@loaders.gl/tiles 5.0.0-alpha.1 → 5.0.0-alpha.3

package/src/tileset-3d/common/tile-3d.ts

@@ -7,12 +7,13 @@
 
 import {Vector3, Matrix4} from '@math.gl/core';
 import {CullingVolume} from '@math.gl/culling';
+import type {CullingResult} from '@math.gl/culling';
 
 // Note: circular dependency
 import type {Tileset3D} from './tileset-3d';
 import type {DoublyLinkedListNode} from '../../utils/doubly-linked-list-node';
 import {LOD_METRIC_TYPE, TILE_REFINEMENT, TILE_CONTENT_STATE, TILESET_TYPE} from '../../constants';
-import type {TileContentLoadResult} from './tileset-source';
+import type {TileChildrenLoadResult, TileContentLoadResult} from './tileset-source';
 
 import {FrameState} from '../helpers/frame-state';
 import {
@@ -23,9 +24,67 @@ import {
 import {getTiles3DScreenSpaceError} from '../helpers/tiles-3d-lod';
 import {getProjectedRadius} from '../helpers/i3s-lod';
 import {TilesetTraverser} from './tileset-traverser';
+import {
+  calculateFoveatedFactor,
+  calculateTileRequestPriority,
+  isFoveatedRequestDelayActive,
+  isFoveatedRequestDeferred,
+  isProgressiveResolutionPriority
+} from '../helpers/tiles-3d-request-priority';
 
 const scratchVector = new Vector3();
 
+/**
+ * Classifies render-content visibility across all content volumes owned by a tile.
+ *
+ * Content volumes form a union: one visible content entry keeps the tile renderable even when
+ * another entry is outside the frustum or clipping planes. The traversal volume is intentionally
+ * not used here except as a fallback when a tile has no content-specific volume. This separation
+ * keeps clipping render-only and prevents a tight content volume from pruning descendants.
+ *
+ * @param contentVolumes - Transformed content volumes in source order.
+ * @param fallbackVolume - Tile volume used when content does not declare its own volume.
+ * @param cullingVolume - Current view frustum.
+ * @param visibilityPlaneMask - Parent visibility mask optimization.
+ * @param clippingPlanes - Optional world-space planes applied to render content only.
+ * @returns Union visibility classification for the renderable content.
+ */
+export function getContentVisibility(
+  contentVolumes: any[],
+  fallbackVolume: any,
+  cullingVolume: CullingVolume,
+  visibilityPlaneMask: number | undefined,
+  clippingPlanes: any[] = []
+): CullingResult {
+  const volumes = contentVolumes.length ? contentVolumes : [fallbackVolume];
+  let visibleVolume = false;
+  let intersectingVolume = false;
+  for (const contentVolume of volumes) {
+    let visibility: CullingResult = 'inside';
+    if (visibilityPlaneMask !== CullingVolume.MASK_INSIDE) {
+      visibility = cullingVolume.computeVisibility(contentVolume);
+      if (visibility === 'outside') {
+        continue;
+      }
+    }
+    let clipped = false;
+    for (const clippingPlane of clippingPlanes) {
+      if (contentVolume.intersectPlane(clippingPlane) === 'outside') {
+        clipped = true;
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+    if (!clipped) {
+      visibleVolume = true;
+      intersectingVolume = intersectingVolume || visibility === 'intersecting';
+    }
+  }
+  if (!visibleVolume) {
+    return 'outside';
+  }
+  return intersectingVolume ? 'intersecting' : 'inside';
+}
+
 function defined(x) {
   return x !== undefined && x !== null;
 }
@@ -44,6 +103,9 @@ export type Tile3DProps = {
   extendedId: string;
 };
 
+/** Lifecycle of a source-managed lazy child-header group. */
+export type TileChildrenState = 'unloaded' | 'loading' | 'ready' | 'failed';
+
 /**
  * A Tile3DHeader represents a tile as Tileset3D. When a tile is first created, its content is not loaded;
  * the content is loaded on-demand when needed based on the view.
@@ -59,6 +121,8 @@ export class Tile3D {
   refine: TILE_REFINEMENT;
   type: string;
   contentUrl: string;
+  /** Resolved render-content URLs in source order; empty for contentless tiles. */
+  contentUrls: string[] = [];
   /** Different refinement algorithms used by I3S and 3D tiles */
   lodMetricType = 'geometricError';
   /**
@@ -81,11 +145,24 @@ export class Tile3D {
    * not the content's metadata in the tileset JSON file.
    */
   content: any = null;
+  /** Loaded payloads in the same order as {@link contentUrls}; `content` remains the primary payload. */
+  contents: any[] = [];
+  /**
+   * Metadata entity attached to this tile in the source tileset, if present.
+   *
+   * This is the raw 3D Tiles metadata reference. The generic tiles runtime preserves it without
+   * decoding schema classes or binary property tables.
+   */
+  metadata: Record<string, any> | null = null;
+  /** Raw metadata entities attached to tile contents, in content source order. */
+  contentMetadata: Array<Record<string, any> | null> = [];
   contentState: number = TILE_CONTENT_STATE.UNLOADED;
   gpuMemoryUsageInBytes: number = 0;
 
   /** The tile's children - an array of Tile3D objects. */
   children: Tile3D[] = [];
+  /** Current lifecycle state for a lazy implicit subtree rooted at this tile. */
+  childrenState: TileChildrenState = 'ready';
   depth: number = 0;
   viewportIds: any[] = [];
   transform = new Matrix4();
@@ -111,17 +188,46 @@ export class Tile3D {
   private _expireDate: any = null;
   private _expiredContent: any = null;
 
+  /** In-flight source request shared by repeated traversal frames. */
+  private _childrenPromise: Promise<TileChildrenLoadResult> | null = null;
+
   private _boundingBox?: CartographicBounds = undefined;
 
   /** updated every frame for tree traversal and rendering optimizations: */
   public _distanceToCamera: number = 0;
   _screenSpaceError: number = 0;
+  /** SSE calculated at the reduced viewport height used to prioritize coarse coverage. */
+  _screenSpaceErrorProgressiveResolution: number = 0;
+  /** Whether this tile should be promoted into the progressive-resolution request pass. */
+  _priorityProgressiveResolution: boolean = false;
+  /** Angular distance from the camera view axis used to prioritize center tiles. */
+  _foveatedFactor: number = 0;
+  /** Whether this peripheral request is currently inside the camera-motion deferral window. */
+  priorityDeferred: boolean = false;
   private _visibilityPlaneMask: any;
   private _visible: boolean | undefined = undefined;
 
   private _contentBoundingVolume: any;
+  private _contentBoundingVolumes: any[] = [];
+  /** Source content-volume headers retained after render content is unloaded. */
+  private _contentBoundingVolumeHeaders: any[] = [];
   private _viewerRequestVolume: any;
 
+  /** Bounding volume used to cull the tile's first renderable content entry. */
+  get contentBoundingVolume(): any {
+    return this._contentBoundingVolume;
+  }
+
+  /** All transformed render-content bounding volumes, including tile-volume fallbacks. */
+  get contentBoundingVolumes(): any[] {
+    return this._contentBoundingVolumes;
+  }
+
+  /** Bounding volume that limits when this tile may be requested, when declared. */
+  get viewerRequestVolume(): any {
+    return this._viewerRequestVolume;
+  }
+
   _initialTransform: Matrix4 = new Matrix4();
 
   // Used by traverser, cannot be marked private
@@ -176,6 +282,13 @@ export class Tile3D {
     this.refine = this._getRefine(header.refine);
     this.type = header.type;
     this.contentUrl = header.contentUrl;
+    this.contentUrls = header.contentUrls || (header.contentUrl ? [header.contentUrl] : []);
+    this.metadata = header.metadata || null;
+    const contentHeaders = Array.isArray(header.content) ? header.content : [header.content];
+    this.contentMetadata = contentHeaders
+      .filter(Boolean)
+      .map(contentHeader => contentHeader.metadata || null);
+    this.childrenState = header.implicitSubtree ? 'unloaded' : 'ready';
 
     this._initializeLodMetric(header);
     this._initializeTransforms(header);
@@ -214,7 +327,24 @@ export class Tile3D {
 
   /** Returns true if tile has children */
   get hasChildren() {
-    return this.children.length > 0 || (this.header.children && this.header.children.length > 0);
+    return (
+      this.children.length > 0 ||
+      (this.header.children && this.header.children.length > 0) ||
+      Boolean(this.header.implicitSubtree && this.childrenState !== 'ready')
+    );
+  }
+
+  /** Returns whether traversal may request an unresolved lazy child-header group. */
+  get hasUnloadedChildren(): boolean {
+    return Boolean(
+      this.header.implicitSubtree &&
+        (this.childrenState === 'unloaded' || this.childrenState === 'failed')
+    );
+  }
+
+  /** Returns whether a lazy child-header request is currently in flight. */
+  get childrenLoading(): boolean {
+    return this.childrenState === 'loading';
   }
 
   /**
@@ -287,13 +417,28 @@ export class Tile3D {
     return this._boundingBox;
   }
 
-  /** Get the tile's screen space error. */
-  getScreenSpaceError(frameState, useParentLodMetric) {
+  /**
+   * Gets the tile's screen-space error for normal refinement or a reduced-height priority pass.
+   *
+   * I3S already supplies a screen-oriented LOD metric and intentionally ignores the optional 3D
+   * Tiles progressive-resolution height fraction.
+   *
+   * @param frameState - Current camera and viewport measurements.
+   * @param useParentLodMetric - Whether to substitute the parent LOD metric.
+   * @param viewportHeightFraction - Fraction of viewport height represented by the priority pass.
+   * @returns Screen-space LOD error for the current tileset format.
+   */
+  getScreenSpaceError(frameState, useParentLodMetric, viewportHeightFraction = 1) {
     switch (this.tileset.type) {
       case TILESET_TYPE.I3S:
         return getProjectedRadius(this, frameState);
       case TILESET_TYPE.TILES3D:
-        return getTiles3DScreenSpaceError(this, frameState, useParentLodMetric);
+        return getTiles3DScreenSpaceError(
+          this,
+          frameState,
+          useParentLodMetric,
+          viewportHeightFraction
+        );
       default:
         // eslint-disable-next-line
         throw new Error('Unsupported tileset type');
@@ -312,15 +457,43 @@ export class Tile3D {
    * Memory usage of tile on GPU
    */
   _getGpuMemoryUsageInBytes(): number {
-    return this.content.gpuMemoryUsageInBytes || this.content.byteLength || 0;
+    const contents = this.contents.length ? this.contents : [this.content];
+    return contents.reduce(
+      (total, content) => total + (content?.gpuMemoryUsageInBytes || content?.byteLength || 0),
+      0
+    );
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Returns scheduler priority for render-content requests.
+   *
+   * @returns Numeric priority, or a negative value when the queued request should be cancelled.
+   */
+  _getPriority(): number {
+    return this._calculateRequestPriority(false);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Returns scheduler priority for lazy child-header requests.
+   *
+   * Contentless implicit placeholders intentionally retain `UNLOADED` content state, so metadata
+   * scheduling skips only that render-content cancellation check and preserves every visibility,
+   * recency, progressive, foveated, and motion-deferral rule.
+   *
+   * @returns Numeric priority, or a negative value when the queued request should be cancelled.
+   */
+  private _getChildrenPriority(): number {
+    return this._calculateRequestPriority(true);
   }
 
-  /*
-   * If skipLevelOfDetail is off try to load child tiles as soon as possible so that their parent can refine sooner.
-   * Tiles are prioritized by screen space error.
+  /**
+   * Calculates the common scheduler priority for content or hierarchy metadata.
+   *
+   * @param allowUnloadedContent - Whether an empty placeholder may request child metadata.
+   * @returns Numeric priority, or a negative value when the queued request should be cancelled.
    */
   // eslint-disable-next-line complexity
-  _getPriority() {
+  private _calculateRequestPriority(allowUnloadedContent: boolean): number {
     const traverser = this.tileset._traverser;
     const {skipLevelOfDetail} = traverser.options;
 
@@ -340,7 +513,13 @@ export class Tile3D {
     if (this.tileset._frameNumber - this._touchedFrame >= 1) {
       return -1;
     }
-    if (this.contentState === TILE_CONTENT_STATE.UNLOADED) {
+    // RequestScheduler re-evaluates this callback before a queued request receives a slot. A
+    // negative priority cancels work that became deferred after it was queued; the scheduled
+    // follow-up traversal submits it again after the motion delay expires.
+    if (this.priorityDeferred) {
+      return -1;
+    }
+    if (!allowUnloadedContent && this.contentState === TILE_CONTENT_STATE.UNLOADED) {
       return -1;
     }
 
@@ -354,8 +533,15 @@ export class Tile3D {
 
     const rootScreenSpaceError = traverser.root ? traverser.root._screenSpaceError : 0.0;
 
-    // Map higher SSE to lower values (e.g. root tile is highest priority)
-    return Math.max(rootScreenSpaceError - screenSpaceError, 0);
+    // Map higher SSE to lower values (e.g. root tile is highest priority), then combine the
+    // existing order with independent progressive and foveated priority bands.
+    const reverseScreenSpaceError = Math.max(rootScreenSpaceError - screenSpaceError, 0);
+    return calculateTileRequestPriority({
+      priorityProgressiveResolution: this._priorityProgressiveResolution,
+      foveatedFactor: this._foveatedFactor,
+      reverseScreenSpaceError,
+      rootScreenSpaceError
+    });
   }
 
   /**
@@ -394,6 +580,11 @@ export class Tile3D {
     try {
       const loadResult = await this.tileset.source.loadTileContent(this);
 
+      if (loadResult.contents) {
+        this.contents = loadResult.contents;
+        this.content = this.contents[0] || null;
+      }
+
       if (this.tileset.options.contentLoader) {
         await this.tileset.options.contentLoader(this);
       }
@@ -410,11 +601,107 @@ export class Tile3D {
     }
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Requests and installs this tile's lazy child-header group through its source.
+   *
+   * The same request scheduler and SSE/foveated priority value used for render content are reused
+   * for subtree metadata. Repeated traversal frames share one promise, and scheduler cancellation
+   * restores the unloaded state so a later frame can retry.
+   *
+   * @param frameState - View state that made the subtree eligible for refinement.
+   * @returns Source load result, or an unloaded result if scheduling was cancelled.
+   */
+  async loadChildren(frameState: FrameState): Promise<TileChildrenLoadResult> {
+    if (!this.header.implicitSubtree || this.childrenState === 'ready') {
+      return {loaded: false, tileCount: 0, childSubtreeCount: 0};
+    }
+    if (this._childrenPromise) {
+      return await this._childrenPromise;
+    }
+    if (!this.tileset.source.loadTileChildren) {
+      throw new Error('Tileset source does not support lazy tile children');
+    }
+
+    this.childrenState = 'loading';
+    this._childrenPromise = this._loadChildrenWithScheduler(frameState);
+    try {
+      return await this._childrenPromise;
+    } finally {
+      this._childrenPromise = null;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs one lazy child-header load after obtaining a scheduler token.
+   *
+   * @param frameState - View state forwarded to the source implementation.
+   * @returns Source load result.
+   */
+  private async _loadChildrenWithScheduler(
+    frameState: FrameState
+  ): Promise<TileChildrenLoadResult> {
+    const requestToken = await this.tileset._requestScheduler.scheduleRequest(
+      `${this.id}:implicit-subtree`,
+      this._getChildrenPriority.bind(this)
+    );
+    if (!requestToken) {
+      this.childrenState = 'unloaded';
+      return {loaded: false, tileCount: 0, childSubtreeCount: 0};
+    }
+
+    try {
+      const loadResult = await this.tileset.source.loadTileChildren!(this, frameState);
+      this.childrenState = loadResult.loaded ? 'ready' : 'unloaded';
+      return loadResult;
+    } catch (error) {
+      this.childrenState = 'failed';
+      throw error;
+    } finally {
+      requestToken.done();
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Replaces a contentless implicit placeholder with its materialized subtree-root header.
+   *
+   * Transform state is intentionally preserved: the placeholder already owns the composed
+   * transform, and reapplying the root transform here would double-transform bounds and geometric
+   * error. Content and raw geometric error are reinitialized from the newly available header.
+   *
+   * @param materializedHeader - Available root header produced from one subtree resource.
+   */
+  applyImplicitSubtreeHeader(materializedHeader: Record<string, any>): void {
+    const existingTransform = this.header.transform;
+    const existingTransformMatrix = this.header.transformMatrix;
+    this.header = {
+      ...this.header,
+      ...materializedHeader,
+      transform: existingTransform,
+      transformMatrix: existingTransformMatrix,
+      implicitSubtree: undefined
+    };
+    this.refine = this._getRefine(materializedHeader.refine);
+    this.type = materializedHeader.type;
+    this.contentUrl = materializedHeader.contentUrl;
+    this.contentUrls =
+      materializedHeader.contentUrls ||
+      (materializedHeader.contentUrl ? [materializedHeader.contentUrl] : []);
+    this._initializeLodMetric(materializedHeader);
+    this._updateLodMetricScale();
+    this._initializeBoundingVolumes(this.header);
+    // Use the merged header so inherited viewer-request-volume metadata remains available when a
+    // materialized implicit tile has no render content of its own.
+    this._initializeContent(this.header);
+  }
+
   // Unloads the tile's content.
   unloadContent() {
-    if (this.content && this.content.destroy) {
-      this.content.destroy();
+    for (const content of this.contents.length ? this.contents : [this.content]) {
+      if (content && content.destroy) {
+        content.destroy();
+      }
     }
+    this.contents = [];
     this.content = null;
     if (this.header.content && this.header.content.destroy) {
       this.header.content.destroy();
@@ -450,6 +737,7 @@ export class Tile3D {
 
     this._distanceToCamera = this.distanceToTile(frameState);
     this._screenSpaceError = this.getScreenSpaceError(frameState, false);
+    this._updateRequestPriorityMetrics(frameState);
     this._visibilityPlaneMask = this.visibility(frameState, parentVisibilityPlaneMask); // Use parent's plane mask to speed up visibility test
     this._visible = this._visibilityPlaneMask !== CullingVolume.MASK_OUTSIDE;
     this._inRequestVolume = this.insideViewerRequestVolume(frameState);
@@ -458,6 +746,71 @@ export class Tile3D {
     this.viewportIds = viewportIds;
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Updates progressive-resolution and foveated request metrics for a 3D Tiles traversal frame.
+   *
+   * I3S retains its format-specific screen-threshold ordering and is explicitly isolated from
+   * geometric-error scheduling. Orthographic viewports still receive progressive coverage, but
+   * angular foveation is disabled because an orthographic frustum has no perspective field of view.
+   *
+   * @param frameState - Current camera and viewport measurements.
+   */
+  _updateRequestPriorityMetrics(frameState: FrameState): void {
+    if (this.tileset.type !== TILESET_TYPE.TILES3D) {
+      this._screenSpaceErrorProgressiveResolution = this._screenSpaceError;
+      this._priorityProgressiveResolution = false;
+      this._foveatedFactor = 0;
+      this.priorityDeferred = false;
+      return;
+    }
+
+    const options = this.tileset.options;
+    const progressiveResolutionHeightFraction = options.progressiveResolutionHeightFraction;
+    this._screenSpaceErrorProgressiveResolution = this.getScreenSpaceError(
+      frameState,
+      false,
+      progressiveResolutionHeightFraction
+    );
+    this._priorityProgressiveResolution = isProgressiveResolutionPriority(
+      this._screenSpaceErrorProgressiveResolution,
+      this.parent?._screenSpaceErrorProgressiveResolution,
+      this.tileset.memoryAdjustedScreenSpaceError,
+      progressiveResolutionHeightFraction
+    );
+
+    if (
+      !options.foveatedScreenSpaceError ||
+      frameState.viewport?.orthographic ||
+      !frameState.camera?.position ||
+      !frameState.camera?.direction
+    ) {
+      this._foveatedFactor = 0;
+      this.priorityDeferred = false;
+      return;
+    }
+
+    this._foveatedFactor = calculateFoveatedFactor(this.boundingVolume, frameState.camera);
+    const deferralEligible = isFoveatedRequestDeferred({
+      refinement: this.refine,
+      skipLevelOfDetail: this.tileset._traverser.options.skipLevelOfDetail,
+      foveatedScreenSpaceError: options.foveatedScreenSpaceError,
+      foveatedConeSize: options.foveatedConeSize,
+      minimumScreenSpaceErrorRelaxation: options.foveatedMinimumScreenSpaceErrorRelaxation,
+      interpolationCallback: options.foveatedInterpolationCallback,
+      foveatedFactor: this._foveatedFactor,
+      verticalFieldOfView: frameState.camera.verticalFieldOfView,
+      screenSpaceError: this._screenSpaceError,
+      parentScreenSpaceError: this.parent?._screenSpaceError,
+      maximumScreenSpaceError: this.tileset.memoryAdjustedScreenSpaceError,
+      priorityProgressiveResolution: this._priorityProgressiveResolution
+    });
+    this.priorityDeferred = isFoveatedRequestDelayActive(
+      deferralEligible,
+      frameState.camera.timeSinceMovement,
+      options.foveatedTimeDelay
+    );
+  }
+
   // Determines whether the tile's bounding volume intersects the culling volume.
   // @param {FrameState} frameState The frame state.
   // @param {Number} parentVisibilityPlaneMask The parent's plane mask to speed up the visibility check.
@@ -483,47 +836,22 @@ export class Tile3D {
     return cullingVolume.computeVisibilityWithPlaneMask(boundingVolume, parentVisibilityPlaneMask);
   }
 
-  // Assuming the tile's bounding volume intersects the culling volume, determines
-  // whether the tile's content's bounding volume intersects the culling volume.
-  // @param {FrameState} frameState The frame state.
-  // @returns {Intersect} The result of the intersection: the tile's content is completely outside, completely inside, or intersecting the culling volume.
-  contentVisibility() {
-    return true;
-
-    // TODO restore
-    /*
-    // Assumes the tile's bounding volume intersects the culling volume already, so
-    // just return Intersect.INSIDE if there is no content bounding volume.
-    if (!defined(this.contentBoundingVolume)) {
-      return Intersect.INSIDE;
-    }
-
-    if (this._visibilityPlaneMask === CullingVolume.MASK_INSIDE) {
-      // The tile's bounding volume is completely inside the culling volume so
-      // the content bounding volume must also be inside.
-      return Intersect.INSIDE;
-    }
-
-    // PERFORMANCE_IDEA: is it possible to burn less CPU on this test since we know the
-    // tile's (not the content's) bounding volume intersects the culling volume?
-    const cullingVolume = frameState.cullingVolume;
-    const boundingVolume = tile.contentBoundingVolume;
-
-    const tileset = this.tileset;
-    const clippingPlanes = tileset.clippingPlanes;
-    if (defined(clippingPlanes) && clippingPlanes.enabled) {
-      const intersection = clippingPlanes.computeIntersectionWithBoundingVolume(
-        boundingVolume,
-        tileset.clippingPlanesOriginMatrix
-      );
-      this._isClipped = intersection !== Intersect.INSIDE;
-      if (intersection === Intersect.OUTSIDE) {
-        return Intersect.OUTSIDE;
-      }
-    }
-
-    return cullingVolume.computeVisibility(boundingVolume);
-    */
+  /**
+   * Determines whether renderable content intersects the view and configured clipping planes.
+   *
+   * Clipping planes are render-only constraints; traversal continues to use the tile volume.
+   *
+   * @param frameState Current camera, culling, and optional clipping-plane state.
+   * @returns The content visibility classification.
+   */
+  contentVisibility(frameState: FrameState): CullingResult {
+    return getContentVisibility(
+      this._contentBoundingVolumes,
+      this.boundingVolume,
+      frameState.cullingVolume,
+      this._visibilityPlaneMask,
+      frameState.clippingPlanes
+    );
   }
 
   /**
@@ -649,6 +977,7 @@ export class Tile3D {
 
   _initializeBoundingVolumes(tileHeader) {
     this._contentBoundingVolume = null;
+    this._contentBoundingVolumeHeaders = [];
     this._viewerRequestVolume = null;
 
     this._updateBoundingVolume(tileHeader);
@@ -657,6 +986,7 @@ export class Tile3D {
   _initializeContent(tileHeader) {
     // Empty tile by default
     this.content = {_tileset: this.tileset, _tile: this};
+    this.contents = [];
     this.hasEmptyContent = true;
     this.contentState = TILE_CONTENT_STATE.UNLOADED;
 
@@ -664,7 +994,7 @@ export class Tile3D {
     // This is `false` until the tile's content is loaded.
     this.hasTilesetContent = false;
 
-    if (tileHeader.contentUrl) {
+    if (tileHeader.contentUrl || tileHeader.contentUrls?.length) {
       this.content = null;
       this.hasEmptyContent = false;
     }
@@ -679,6 +1009,10 @@ export class Tile3D {
     this._distanceToCamera = 0;
     this._centerZDepth = 0;
     this._screenSpaceError = 0;
+    this._screenSpaceErrorProgressiveResolution = 0;
+    this._priorityProgressiveResolution = false;
+    this._foveatedFactor = 0;
+    this.priorityDeferred = false;
     this._visibilityPlaneMask = CullingVolume.MASK_INDETERMINATE;
     this._visible = undefined;
     this._inRequestVolume = false;
@@ -700,19 +1034,31 @@ export class Tile3D {
     return refine || (this.parent && this.parent.refine) || TILE_REFINEMENT.REPLACE;
   }
 
-  _isTileset() {
-    return this.contentUrl.indexOf('.json') !== -1;
+  /**
+   * Returns whether loaded content is an external tileset.
+   *
+   * Parsed shape is authoritative because valid external resources may be extensionless, signed,
+   * or use a misleading filename. This method is called only after source loading has populated
+   * `content`.
+   */
+  _isTileset(): boolean {
+    return (this.contents.length ? this.contents : [this.content]).some(
+      content => content?.shape === 'tileset3d'
+    );
   }
 
   _onContentLoaded() {
     // Vector and Geometry tile rendering do not support the skip LOD optimization.
-    switch (this.content && this.content.type) {
-      case 'vctr':
-      case 'geom':
-        // @ts-ignore
-        this.tileset._traverser.disableSkipLevelOfDetail = true;
-        break;
-      default:
+    const contents = this.contents.length ? this.contents : [this.content];
+    for (const content of contents) {
+      switch (content && content.type) {
+        case 'vctr':
+        case 'geom':
+          // @ts-ignore
+          this.tileset._traverser.disableSkipLevelOfDetail = true;
+          break;
+        default:
+      }
     }
 
     // The content may be tileset json
@@ -731,24 +1077,9 @@ export class Tile3D {
       this.boundingVolume
     );
 
-    const content = header.content;
-    if (!content) {
-      return;
-    }
-
-    // TODO Cesium specific
-    // Non-leaf tiles may have a content bounding-volume, which is a tight-fit bounding volume
-    // around only the features in the tile. This box is useful for culling for rendering,
-    // but not for culling for traversing the tree since it does not guarantee spatial coherence, i.e.,
-    // since it only bounds features in the tile, not the entire tile, children may be
-    // outside of this box.
-    if (content.boundingVolume) {
-      this._contentBoundingVolume = createBoundingVolume(
-        content.boundingVolume,
-        this.computedTransform,
-        this._contentBoundingVolume
-      );
-    }
+    // Viewer request volumes constrain traversal, not just render content. A contentless implicit
+    // connector can still own an inherited request volume, so initialize it before the
+    // content-specific early return below.
     if (header.viewerRequestVolume) {
       this._viewerRequestVolume = createBoundingVolume(
         header.viewerRequestVolume,
@@ -756,6 +1087,26 @@ export class Tile3D {
         this._viewerRequestVolume
       );
     }
+
+    const content = header.content;
+    if (content) {
+      this._contentBoundingVolumeHeaders = Array.isArray(content) ? content : [content];
+    }
+    const contentHeaders = content
+      ? Array.isArray(content)
+        ? content
+        : [content]
+      : this._contentBoundingVolumeHeaders;
+    // Preserve source order: an unbounded content entry uses the tile volume at its
+    // corresponding index rather than being appended after bounded sibling entries.
+    this._contentBoundingVolumes = contentHeaders.length
+      ? contentHeaders.map(headerEntry =>
+          headerEntry?.boundingVolume
+            ? createBoundingVolume(headerEntry.boundingVolume, this.computedTransform)
+            : this.boundingVolume
+        )
+      : [this.boundingVolume];
+    this._contentBoundingVolume = this._contentBoundingVolumes[0] || null;
   }
 
   /**