(result).toEqual(input)
+  })
+
+  it('should round-trip 256-byte Uint8Array', () => {
+    const input = new Uint8Array(256)
+    for (let i = 0; i < 256; i++) input[i] = i
+    const result = roundTrip(input)
+    expect(result).toBeInstanceOf(Uint8Array)
+    expect(result).toEqual(input)
+  })
+
+  it('should round-trip all-zeros byte string', () => {
+    const input = new Uint8Array([0x00, 0x00, 0x00])
+    const result = roundTrip(input)
+    expect(result).toBeInstanceOf(Uint8Array)
+    expect(result).toEqual(input)
+  })
+})
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 5. Booleans / null / undefined
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+describe('Round-trip: Booleans, null, undefined', () => {
+  it('should round-trip true', () => {
+    expect(roundTrip(true)).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('should round-trip false', () => {
+    expect(roundTrip(false)).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('should round-trip null', () => {
+    expect(roundTrip(null)).toBe(null)
+  })
+
+  it('should round-trip undefined', () => {
+    // CBOR encodes undefined as 0xf7, which decodes back to undefined
+    expect(roundTrip(undefined)).toBe(undefined)
+  })
+})
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 6. Arrays
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+describe('Round-trip: Arrays', () => {
+  it('should round-trip empty array', () => {
+    expect(roundTrip([])).toEqual([])
+  })
+
+  it('should round-trip single-element array', () => {
+    expect(roundTrip([42])).toEqual([42])
+  })
+
+  it('should round-trip array of integers', () => {
+    expect(roundTrip([1, 2, 3])).toEqual([1, 2, 3])
+  })
+
+  it('should round-trip nested arrays', () => {
+    expect(roundTrip([[1, 2], [3, 4]])).toEqual([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
+  })
+
+  it('should round-trip mixed-type array', () => {
+    const input = [1, 'hello', true, null]
+    const result = roundTrip(input) as any[]
+    expect(result[0]).toBe(1)
+    expect(result[1]).toBe('hello')
+    expect(result[2]).toBe(true)
+    expect(result[3]).toBe(null)
+  })
+
+  it('should round-trip deeply nested array', () => {
+    const deep = [[[[[1]]]]]
+    expect(roundTrip(deep)).toEqual([[[[[1]]]]])
+  })
+
+  it('should round-trip large array (100 elements)', () => {
+    const input = Array.from({ length: 100 }, (_, i) => i)
+    expect(roundTrip(input)).toEqual(input)
+  })
+
+  it('should round-trip array with negative integers', () => {
+    expect(roundTrip([-1, -100, -1000])).toEqual([-1, -100, -1000])
+  })
+})
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 7. Maps / Objects
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+describe('Round-trip: Maps and Objects', () => {
+  it('should round-trip empty object as empty Map', () => {
+    const result = roundTrip({}) as Map<any, any>
+    expect(result).toBeInstanceOf(Map)
+    expect(result.size).toBe(0)
+  })
+
+  it('should round-trip object with string keys as Map', () => {
+    const result = roundTrip({ a: 1, b: 2 }) as Map<any, any>
+    expect(result).toBeInstanceOf(Map)
+    expect(result.get('a')).toBe(1)
+    expect(result.get('b')).toBe(2)
+  })
+
+  it('should round-trip nested object', () => {
+    const result = roundTrip({ outer: { inner: 42 } }) as Map<any, any>
+    expect(result).toBeInstanceOf(Map)
+    const inner = result.get('outer') as Map<any, any>
+    expect(inner).toBeInstanceOf(Map)
+    expect(inner.get('inner')).toBe(42)
+  })
+
+  it('should round-trip object with mixed value types', () => {
+    const result = roundTrip({
+      num: 42,
+      str: 'hello',
+      bool: true,
+      nil: null,
+      arr: [1, 2, 3]
+    }) as Map<any, any>
+
+    expect(result.get('num')).toBe(42)
+    expect(result.get('str')).toBe('hello')
+    expect(result.get('bool')).toBe(true)
+    expect(result.get('nil')).toBe(null)
+    expect(result.get('arr')).toEqual([1, 2, 3])
+  })
+
+  it('should round-trip Map with integer keys', () => {
+    const input = new Map<any, any>([
+      [0, 'inputs'],
+      [1, 'outputs'],
+      [2, 1000000]
+    ])
+    const result = roundTrip(input) as Map<any, any>
+    expect(result).toBeInstanceOf(Map)
+    expect(result.get(0)).toBe('inputs')
+    expect(result.get(1)).toBe('outputs')
+    expect(result.get(2)).toBe(1000000)
+  })
+
+  it('should round-trip Map with string keys', () => {
+    const input = new Map<any, any>([
+      ['name', 'Alice'],
+      ['age', 30]
+    ])
+    const result = roundTrip(input) as Map<any, any>
+    expect(result.get('name')).toBe('Alice')
+    expect(result.get('age')).toBe(30)
+  })
+
+  it('should round-trip empty Map', () => {
+    const result = roundTrip(new Map()) as Map<any, any>
+    expect(result).toBeInstanceOf(Map)
+    expect(result.size).toBe(0)
+  })
+})
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 8. Tagged Values
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+describe('Round-trip: Tagged Values', () => {
+  it('should round-trip Plutus constructor 0 (tag 121)', () => {
+    const input = { tag: 121, value: [] }
+    const result = roundTrip(input)
+    expect(result).toMatchObject({ tag: 121, value: [] })
+  })
+
+  it('should round-trip epoch timestamp (tag 1)', () => {
+    const input = { tag: 1, value: 1234567890 }
+    const result = roundTrip(input)
+    expect(result).toMatchObject({ tag: 1, value: 1234567890 })
+  })
+
+  it('should round-trip tag with string content', () => {
+    const input = { tag: 0, value: '2013-03-21T20:04:00Z' }
+    const result = roundTrip(input)
+    expect(result).toMatchObject({ tag: 0, value: '2013-03-21T20:04:00Z' })
+  })
+
+  it('should round-trip tag with array content', () => {
+    const input = { tag: 258, value: [1, 2, 3] }
+    const result = roundTrip(input)
+    expect(result).toMatchObject({ tag: 258, value: [1, 2, 3] })
+  })
+
+  it('should round-trip nested tagged values', () => {
+    const input = { tag: 121, value: [{ tag: 122, value: [42] }] }
+    const result = roundTrip(input)
+    expect(result.tag).toBe(121)
+    expect(result.value[0].tag).toBe(122)
+    expect(result.value[0].value).toEqual([42])
+  })
+
+  it('should round-trip Plutus constructors 121-127', () => {
+    for (let tag = 121; tag <= 127; tag++) {
+      const input = { tag, value: [tag - 121] }
+      const result = roundTrip(input)
+      expect(result.tag).toBe(tag)
+      expect(result.value).toEqual([tag - 121])
+    }
+  })
+
+  it('should round-trip high tag number (tag 1280)', () => {
+    const input = { tag: 1280, value: [1, 2] }
+    const result = roundTrip(input)
+    expect(result).toMatchObject({ tag: 1280, value: [1, 2] })
+  })
+
+  it('should round-trip tag with empty Map content', () => {
+    const input = { tag: 121, value: new Map() }
+    const result = roundTrip(input)
+    expect(result.tag).toBe(121)
+    expect(result.value).toBeInstanceOf(Map)
+    expect((result.value as Map<any, any>).size).toBe(0)
+  })
+})
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 9. Complex Nested Structures (Cardano-like)
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+describe('Round-trip: Complex Nested Structures', () => {
+  it('should round-trip a Cardano-like transaction body', () => {
+    // Simplified Cardano transaction body structure:
+    // Map with integer keys: 0=inputs, 1=outputs, 2=fee
+    const txBody = new Map<any, any>([
+      [0, [                    // inputs: array of [txHash, index]
+        [new Uint8Array(32).fill(0xab), 0]
+      ]],
+      [1, [                    // outputs: array of [address, amount]
+        [new Uint8Array(28).fill(0xcd), 2000000]
+      ]],
+      [2, 170000]              // fee
+    ])
+
+    const result = roundTrip(txBody) as Map<any, any>
+    expect(result).toBeInstanceOf(Map)
+
+    // Check fee
+    expect(result.get(2)).toBe(170000)
+
+    // Check inputs structure
+    const inputs = result.get(0) as any[]
+    expect(inputs).toHaveLength(1)
+    const [txHash, index] = inputs[0]
+    expect(txHash).toBeInstanceOf(Uint8Array)
+    expect(txHash).toEqual(new Uint8Array(32).fill(0xab))
+    expect(index).toBe(0)
+
+    // Check outputs structure
+    const outputs = result.get(1) as any[]
+    expect(outputs).toHaveLength(1)
+    const [addr, amount] = outputs[0]
+    expect(addr).toBeInstanceOf(Uint8Array)
+    expect(addr).toEqual(new Uint8Array(28).fill(0xcd))
+    expect(amount).toBe(2000000)
+  })
+
+  it('should round-trip Plutus script datum (constructor with nested fields)', () => {
+    // Represents a Plutus datum like: Constr 0 [I 42, B "deadbeef", List [I 1, I 2]]
+    const datum = {
+      tag: 121,
+      value: [
+        42,
+        new Uint8Array([0xde, 0xad, 0xbe, 0xef]),
+        [1, 2]
+      ]
+    }
+
+    const result = roundTrip(datum)
+    expect(result.tag).toBe(121)
+    expect(result.value[0]).toBe(42)
+    expect(result.value[1]).toBeInstanceOf(Uint8Array)
+    expect(result.value[1]).toEqual(new Uint8Array([0xde, 0xad, 0xbe, 0xef]))
+    expect(result.value[2]).toEqual([1, 2])
+  })
+
+  it('should round-trip deeply nested mixed structure', () => {
+    const input = [
+      new Map<any, any>([
+        ['key', [1, 'two', { tag: 3, value: true }]]
+      ]),
+      null,
+      [[], [[]]]
+    ]
+
+    const result = roundTrip(input) as any[]
+    expect(result).toHaveLength(3)
+
+    const map = result[0] as Map<any, any>
+    expect(map).toBeInstanceOf(Map)
+    const arr = map.get('key') as any[]
+    expect(arr[0]).toBe(1)
+    expect(arr[1]).toBe('two')
+    expect(arr[2]).toMatchObject({ tag: 3, value: true })
+
+    expect(result[1]).toBe(null)
+    expect(result[2]).toEqual([[], [[]]])
+  })
+
+  it('should round-trip array of tagged values with Maps', () => {
+    const input = [
+      { tag: 121, value: [new Map<any, any>([[1, 'a'], [2, 'b']])] },
+      { tag: 122, value: [new Map<any, any>([[3, 'c']])] }
+    ]
+
+    const result = roundTrip(input) as any[]
+    expect(result[0].tag).toBe(121)
+    expect((result[0].value[0] as Map<any, any>).get(1)).toBe('a')
+    expect((result[0].value[0] as Map<any, any>).get(2)).toBe('b')
+    expect(result[1].tag).toBe(122)
+    expect((result[1].value[0] as Map<any, any>).get(3)).toBe('c')
+  })
+})
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 10. Canonical Mode
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+describe('Round-trip: Canonical Mode', () => {
+  it('should produce sorted keys in canonical mode', () => {
+    const encoded = encode({ z: 1, a: 2, m: 3 }, { canonical: true })
+    const decoded = decode(encoded.hex).value as Map<any, any>
+
+    // Keys should be in canonical order (sorted by encoded bytes)
+    // For text strings of equal length, this is alphabetical
+    const keys = Array.from(decoded.keys())
+    expect(keys).toEqual(['a', 'm', 'z'])
+  })
+
+  it('should produce consistent hex for reordered keys in canonical mode', () => {
+    const hex1 = encode({ z: 1, a: 2, m: 3 }, { canonical: true }).hex
+    const hex2 = encode({ a: 2, m: 3, z: 1 }, { canonical: true }).hex
+    expect(hex1).toBe(hex2)
+  })
+
+  it('should sort Map keys canonically', () => {
+    const input = new Map<any, any>([
+      ['bb', 2],
+      ['a', 1],
+      ['ccc', 3]
+    ])
+    const encoded = encode(input, { canonical: true })
+    const decoded = decode(encoded.hex).value as Map<any, any>
+
+    // Canonical sort: shorter keys first (by encoded bytes length), then lexicographic
+    const keys = Array.from(decoded.keys())
+    expect(keys[0]).toBe('a')     // 1-char key encodes shorter
+    expect(keys[1]).toBe('bb')    // 2-char key
+    expect(keys[2]).toBe('ccc')   // 3-char key
+  })
+
+  it('should round-trip canonical-encoded integers', () => {
+    // In canonical mode, values should still round-trip correctly
+    expect(decode(encode(42, { canonical: true }).hex).value).toBe(42)
+  })
+
+  it('should round-trip canonical-encoded arrays', () => {
+    const input = [3, 1, 2]
+    // Arrays preserve order (only map keys are sorted)
+    expect(decode(encode(input, { canonical: true }).hex).value).toEqual([3, 1, 2])
+  })
+})
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 11. Encoding / Decoding Consistency
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+describe('Round-trip: Consistency checks', () => {
+  it('should have bytesRead match encoded byte length', () => {
+    const values = [0, 100, -1, 'hello', true, null, [1, 2], { a: 1 }]
+    for (const value of values) {
+      const { hex, bytesRead } = roundTripFull(value)
+      // hex is 2 chars per byte
+      expect(bytesRead).toBe(hex.length / 2)
+    }
+  })
+
+  it('should produce identical hex when re-encoding a decoded Map', () => {
+    // Encode a Map, decode it, re-encode - should get same hex
+    const input = new Map<any, any>([
+      [1, 'hello'],
+      [2, 'world']
+    ])
+    const hex1 = encode(input).hex
+    const decoded = decode(hex1).value as Map<any, any>
+    const hex2 = encode(decoded).hex
+    expect(hex2).toBe(hex1)
+  })
+
+  it('should produce identical hex when re-encoding a decoded tagged value', () => {
+    const input = { tag: 121, value: [1, 2, 3] }
+    const hex1 = encode(input).hex
+    const decoded = decode(hex1).value as any
+    const hex2 = encode(decoded).hex
+    expect(hex2).toBe(hex1)
+  })
+
+  it('should produce identical hex when re-encoding a decoded array', () => {
+    const input = [1, 'hello', true, [2, 3]]
+    const hex1 = encode(input).hex
+    const decoded = decode(hex1).value as any
+    const hex2 = encode(decoded).hex
+    expect(hex2).toBe(hex1)
+  })
+
+  it('should produce identical hex when re-encoding decoded byte strings', () => {
+    const input = new Uint8Array([0xde, 0xad, 0xbe, 0xef])
+    const hex1 = encode(input).hex
+    const decoded = decode(hex1).value as Uint8Array
+    // Re-encode the decoded Uint8Array directly
+    const hex2 = encode(decoded as any).hex
+    expect(hex2).toBe(hex1)
+  })
+})