@lodestar/fork-choice 1.41.0-dev.702f7932c2 → 1.41.0-dev.85cdea6cc6

package/src/protoArray/protoArray.ts

@@ -1,16 +1,41 @@
-import {GENESIS_EPOCH} from "@lodestar/params";
+import {BitArray} from "@chainsafe/ssz";
+import {GENESIS_EPOCH, PTC_SIZE} from "@lodestar/params";
 import {computeEpochAtSlot, computeStartSlotAtEpoch} from "@lodestar/state-transition";
 import {Epoch, RootHex, Slot} from "@lodestar/types";
-import {toRootHex} from "@lodestar/utils";
+import {bitCount, toRootHex} from "@lodestar/utils";
 import {ForkChoiceError, ForkChoiceErrorCode} from "../forkChoice/errors.js";
 import {LVHExecError, LVHExecErrorCode, ProtoArrayError, ProtoArrayErrorCode} from "./errors.js";
-import {ExecutionStatus, HEX_ZERO_HASH, LVHExecResponse, ProtoBlock, ProtoNode} from "./interface.js";
+import {
+  ExecutionStatus,
+  HEX_ZERO_HASH,
+  LVHExecResponse,
+  PayloadStatus,
+  ProtoBlock,
+  ProtoNode,
+  isGloasBlock,
+} from "./interface.js";
+
+/**
+ * Threshold for payload timeliness (>50% of PTC must vote)
+ * Spec: gloas/fork-choice.md (PAYLOAD_TIMELY_THRESHOLD = PTC_SIZE // 2)
+ */
+const PAYLOAD_TIMELY_THRESHOLD = Math.floor(PTC_SIZE / 2);
 
 export const DEFAULT_PRUNE_THRESHOLD = 0;
 type ProposerBoost = {root: RootHex; score: number};
 
 const ZERO_HASH_HEX = toRootHex(Buffer.alloc(32, 0));
 
+/** Pre-Gloas: single element, FULL index (for backward compatibility) */
+type PreGloasVariantIndex = number;
+/**
+ * Post-Gloas: array length is 2 or 3
+ *   - Length 2: [PENDING_INDEX, EMPTY_INDEX] when payload hasn't arrived yet
+ *   - Length 3: [PENDING_INDEX, EMPTY_INDEX, FULL_INDEX] when payload has arrived
+ */
+type GloasVariantIndices = [number, number] | [number, number, number];
+type VariantIndices = PreGloasVariantIndex | GloasVariantIndices;
+
 export class ProtoArray {
   // Do not attempt to prune the tree unless it has at least this many nodes.
   // Small prunes simply waste time
@@ -20,11 +45,31 @@ export class ProtoArray {
   finalizedEpoch: Epoch;
   finalizedRoot: RootHex;
   nodes: ProtoNode[] = [];
-  indices = new Map<RootHex, number>();
+  /**
+   * Maps block root to array of node indices for each payload status variant
+   *
+   * Array structure: [PENDING, EMPTY, FULL] where indices correspond to PayloadStatus enum values
+   * - number[0] = PENDING variant index (PayloadStatus.PENDING = 0)
+   * - number[1] = EMPTY variant index (PayloadStatus.EMPTY = 1)
+   * - number[2] = FULL variant index (PayloadStatus.FULL = 2)
+   *
+   * Note: undefined array elements indicate that variant doesn't exist for this block
+   */
+  indices = new Map<RootHex, VariantIndices>();
   lvhError?: LVHExecError;
 
   private previousProposerBoost: ProposerBoost | null = null;
 
+  /**
+   * PTC (Payload Timeliness Committee) votes per block as bitvectors
+   * Maps block root to BitArray of PTC_SIZE bits (512 mainnet, 2 minimal)
+   * Spec: gloas/fork-choice.md#modified-store (line 148)
+   *
+   * Bit i is set if PTC member i voted payload_present=true
+   * Used by is_payload_timely() to determine if payload is timely
+   */
+  private ptcVotes = new Map<RootHex, BitArray>();
+
   constructor({
     pruneThreshold,
     justifiedEpoch,
@@ -59,11 +104,166 @@ export class ProtoArray {
         // We are using the blockROot as the targetRoot, since it always lies on an epoch boundary
         targetRoot: block.blockRoot,
       } as ProtoBlock,
-      currentSlot
+      currentSlot,
+      null
     );
     return protoArray;
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Get node index for a block root and payload status
+   *
+   * @param root - The block root to look up
+   * @param payloadStatus - The specific payload status variant (PENDING/EMPTY/FULL)
+   * @returns The node index for the specified variant, or undefined if not found
+   *
+   * Behavior:
+   * - Pre-Gloas blocks: only FULL is valid, PENDING/EMPTY throw error
+   * - Gloas blocks: returns the specified variant index, or undefined if that variant doesn't exist
+   *
+   * Note: payloadStatus is required. Use getDefaultVariant() to get the canonical variant.
+   */
+  getNodeIndexByRootAndStatus(root: RootHex, payloadStatus: PayloadStatus): number | undefined {
+    const variantOrArr = this.indices.get(root);
+    if (variantOrArr == null) {
+      return undefined;
+    }
+
+    // Pre-Gloas: only FULL variant exists
+    if (!Array.isArray(variantOrArr)) {
+      // Return FULL variant if no status specified or FULL explicitly requested
+      if (payloadStatus === PayloadStatus.FULL) {
+        return variantOrArr;
+      }
+      // PENDING and EMPTY are invalid for pre-Gloas blocks
+      throw new ProtoArrayError({
+        code: ProtoArrayErrorCode.INVALID_NODE_INDEX,
+        index: payloadStatus,
+      });
+    }
+
+    // Gloas: return the specified variant, or PENDING if not specified
+    return variantOrArr[payloadStatus];
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get the default/canonical payload status for a block root
+   * - Pre-Gloas blocks: Returns FULL (payload embedded in block)
+   * - Gloas blocks: Returns PENDING (canonical variant)
+   *
+   * @param blockRoot - The block root to check
+   * @returns PayloadStatus.FULL for pre-Gloas, PayloadStatus.PENDING for Gloas, undefined if block not found
+   */
+  getDefaultVariant(blockRoot: RootHex): PayloadStatus | undefined {
+    const variantOrArr = this.indices.get(blockRoot);
+    if (variantOrArr == null) {
+      return undefined;
+    }
+
+    // Pre-Gloas: only FULL variant exists
+    if (!Array.isArray(variantOrArr)) {
+      return PayloadStatus.FULL;
+    }
+
+    // Gloas: multiple variants exist, PENDING is canonical
+    return PayloadStatus.PENDING;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Determine which parent payload status a block extends
+   * Spec: gloas/fork-choice.md#new-get_parent_payload_status
+   *   def get_parent_payload_status(store: Store, block: BeaconBlock) -> PayloadStatus:
+   *     parent = store.blocks[block.parent_root]
+   *     parent_block_hash = block.body.signed_execution_payload_bid.message.parent_block_hash
+   *     message_block_hash = parent.body.signed_execution_payload_bid.message.block_hash
+   *     return PAYLOAD_STATUS_FULL if parent_block_hash == message_block_hash else PAYLOAD_STATUS_EMPTY
+   *
+   * In lodestar forkchoice, we don't store the full bid, so we compares parent_block_hash in child's bid with executionPayloadBlockHash in parent:
+   * - If it matches EMPTY variant, return EMPTY
+   * - If it matches FULL variant, return FULL
+   * - If no match, throw UNKNOWN_PARENT_BLOCK error
+   *
+   * For pre-Gloas blocks: always returns FULL
+   */
+  getParentPayloadStatus(block: ProtoBlock): PayloadStatus {
+    // Pre-Gloas blocks have payloads embedded, so parents are always FULL
+    const {parentBlockHash} = block;
+    if (parentBlockHash === null) {
+      return PayloadStatus.FULL;
+    }
+
+    const parentBlock = this.getBlockHexAndBlockHash(block.parentRoot, parentBlockHash);
+    if (parentBlock == null) {
+      throw new ProtoArrayError({
+        code: ProtoArrayErrorCode.UNKNOWN_PARENT_BLOCK,
+        parentRoot: block.parentRoot,
+        parentHash: parentBlockHash,
+      });
+    }
+
+    return parentBlock.payloadStatus;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Return the parent `ProtoBlock` given its root and block hash.
+   */
+  getParent(parentRoot: RootHex, parentBlockHash: RootHex | null): ProtoBlock | null {
+    // pre-gloas
+    if (parentBlockHash === null) {
+      const parentIndex = this.indices.get(parentRoot);
+      if (parentIndex === undefined) {
+        return null;
+      }
+      if (Array.isArray(parentIndex)) {
+        // Gloas block found when pre-gloas expected
+        throw new ProtoArrayError({
+          code: ProtoArrayErrorCode.UNKNOWN_PARENT_BLOCK,
+          parentRoot,
+          parentHash: parentBlockHash,
+        });
+      }
+      return this.nodes[parentIndex] ?? null;
+    }
+
+    // post-gloas
+    return this.getBlockHexAndBlockHash(parentRoot, parentBlockHash);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Returns an EMPTY or FULL `ProtoBlock` that has matching block root and block hash
+   */
+  getBlockHexAndBlockHash(blockRoot: RootHex, blockHash: RootHex): ProtoBlock | null {
+    const variantIndices = this.indices.get(blockRoot);
+    if (variantIndices === undefined) {
+      return null;
+    }
+
+    // Pre-Gloas
+    if (!Array.isArray(variantIndices)) {
+      const node = this.nodes[variantIndices];
+      return node.executionPayloadBlockHash === blockHash ? node : null;
+    }
+
+    // Post-Gloas, check empty and full variants
+    const fullNodeIndex = variantIndices[PayloadStatus.FULL];
+    if (fullNodeIndex !== undefined) {
+      const fullNode = this.nodes[fullNodeIndex];
+      if (fullNode && fullNode.executionPayloadBlockHash === blockHash) {
+        return fullNode;
+      }
+    }
+
+    const emptyNode = this.nodes[variantIndices[PayloadStatus.EMPTY]];
+    if (emptyNode && emptyNode.executionPayloadBlockHash === blockHash) {
+      return emptyNode;
+    }
+
+    // PENDING is the same to EMPTY so not likely we can return it
+    // also it's only specific for fork-choice
+
+    return null;
+  }
+
   /**
    * Iterate backwards through the array, touching all nodes and their parents and potentially
    * the best-child of each parent.
@@ -96,11 +296,11 @@ export class ProtoArray {
     finalizedRoot: RootHex;
     currentSlot: Slot;
   }): void {
-    if (deltas.length !== this.indices.size) {
+    if (deltas.length !== this.nodes.length) {
       throw new ProtoArrayError({
         code: ProtoArrayErrorCode.INVALID_DELTA_LEN,
         deltas: deltas.length,
-        indices: this.indices.size,
+        indices: this.nodes.length,
       });
     }
 
@@ -183,7 +383,7 @@ export class ProtoArray {
       // If the node has a parent, try to update its best-child and best-descendant.
       const parentIndex = node.parent;
       if (parentIndex !== undefined) {
-        this.maybeUpdateBestChildAndDescendant(parentIndex, nodeIndex, currentSlot);
+        this.maybeUpdateBestChildAndDescendant(parentIndex, nodeIndex, currentSlot, proposerBoost?.root ?? null);
       }
     }
     // Update the previous proposer boost
@@ -195,9 +395,9 @@ export class ProtoArray {
    *
    * It is only sane to supply an undefined parent for the genesis block
    */
-  onBlock(block: ProtoBlock, currentSlot: Slot): void {
+  onBlock(block: ProtoBlock, currentSlot: Slot, proposerBoostRoot: RootHex | null): void {
     // If the block is already known, simply ignore it
-    if (this.indices.has(block.blockRoot)) {
+    if (this.hasBlock(block.blockRoot)) {
       return;
     }
     if (block.executionStatus === ExecutionStatus.Invalid) {
@@ -207,28 +407,293 @@ export class ProtoArray {
       });
     }
 
-    const node: ProtoNode = {
-      ...block,
-      parent: this.indices.get(block.parentRoot),
+    if (isGloasBlock(block)) {
+      // Gloas: Create PENDING + EMPTY nodes with correct parent relationships
+      // Parent of new PENDING node = parent block's EMPTY or FULL (inter-block edge)
+      // Parent of new EMPTY node = own PENDING node (intra-block edge)
+
+      // For fork transition: if parent is pre-Gloas, point to parent's FULL
+      // Otherwise, determine which parent payload status this block extends
+      let parentIndex: number | undefined;
+
+      // Check if parent exists by getting variants array
+      const parentVariants = this.indices.get(block.parentRoot);
+      if (parentVariants != null) {
+        const anyParentIndex = Array.isArray(parentVariants) ? parentVariants[0] : parentVariants;
+        const anyParentNode = this.nodes[anyParentIndex];
+
+        if (!isGloasBlock(anyParentNode)) {
+          // Fork transition: parent is pre-Gloas, so it only has FULL variant at variants[0]
+          parentIndex = anyParentIndex;
+        } else {
+          // Both blocks are Gloas: determine which parent payload status to extend
+          const parentPayloadStatus = this.getParentPayloadStatus(block);
+          parentIndex = this.getNodeIndexByRootAndStatus(block.parentRoot, parentPayloadStatus);
+        }
+      }
+      // else: parent doesn't exist, parentIndex remains undefined (orphan block)
+
+      // Create PENDING node
+      const pendingNode: ProtoNode = {
+        ...block,
+        parent: parentIndex, // Points to parent's EMPTY/FULL or FULL (for transition)
+        payloadStatus: PayloadStatus.PENDING,
+        weight: 0,
+        bestChild: undefined,
+        bestDescendant: undefined,
+      };
+
+      const pendingIndex = this.nodes.length;
+      this.nodes.push(pendingNode);
+
+      // Create EMPTY variant as a child of PENDING
+      const emptyNode: ProtoNode = {
+        ...block,
+        parent: pendingIndex, // Points to own PENDING
+        payloadStatus: PayloadStatus.EMPTY,
+        weight: 0,
+        bestChild: undefined,
+        bestDescendant: undefined,
+      };
+
+      const emptyIndex = this.nodes.length;
+      this.nodes.push(emptyNode);
+
+      // Store both variants in the indices array
+      // [PENDING, EMPTY, undefined] - FULL will be added later if payload arrives
+      this.indices.set(block.blockRoot, [pendingIndex, emptyIndex]);
+
+      // Update bestChild pointers
+      if (parentIndex !== undefined) {
+        this.maybeUpdateBestChildAndDescendant(parentIndex, pendingIndex, currentSlot, proposerBoostRoot);
+
+        if (pendingNode.executionStatus === ExecutionStatus.Valid) {
+          this.propagateValidExecutionStatusByIndex(parentIndex);
+        }
+      }
+
+      // Update bestChild for PENDING → EMPTY edge
+      this.maybeUpdateBestChildAndDescendant(pendingIndex, emptyIndex, currentSlot, proposerBoostRoot);
+
+      // Initialize PTC votes for this block (all false initially)
+      // Spec: gloas/fork-choice.md#modified-on_block (line 645)
+      this.ptcVotes.set(block.blockRoot, BitArray.fromBitLen(PTC_SIZE));
+    } else {
+      // Pre-Gloas: Only create FULL node (payload embedded in block)
+      const node: ProtoNode = {
+        ...block,
+        parent: this.getNodeIndexByRootAndStatus(block.parentRoot, PayloadStatus.FULL),
+        payloadStatus: PayloadStatus.FULL,
+        weight: 0,
+        bestChild: undefined,
+        bestDescendant: undefined,
+      };
+
+      const nodeIndex = this.nodes.length;
+      this.nodes.push(node);
+
+      // Pre-Gloas: store FULL index instead of array
+      this.indices.set(block.blockRoot, nodeIndex);
+
+      // If this node is valid, lets propagate the valid status up the chain
+      // and throw error if we counter invalid, as this breaks consensus
+      if (node.parent !== undefined) {
+        this.maybeUpdateBestChildAndDescendant(node.parent, nodeIndex, currentSlot, proposerBoostRoot);
+
+        if (node.executionStatus === ExecutionStatus.Valid) {
+          this.propagateValidExecutionStatusByIndex(node.parent);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Called when an execution payload is received for a block (Gloas only)
+   * Creates a FULL variant node as a sibling to the existing EMPTY variant
+   * Both EMPTY and FULL have parent = own PENDING node
+   *
+   * Spec: gloas/fork-choice.md (on_execution_payload event)
+   */
+  onExecutionPayload(
+    blockRoot: RootHex,
+    currentSlot: Slot,
+    executionPayloadBlockHash: RootHex,
+    executionPayloadNumber: number,
+    executionPayloadStateRoot: RootHex,
+    proposerBoostRoot: RootHex | null
+  ): void {
+    // First check if block exists
+    const variants = this.indices.get(blockRoot);
+    if (variants == null) {
+      // Equivalent to `assert envelope.beacon_block_root in store.block_states`
+      throw new ProtoArrayError({
+        code: ProtoArrayErrorCode.UNKNOWN_BLOCK,
+        root: blockRoot,
+      });
+    }
+
+    if (!Array.isArray(variants)) {
+      // Pre-gloas block should not be calling this method
+      throw new ProtoArrayError({
+        code: ProtoArrayErrorCode.PRE_GLOAS_BLOCK,
+        root: blockRoot,
+      });
+    }
+
+    // Check if FULL already exists for Gloas blocks
+    if (variants[PayloadStatus.FULL] !== undefined) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    // Get PENDING node for Gloas blocks
+    const pendingIndex = variants[PayloadStatus.PENDING];
+    if (pendingIndex === undefined) {
+      throw new ProtoArrayError({
+        code: ProtoArrayErrorCode.UNKNOWN_BLOCK,
+        root: blockRoot,
+      });
+    }
+
+    const pendingNode = this.nodes[pendingIndex];
+    if (!pendingNode) {
+      throw new ProtoArrayError({
+        code: ProtoArrayErrorCode.INVALID_NODE_INDEX,
+        index: pendingIndex,
+      });
+    }
+
+    // Create FULL variant as a child of PENDING (sibling to EMPTY)
+    const fullNode: ProtoNode = {
+      ...pendingNode,
+      parent: pendingIndex, // Points to own PENDING (same as EMPTY)
+      payloadStatus: PayloadStatus.FULL,
       weight: 0,
       bestChild: undefined,
       bestDescendant: undefined,
+      executionStatus: ExecutionStatus.Valid,
+      executionPayloadBlockHash,
+      executionPayloadNumber,
+      stateRoot: executionPayloadStateRoot,
     };
 
-    const nodeIndex = this.nodes.length;
+    const fullIndex = this.nodes.length;
+    this.nodes.push(fullNode);
+
+    // Add FULL variant to the indices array
+    variants[PayloadStatus.FULL] = fullIndex;
 
-    this.indices.set(node.blockRoot, nodeIndex);
-    this.nodes.push(node);
+    // Update bestChild for PENDING node (may now prefer FULL over EMPTY)
+    this.maybeUpdateBestChildAndDescendant(pendingIndex, fullIndex, currentSlot, proposerBoostRoot);
+  }
 
-    // If this node is valid, lets propagate the valid status up the chain
-    // and throw error if we counter invalid, as this breaks consensus
-    if (node.parent !== undefined) {
-      this.maybeUpdateBestChildAndDescendant(node.parent, nodeIndex, currentSlot);
+  /**
+   * Update PTC votes for multiple validators attesting to a block
+   * Spec: gloas/fork-choice.md#new-on_payload_attestation_message
+   *
+   * @param blockRoot - The beacon block root being attested
+   * @param ptcIndices - Array of PTC committee indices that voted (0..PTC_SIZE-1)
+   * @param payloadPresent - Whether the validators attest the payload is present
+   */
+  notifyPtcMessages(blockRoot: RootHex, ptcIndices: number[], payloadPresent: boolean): void {
+    const votes = this.ptcVotes.get(blockRoot);
+    if (votes === undefined) {
+      // Block not found or not a Gloas block, ignore
+      return;
+    }
 
-      if (node.executionStatus === ExecutionStatus.Valid) {
-        this.propagateValidExecutionStatusByIndex(node.parent);
+    for (const ptcIndex of ptcIndices) {
+      if (ptcIndex < 0 || ptcIndex >= PTC_SIZE) {
+        throw new Error(`Invalid PTC index: ${ptcIndex}, must be 0..${PTC_SIZE - 1}`);
       }
+
+      votes.set(ptcIndex, payloadPresent);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Check if execution payload for a block is timely
+   * Spec: gloas/fork-choice.md#new-is_payload_timely
+   *
+   * Returns true if:
+   * 1. Block has PTC votes tracked
+   * 2. Payload is locally available (FULL variant exists in proto array)
+   * 3. More than PAYLOAD_TIMELY_THRESHOLD (>50% of PTC) members voted payload_present=true
+   *
+   * @param blockRoot - The beacon block root to check
+   */
+  isPayloadTimely(blockRoot: RootHex): boolean {
+    const votes = this.ptcVotes.get(blockRoot);
+    if (votes === undefined) {
+      // Block not found or not a Gloas block
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    // If payload is not locally available, it's not timely
+    // In our implementation, payload is locally available if proto array has FULL variant of the block
+    const fullNodeIndex = this.getNodeIndexByRootAndStatus(blockRoot, PayloadStatus.FULL);
+    if (fullNodeIndex === undefined) {
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    // Count votes for payload_present=true
+    const yesVotes = bitCount(votes.uint8Array);
+    return yesVotes > PAYLOAD_TIMELY_THRESHOLD;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Check if parent node is FULL
+   * Spec: gloas/fork-choice.md#new-is_parent_node_full
+   *
+   * Returns true if the parent payload status (determined by block.parentBlockHash) is FULL
+   */
+  isParentNodeFull(block: ProtoBlock): boolean {
+    return this.getParentPayloadStatus(block) === PayloadStatus.FULL;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Determine if we should extend the payload (prefer FULL over EMPTY)
+   * Spec: gloas/fork-choice.md#new-should_extend_payload
+   *
+   * Returns true if:
+   * 1. Payload is timely, OR
+   * 2. No proposer boost root (empty/zero hash), OR
+   * 3. Proposer boost root's parent is not this block, OR
+   * 4. Proposer boost root extends FULL parent
+   *
+   * @param blockRoot - The block root to check
+   * @param proposerBoostRoot - Current proposer boost root (from ForkChoice)
+   */
+  shouldExtendPayload(blockRoot: RootHex, proposerBoostRoot: RootHex | null): boolean {
+    // Condition 1: Payload is timely
+    if (this.isPayloadTimely(blockRoot)) {
+      return true;
+    }
+
+    // Condition 2: No proposer boost root
+    if (proposerBoostRoot === null || proposerBoostRoot === HEX_ZERO_HASH) {
+      return true;
+    }
+
+    // Get proposer boost block
+    // We don't care about variant here, just need proposer boost block info
+    const defaultStatus = this.getDefaultVariant(proposerBoostRoot);
+    const proposerBoostBlock = defaultStatus !== undefined ? this.getNode(proposerBoostRoot, defaultStatus) : undefined;
+    if (!proposerBoostBlock) {
+      // Proposer boost block not found, default to extending payload
+      return true;
+    }
+
+    // Condition 3: Proposer boost root's parent is not this block
+    if (proposerBoostBlock.parentRoot !== blockRoot) {
+      return true;
     }
+
+    // Condition 4: Proposer boost root extends FULL parent
+    if (this.isParentNodeFull(proposerBoostBlock)) {
+      return true;
+    }
+
+    return false;
   }
 
   /**
@@ -236,6 +701,7 @@ export class ProtoArray {
    * if invalidate till hash provided. If consensus fails, this will invalidate entire
    * forkChoice which will throw on any call to findHead
    */
+  // TODO GLOAS: Review usage of this post-gloas
   validateLatestHash(execResponse: LVHExecResponse, currentSlot: Slot): void {
     // Look reverse because its highly likely node with latestValidExecHash is towards the
     // the leaves of the forkchoice
@@ -279,7 +745,12 @@ export class ProtoArray {
       // if its in fcU.
       //
       const {invalidateFromParentBlockRoot, latestValidExecHash} = execResponse;
-      const invalidateFromParentIndex = this.indices.get(invalidateFromParentBlockRoot);
+      // TODO GLOAS: verify if getting default variant is correct here
+      const defaultStatus = this.getDefaultVariant(invalidateFromParentBlockRoot);
+      const invalidateFromParentIndex =
+        defaultStatus !== undefined
+          ? this.getNodeIndexByRootAndStatus(invalidateFromParentBlockRoot, defaultStatus)
+          : undefined;
       if (invalidateFromParentIndex === undefined) {
         throw Error(`Unable to find invalidateFromParentBlockRoot=${invalidateFromParentBlockRoot} in forkChoice`);
       }
@@ -317,6 +788,12 @@ export class ProtoArray {
       if (node.executionStatus === ExecutionStatus.PreMerge || node.executionStatus === ExecutionStatus.Valid) {
         break;
       }
+      // If PayloadSeparated, that means the node is either PENDING or EMPTY, there could be
+      // some ancestor still has syncing status.
+      if (node.executionStatus === ExecutionStatus.PayloadSeparated) {
+        nodeIndex = node.parent;
+        continue;
+      }
       this.validateNodeByIndex(nodeIndex);
       nodeIndex = node.parent;
     }
@@ -438,10 +915,46 @@ export class ProtoArray {
     return validNode;
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Get payload status tiebreaker for fork choice comparison
+   * Spec: gloas/fork-choice.md#new-get_payload_status_tiebreaker
+   *
+   * For PENDING nodes: always returns 0
+   * For EMPTY/FULL variants from slot n-1: implements tiebreaker logic based on should_extend_payload
+   * For older blocks: returns node.payloadStatus
+   *
+   * Note: pre-gloas logic won't reach here. Pre-Gloas blocks have different roots, so they are always resolved by the weight and root tiebreaker before reaching here.
+   */
+  private getPayloadStatusTiebreaker(node: ProtoNode, currentSlot: Slot, proposerBoostRoot: RootHex | null): number {
+    // PENDING nodes always return PENDING (no tiebreaker needed)
+    // PENDING=0, EMPTY=1, FULL=2
+    if (node.payloadStatus === PayloadStatus.PENDING) {
+      return node.payloadStatus;
+    }
+
+    // For Gloas: check if from previous slot
+    if (node.slot + 1 !== currentSlot) {
+      return node.payloadStatus;
+    }
+
+    // For previous slot blocks in Gloas, decide between FULL and EMPTY
+    // based on should_extend_payload
+    if (node.payloadStatus === PayloadStatus.EMPTY) {
+      return PayloadStatus.EMPTY;
+    }
+    // FULL - check should_extend_payload
+    const shouldExtend = this.shouldExtendPayload(node.blockRoot, proposerBoostRoot);
+    return shouldExtend ? PayloadStatus.FULL : PayloadStatus.PENDING;
+  }
+
   /**
    * Follows the best-descendant links to find the best-block (i.e., head-block).
+   *
+   * Returns the ProtoNode representing the head.
+   * For pre-Gloas forks, only FULL variants exist (payload embedded).
+   * For Gloas, may return PENDING/EMPTY/FULL variants.
    */
-  findHead(justifiedRoot: RootHex, currentSlot: Slot): RootHex {
+  findHead(justifiedRoot: RootHex, currentSlot: Slot): ProtoNode {
     if (this.lvhError) {
       throw new ProtoArrayError({
         code: ProtoArrayErrorCode.INVALID_LVH_EXECUTION_RESPONSE,
@@ -449,7 +962,10 @@ export class ProtoArray {
       });
     }
 
-    const justifiedIndex = this.indices.get(justifiedRoot);
+    // Get canonical node: FULL for pre-Gloas, PENDING for Gloas
+    const defaultStatus = this.getDefaultVariant(justifiedRoot);
+    const justifiedIndex =
+      defaultStatus !== undefined ? this.getNodeIndexByRootAndStatus(justifiedRoot, defaultStatus) : undefined;
     if (justifiedIndex === undefined) {
       throw new ProtoArrayError({
         code: ProtoArrayErrorCode.JUSTIFIED_NODE_UNKNOWN,
@@ -501,7 +1017,7 @@ export class ProtoArray {
       });
     }
 
-    return bestNode.blockRoot;
+    return bestNode;
   }
 
   /**
@@ -520,26 +1036,40 @@ export class ProtoArray {
    * - There is some internal error relating to invalid indices inside `this`.
    */
   maybePrune(finalizedRoot: RootHex): ProtoBlock[] {
-    const finalizedIndex = this.indices.get(finalizedRoot);
-    if (finalizedIndex === undefined) {
+    const variants = this.indices.get(finalizedRoot);
+    if (variants == null) {
       throw new ProtoArrayError({
         code: ProtoArrayErrorCode.FINALIZED_NODE_UNKNOWN,
         root: finalizedRoot,
       });
     }
 
+    // Find the minimum index among all variants to ensure we don't prune too much
+    const finalizedIndex = Array.isArray(variants)
+      ? Math.min(...variants.filter((idx) => idx !== undefined))
+      : variants;
+
     if (finalizedIndex < this.pruneThreshold) {
       // Pruning at small numbers incurs more cost than benefit
       return [];
     }
 
-    // Remove the this.indices key/values for all the to-be-deleted nodes
-    for (let nodeIndex = 0; nodeIndex < finalizedIndex; nodeIndex++) {
-      const node = this.nodes[nodeIndex];
+    // Collect all block roots that will be pruned
+    const prunedRoots = new Set<RootHex>();
+    for (let i = 0; i < finalizedIndex; i++) {
+      const node = this.nodes[i];
       if (node === undefined) {
-        throw new ProtoArrayError({code: ProtoArrayErrorCode.INVALID_NODE_INDEX, index: nodeIndex});
+        throw new ProtoArrayError({code: ProtoArrayErrorCode.INVALID_NODE_INDEX, index: i});
       }
-      this.indices.delete(node.blockRoot);
+      prunedRoots.add(node.blockRoot);
+    }
+
+    // Remove indices for pruned blocks and PTC votes
+    for (const root of prunedRoots) {
+      this.indices.delete(root);
+      // Prune PTC votes for this block to prevent memory leak
+      // Spec: gloas/fork-choice.md (implicit - finalized blocks don't need PTC votes)
+      this.ptcVotes.delete(root);
     }
 
     // Store nodes prior to finalization
@@ -547,15 +1077,35 @@ export class ProtoArray {
     // Drop all the nodes prior to finalization
     this.nodes = this.nodes.slice(finalizedIndex);
 
-    // Adjust the indices map
-    for (const [key, value] of this.indices.entries()) {
-      if (value < finalizedIndex) {
-        throw new ProtoArrayError({
-          code: ProtoArrayErrorCode.INDEX_OVERFLOW,
-          value: "indices",
-        });
+    // Adjust the indices map - subtract finalizedIndex from all node indices
+    for (const [root, variantIndices] of this.indices.entries()) {
+      // Pre-Gloas: single index
+      if (!Array.isArray(variantIndices)) {
+        if (variantIndices < finalizedIndex) {
+          throw new ProtoArrayError({
+            code: ProtoArrayErrorCode.INDEX_OVERFLOW,
+            value: "indices",
+          });
+        }
+        this.indices.set(root, variantIndices - finalizedIndex);
+        continue;
       }
-      this.indices.set(key, value - finalizedIndex);
+
+      // Post-Gloas: array of variant indices
+      const adjustedVariants = variantIndices.map((variantIndex) => {
+        if (variantIndex === undefined) {
+          return undefined;
+        }
+
+        if (variantIndex < finalizedIndex) {
+          throw new ProtoArrayError({
+            code: ProtoArrayErrorCode.INDEX_OVERFLOW,
+            value: "indices",
+          });
+        }
+        return variantIndex - finalizedIndex;
+      });
+      this.indices.set(root, adjustedVariants as GloasVariantIndices);
     }
 
     // Iterate through all the existing nodes and adjust their indices to match the new layout of this.nodes
@@ -604,7 +1154,13 @@ export class ProtoArray {
    * - The child is not the best child but becomes the best child.
    * - The child is not the best child and does not become the best child.
    */
-  maybeUpdateBestChildAndDescendant(parentIndex: number, childIndex: number, currentSlot: Slot): void {
+
+  maybeUpdateBestChildAndDescendant(
+    parentIndex: number,
+    childIndex: number,
+    currentSlot: Slot,
+    proposerBoostRoot: RootHex | null
+  ): void {
     const childNode = this.nodes[childIndex];
     if (childNode === undefined) {
       throw new ProtoArrayError({
@@ -634,54 +1190,90 @@ export class ProtoArray {
 
     let newChildAndDescendant: ChildAndDescendant;
     const bestChildIndex = parentNode.bestChild;
-    if (bestChildIndex !== undefined) {
-      if (bestChildIndex === childIndex && !childLeadsToViableHead) {
-        // the child is already the best-child of the parent but its not viable for the head
-        // so remove it
-        newChildAndDescendant = changeToNull;
-      } else if (bestChildIndex === childIndex) {
-        // the child is the best-child already
-        // set it again to ensure that the best-descendent of the parent is updated
-        newChildAndDescendant = changeToChild;
-      } else {
-        const bestChildNode = this.nodes[bestChildIndex];
-        if (bestChildNode === undefined) {
-          throw new ProtoArrayError({
-            code: ProtoArrayErrorCode.INVALID_BEST_CHILD_INDEX,
-            index: bestChildIndex,
-          });
-        }
+    // biome-ignore lint/suspicious/noConfusingLabels: labeled block used for early exit from complex decision tree
+    outer: {
+      if (bestChildIndex !== undefined) {
+        if (bestChildIndex === childIndex && !childLeadsToViableHead) {
+          // the child is already the best-child of the parent but its not viable for the head
+          // so remove it
+          newChildAndDescendant = changeToNull;
+        } else if (bestChildIndex === childIndex) {
+          // the child is the best-child already
+          // set it again to ensure that the best-descendent of the parent is updated
+          newChildAndDescendant = changeToChild;
+        } else {
+          const bestChildNode = this.nodes[bestChildIndex];
+          if (bestChildNode === undefined) {
+            throw new ProtoArrayError({
+              code: ProtoArrayErrorCode.INVALID_BEST_CHILD_INDEX,
+              index: bestChildIndex,
+            });
+          }
 
-        const bestChildLeadsToViableHead = this.nodeLeadsToViableHead(bestChildNode, currentSlot);
+          const bestChildLeadsToViableHead = this.nodeLeadsToViableHead(bestChildNode, currentSlot);
 
-        if (childLeadsToViableHead && !bestChildLeadsToViableHead) {
-          // the child leads to a viable head, but the current best-child doesn't
-          newChildAndDescendant = changeToChild;
-        } else if (!childLeadsToViableHead && bestChildLeadsToViableHead) {
-          // the best child leads to a viable head but the child doesn't
-          newChildAndDescendant = noChange;
-        } else if (childNode.weight === bestChildNode.weight) {
-          // tie-breaker of equal weights by root
-          if (childNode.blockRoot >= bestChildNode.blockRoot) {
+          if (childLeadsToViableHead && !bestChildLeadsToViableHead) {
+            // the child leads to a viable head, but the current best-child doesn't
             newChildAndDescendant = changeToChild;
-          } else {
+            break outer;
+          }
+          if (!childLeadsToViableHead && bestChildLeadsToViableHead) {
+            // the best child leads to a viable head but the child doesn't
             newChildAndDescendant = noChange;
+            break outer;
           }
-        } else {
-          // choose the winner by weight
-          if (childNode.weight >= bestChildNode.weight) {
+          // Both nodes lead to viable heads (or both don't), need to pick winner
+
+          // Pre-fulu we pick whichever has higher weight, tie-breaker by root
+          // Post-fulu we pick whichever has higher weight, then tie-breaker by root, then tie-breaker by `getPayloadStatusTiebreaker`
+          // Gloas: nodes from previous slot (n-1) with EMPTY/FULL variant have weight hardcoded to 0.
+          // https://github.com/ethereum/consensus-specs/blob/69a2582d5d62c914b24894bdb65f4bd5d4e49ae4/specs/gloas/fork-choice.md?plain=1#L442
+          const childEffectiveWeight =
+            !isGloasBlock(childNode) ||
+            childNode.payloadStatus === PayloadStatus.PENDING ||
+            childNode.slot + 1 !== currentSlot
+              ? childNode.weight
+              : 0;
+          const bestChildEffectiveWeight =
+            !isGloasBlock(bestChildNode) ||
+            bestChildNode.payloadStatus === PayloadStatus.PENDING ||
+            bestChildNode.slot + 1 !== currentSlot
+              ? bestChildNode.weight
+              : 0;
+
+          if (childEffectiveWeight !== bestChildEffectiveWeight) {
+            // Different effective weights, choose the winner by weight
+            newChildAndDescendant = childEffectiveWeight >= bestChildEffectiveWeight ? changeToChild : noChange;
+            break outer;
+          }
+
+          if (childNode.blockRoot !== bestChildNode.blockRoot) {
+            // Different blocks, tie-breaker by root
+            newChildAndDescendant = childNode.blockRoot >= bestChildNode.blockRoot ? changeToChild : noChange;
+            break outer;
+          }
+
+          // Same effective weight and same root — Gloas EMPTY vs FULL from n-1, tie-breaker by payload status
+          // Note: pre-Gloas, each child node of a block has a unique root, so this point should not be reached
+          const childTiebreaker = this.getPayloadStatusTiebreaker(childNode, currentSlot, proposerBoostRoot);
+          const bestChildTiebreaker = this.getPayloadStatusTiebreaker(bestChildNode, currentSlot, proposerBoostRoot);
+
+          if (childTiebreaker > bestChildTiebreaker) {
             newChildAndDescendant = changeToChild;
+          } else if (childTiebreaker < bestChildTiebreaker) {
+            newChildAndDescendant = noChange;
           } else {
+            // Equal in all aspects, noChange
             newChildAndDescendant = noChange;
           }
         }
+      } else if (childLeadsToViableHead) {
+        // There is no current best-child and the child is viable.
+        newChildAndDescendant = changeToChild;
+      } else {
+        // There is no current best-child but the child is not viable.
+        newChildAndDescendant = noChange;
       }
-    } else if (childLeadsToViableHead) {
-      // There is no current best-child and the child is viable.
-      newChildAndDescendant = changeToChild;
-    } else {
-      // There is no current best-child but the child is not viable.
-      newChildAndDescendant = noChange;
     }
 
     parentNode.bestChild = newChildAndDescendant[0];
@@ -761,13 +1353,14 @@ export class ProtoArray {
     }
 
     const finalizedSlot = computeStartSlotAtEpoch(this.finalizedEpoch);
-    return this.finalizedEpoch === 0 || this.finalizedRoot === this.getAncestorOrNull(node.blockRoot, finalizedSlot);
+    const ancestorNode = this.getAncestorOrNull(node.blockRoot, finalizedSlot);
+    return this.finalizedEpoch === 0 || (ancestorNode !== null && this.finalizedRoot === ancestorNode.blockRoot);
   }
 
   /**
    * Same to getAncestor but it may return null instead of throwing error
    */
-  getAncestorOrNull(blockRoot: RootHex, ancestorSlot: Slot): RootHex | null {
+  getAncestorOrNull(blockRoot: RootHex, ancestorSlot: Slot): ProtoNode | null {
     try {
       return this.getAncestor(blockRoot, ancestorSlot);
     } catch (_) {
@@ -776,49 +1369,116 @@ export class ProtoArray {
   }
 
   /**
-   * Returns the block root of an ancestor of `blockRoot` at the given `slot`.
+   * Returns the node identifier of an ancestor of `blockRoot` at the given `slot`.
    * (Note: `slot` refers to the block that is *returned*, not the one that is supplied.)
    *
    * NOTE: May be expensive: potentially walks through the entire fork of head to finalized block
    *
    * ### Specification
    *
-   * Equivalent to:
+   * Modified for Gloas to return node identifier instead of just root:
+   * https://github.com/ethereum/consensus-specs/blob/v1.7.0-alpha.1/specs/gloas/fork-choice.md#modified-get_ancestor
    *
-   * https://github.com/ethereum/consensus-specs/blob/v1.1.10/specs/phase0/fork-choice.md#get_ancestor
+   * Pre-Gloas: Returns (root, PAYLOAD_STATUS_FULL)
+   * Gloas: Returns (root, payloadStatus) based on actual node state
    */
-  getAncestor(blockRoot: RootHex, ancestorSlot: Slot): RootHex {
-    const block = this.getBlock(blockRoot);
-    if (!block) {
+  getAncestor(blockRoot: RootHex, ancestorSlot: Slot): ProtoNode {
+    // Get any variant to check the block (use variants[0])
+    const variantOrArr = this.indices.get(blockRoot);
+    if (variantOrArr == null) {
       throw new ForkChoiceError({
         code: ForkChoiceErrorCode.MISSING_PROTO_ARRAY_BLOCK,
         root: blockRoot,
       });
     }
 
-    if (block.slot > ancestorSlot) {
-      // Search for a slot that is lte the target slot.
-      // We check for lower slots to account for skip slots.
-      for (const node of this.iterateAncestorNodes(blockRoot)) {
-        if (node.slot <= ancestorSlot) {
-          return node.blockRoot;
-        }
+    const blockIndex = Array.isArray(variantOrArr) ? variantOrArr[0] : variantOrArr;
+    const block = this.nodes[blockIndex];
+
+    // If block is at or before queried slot, return PENDING variant (or FULL for pre-Gloas)
+    if (block.slot <= ancestorSlot) {
+      // For pre-Gloas: only FULL exists at variants[0]
+      // For Gloas: PENDING is at variants[0]
+      return block;
+    }
+
+    // Walk backwards through beacon blocks to find ancestor
+    // Start with the parent of the current block
+    let currentBlock = block;
+    const parentVariants = this.indices.get(currentBlock.parentRoot);
+    if (parentVariants == null) {
+      throw new ForkChoiceError({
+        code: ForkChoiceErrorCode.UNKNOWN_ANCESTOR,
+        descendantRoot: blockRoot,
+        ancestorSlot,
+      });
+    }
+
+    let parentIndex = Array.isArray(parentVariants) ? parentVariants[0] : parentVariants;
+    let parentBlock = this.nodes[parentIndex];
+
+    // Walk backwards while parent.slot > ancestorSlot
+    while (parentBlock.slot > ancestorSlot) {
+      currentBlock = parentBlock;
+
+      const nextParentVariants = this.indices.get(currentBlock.parentRoot);
+      if (nextParentVariants == null) {
+        throw new ForkChoiceError({
+          code: ForkChoiceErrorCode.UNKNOWN_ANCESTOR,
+          descendantRoot: blockRoot,
+          ancestorSlot,
+        });
       }
+
+      parentIndex = Array.isArray(nextParentVariants) ? nextParentVariants[0] : nextParentVariants;
+      parentBlock = this.nodes[parentIndex];
+    }
+
+    // Now parentBlock.slot <= ancestorSlot
+    // Return the parent with the correct payload status based on currentBlock
+    if (!isGloasBlock(currentBlock)) {
+      // Pre-Gloas: return FULL variant (only one that exists)
+      return parentBlock;
+    }
+
+    // Gloas: determine which parent variant (EMPTY or FULL) based on parent_block_hash
+    const parentPayloadStatus = this.getParentPayloadStatus(currentBlock);
+    const parentVariantIndex = this.getNodeIndexByRootAndStatus(currentBlock.parentRoot, parentPayloadStatus);
+
+    if (parentVariantIndex === undefined) {
       throw new ForkChoiceError({
         code: ForkChoiceErrorCode.UNKNOWN_ANCESTOR,
         descendantRoot: blockRoot,
         ancestorSlot,
       });
     }
-    // Root is older or equal than queried slot, thus a skip slot. Return most recent root prior to slot.
-    return blockRoot;
+
+    return this.nodes[parentVariantIndex];
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get the parent node index for traversal
+   * For Gloas blocks: returns the correct EMPTY/FULL variant based on parent payload status
+   * For pre-Gloas blocks: returns the simple parent index
+   * Returns undefined if parent doesn't exist or can't be found
+   */
+  private getParentNodeIndex(node: ProtoNode): number | undefined {
+    if (isGloasBlock(node)) {
+      // Use getParentPayloadStatus for Gloas blocks to get correct EMPTY/FULL variant
+      const parentPayloadStatus = this.getParentPayloadStatus(node);
+      return this.getNodeIndexByRootAndStatus(node.parentRoot, parentPayloadStatus);
+    }
+    // Simple parent traversal for pre-Gloas blocks (includes fork transition)
+    return node.parent;
   }
 
   /**
    * Iterate from a block root backwards over nodes
+   * For Gloas blocks: returns EMPTY/FULL variants (not PENDING) based on parent payload status
+   * For pre-Gloas blocks: returns FULL variants
    */
-  *iterateAncestorNodes(blockRoot: RootHex): IterableIterator<ProtoNode> {
-    const startIndex = this.indices.get(blockRoot);
+  *iterateAncestorNodes(blockRoot: RootHex, payloadStatus: PayloadStatus): IterableIterator<ProtoNode> {
+    const startIndex = this.getNodeIndexByRootAndStatus(blockRoot, payloadStatus);
     if (startIndex === undefined) {
       return;
     }
@@ -835,20 +1495,30 @@ export class ProtoArray {
   }
 
   /**
-   * Iterate from a block root backwards over nodes
+   * Iterate from a node backwards over ancestor nodes
+   * For Gloas blocks: returns EMPTY/FULL variants (not PENDING) based on parent payload status
+   * For pre-Gloas blocks: returns FULL variants
+   * Handles fork transition from Gloas to pre-Gloas blocks
    */
   *iterateAncestorNodesFromNode(node: ProtoNode): IterableIterator<ProtoNode> {
     while (node.parent !== undefined) {
-      node = this.getNodeFromIndex(node.parent);
+      const parentIndex = this.getParentNodeIndex(node);
+      if (parentIndex === undefined) {
+        break;
+      }
+
+      node = this.nodes[parentIndex];
       yield node;
     }
   }
 
   /**
    * Get all nodes from a block root backwards
+   * For Gloas blocks: returns EMPTY/FULL variants (not PENDING) based on parent payload status
+   * For pre-Gloas blocks: returns FULL variants
    */
-  getAllAncestorNodes(blockRoot: RootHex): ProtoNode[] {
-    const startIndex = this.indices.get(blockRoot);
+  getAllAncestorNodes(blockRoot: RootHex, payloadStatus: PayloadStatus): ProtoNode[] {
+    const startIndex = this.getNodeIndexByRootAndStatus(blockRoot, payloadStatus);
     if (startIndex === undefined) {
       return [];
     }
@@ -861,10 +1531,20 @@ export class ProtoArray {
       });
     }
 
-    const nodes = [node];
+    // Exclude PENDING variant from returned ancestors.
+    const nodes: ProtoNode[] = [];
+
+    if (node.payloadStatus !== PayloadStatus.PENDING) {
+      nodes.push(node);
+    }
 
     while (node.parent !== undefined) {
-      node = this.getNodeFromIndex(node.parent);
+      const parentIndex = this.getParentNodeIndex(node);
+      if (parentIndex === undefined) {
+        break;
+      }
+
+      node = this.nodes[parentIndex];
       nodes.push(node);
     }
 
@@ -875,9 +1555,12 @@ export class ProtoArray {
    * The opposite of iterateNodes.
    * iterateNodes is to find ancestor nodes of a blockRoot.
    * this is to find non-ancestor nodes of a blockRoot.
+   *
+   * For Gloas blocks: returns EMPTY/FULL variants (not PENDING) based on parent payload status
+   * For pre-Gloas blocks: returns FULL variants
    */
-  getAllNonAncestorNodes(blockRoot: RootHex): ProtoNode[] {
-    const startIndex = this.indices.get(blockRoot);
+  getAllNonAncestorNodes(blockRoot: RootHex, payloadStatus: PayloadStatus): ProtoNode[] {
+    const startIndex = this.getNodeIndexByRootAndStatus(blockRoot, payloadStatus);
     if (startIndex === undefined) {
       return [];
     }
@@ -889,24 +1572,39 @@ export class ProtoArray {
         index: startIndex,
       });
     }
+
+    // For both Gloas and pre-Gloas blocks
     const result: ProtoNode[] = [];
     let nodeIndex = startIndex;
     while (node.parent !== undefined) {
-      const parentIndex = node.parent;
-      node = this.getNodeFromIndex(parentIndex);
-      // nodes between nodeIndex and parentIndex means non-ancestor nodes
-      result.push(...this.getNodesBetween(nodeIndex, parentIndex));
+      const parentIndex = this.getParentNodeIndex(node);
+      if (parentIndex === undefined) {
+        break;
+      }
+
+      node = this.nodes[parentIndex];
+      // Collect non-ancestor nodes between current and parent
+      // Filter to exclude PENDING nodes (FULL variant pre-gloas, EMPTY or FULL variant post-gloas)
+      result.push(
+        ...this.getNodesBetween(nodeIndex, parentIndex).filter((n) => n.payloadStatus !== PayloadStatus.PENDING)
+      );
       nodeIndex = parentIndex;
     }
-    result.push(...this.getNodesBetween(nodeIndex, 0));
+    // Collect remaining nodes from nodeIndex to beginning
+    result.push(...this.getNodesBetween(nodeIndex, 0).filter((n) => n.payloadStatus !== PayloadStatus.PENDING));
     return result;
   }
 
   /**
    * Returns both ancestor and non-ancestor nodes in a single traversal.
+   * For Gloas blocks: returns EMPTY/FULL variants (not PENDING) based on parent payload status
+   * For pre-Gloas blocks: returns FULL variants
    */
-  getAllAncestorAndNonAncestorNodes(blockRoot: RootHex): {ancestors: ProtoNode[]; nonAncestors: ProtoNode[]} {
-    const startIndex = this.indices.get(blockRoot);
+  getAllAncestorAndNonAncestorNodes(
+    blockRoot: RootHex,
+    payloadStatus: PayloadStatus
+  ): {ancestors: ProtoNode[]; nonAncestors: ProtoNode[]} {
+    const startIndex = this.getNodeIndexByRootAndStatus(blockRoot, payloadStatus);
     if (startIndex === undefined) {
       return {ancestors: [], nonAncestors: []};
     }
@@ -922,39 +1620,78 @@ export class ProtoArray {
     const ancestors: ProtoNode[] = [];
     const nonAncestors: ProtoNode[] = [];
 
+    // Include starting node if it's not PENDING (i.e., pre-Gloas or EMPTY/FULL variant post-Gloas)
+    if (node.payloadStatus !== PayloadStatus.PENDING) {
+      ancestors.push(node);
+    }
+
     let nodeIndex = startIndex;
     while (node.parent !== undefined) {
-      ancestors.push(node);
+      const parentIndex = this.getParentNodeIndex(node);
+      if (parentIndex === undefined) {
+        break;
+      }
 
-      const parentIndex = node.parent;
-      node = this.getNodeFromIndex(parentIndex);
+      node = this.nodes[parentIndex];
+      ancestors.push(node);
 
-      // Nodes between nodeIndex and parentIndex are non-ancestor nodes
-      nonAncestors.push(...this.getNodesBetween(nodeIndex, parentIndex));
+      // Collect non-ancestor nodes between current and parent
+      // Filter to exclude PENDING nodes (include all FULL/EMPTY for both pre-Gloas and Gloas)
+      nonAncestors.push(
+        ...this.getNodesBetween(nodeIndex, parentIndex).filter((n) => n.payloadStatus !== PayloadStatus.PENDING)
+      );
       nodeIndex = parentIndex;
     }
 
-    ancestors.push(node);
-    nonAncestors.push(...this.getNodesBetween(nodeIndex, 0));
+    // Collect remaining non-ancestor nodes from nodeIndex to beginning
+    nonAncestors.push(...this.getNodesBetween(nodeIndex, 0).filter((n) => n.payloadStatus !== PayloadStatus.PENDING));
 
     return {ancestors, nonAncestors};
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Check if a block exists in the proto array
+   * Uses default variant (PENDING for Gloas, FULL for pre-Gloas)
+   */
   hasBlock(blockRoot: RootHex): boolean {
-    return this.indices.has(blockRoot);
+    const defaultVariant = this.getDefaultVariant(blockRoot);
+    if (defaultVariant === undefined) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    const index = this.getNodeIndexByRootAndStatus(blockRoot, defaultVariant);
+    return index !== undefined;
   }
 
-  getNode(blockRoot: RootHex): ProtoNode | undefined {
-    const blockIndex = this.indices.get(blockRoot);
+  /**
+   * Return ProtoNode for blockRoot with explicit payload status
+   *
+   * @param blockRoot - The block root to look up
+   * @param payloadStatus - The specific payload status variant (PENDING/EMPTY/FULL)
+   * @returns The ProtoNode for the specified variant, or undefined if not found
+   *
+   * Note: Callers must explicitly specify which variant they need.
+   * Use getDefaultVariant() to get the canonical variant for a block.
+   */
+  getNode(blockRoot: RootHex, payloadStatus: PayloadStatus): ProtoNode | undefined {
+    const blockIndex = this.getNodeIndexByRootAndStatus(blockRoot, payloadStatus);
     if (blockIndex === undefined) {
       return undefined;
     }
     return this.getNodeByIndex(blockIndex);
   }
 
-  /** Return MUTABLE ProtoBlock for blockRoot (spreads properties) */
-  getBlock(blockRoot: RootHex): ProtoBlock | undefined {
-    const node = this.getNode(blockRoot);
+  /**
+   * Return MUTABLE ProtoBlock for blockRoot with explicit payload status
+   *
+   * @param blockRoot - The block root to look up
+   * @param payloadStatus - The specific payload status variant (PENDING/EMPTY/FULL)
+   * @returns The ProtoBlock for the specified variant (spreads properties), or undefined if not found
+   *
+   * Note: Callers must explicitly specify which variant they need.
+   * Use getDefaultVariant() to get the canonical variant for a block.
+   */
+  getBlock(blockRoot: RootHex, payloadStatus: PayloadStatus): ProtoBlock | undefined {
+    const node = this.getNode(blockRoot, payloadStatus);
     if (!node) {
       return undefined;
     }
@@ -963,9 +1700,19 @@ export class ProtoArray {
     };
   }
 
-  /** Return NON-MUTABLE ProtoBlock for blockRoot (does not spread properties) */
-  getBlockReadonly(blockRoot: RootHex): ProtoBlock {
-    const node = this.getNode(blockRoot);
+  /**
+   * Return NON-MUTABLE ProtoBlock for blockRoot with explicit payload status
+   *
+   * @param blockRoot - The block root to look up
+   * @param payloadStatus - The specific payload status variant (PENDING/EMPTY/FULL)
+   * @returns The ProtoBlock for the specified variant (does not spread properties)
+   * @throws Error if block not found
+   *
+   * Note: Callers must explicitly specify which variant they need.
+   * Use getDefaultVariant() to get the canonical variant for a block.
+   */
+  getBlockReadonly(blockRoot: RootHex, payloadStatus: PayloadStatus): ProtoBlock {
+    const node = this.getNode(blockRoot, payloadStatus);
     if (!node) {
       throw Error(`No block for root ${blockRoot}`);
     }
@@ -975,23 +1722,28 @@ export class ProtoArray {
   /**
    * Returns `true` if the `descendantRoot` has an ancestor with `ancestorRoot`.
    * Always returns `false` if either input roots are unknown.
-   * Still returns `true` if `ancestorRoot` === `descendantRoot` (and the roots are known)
+   * Still returns `true` if `ancestorRoot` === `descendantRoot` and payload statuses match.
    */
-  isDescendant(ancestorRoot: RootHex, descendantRoot: RootHex): boolean {
-    const ancestorNode = this.getNode(ancestorRoot);
+  isDescendant(
+    ancestorRoot: RootHex,
+    ancestorPayloadStatus: PayloadStatus,
+    descendantRoot: RootHex,
+    descendantPayloadStatus: PayloadStatus
+  ): boolean {
+    const ancestorNode = this.getNode(ancestorRoot, ancestorPayloadStatus);
     if (!ancestorNode) {
       return false;
     }
 
-    if (ancestorRoot === descendantRoot) {
+    if (ancestorRoot === descendantRoot && ancestorPayloadStatus === descendantPayloadStatus) {
       return true;
     }
 
-    for (const node of this.iterateAncestorNodes(descendantRoot)) {
+    for (const node of this.iterateAncestorNodes(descendantRoot, descendantPayloadStatus)) {
       if (node.slot < ancestorNode.slot) {
         return false;
       }
-      if (node.blockRoot === ancestorNode.blockRoot) {
+      if (node.blockRoot === ancestorNode.blockRoot && node.payloadStatus === ancestorNode.payloadStatus) {
         return true;
       }
     }