@lodestar/beacon-node 1.35.0-dev.47c570ab76 → 1.35.0-dev.549f58dd39

package/src/util/dataColumns.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,415 @@
+import {digest} from "@chainsafe/as-sha256";
+import {Tree} from "@chainsafe/persistent-merkle-tree";
+import {ChainForkConfig} from "@lodestar/config";
+import {ForkAll, ForkName, ForkPostFulu, KZG_COMMITMENTS_GINDEX, NUMBER_OF_COLUMNS} from "@lodestar/params";
+import {signedBlockToSignedHeader} from "@lodestar/state-transition";
+import {
+  BeaconBlockBody,
+  ColumnIndex,
+  CustodyIndex,
+  SSZTypesFor,
+  SignedBeaconBlock,
+  SignedBeaconBlockHeader,
+  deneb,
+  fulu,
+  ssz,
+} from "@lodestar/types";
+import {bytesToBigInt} from "@lodestar/utils";
+import {BlockInputColumns} from "../chain/blocks/blockInput/blockInput.js";
+import {BlockInputSource} from "../chain/blocks/blockInput/types.js";
+import {ChainEvent, ChainEventEmitter} from "../chain/emitter.js";
+import {Metrics} from "../metrics/metrics.js";
+import {NodeId} from "../network/subnets/index.js";
+import {dataColumnMatrixRecovery} from "./blobs.js";
+import {kzg} from "./kzg.js";
+
+export enum RecoverResult {
+  // the recover is not attempted because we have less than `NUMBER_OF_COLUMNS / 2` columns
+  NotAttemptedLessThanHalf = "not_attempted_less_than_half",
+  // the recover is not attempted because it has full data columns
+  NotAttemptedFull = "not_attempted_full",
+  // the recover is a success and it helps resolve availability
+  SuccessResolved = "success_resolved",
+  // the recover is a success but it's late, availability is already resolved by either gossip or getBlobsV2
+  SuccessLate = "success_late",
+  // the recover failed
+  Failed = "failed",
+}
+
+export type CustodyConfigOpts = {
+  nodeId: NodeId;
+  config: ChainForkConfig;
+  initialCustodyGroupCount?: number;
+};
+
+export class CustodyConfig {
+  /**
+   * The number of custody groups the node should subscribe to
+   */
+  targetCustodyGroupCount: number;
+
+  /**
+   * The custody columns the node should subscribe to
+   */
+  custodyColumns: ColumnIndex[];
+
+  /**
+   * Custody columns map which column maps to which index in the array of columns custodied
+   * with zero representing it is not custodied
+   */
+  custodyColumnsIndex: Uint8Array;
+
+  /**
+   * The number of custody groups the node will sample
+   */
+  sampledGroupCount: number;
+
+  /**
+   * Custody groups sampled by the node as part of custody sampling
+   */
+  sampleGroups: CustodyIndex[];
+
+  /**
+   * Data columns sampled by the node as part of custody sampling
+   * https://github.com/ethereum/consensus-specs/blob/v1.6.0-alpha.4/specs/fulu/das-core.md#custody-sampling
+   *
+   * TODO: Consider race conditions if this updates during sync/backfill
+   */
+  sampledColumns: ColumnIndex[];
+
+  /**
+   * Subnets sampled by the node as part of custody sampling
+   */
+  sampledSubnets: number[];
+
+  private config: ChainForkConfig;
+  private nodeId: NodeId;
+
+  constructor(opts: CustodyConfigOpts) {
+    this.config = opts.config;
+    this.nodeId = opts.nodeId;
+    this.targetCustodyGroupCount = opts.initialCustodyGroupCount ?? this.config.CUSTODY_REQUIREMENT;
+    this.custodyColumns = getDataColumns(this.config, this.nodeId, this.targetCustodyGroupCount);
+    this.custodyColumnsIndex = this.getCustodyColumnsIndex(this.custodyColumns);
+    this.sampledGroupCount = Math.max(this.targetCustodyGroupCount, this.config.SAMPLES_PER_SLOT);
+    this.sampleGroups = getCustodyGroups(this.config, this.nodeId, this.sampledGroupCount);
+    this.sampledColumns = getDataColumns(this.config, this.nodeId, this.sampledGroupCount);
+    this.sampledSubnets = this.sampledColumns.map((columnIndex) =>
+      computeSubnetForDataColumn(this.config, columnIndex)
+    );
+  }
+
+  updateTargetCustodyGroupCount(targetCustodyGroupCount: number) {
+    this.targetCustodyGroupCount = targetCustodyGroupCount;
+    this.custodyColumns = getDataColumns(this.config, this.nodeId, this.targetCustodyGroupCount);
+    this.custodyColumnsIndex = this.getCustodyColumnsIndex(this.custodyColumns);
+    // TODO: Porting this over to match current behavior, but I think this incorrectly mixes units:
+    // SAMPLES_PER_SLOT is in columns, and CUSTODY_GROUP_COUNT is in groups
+    this.sampledGroupCount = Math.max(this.targetCustodyGroupCount, this.config.SAMPLES_PER_SLOT);
+    this.sampleGroups = getCustodyGroups(this.config, this.nodeId, this.sampledGroupCount);
+    this.sampledColumns = getDataColumns(this.config, this.nodeId, this.sampledGroupCount);
+    this.sampledSubnets = this.sampledColumns.map((columnIndex) =>
+      computeSubnetForDataColumn(this.config, columnIndex)
+    );
+  }
+
+  private getCustodyColumnsIndex(custodyColumns: ColumnIndex[]): Uint8Array {
+    // custody columns map which column maps to which index in the array of columns custodied
+    // with zero representing it is not custodied
+    const custodyColumnsIndex = new Uint8Array(NUMBER_OF_COLUMNS);
+    let custodyAtIndex = 1;
+    for (const columnIndex of custodyColumns) {
+      custodyColumnsIndex[columnIndex] = custodyAtIndex;
+      custodyAtIndex++;
+    }
+    return custodyColumnsIndex;
+  }
+}
+
+function computeSubnetForDataColumn(config: ChainForkConfig, columnIndex: ColumnIndex): number {
+  return columnIndex % config.DATA_COLUMN_SIDECAR_SUBNET_COUNT;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Calculate the number of custody groups the node should subscribe to based on the node's effective balance
+ *
+ * SPEC FUNCTION
+ * https://github.com/ethereum/consensus-specs/blob/v1.6.0-alpha.3/specs/fulu/validator.md#validator-custody
+ */
+export function getValidatorsCustodyRequirement(config: ChainForkConfig, effectiveBalances: number[]): number {
+  if (effectiveBalances.length === 0) {
+    return config.CUSTODY_REQUIREMENT;
+  }
+
+  const totalNodeEffectiveBalance = effectiveBalances.reduce((total, effectiveBalance) => {
+    return total + effectiveBalance;
+  }, 0);
+
+  // Must custody one group for every BALANCE_PER_ADDITIONAL_CUSTODY_GROUP of effective balance
+  let validatorsCustodyRequirement = Math.floor(
+    totalNodeEffectiveBalance / config.BALANCE_PER_ADDITIONAL_CUSTODY_GROUP
+  );
+
+  // Any node with at least 1 validator must custody at least VALIDATOR_CUSTODY_REQUIREMENT
+  validatorsCustodyRequirement = Math.max(validatorsCustodyRequirement, config.VALIDATOR_CUSTODY_REQUIREMENT);
+
+  // Cannot custody more than NUMBER_OF_CUSTODY_GROUPS
+  validatorsCustodyRequirement = Math.min(validatorsCustodyRequirement, config.NUMBER_OF_CUSTODY_GROUPS);
+
+  return validatorsCustodyRequirement;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Converts a custody group to an array of column indices.  Should be 1-1 as long there are 128
+ * columns and 128 custody groups.
+ *
+ * SPEC FUNCTION
+ * https://github.com/ethereum/consensus-specs/blob/v1.6.0-alpha.4/specs/fulu/das-core.md#compute_columns_for_custody_group
+ */
+export function computeColumnsForCustodyGroup(config: ChainForkConfig, custodyIndex: CustodyIndex): ColumnIndex[] {
+  if (custodyIndex >= config.NUMBER_OF_CUSTODY_GROUPS) {
+    throw Error(`Invalid custody index ${custodyIndex} >= ${config.NUMBER_OF_CUSTODY_GROUPS}`);
+  }
+  const columnsPerCustodyGroup = Number(NUMBER_OF_COLUMNS / config.NUMBER_OF_CUSTODY_GROUPS);
+  const columnIndexes = [];
+  for (let i = 0; i < columnsPerCustodyGroup; i++) {
+    columnIndexes.push(config.NUMBER_OF_CUSTODY_GROUPS * i + custodyIndex);
+  }
+  columnIndexes.sort((a, b) => a - b);
+  return columnIndexes;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Converts nodeId and a the number of custody groups to an array of custody indices. Indexes must be
+ * further converted to column indices
+ *
+ * SPEC FUNCTION
+ * https://github.com/ethereum/consensus-specs/blob/v1.6.0-alpha.4/specs/fulu/das-core.md#get_custody_groups
+ */
+export function getCustodyGroups(config: ChainForkConfig, nodeId: NodeId, custodyGroupCount: number): CustodyIndex[] {
+  if (custodyGroupCount > config.NUMBER_OF_CUSTODY_GROUPS) {
+    throw Error(`Invalid custody group count ${custodyGroupCount} > ${config.NUMBER_OF_CUSTODY_GROUPS}`);
+  }
+
+  // Skip computation if all groups are custodied
+  if (custodyGroupCount === config.NUMBER_OF_CUSTODY_GROUPS) {
+    return Array.from({length: config.NUMBER_OF_CUSTODY_GROUPS}, (_, i) => i);
+  }
+
+  const custodyGroups: CustodyIndex[] = [];
+  // nodeId is in bigendian and all computes are in little endian
+  let currentId = bytesToBigInt(nodeId, "be");
+  while (custodyGroups.length < custodyGroupCount) {
+    // could be optimized
+    const currentIdBytes = ssz.UintBn256.serialize(currentId);
+    const custodyGroup = Number(
+      ssz.UintBn64.deserialize(digest(currentIdBytes).slice(0, 8)) % BigInt(config.NUMBER_OF_CUSTODY_GROUPS)
+    );
+
+    if (!custodyGroups.includes(custodyGroup)) {
+      custodyGroups.push(custodyGroup);
+    }
+
+    const willOverflow = currentIdBytes.reduce((acc, elem) => acc && elem === 0xff, true);
+    if (willOverflow) {
+      currentId = BigInt(0);
+    } else {
+      currentId++;
+    }
+  }
+
+  custodyGroups.sort((a, b) => a - b);
+  return custodyGroups;
+}
+
+export function computePostFuluKzgCommitmentsInclusionProof(
+  fork: ForkName,
+  body: BeaconBlockBody
+): fulu.KzgCommitmentsInclusionProof {
+  const bodyView = (ssz[fork].BeaconBlockBody as SSZTypesFor<ForkAll, "BeaconBlockBody">).toView(body);
+  return new Tree(bodyView.node).getSingleProof(BigInt(KZG_COMMITMENTS_GINDEX));
+}
+
+export function getDataColumns(config: ChainForkConfig, nodeId: NodeId, custodyGroupCount: number): ColumnIndex[] {
+  return getCustodyGroups(config, nodeId, custodyGroupCount)
+    .flatMap((custodyIndex) => computeColumnsForCustodyGroup(config, custodyIndex))
+    .sort((a, b) => a - b);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Computes the cells for each blob and combines them with cell proofs.
+ * Similar to the computeMatrix function described below.
+ *
+ * SPEC FUNCTION (note: spec currently computes proofs, but we already have them)
+ * https://github.com/ethereum/consensus-specs/blob/v1.6.0-alpha.4/specs/fulu/das-core.md#compute_matrix
+ */
+export async function getCellsAndProofs(
+  blobBundles: fulu.BlobAndProofV2[]
+): Promise<{cells: Uint8Array[]; proofs: Uint8Array[]}[]> {
+  const blobsAndProofs: {cells: Uint8Array[]; proofs: Uint8Array[]}[] = [];
+  for (const {blob, proofs} of blobBundles) {
+    const cells = await kzg.asyncComputeCells(blob);
+    blobsAndProofs.push({cells, proofs});
+  }
+  return blobsAndProofs;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Given a signed block header and the commitments, inclusion proof, cells/proofs associated with
+ * each blob in the block, assemble the sidecars which can be distributed to peers.
+ *
+ * SPEC FUNCTION
+ * https://github.com/ethereum/consensus-specs/blob/v1.6.0-alpha.4/specs/fulu/validator.md#get_data_column_sidecars
+ */
+export function getDataColumnSidecars(
+  signedBlockHeader: SignedBeaconBlockHeader,
+  kzgCommitments: deneb.KZGCommitment[],
+  kzgCommitmentsInclusionProof: fulu.KzgCommitmentsInclusionProof,
+  cellsAndKzgProofs: {cells: Uint8Array[]; proofs: Uint8Array[]}[]
+): fulu.DataColumnSidecars {
+  if (cellsAndKzgProofs.length !== kzgCommitments.length) {
+    throw Error("Invalid cellsAndKzgProofs length for getDataColumnSidecars");
+  }
+
+  const sidecars: fulu.DataColumnSidecars = [];
+  for (let columnIndex = 0; columnIndex < NUMBER_OF_COLUMNS; columnIndex++) {
+    const columnCells = [];
+    const columnProofs = [];
+    for (const {cells, proofs} of cellsAndKzgProofs) {
+      columnCells.push(cells[columnIndex]);
+      columnProofs.push(proofs[columnIndex]);
+    }
+    sidecars.push({
+      index: columnIndex,
+      column: columnCells,
+      kzgCommitments,
+      kzgProofs: columnProofs,
+      signedBlockHeader,
+      kzgCommitmentsInclusionProof,
+    });
+  }
+  return sidecars;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Given a signed block and the cells/proofs associated with each blob in the
+ * block, assemble the sidecars which can be distributed to peers.
+ *
+ * SPEC FUNCTION
+ * https://github.com/ethereum/consensus-specs/blob/v1.6.0-alpha.4/specs/fulu/validator.md#get_data_column_sidecars_from_block
+ */
+export function getDataColumnSidecarsFromBlock(
+  config: ChainForkConfig,
+  signedBlock: SignedBeaconBlock<ForkPostFulu>,
+  cellsAndKzgProofs: {cells: Uint8Array[]; proofs: Uint8Array[]}[]
+): fulu.DataColumnSidecars {
+  const blobKzgCommitments = signedBlock.message.body.blobKzgCommitments;
+
+  // No need to create data column sidecars if there are no blobs
+  if (blobKzgCommitments.length === 0) {
+    return [];
+  }
+
+  const fork = config.getForkName(signedBlock.message.slot);
+  const signedBlockHeader = signedBlockToSignedHeader(config, signedBlock);
+
+  const kzgCommitmentsInclusionProof = computePostFuluKzgCommitmentsInclusionProof(fork, signedBlock.message.body);
+
+  return getDataColumnSidecars(signedBlockHeader, blobKzgCommitments, kzgCommitmentsInclusionProof, cellsAndKzgProofs);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Given a DataColumnSidecar and the cells/proofs associated with each blob corresponding
+ * to the commitments it contains, assemble all sidecars for distribution to peers.
+ *
+ * SPEC FUNCTION
+ * https://github.com/ethereum/consensus-specs/blob/v1.6.0-alpha.4/specs/fulu/validator.md#get_data_column_sidecars_from_column_sidecar
+ */
+export function getDataColumnSidecarsFromColumnSidecar(
+  sidecar: fulu.DataColumnSidecar,
+  cellsAndKzgProofs: {cells: Uint8Array[]; proofs: Uint8Array[]}[]
+): fulu.DataColumnSidecars {
+  return getDataColumnSidecars(
+    sidecar.signedBlockHeader,
+    sidecar.kzgCommitments,
+    sidecar.kzgCommitmentsInclusionProof,
+    cellsAndKzgProofs
+  );
+}
+
+/**
+ * If we receive more than half of NUMBER_OF_COLUMNS (64) we should recover all remaining columns
+ */
+export async function recoverDataColumnSidecars(
+  blockInput: BlockInputColumns,
+  emitter: ChainEventEmitter,
+  metrics: Metrics | null
+): Promise<DataColumnReconstructionCode> {
+  const existingColumns = blockInput.getAllColumns();
+  const columnCount = existingColumns.length;
+  if (columnCount >= NUMBER_OF_COLUMNS) {
+    // We have all columns
+    return DataColumnReconstructionCode.NotAttemptedAlreadyFull;
+  }
+
+  if (columnCount < NUMBER_OF_COLUMNS / 2) {
+    // We don't have enough columns to recover
+    return DataColumnReconstructionCode.NotAttemptedHaveLessThanHalf;
+  }
+
+  metrics?.recoverDataColumnSidecars.custodyBeforeReconstruction.set(columnCount);
+  const partialSidecars = new Map<number, fulu.DataColumnSidecar>();
+  for (const columnSidecar of existingColumns) {
+    // the more columns we put, the slower the recover
+    if (partialSidecars.size >= NUMBER_OF_COLUMNS / 2) {
+      break;
+    }
+    partialSidecars.set(columnSidecar.index, columnSidecar);
+  }
+
+  const timer = metrics?.recoverDataColumnSidecars.recoverTime.startTimer();
+  // if this function throws, we catch at the consumer side
+  const fullSidecars = await dataColumnMatrixRecovery(partialSidecars).catch(() => null);
+  timer?.();
+  if (fullSidecars == null) {
+    return DataColumnReconstructionCode.NullReturned;
+  }
+
+  if (blockInput.getAllColumns().length === NUMBER_OF_COLUMNS) {
+    // either gossip or getBlobsV2 resolved availability while we were recovering
+    return DataColumnReconstructionCode.SuccessLate;
+  }
+
+  // Once the node obtains a column through reconstruction,
+  // the node MUST expose the new column as if it had received it over the network.
+  // If the node is subscribed to the subnet corresponding to the column,
+  // it MUST send the reconstructed DataColumnSidecar to its topic mesh neighbors.
+  // If instead the node is not subscribed to the corresponding subnet,
+  // it SHOULD still expose the availability of the DataColumnSidecar as part of the gossip emission process.
+  // After exposing the reconstructed DataColumnSidecar to the network,
+  // the node MAY delete the DataColumnSidecar if it is not part of the node's custody requirement.
+  const sidecarsToPublish = [];
+  for (const columnSidecar of fullSidecars) {
+    if (!blockInput.hasColumn(columnSidecar.index)) {
+      blockInput.addColumn({
+        blockRootHex: blockInput.blockRootHex,
+        columnSidecar,
+        seenTimestampSec: Date.now() / 1000,
+        source: BlockInputSource.recovery,
+      });
+      sidecarsToPublish.push(columnSidecar);
+    }
+  }
+  emitter.emit(ChainEvent.publishDataColumns, sidecarsToPublish);
+
+  return DataColumnReconstructionCode.SuccessResolved;
+}
+
+export enum DataColumnReconstructionCode {
+  NotAttemptedAlreadyFull = "not_attempted_full",
+  NotAttemptedHaveLessThanHalf = "not_attempted_less_than_half",
+  NullReturned = "null_returned",
+  SuccessLate = "success_late",
+  SuccessResolved = "success_resolved",
+  Failed = "failed",
+}

package/src/util/dependentRoot.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+import {EpochDifference, IForkChoice, ProtoBlock} from "@lodestar/fork-choice";
+import {Epoch, RootHex} from "@lodestar/types";
+
+/**
+ * Get dependent root of a shuffling given attestation epoch and head block.
+ */
+export function getShufflingDependentRoot(
+  forkChoice: IForkChoice,
+  attEpoch: Epoch,
+  blockEpoch: Epoch,
+  attHeadBlock: ProtoBlock
+): RootHex {
+  let shufflingDependentRoot: RootHex;
+  if (blockEpoch === attEpoch) {
+    // current shuffling, this is equivalent to `headState.currentShuffling`
+    // given blockEpoch = attEpoch = n
+    //        epoch:       (n-2)   (n-1)     n     (n+1)
+    //               |-------|-------|-------|-------|
+    // attHeadBlock     ------------------------^
+    // shufflingDependentRoot ------^
+    shufflingDependentRoot = forkChoice.getDependentRoot(attHeadBlock, EpochDifference.previous);
+  } else if (blockEpoch === attEpoch - 1) {
+    // next shuffling, this is equivalent to `headState.nextShuffling`
+    // given blockEpoch = n-1, attEpoch = n
+    //        epoch:       (n-2)   (n-1)     n     (n+1)
+    //               |-------|-------|-------|-------|
+    // attHeadBlock     -------------------^
+    // shufflingDependentRoot ------^
+    shufflingDependentRoot = forkChoice.getDependentRoot(attHeadBlock, EpochDifference.current);
+  } else if (blockEpoch < attEpoch - 1) {
+    // this never happens with default chain option of maxSkipSlots = 32, however we still need to handle it
+    // check the verifyHeadBlockAndTargetRoot() function above
+    // given blockEpoch = n-2, attEpoch = n
+    //        epoch:       (n-2)   (n-1)     n     (n+1)
+    //               |-------|-------|-------|-------|
+    // attHeadBlock     -----------^
+    // shufflingDependentRoot -----^
+    shufflingDependentRoot = attHeadBlock.blockRoot;
+    // use lodestar_gossip_attestation_head_slot_to_attestation_slot metric to track this case
+  } else {
+    // blockEpoch > attEpoch
+    // should not happen, handled in verifyAttestationTargetRoot
+    throw Error(`attestation epoch ${attEpoch} is before head block epoch ${blockEpoch}`);
+  }
+
+  return shufflingDependentRoot;
+}

package/src/util/enum.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+/**
+ * Given an enum
+ * ```ts
+ * enum A {
+ *   a = "a",
+ *   b = "b"
+ * }
+ * ```
+ * returns
+ * ```ts
+ * { a: 0,
+ *   b: 1 }
+ * ```
+ */
+export function enumToIndexMap<T>(enumVar: T): Record<keyof T, number> {
+  return Object.fromEntries(Object.keys(enumVar as object).map((key, i) => [key, i])) as Record<keyof T, number>;
+}

package/src/util/error.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+import {REQUEST_ERROR_CLASS_NAME, RESPONSE_ERROR_CLASS_NAME, RequestError, ResponseError} from "@lodestar/reqresp";
+import {FromObjectFn, LodestarError, LodestarErrorObject} from "@lodestar/utils";
+
+/**
+ * Error that can be passed across thread boundaries
+ */
+export type ThreadBoundaryError = {error: null; object: LodestarErrorObject} | {error: Error; object: null};
+
+/**
+ * Structured clone does not work with Error objects.
+ * For LodestarError, we want to specify the LodestarErrorObject with className so that we can deserialize later.
+ */
+export function toThreadBoundaryError(error: Error): ThreadBoundaryError {
+  if (error instanceof LodestarError) {
+    return {error: null, object: error.toObject()};
+  }
+
+  // note that non-clonable errors will be deserialized as a generic Error object
+  return {error, object: null};
+}
+
+/**
+ * Only RequestError and ResponseError pass through thread boundaries.
+ * If we pass more errors in the future through thread boundaries, we need to add them here.
+ */
+const fromObjectFnRegistry = new Map<string, FromObjectFn>([
+  [RESPONSE_ERROR_CLASS_NAME, ResponseError.fromObject],
+  [REQUEST_ERROR_CLASS_NAME, RequestError.fromObject],
+]);
+
+/**
+ * If error is LodestarError, deserialize it from the LodestarErrorObject.
+ * Else use the generic Error object.
+ */
+export function fromThreadBoundaryError(error: ThreadBoundaryError): Error {
+  if (error.error) {
+    // this is always a generic Error object
+    return error.error;
+  }
+
+  let clonedError: Error;
+  const fromObjectFn = fromObjectFnRegistry.get(error.object.className);
+  if (fromObjectFn) {
+    clonedError = fromObjectFn(error.object);
+  } else {
+    // should not happen as a LodestarError class should implement "fromObject" method and register it
+    // try our best to clone the error with the same stack trace
+    clonedError = new LodestarError(
+      {code: "UNKNOWN_ERROR_CLASS"},
+      `Unknown error class ${error.object.className}`,
+      error.object.stack
+    );
+  }
+
+  return clonedError;
+}

package/src/util/eventLoop.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+import {sleep} from "@lodestar/utils";
+
+/**
+ * Schedules in 1ms a Promise to be resolved during the `timers` phase.
+ * Awaiting this Promise will force the whole event queue to be executed.
+ *
+ * Caution: as the execution of the event queue might lead to new enqueuing, this might take significant time.
+ */
+export function nextEventLoop(): Promise<void> {
+  // `setTimeout` delay is at least 1ms
+  // Say https://nodejs.org/api/timers.html#settimeoutcallback-delay-args
+  return sleep(0);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Schedules in 1ms a callback for execution during the next `timers` phase.
+ */
+export function callInNextEventLoop(callback: () => void): void {
+  // `setTimeout` delay is at least 1ms
+  // Say https://nodejs.org/api/timers.html#settimeoutcallback-delay-args
+  setTimeout(callback, 0);
+}