@lodestar/beacon-node 1.35.0-dev.91dadf81de → 1.35.0-dev.955e9f89ed

package/src/chain/stateCache/persistentCheckpointsCache.ts

@@ -1,837 +0,0 @@
-import {routes} from "@lodestar/api";
-import {
-  CachedBeaconStateAllForks,
-  computeStartSlotAtEpoch,
-  getBlockRootAtSlot,
-  loadCachedBeaconState,
-} from "@lodestar/state-transition";
-import {Epoch, RootHex, phase0} from "@lodestar/types";
-import {Logger, MapDef, fromHex, sleep, toHex, toRootHex} from "@lodestar/utils";
-import {Metrics} from "../../metrics/index.js";
-import {AllocSource, BufferPool, BufferWithKey} from "../../util/bufferPool.js";
-import {IClock} from "../../util/clock.js";
-import {StateRegenerationOpts} from "../regen/interface.js";
-import {serializeState} from "../serializeState.js";
-import {CPStateDatastore, DatastoreKey} from "./datastore/index.js";
-import {MapTracker} from "./mapMetrics.js";
-import {BlockStateCache, CacheItemType, CheckpointHex, CheckpointStateCache} from "./types.js";
-
-export type PersistentCheckpointStateCacheOpts = {
-  /** Keep max n states in memory, persist the rest to disk */
-  maxCPStateEpochsInMemory?: number;
-};
-
-type PersistentCheckpointStateCacheModules = {
-  metrics?: Metrics | null;
-  logger: Logger;
-  clock?: IClock | null;
-  signal?: AbortSignal;
-  datastore: CPStateDatastore;
-  blockStateCache: BlockStateCache;
-  bufferPool?: BufferPool | null;
-};
-
-/** checkpoint serialized as a string */
-type CacheKey = string;
-
-type InMemoryCacheItem = {
-  type: CacheItemType.inMemory;
-  state: CachedBeaconStateAllForks;
-  // if a cp state is reloaded from disk, it'll keep track of persistedKey to allow us to remove it from disk later
-  // it also helps not to persist it again
-  persistedKey?: DatastoreKey;
-};
-
-type PersistedCacheItem = {
-  type: CacheItemType.persisted;
-  value: DatastoreKey;
-};
-
-type CacheItem = InMemoryCacheItem | PersistedCacheItem;
-
-type LoadedStateBytesData = {persistedKey: DatastoreKey; stateBytes: Uint8Array};
-
-/**
- * Before n-historical states, lodestar keeps all checkpoint states since finalized
- * Since Sep 2024, lodestar stores 3 most recent checkpoint states in memory and the rest on disk. The finalized state
- * may not be available in memory, and stay on disk instead.
- */
-export const DEFAULT_MAX_CP_STATE_EPOCHS_IN_MEMORY = 3;
-
-// TODO GLOAS: re-evaluate this timing
-const PROCESS_CHECKPOINT_STATES_BPS = 6667;
-
-/**
- * An implementation of CheckpointStateCache that keep up to n epoch checkpoint states in memory and persist the rest to disk
- * - If it's more than `maxEpochsInMemory` epochs old, it will persist n last epochs to disk based on the view of the block
- * - Once a chain gets finalized we'll prune all states from memory and disk for epochs < finalizedEpoch
- * - In get*() apis if shouldReload is true, it will reload from disk. The reload() api is expensive and should only be called in some important flows:
- *   - Get state for block processing
- *   - updateHeadState
- *   - as with any cache, the state could be evicted from memory at any time, so we should always check if the state is in memory or not
- * - Each time we process a state, we only persist exactly 1 checkpoint state per epoch based on the view of block and prune all others. The persisted
- * checkpoint state could be finalized and used later in archive task, it's also used to regen states.
- * - When we process multiple states in the same epoch, we could persist different checkpoint states of the same epoch because each block could have its
- * own view. See unit test of this file `packages/beacon-node/test/unit/chain/stateCache/persistentCheckpointsCache.test.ts` for more details.
- *
- * The below diagram shows Previous Root Checkpoint State is persisted for epoch (n-2) and Current Root Checkpoint State is persisted for epoch (n-1)
- * while at epoch (n) and (n+1) we have both of them in memory
- *
- * ╔════════════════════════════════════╗═══════════════╗
- * ║      persisted to db or fs         ║   in memory   ║
- * ║        reload if needed            ║               ║
- * ║ -----------------------------------║---------------║
- * ║        epoch:       (n-2)   (n-1)  ║  n     (n+1)  ║
- * ║               |-------|-------|----║--|-------|----║
- * ║                      ^        ^    ║ ^       ^     ║
- * ║                                    ║  ^       ^    ║
- * ╚════════════════════════════════════╝═══════════════╝
- *
- * The "in memory" checkpoint states are similar to the old implementation: we have both Previous Root Checkpoint State and Current Root Checkpoint State per epoch.
- * However in the "persisted to db or fs" part
- *   - if there is no reorg, we only store 1 checkpoint state per epoch, the one that could potentially be justified/finalized later based on the view of the state
- *   - if there is reorg, we may store >=2 checkpoint states per epoch, including any checkpoints with unknown roots to the processed state
- *   - the goal is to make sure we can regen any states later if needed, and we have the checkpoint state that could be justified/finalized later
- */
-export class PersistentCheckpointStateCache implements CheckpointStateCache {
-  private readonly cache: MapTracker<CacheKey, CacheItem>;
-  /** Epoch -> Set<blockRoot> */
-  private readonly epochIndex = new MapDef<Epoch, Set<RootHex>>(() => new Set<string>());
-  private readonly metrics: Metrics | null | undefined;
-  private readonly logger: Logger;
-  private readonly clock: IClock | null | undefined;
-  private readonly signal: AbortSignal | undefined;
-  private preComputedCheckpoint: string | null = null;
-  private preComputedCheckpointHits: number | null = null;
-  private readonly maxEpochsInMemory: number;
-  private readonly datastore: CPStateDatastore;
-  private readonly blockStateCache: BlockStateCache;
-  private readonly bufferPool?: BufferPool | null;
-
-  constructor(
-    {metrics, logger, clock, signal, datastore, blockStateCache, bufferPool}: PersistentCheckpointStateCacheModules,
-    opts: PersistentCheckpointStateCacheOpts
-  ) {
-    this.cache = new MapTracker(metrics?.cpStateCache);
-    if (metrics) {
-      this.metrics = metrics;
-      metrics.cpStateCache.size.addCollect(() => {
-        let persistCount = 0;
-        let inMemoryCount = 0;
-        const memoryEpochs = new Set<Epoch>();
-        const persistentEpochs = new Set<Epoch>();
-        for (const [key, cacheItem] of this.cache.entries()) {
-          const {epoch} = fromCacheKey(key);
-          if (isPersistedCacheItem(cacheItem)) {
-            persistCount++;
-            persistentEpochs.add(epoch);
-          } else {
-            inMemoryCount++;
-            memoryEpochs.add(epoch);
-          }
-        }
-        metrics.cpStateCache.size.set({type: CacheItemType.persisted}, persistCount);
-        metrics.cpStateCache.size.set({type: CacheItemType.inMemory}, inMemoryCount);
-        metrics.cpStateCache.epochSize.set({type: CacheItemType.persisted}, persistentEpochs.size);
-        metrics.cpStateCache.epochSize.set({type: CacheItemType.inMemory}, memoryEpochs.size);
-      });
-    }
-    this.logger = logger;
-    this.clock = clock;
-    this.signal = signal;
-    if (opts.maxCPStateEpochsInMemory !== undefined && opts.maxCPStateEpochsInMemory < 0) {
-      throw new Error("maxEpochsInMemory must be >= 0");
-    }
-    this.maxEpochsInMemory = opts.maxCPStateEpochsInMemory ?? DEFAULT_MAX_CP_STATE_EPOCHS_IN_MEMORY;
-    // Specify different datastore for testing
-    this.datastore = datastore;
-    this.blockStateCache = blockStateCache;
-    this.bufferPool = bufferPool;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Reload checkpoint state keys from the last run.
-   */
-  async init(): Promise<void> {
-    if (this.datastore?.init) {
-      await this.datastore.init();
-    }
-    const persistedKeys = await this.datastore.readKeys();
-    // all checkpoint states from the last run are not trusted, remove them
-    // otherwise if we have a bad checkpoint state from the last run, the node get stucked
-    // this was found during mekong devnet, see https://github.com/ChainSafe/lodestar/pull/7255
-    await Promise.all(persistedKeys.map((key) => this.datastore.remove(key)));
-    this.logger.info("Removed persisted checkpoint states from the last run", {
-      count: persistedKeys.length,
-      maxEpochsInMemory: this.maxEpochsInMemory,
-    });
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Get a state from cache, it may reload from disk.
-   * This is an expensive api, should only be called in some important flows:
-   * - Validate a gossip block
-   * - Get block for processing
-   * - Regen head state
-   */
-  async getOrReload(cp: CheckpointHex, opts?: StateRegenerationOpts): Promise<CachedBeaconStateAllForks | null> {
-    const stateOrStateBytesData = await this.getStateOrLoadDb(cp, opts);
-    if (stateOrStateBytesData === null || isCachedBeaconState(stateOrStateBytesData)) {
-      return stateOrStateBytesData?.clone(opts?.dontTransferCache) ?? null;
-    }
-    const {persistedKey, stateBytes} = stateOrStateBytesData;
-    const logMeta = {persistedKey: toHex(persistedKey)};
-    this.logger.debug("Reload: read state successful", logMeta);
-    this.metrics?.cpStateCache.stateReloadSecFromSlot.observe(
-      this.clock?.secFromSlot(this.clock?.currentSlot ?? 0) ?? 0
-    );
-    const seedState = this.findSeedStateToReload(cp);
-    this.metrics?.cpStateCache.stateReloadEpochDiff.observe(Math.abs(seedState.epochCtx.epoch - cp.epoch));
-    this.logger.debug("Reload: found seed state", {...logMeta, seedSlot: seedState.slot});
-
-    try {
-      // 80% of validators serialization time comes from memory allocation, this is to avoid it
-      const sszTimer = this.metrics?.cpStateCache.stateReloadValidatorsSerializeDuration.startTimer();
-      // automatically free the buffer pool after this scope
-      using validatorsBytesWithKey = this.serializeStateValidators(seedState);
-      let validatorsBytes = validatorsBytesWithKey?.buffer;
-      if (validatorsBytes == null) {
-        // fallback logic in case we can't use the buffer pool
-        this.metrics?.cpStateCache.stateReloadValidatorsSerializeAllocCount.inc();
-        validatorsBytes = seedState.validators.serialize();
-      }
-      sszTimer?.();
-      const timer = this.metrics?.cpStateCache.stateReloadDuration.startTimer();
-      const newCachedState = loadCachedBeaconState(seedState, stateBytes, {}, validatorsBytes);
-      newCachedState.commit();
-      const stateRoot = toRootHex(newCachedState.hashTreeRoot());
-      timer?.();
-
-      // load all cache in order for consumers (usually regen.getState()) to process blocks faster
-      newCachedState.validators.getAllReadonlyValues();
-      newCachedState.balances.getAll();
-      this.logger.debug("Reload: cached state load successful", {
-        ...logMeta,
-        stateSlot: newCachedState.slot,
-        stateRoot,
-        seedSlot: seedState.slot,
-      });
-
-      // only remove persisted state once we reload successfully
-      const cpKey = toCacheKey(cp);
-      this.cache.set(cpKey, {type: CacheItemType.inMemory, state: newCachedState, persistedKey});
-      this.epochIndex.getOrDefault(cp.epoch).add(cp.rootHex);
-      // don't prune from memory here, call it at the last 1/3 of slot 0 of an epoch
-      return newCachedState.clone(opts?.dontTransferCache);
-    } catch (e) {
-      this.logger.debug("Reload: error loading cached state", logMeta, e as Error);
-      return null;
-    }
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Return either state or state bytes loaded from db.
-   */
-  async getStateOrBytes(cp: CheckpointHex): Promise<CachedBeaconStateAllForks | Uint8Array | null> {
-    // don't have to transfer cache for this specific api
-    const stateOrLoadedState = await this.getStateOrLoadDb(cp, {dontTransferCache: true});
-    if (stateOrLoadedState === null || isCachedBeaconState(stateOrLoadedState)) {
-      return stateOrLoadedState;
-    }
-    return stateOrLoadedState.stateBytes;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Return either state or state bytes with persisted key loaded from db.
-   */
-  async getStateOrLoadDb(
-    cp: CheckpointHex,
-    opts?: StateRegenerationOpts
-  ): Promise<CachedBeaconStateAllForks | LoadedStateBytesData | null> {
-    const cpKey = toCacheKey(cp);
-    const inMemoryState = this.get(cpKey, opts);
-    if (inMemoryState) {
-      return inMemoryState;
-    }
-
-    const cacheItem = this.cache.get(cpKey);
-    if (cacheItem === undefined) {
-      return null;
-    }
-
-    if (isInMemoryCacheItem(cacheItem)) {
-      // should not happen, in-memory state is handled above
-      throw new Error("Expected persistent key");
-    }
-
-    const persistedKey = cacheItem.value;
-    const dbReadTimer = this.metrics?.cpStateCache.stateReloadDbReadTime.startTimer();
-    const stateBytes = await this.datastore.read(persistedKey);
-    dbReadTimer?.();
-
-    if (stateBytes === null) {
-      return null;
-    }
-    return {persistedKey, stateBytes};
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Similar to get() api without reloading from disk
-   */
-  get(cpOrKey: CheckpointHex | string, opts?: StateRegenerationOpts): CachedBeaconStateAllForks | null {
-    this.metrics?.cpStateCache.lookups.inc();
-    const cpKey = typeof cpOrKey === "string" ? cpOrKey : toCacheKey(cpOrKey);
-    const cacheItem = this.cache.get(cpKey);
-
-    if (cacheItem === undefined) {
-      return null;
-    }
-
-    this.metrics?.cpStateCache.hits.inc();
-
-    if (cpKey === this.preComputedCheckpoint) {
-      this.preComputedCheckpointHits = (this.preComputedCheckpointHits ?? 0) + 1;
-    }
-
-    if (isInMemoryCacheItem(cacheItem)) {
-      const {state} = cacheItem;
-      this.metrics?.cpStateCache.stateClonedCount.observe(state.clonedCount);
-      return state.clone(opts?.dontTransferCache);
-    }
-
-    return null;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Add a state of a checkpoint to this cache, prune from memory if necessary.
-   */
-  add(cp: phase0.Checkpoint, state: CachedBeaconStateAllForks): void {
-    const cpHex = toCheckpointHex(cp);
-    const key = toCacheKey(cpHex);
-    const cacheItem = this.cache.get(key);
-    this.metrics?.cpStateCache.adds.inc();
-    if (cacheItem !== undefined && isPersistedCacheItem(cacheItem)) {
-      const persistedKey = cacheItem.value;
-      // was persisted to disk, set back to memory
-      this.cache.set(key, {type: CacheItemType.inMemory, state, persistedKey});
-      this.logger.verbose("Added checkpoint state to memory but a persisted key existed", {
-        epoch: cp.epoch,
-        rootHex: cpHex.rootHex,
-        persistedKey: toHex(persistedKey),
-      });
-    } else {
-      this.cache.set(key, {type: CacheItemType.inMemory, state});
-      this.logger.verbose("Added checkpoint state to memory", {epoch: cp.epoch, rootHex: cpHex.rootHex});
-    }
-    this.epochIndex.getOrDefault(cp.epoch).add(cpHex.rootHex);
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Searches in-memory state for the latest cached state with a `root` without reload, starting with `epoch` and descending
-   */
-  getLatest(rootHex: RootHex, maxEpoch: Epoch, opts?: StateRegenerationOpts): CachedBeaconStateAllForks | null {
-    // sort epochs in descending order, only consider epochs lte `epoch`
-    const epochs = Array.from(this.epochIndex.keys())
-      .sort((a, b) => b - a)
-      .filter((e) => e <= maxEpoch);
-    for (const epoch of epochs) {
-      if (this.epochIndex.get(epoch)?.has(rootHex)) {
-        const inMemoryClonedState = this.get({rootHex, epoch}, opts);
-        if (inMemoryClonedState) {
-          return inMemoryClonedState;
-        }
-      }
-    }
-    return null;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Searches state for the latest cached state with a `root`, reload if needed, starting with `epoch` and descending
-   * This is expensive api, should only be called in some important flows:
-   * - Validate a gossip block
-   * - Get block for processing
-   * - Regen head state
-   */
-  async getOrReloadLatest(
-    rootHex: RootHex,
-    maxEpoch: Epoch,
-    opts?: StateRegenerationOpts
-  ): Promise<CachedBeaconStateAllForks | null> {
-    // sort epochs in descending order, only consider epochs lte `epoch`
-    const epochs = Array.from(this.epochIndex.keys())
-      .sort((a, b) => b - a)
-      .filter((e) => e <= maxEpoch);
-    for (const epoch of epochs) {
-      if (this.epochIndex.get(epoch)?.has(rootHex)) {
-        try {
-          const clonedState = await this.getOrReload({rootHex, epoch}, opts);
-          if (clonedState) {
-            return clonedState;
-          }
-        } catch (e) {
-          this.logger.debug("Error get or reload state", {epoch, rootHex}, e as Error);
-        }
-      }
-    }
-    return null;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Update the precomputed checkpoint and return the number of his for the
-   * previous one (if any).
-   */
-  updatePreComputedCheckpoint(rootHex: RootHex, epoch: Epoch): number | null {
-    const previousHits = this.preComputedCheckpointHits;
-    this.preComputedCheckpoint = toCacheKey({rootHex, epoch});
-    this.preComputedCheckpointHits = 0;
-    return previousHits;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * This is just to conform to the old implementation
-   */
-  prune(): void {
-    // do nothing
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Prune all checkpoint states before the provided finalized epoch.
-   */
-  pruneFinalized(finalizedEpoch: Epoch): void {
-    for (const epoch of this.epochIndex.keys()) {
-      if (epoch < finalizedEpoch) {
-        this.deleteAllEpochItems(epoch).catch((e) =>
-          this.logger.debug("Error delete all epoch items", {epoch, finalizedEpoch}, e as Error)
-        );
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * After processing a block, prune from memory based on the view of that block.
-   * This is likely persist 1 state per epoch, at the last 1/3 of slot 0 of an epoch although it'll be called on every last 1/3 of slot.
-   * Given the following block b was processed with b2, b1, b0 are ancestors in epoch (n-2), (n-1), n respectively
-   *
-   *       epoch:          (n-2)       (n-1)         n         (n+1)
-   *             |-----------|-----------|-----------|-----------|
-   *                        ^            ^           ^    ^
-   *                        |            |           |    |
-   * block chain:           b2---------->b1--------->b0-->b
-   *
-   * After processing block b, if maxEpochsInMemory is:
-   * - 2 then we'll persist {root: b2, epoch n-2} checkpoint state to disk
-   * - 1 then we'll persist {root: b2, epoch n-2} and {root: b1, epoch n-1} checkpoint state to disk
-   * - 0 then we'll persist {root: b2, epoch n-2} and {root: b1, epoch n-1} and {root: b0, epoch n} checkpoint state to disk
-   *   - if any old epochs checkpoint states are persisted, no need to do it again
-   *
-   * Note that for each epoch there could be multiple checkpoint states, usually 2, one for Previous Root Checkpoint State and one for Current Root Checkpoint State.
-   * We normally only persist 1 checkpoint state per epoch, the one that could potentially be justified/finalized later based on the view of the block.
-   * Other checkpoint states are pruned from memory.
-   *
-   * This design also covers the reorg scenario. Given block c in the same epoch n where c.slot > b.slot, c is not descendant of b, and c is built on top of c0
-   * instead of b0 (epoch (n - 1))
-   *
-   *       epoch:          (n-2)       (n-1)         n         (n+1)
-   *             |-----------|-----------|-----------|-----------|
-   *                        ^            ^       ^   ^    ^   ^
-   *                        |            |       |   |    |   |
-   * block chain:           b2---------->b1----->c0->b0-->b   |
-   *                                             ║            |
-   *                                             ╚═══════════>c (reorg)
-   *
-   * After processing block c, if maxEpochsInMemory is:
-   * - 0 then we'll persist {root: c0, epoch: n} checkpoint state to disk. Note that regen should populate {root: c0, epoch: n} checkpoint state before.
-   *
-   *                           epoch:      (n-1)                                                           n                                                           (n+1)
-   *                                         |-------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------|
-   *                                         ^                               ^                             ^                             ^
-   *   _______                               |                               |                             |                             |
-   *  |       |                              |                               |                             |                             |
-   *  |  db   |====== reload ======> {root: b1, epoch: n-1} cp state ======> c0 block state ======> {root: c0, epoch: n} cp state =====> c block state
-   *  |_______|
-   *
-   *
-   *
-   * - 1 then we'll persist {root: b1, epoch n-1} checkpoint state to disk. Note that at epoch n there is both {root: b0, epoch: n} and {root: c0, epoch: n} checkpoint states in memory
-   * - 2 then we'll persist {root: b2, epoch n-2} checkpoint state to disk, there are also 2 checkpoint states in memory at epoch n, same to the above (maxEpochsInMemory=1)
-   *
-   * As of Mar 2024, it takes <=350ms to persist a holesky state on fast server
-   */
-  async processState(blockRootHex: RootHex, state: CachedBeaconStateAllForks): Promise<number> {
-    let persistCount = 0;
-    // it's important to sort the epochs in ascending order, in case of big reorg we always want to keep the most recent checkpoint states
-    const sortedEpochs = Array.from(this.epochIndex.keys()).sort((a, b) => a - b);
-    if (sortedEpochs.length <= this.maxEpochsInMemory) {
-      return 0;
-    }
-
-    const blockSlot = state.slot;
-    const processCPStatesTimeMs = state.config.getSlotComponentDurationMs(PROCESS_CHECKPOINT_STATES_BPS);
-    // we always have clock in production, fallback value is only for test
-    const msFromSlot = this.clock?.msFromSlot(blockSlot) ?? processCPStatesTimeMs;
-    const msToProcessCPStates = processCPStatesTimeMs - msFromSlot;
-    if (msToProcessCPStates > 0) {
-      // At ~67% of slot is the most free time of every slot, take that chance to persist checkpoint states
-      // normally it should only persist checkpoint states at ~67% of slot 0 of epoch
-      await sleep(msToProcessCPStates, this.signal);
-    }
-    // at syncing time, it's critical to persist checkpoint states as soon as possible to avoid OOM during unfinality time
-    // if node is synced this is not a hot time because block comes late, we'll likely miss attestation already, or the block is orphaned
-
-    const persistEpochs = sortedEpochs.slice(0, sortedEpochs.length - this.maxEpochsInMemory);
-    for (const lowestEpoch of persistEpochs) {
-      try {
-        // getBlockRootAtSlot() may fail, see https://github.com/ChainSafe/lodestar/issues/7495
-        if (state.slot < computeStartSlotAtEpoch(lowestEpoch)) {
-          // there is no checkpoint states of epochs newer than this state
-          break;
-        }
-        // usually there is only 0 or 1 epoch to persist in this loop
-        persistCount += await this.processPastEpoch(blockRootHex, state, lowestEpoch);
-        this.logger.verbose("Processed past epoch", {epoch: lowestEpoch, slot: blockSlot, root: blockRootHex});
-      } catch (e) {
-        this.logger.debug(
-          "Error processing past epoch",
-          {epoch: lowestEpoch, slot: blockSlot, root: blockRootHex},
-          e as Error
-        );
-      }
-    }
-
-    if (persistCount > 0) {
-      this.logger.verbose("Persisted checkpoint states", {
-        slot: blockSlot,
-        root: blockRootHex,
-        persistCount,
-        persistEpochs: persistEpochs.length,
-      });
-    }
-    return persistCount;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Find a seed state to reload the state of provided checkpoint. Based on the design of n-historical state:
-   *
-   * ╔════════════════════════════════════╗═══════════════╗
-   * ║      persisted to db or fs         ║   in memory   ║
-   * ║        reload if needed            ║               ║
-   * ║ -----------------------------------║---------------║
-   * ║        epoch:       (n-2)   (n-1)  ║  n     (n+1)  ║
-   * ║               |-------|-------|----║--|-------|----║
-   * ║                      ^        ^    ║ ^       ^     ║
-   * ║                                    ║  ^       ^    ║
-   * ╚════════════════════════════════════╝═══════════════╝
-   *
-   * we always reload an epoch in the past. We'll start with epoch n then (n+1) prioritizing ones with the same view of `reloadedCp`.
-   *
-   * Use seed state from the block cache if cannot find any seed states within this cache.
-   */
-  findSeedStateToReload(reloadedCp: CheckpointHex): CachedBeaconStateAllForks {
-    const maxEpoch = Math.max(...Array.from(this.epochIndex.keys()));
-    const reloadedCpSlot = computeStartSlotAtEpoch(reloadedCp.epoch);
-    let firstState: CachedBeaconStateAllForks | null = null;
-    const logCtx = {reloadedCpEpoch: reloadedCp.epoch, reloadedCpRoot: reloadedCp.rootHex};
-
-    // no need to check epochs before `maxEpoch - this.maxEpochsInMemory + 1` before they are all persisted
-    for (let epoch = maxEpoch - this.maxEpochsInMemory + 1; epoch <= maxEpoch; epoch++) {
-      // if there's at least 1 state in memory in an epoch, just return the 1st one
-      if (firstState !== null) {
-        return firstState;
-      }
-
-      for (const rootHex of this.epochIndex.get(epoch) || []) {
-        const cpKey = toCacheKey({rootHex, epoch});
-        const cacheItem = this.cache.get(cpKey);
-        if (cacheItem === undefined) {
-          // should not happen
-          continue;
-        }
-        if (isInMemoryCacheItem(cacheItem)) {
-          const {state} = cacheItem;
-          if (firstState === null) {
-            firstState = state;
-          }
-          const cpLog = {cpEpoch: epoch, cpRoot: rootHex};
-
-          try {
-            // amongst states of the same epoch, choose the one with the same view of reloadedCp
-            if (
-              reloadedCpSlot < state.slot &&
-              toRootHex(getBlockRootAtSlot(state, reloadedCpSlot)) === reloadedCp.rootHex
-            ) {
-              this.logger.verbose("Reload: use checkpoint state as seed state", {...cpLog, ...logCtx});
-              return state;
-            }
-          } catch (e) {
-            // getBlockRootAtSlot may throw error
-            this.logger.debug("Error finding checkpoint state to reload", {...cpLog, ...logCtx}, e as Error);
-          }
-        }
-      }
-    }
-
-    // fallback to using the default seed state from block state cache
-    const seedBlockState = this.blockStateCache.getSeedState();
-    this.logger.verbose("Reload: use default block state as seed state", {stateSlot: seedBlockState.slot, ...logCtx});
-    return seedBlockState;
-  }
-
-  clear(): void {
-    this.cache.clear();
-    this.epochIndex.clear();
-  }
-
-  /** ONLY FOR DEBUGGING PURPOSES. For lodestar debug API */
-  dumpSummary(): routes.lodestar.StateCacheItem[] {
-    return Array.from(this.cache.keys()).map((key) => {
-      const cp = fromCacheKey(key);
-      // TODO: add checkpoint key and persistent key to the summary
-      return {
-        slot: computeStartSlotAtEpoch(cp.epoch),
-        root: cp.rootHex,
-        reads: this.cache.readCount.get(key) ?? 0,
-        lastRead: this.cache.lastRead.get(key) ?? 0,
-        checkpointState: true,
-      };
-    });
-  }
-
-  getStates(): IterableIterator<CachedBeaconStateAllForks> {
-    const items = Array.from(this.cache.values())
-      .filter(isInMemoryCacheItem)
-      .map((item) => item.state);
-
-    return items.values();
-  }
-
-  /** ONLY FOR DEBUGGING PURPOSES. For spec tests on error */
-  dumpCheckpointKeys(): string[] {
-    return Array.from(this.cache.keys());
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Prune or persist checkpoint states in an epoch
-   * 1) If there is 1 checkpoint state with known root, persist it. This is when there is skipped slot at block 0 of epoch
-   *     slot:                           n
-   *             |-----------------------|-----------------------|
-   *     PRCS root                      |
-   *
-   * 2) If there are 2 checkpoint states, PRCS and CRCS and both roots are known to this state, persist CRCS. If the block is reorged,
-   * PRCS is regen and populated to this cache again.
-   *     slot:                           n
-   *             |-----------------------|-----------------------|
-   *     PRCS root - prune              |
-   *     CRCS root - persist             |
-   *
-   * 3) If there are any roots that unknown to this state, persist their cp state. This is to handle the current block is reorged later
-   *
-   * 4) (derived from above) If there are 2 checkpoint states, PRCS and an unknown root, persist both.
-   *      - In the example below block slot (n + 1) reorged n
-   *      - If we process state n + 1, CRCS is unknown to it
-   *      - we need to also store CRCS to handle the case (n+2) switches to n again
-   *
-   *                     PRCS - persist
-   *                       |  processState()
-   *                       |       |
-   *                 -------------n+1
-   *               /       |
-   *             n-1 ------n------------n+2
-   *                       |
-   *                     CRCS - persist
-   *
-   *   - PRCS is the checkpoint state that could be justified/finalized later based on the view of the state
-   *   - unknown root checkpoint state is persisted to handle the reorg back to that branch later
-   *
-   * Performance note:
-   *   - In normal condition, we persist 1 checkpoint state per epoch.
-   *   - In reorged condition, we may persist multiple (most likely 2) checkpoint states per epoch.
-   */
-  private async processPastEpoch(
-    blockRootHex: RootHex,
-    state: CachedBeaconStateAllForks,
-    epoch: Epoch
-  ): Promise<number> {
-    let persistCount = 0;
-    const epochBoundarySlot = computeStartSlotAtEpoch(epoch);
-    const epochBoundaryRoot =
-      epochBoundarySlot === state.slot ? fromHex(blockRootHex) : getBlockRootAtSlot(state, epochBoundarySlot);
-    const epochBoundaryHex = toRootHex(epochBoundaryRoot);
-    const prevEpochRoot = toRootHex(getBlockRootAtSlot(state, epochBoundarySlot - 1));
-
-    // for each epoch, usually there are 2 rootHexes respective to the 2 checkpoint states: Previous Root Checkpoint State and Current Root Checkpoint State
-    const cpRootHexes = this.epochIndex.get(epoch) ?? [];
-    const persistedRootHexes = new Set<RootHex>();
-
-    // 1) if there is no CRCS, persist PRCS (block 0 of epoch is skipped). In this case prevEpochRoot === epochBoundaryHex
-    // 2) if there are PRCS and CRCS, persist CRCS => persist CRCS
-    // => this is simplified to always persist epochBoundaryHex
-    persistedRootHexes.add(epochBoundaryHex);
-
-    // 3) persist any states with unknown roots to this state
-    for (const rootHex of cpRootHexes) {
-      if (rootHex !== epochBoundaryHex && rootHex !== prevEpochRoot) {
-        persistedRootHexes.add(rootHex);
-      }
-    }
-
-    for (const rootHex of cpRootHexes) {
-      const cpKey = toCacheKey({epoch: epoch, rootHex});
-      const cacheItem = this.cache.get(cpKey);
-
-      if (cacheItem !== undefined && isInMemoryCacheItem(cacheItem)) {
-        let {persistedKey} = cacheItem;
-        const {state} = cacheItem;
-        const logMeta = {
-          stateSlot: state.slot,
-          rootHex,
-          epochBoundaryHex,
-          persistedKey: persistedKey ? toHex(persistedKey) : "",
-        };
-
-        if (persistedRootHexes.has(rootHex)) {
-          if (persistedKey) {
-            // we don't care if the checkpoint state is already persisted
-            this.logger.verbose("Pruned checkpoint state from memory but no need to persist", logMeta);
-          } else {
-            // persist and do not update epochIndex
-            this.metrics?.cpStateCache.statePersistSecFromSlot.observe(
-              this.clock?.secFromSlot(this.clock?.currentSlot ?? 0) ?? 0
-            );
-            const cpPersist = {epoch: epoch, root: fromHex(rootHex)};
-            // It's not sustainable to allocate ~240MB for each state every epoch, so we use buffer pool to reuse the memory.
-            // As monitored on holesky as of Jan 2024:
-            //   - This does not increase heap allocation while gc time is the same
-            //   - It helps stabilize persist time and save ~300ms in average (1.5s vs 1.2s)
-            //   - It also helps the state reload to save ~500ms in average (4.3s vs 3.8s)
-            //   - Also `serializeState.test.ts` perf test shows a lot of differences allocating ~240MB once vs per state serialization
-            const timer = this.metrics?.stateSerializeDuration.startTimer({
-              source: AllocSource.PERSISTENT_CHECKPOINTS_CACHE_STATE,
-            });
-            persistedKey = await serializeState(
-              state,
-              AllocSource.PERSISTENT_CHECKPOINTS_CACHE_STATE,
-              (stateBytes) => {
-                timer?.();
-                return this.datastore.write(cpPersist, stateBytes);
-              },
-              this.bufferPool
-            );
-
-            persistCount++;
-            this.logger.verbose("Pruned checkpoint state from memory and persisted to disk", {
-              ...logMeta,
-              persistedKey: toHex(persistedKey),
-            });
-          }
-          // overwrite cpKey, this means the state is deleted from memory
-          this.cache.set(cpKey, {type: CacheItemType.persisted, value: persistedKey});
-        } else {
-          if (persistedKey) {
-            // persisted file will be eventually deleted by the archive task
-            // this also means the state is deleted from memory
-            this.cache.set(cpKey, {type: CacheItemType.persisted, value: persistedKey});
-            // do not update epochIndex
-          } else {
-            // delete the state from memory
-            this.cache.delete(cpKey);
-            this.epochIndex.get(epoch)?.delete(rootHex);
-          }
-          this.metrics?.cpStateCache.statePruneFromMemoryCount.inc();
-          this.logger.verbose("Pruned checkpoint state from memory", logMeta);
-        }
-      }
-    }
-
-    return persistCount;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Delete all items of an epoch from disk and memory
-   */
-  private async deleteAllEpochItems(epoch: Epoch): Promise<void> {
-    let persistCount = 0;
-    const rootHexes = this.epochIndex.get(epoch) || [];
-    for (const rootHex of rootHexes) {
-      const key = toCacheKey({rootHex, epoch});
-      const cacheItem = this.cache.get(key);
-
-      if (cacheItem) {
-        const persistedKey = isPersistedCacheItem(cacheItem) ? cacheItem.value : cacheItem.persistedKey;
-        if (persistedKey) {
-          await this.datastore.remove(persistedKey);
-          persistCount++;
-          this.metrics?.cpStateCache.persistedStateRemoveCount.inc();
-        }
-      }
-      this.cache.delete(key);
-    }
-    this.epochIndex.delete(epoch);
-    this.logger.verbose("Pruned finalized checkpoints states for epoch", {
-      epoch,
-      persistCount,
-      rootHexes: Array.from(rootHexes).join(","),
-    });
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Serialize validators to bytes leveraging the buffer pool to save memory allocation.
-   *   - As monitored on holesky as of Jan 2024, it helps save ~500ms state reload time (4.3s vs 3.8s)
-   *   - Also `serializeState.test.ts` perf test shows a lot of differences allocating validators bytes once vs every time,
-   * This is 2x - 3x faster than allocating memory every time.
-   */
-  private serializeStateValidators(state: CachedBeaconStateAllForks): BufferWithKey | null {
-    const type = state.type.fields.validators;
-    const size = type.tree_serializedSize(state.validators.node);
-    if (this.bufferPool) {
-      const bufferWithKey = this.bufferPool.alloc(size, AllocSource.PERSISTENT_CHECKPOINTS_CACHE_VALIDATORS);
-      if (bufferWithKey) {
-        const validatorsBytes = bufferWithKey.buffer;
-        const dataView = new DataView(validatorsBytes.buffer, validatorsBytes.byteOffset, validatorsBytes.byteLength);
-        state.validators.serializeToBytes({uint8Array: validatorsBytes, dataView}, 0);
-        return bufferWithKey;
-      }
-    }
-
-    return null;
-  }
-}
-
-export function toCheckpointHex(checkpoint: phase0.Checkpoint): CheckpointHex {
-  return {
-    epoch: checkpoint.epoch,
-    rootHex: toRootHex(checkpoint.root),
-  };
-}
-
-function toCacheKey(cp: CheckpointHex | phase0.Checkpoint): CacheKey {
-  if (isCheckpointHex(cp)) {
-    return `${cp.rootHex}_${cp.epoch}`;
-  }
-  return `${toRootHex(cp.root)}_${cp.epoch}`;
-}
-
-function fromCacheKey(key: CacheKey): CheckpointHex {
-  const [rootHex, epoch] = key.split("_");
-  return {
-    rootHex,
-    epoch: Number(epoch),
-  };
-}
-
-function isCachedBeaconState(
-  stateOrBytes: CachedBeaconStateAllForks | LoadedStateBytesData
-): stateOrBytes is CachedBeaconStateAllForks {
-  return (stateOrBytes as CachedBeaconStateAllForks).slot !== undefined;
-}
-
-function isInMemoryCacheItem(cacheItem: CacheItem): cacheItem is InMemoryCacheItem {
-  return cacheItem.type === CacheItemType.inMemory;
-}
-
-function isPersistedCacheItem(cacheItem: CacheItem): cacheItem is PersistedCacheItem {
-  return cacheItem.type === CacheItemType.persisted;
-}
-
-function isCheckpointHex(cp: CheckpointHex | phase0.Checkpoint): cp is CheckpointHex {
-  return (cp as CheckpointHex).rootHex !== undefined;
-}