@loaders.gl/tiles 5.0.0-alpha.1 → 5.0.0-alpha.2

package/src/tileset-3d/common/tileset-3d.ts

@@ -10,7 +10,14 @@ import {Stats} from '@probe.gl/stats';
 import {RequestScheduler, LoaderWithParser, LoaderOptions} from '@loaders.gl/loader-utils';
 import {TilesetCache} from './tileset-cache';
 import {calculateTransformProps} from '../helpers/transform-utils';
-import {FrameState, getFrameState, limitSelectedTiles} from '../helpers/frame-state';
+import {getFrameState, limitSelectedTiles, updateCameraMotionState} from '../helpers/frame-state';
+import type {CameraMotionState, FrameState} from '../helpers/frame-state';
+import {
+  calculateDynamicScreenSpaceErrorDensity,
+  updateRootTransformForDynamicScreenSpaceError
+} from '../helpers/tiles-3d-lod';
+import {interpolateLinearly} from '../helpers/tiles-3d-request-priority';
+import type {FoveatedInterpolationCallback} from '../helpers/tiles-3d-request-priority';
 
 import type {GeospatialViewport, Viewport} from '../../types';
 import {Tile3D} from './tile-3d';
@@ -34,7 +41,28 @@ export type Tileset3DProps = {
   loadOptions?: LoaderOptions;
   loadTiles?: boolean;
   basePath?: string;
+  /**
+   * Soft target, in bytes, for cached tile content that is not required by the current frame.
+   * The listed default applies to 3D Tiles; I3S retains its existing 32 MiB default.
+   * @default 536870912
+   */
+  cacheBytes?: number;
+  /**
+   * Additional bytes that the current-frame working set may use before memory-adjusted SSE rises.
+   * The listed default applies to 3D Tiles; I3S retains its existing 1 MiB default.
+   * @default 536870912
+   */
+  maximumCacheOverflowBytes?: number;
+  /**
+   * Soft cache target in mebibytes.
+   * @deprecated Use {@link Tileset3DProps.cacheBytes}; when both are supplied, `cacheBytes` wins.
+   */
   maximumMemoryUsage?: number;
+  /**
+   * Cache overflow headroom in mebibytes.
+   * @deprecated Use {@link Tileset3DProps.maximumCacheOverflowBytes}; when both are supplied, the
+   * byte-native option wins.
+   */
   memoryCacheOverflow?: number;
   maximumTilesSelected?: number;
   debounceTime?: number;
@@ -46,10 +74,34 @@ export type Tileset3DProps = {
   modelMatrix?: Matrix4;
 
   maximumScreenSpaceError?: number;
+  /** Enables perspective dynamic SSE to reduce distant, horizon-facing refinement. */
+  dynamicScreenSpaceError?: boolean;
+  /** Base dynamic SSE fog density in inverse meters. */
+  dynamicScreenSpaceErrorDensity?: number;
+  /** Maximum dynamic SSE reduction in logical/CSS pixels. */
+  dynamicScreenSpaceErrorFactor?: number;
+  /** Fraction of tileset height at which dynamic SSE begins to fade, clamped to `[0, 1]`. */
+  dynamicScreenSpaceErrorHeightFalloff?: number;
+  /**
+   * Enables adaptive LOD reduction when estimated tile memory exceeds the overflow ceiling.
+   * Defaults to `true` for 3D Tiles and retains the existing `false` default for I3S.
+   */
   memoryAdjustedScreenSpaceError?: boolean;
   viewportTraversersMap?: any;
   updateTransforms?: boolean;
   viewDistanceScale?: number;
+  /** Reduced viewport-height fraction used to prioritize coarse initial coverage; `0` disables it. */
+  progressiveResolutionHeightFraction?: number;
+  /** Whether requests nearer the center of a perspective viewport receive higher priority. */
+  foveatedScreenSpaceError?: boolean;
+  /** Fraction of the perspective field of view that receives no foveated SSE relaxation. */
+  foveatedConeSize?: number;
+  /** Minimum logical-pixel SSE relaxation immediately outside the foveated cone. */
+  foveatedMinimumScreenSpaceErrorRelaxation?: number;
+  /** Function that increases SSE relaxation from the foveated cone toward the viewport edge. */
+  foveatedInterpolationCallback?: FoveatedInterpolationCallback;
+  /** Seconds peripheral requests may wait after the camera moves. */
+  foveatedTimeDelay?: number;
 
   onTileLoad?: (tile: Tile3D) => any;
   onTileUnload?: (tile: Tile3D) => any;
@@ -69,7 +121,13 @@ type Props = {
   modelMatrix: Matrix4;
   throttleRequests: boolean;
   maxRequests: number;
+  /** Soft target, in bytes, for evictable cached tile content. */
+  cacheBytes: number;
+  /** Current-frame headroom, in bytes, before memory-adjusted SSE rises. */
+  maximumCacheOverflowBytes: number;
+  /** @deprecated Byte-native code should use `cacheBytes`. */
   maximumMemoryUsage: number;
+  /** @deprecated Byte-native code should use `maximumCacheOverflowBytes`. */
   memoryCacheOverflow: number;
   maximumTilesSelected: number;
   debounceTime: number;
@@ -81,6 +139,15 @@ type Props = {
   onTraversalComplete: (selectedTiles: Tile3D[]) => Tile3D[];
   onUpdate: () => void;
   maximumScreenSpaceError: number;
+  /** Whether perspective dynamic SSE is enabled. */
+  dynamicScreenSpaceError: boolean;
+  /** Base dynamic SSE fog density in inverse meters. */
+  dynamicScreenSpaceErrorDensity: number;
+  /** Maximum dynamic SSE reduction in logical/CSS pixels. */
+  dynamicScreenSpaceErrorFactor: number;
+  /** Fraction of tileset height at which dynamic SSE begins to fade. */
+  dynamicScreenSpaceErrorHeightFalloff: number;
+  /** Whether cache pressure may adapt the active SSE threshold. */
   memoryAdjustedScreenSpaceError: boolean;
   viewportTraversersMap: Record<string, any> | null;
   attributions: string[];
@@ -88,19 +155,97 @@ type Props = {
   loadOptions: LoaderOptions;
   updateTransforms: boolean;
   viewDistanceScale: number;
+  /** Reduced viewport-height fraction used to prioritize coarse initial coverage. */
+  progressiveResolutionHeightFraction: number;
+  /** Whether perspective requests are prioritized around the viewport center. */
+  foveatedScreenSpaceError: boolean;
+  /** Fraction of the perspective field of view with no foveated SSE relaxation. */
+  foveatedConeSize: number;
+  /** Minimum logical-pixel SSE relaxation outside the foveated cone. */
+  foveatedMinimumScreenSpaceErrorRelaxation: number;
+  /** Function used to interpolate foveated SSE relaxation. */
+  foveatedInterpolationCallback: FoveatedInterpolationCallback;
+  /** Seconds eligible peripheral requests wait after camera movement. */
+  foveatedTimeDelay: number;
   basePath: string;
   contentLoader?: (tile: Tile3D) => Promise<void>;
   i3s: Record<string, any>;
 };
 
+const BYTES_PER_MEBIBYTE = 1024 * 1024;
+const DEFAULT_CACHE_BYTES = 512 * BYTES_PER_MEBIBYTE;
+const DEFAULT_MAXIMUM_CACHE_OVERFLOW_BYTES = 512 * BYTES_PER_MEBIBYTE;
+const DEFAULT_I3S_CACHE_BYTES = 32 * BYTES_PER_MEBIBYTE;
+const DEFAULT_I3S_MAXIMUM_CACHE_OVERFLOW_BYTES = BYTES_PER_MEBIBYTE;
+
+/**
+ * Validates a byte-based tile-cache budget.
+ *
+ * Fractions are accepted because JavaScript memory estimates are numbers, but negative, infinite,
+ * and `NaN` values cannot define a stable cache threshold.
+ *
+ * @param value - Proposed cache budget in bytes.
+ * @param optionName - Public option name used in an actionable error message.
+ * @returns The validated byte budget.
+ */
+function validateCacheByteLength(value: number, optionName: string): number {
+  if (!Number.isFinite(value) || value < 0) {
+    throw new Error(`${optionName} must be a finite number greater than or equal to 0`);
+  }
+  return value;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Resolves the base cache target from byte-native or deprecated mebibyte options.
+ *
+ * The byte-native option takes precedence so mixed migration configurations are deterministic.
+ * The fallback is already expressed in bytes and is used for both construction and runtime updates.
+ *
+ * @param options - Options that may contain byte-native or deprecated cache values.
+ * @param fallbackCacheBytes - Existing or default cache target in bytes.
+ * @returns The resolved and validated cache target in bytes.
+ */
+function resolveCacheBytes(options: Tileset3DProps, fallbackCacheBytes: number): number {
+  const cacheBytes =
+    options.cacheBytes ??
+    (options.maximumMemoryUsage !== undefined
+      ? options.maximumMemoryUsage * BYTES_PER_MEBIBYTE
+      : fallbackCacheBytes);
+  return validateCacheByteLength(cacheBytes, 'cacheBytes');
+}
+
+/**
+ * Resolves cache overflow headroom from byte-native or deprecated mebibyte options.
+ *
+ * The byte-native option takes precedence so callers can migrate the two cache controls
+ * independently without unit ambiguity.
+ *
+ * @param options - Options that may contain byte-native or deprecated overflow values.
+ * @param fallbackOverflowBytes - Existing or default overflow headroom in bytes.
+ * @returns The resolved and validated overflow headroom in bytes.
+ */
+function resolveMaximumCacheOverflowBytes(
+  options: Tileset3DProps,
+  fallbackOverflowBytes: number
+): number {
+  const maximumCacheOverflowBytes =
+    options.maximumCacheOverflowBytes ??
+    (options.memoryCacheOverflow !== undefined
+      ? options.memoryCacheOverflow * BYTES_PER_MEBIBYTE
+      : fallbackOverflowBytes);
+  return validateCacheByteLength(maximumCacheOverflowBytes, 'maximumCacheOverflowBytes');
+}
+
 const DEFAULT_PROPS: Props = {
   description: '',
   ellipsoid: Ellipsoid.WGS84,
   modelMatrix: new Matrix4(),
   throttleRequests: true,
   maxRequests: 64,
-  maximumMemoryUsage: 32,
-  memoryCacheOverflow: 1,
+  cacheBytes: DEFAULT_CACHE_BYTES,
+  maximumCacheOverflowBytes: DEFAULT_MAXIMUM_CACHE_OVERFLOW_BYTES,
+  maximumMemoryUsage: DEFAULT_CACHE_BYTES / BYTES_PER_MEBIBYTE,
+  memoryCacheOverflow: DEFAULT_MAXIMUM_CACHE_OVERFLOW_BYTES / BYTES_PER_MEBIBYTE,
   maximumTilesSelected: 0,
   debounceTime: 0,
   onTileLoad: () => {},
@@ -112,8 +257,18 @@ const DEFAULT_PROPS: Props = {
   onUpdate: () => {},
   contentLoader: undefined,
   viewDistanceScale: 1.0,
+  progressiveResolutionHeightFraction: 0.3,
+  foveatedScreenSpaceError: true,
+  foveatedConeSize: 0.1,
+  foveatedMinimumScreenSpaceErrorRelaxation: 0,
+  foveatedInterpolationCallback: interpolateLinearly,
+  foveatedTimeDelay: 0.2,
   maximumScreenSpaceError: 8,
-  memoryAdjustedScreenSpaceError: false,
+  dynamicScreenSpaceError: true,
+  dynamicScreenSpaceErrorDensity: 2.0e-4,
+  dynamicScreenSpaceErrorFactor: 24,
+  dynamicScreenSpaceErrorHeightFalloff: 0.25,
+  memoryAdjustedScreenSpaceError: true,
   loadTiles: true,
   updateTransforms: true,
   viewportTraversersMap: null,
@@ -174,14 +329,16 @@ export class Tileset3D {
   zoom = 1;
   boundingVolume: any = null;
 
-  dynamicScreenSpaceErrorComputedDensity = 0.0;
+  /** Effective dynamic SSE density calculated for the most recently traversed viewport. */
+  dynamicScreenSpaceErrorComputedDensity = 0;
 
-  maximumMemoryUsage = 32;
+  /** Estimated bytes currently retained by loaded tile content. */
   gpuMemoryUsageInBytes = 0;
+  /** Active SSE threshold after optional cache-pressure adjustment, in logical/CSS pixels. */
   memoryAdjustedScreenSpaceError = 0.0;
 
-  private _cacheBytes = 0;
-  private _cacheOverflowBytes = 0;
+  private _cacheBytes = DEFAULT_CACHE_BYTES;
+  private _maximumCacheOverflowBytes = DEFAULT_MAXIMUM_CACHE_OVERFLOW_BYTES;
 
   _frameNumber = 0;
   private _tiles: Record<string, Tile3D> = {};
@@ -195,6 +352,10 @@ export class Tileset3D {
   private _requestedTiles: Tile3D[] = [];
   private _emptyTiles: Tile3D[] = [];
   private frameStateData: any = {};
+  /** Last camera pose retained independently for each viewport. */
+  private _cameraMotionStates: Record<string, CameraMotionState> = {};
+  /** Pending traversal that releases requests after camera motion settles. */
+  private _deferredTraversalTimeout: ReturnType<typeof setTimeout> | null = null;
 
   _traverser: TilesetTraverser;
   _cache = new TilesetCache();
@@ -210,12 +371,34 @@ export class Tileset3D {
    * @param options Traversal and runtime options.
    */
   constructor(source: Tileset3DSource, options?: Tileset3DProps) {
-    this.options = {...DEFAULT_PROPS, ...options};
-    this.loadOptions = this.options.loadOptions || {};
-
     if (!isTileset3DSource(source)) {
       throw new Error('Tileset3D requires a Tileset3DSource instance');
     }
+
+    const suppliedOptions = options || {};
+    const usesTiles3DCacheDefaults = source.type === TILESET_TYPE.TILES3D;
+    const defaultCacheBytes = usesTiles3DCacheDefaults
+      ? DEFAULT_PROPS.cacheBytes
+      : DEFAULT_I3S_CACHE_BYTES;
+    const defaultMaximumCacheOverflowBytes = usesTiles3DCacheDefaults
+      ? DEFAULT_PROPS.maximumCacheOverflowBytes
+      : DEFAULT_I3S_MAXIMUM_CACHE_OVERFLOW_BYTES;
+    const cacheBytes = resolveCacheBytes(suppliedOptions, defaultCacheBytes);
+    const maximumCacheOverflowBytes = resolveMaximumCacheOverflowBytes(
+      suppliedOptions,
+      defaultMaximumCacheOverflowBytes
+    );
+    this.options = {
+      ...DEFAULT_PROPS,
+      ...suppliedOptions,
+      cacheBytes,
+      maximumCacheOverflowBytes,
+      maximumMemoryUsage: cacheBytes / BYTES_PER_MEBIBYTE,
+      memoryCacheOverflow: maximumCacheOverflowBytes / BYTES_PER_MEBIBYTE,
+      memoryAdjustedScreenSpaceError:
+        suppliedOptions.memoryAdjustedScreenSpaceError ?? usesTiles3DCacheDefaults
+    };
+    this.loadOptions = this.options.loadOptions || {};
     this.source = source;
 
     this.tileset = null;
@@ -237,8 +420,8 @@ export class Tileset3D {
     });
 
     this.memoryAdjustedScreenSpaceError = this.options.maximumScreenSpaceError;
-    this._cacheBytes = this.options.maximumMemoryUsage * 1024 * 1024;
-    this._cacheOverflowBytes = this.options.memoryCacheOverflow * 1024 * 1024;
+    this._cacheBytes = cacheBytes;
+    this._maximumCacheOverflowBytes = maximumCacheOverflowBytes;
 
     this.stats = new Stats({id: this.url});
     this._initializeStats();
@@ -247,6 +430,8 @@ export class Tileset3D {
   }
 
   destroy(): void {
+    this._clearDeferredTraversal();
+    this.source.destroy?.();
     this._destroy();
   }
 
@@ -262,14 +447,83 @@ export class Tileset3D {
     return this._frameNumber;
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Gets or sets the soft target, in bytes, for cached tile content not needed this frame.
+   *
+   * Current-frame tiles remain protected even when their estimated memory exceeds this target.
+   * Reducing the value makes unused least-recently-used tiles eligible for eviction on the next
+   * traversal.
+   * @default 536870912 for 3D Tiles; 33554432 for I3S
+   */
+  get cacheBytes(): number {
+    return this._cacheBytes;
+  }
+
+  set cacheBytes(value: number) {
+    this._cacheBytes = validateCacheByteLength(value, 'cacheBytes');
+    this.options.cacheBytes = this._cacheBytes;
+    this.options.maximumMemoryUsage = this._cacheBytes / BYTES_PER_MEBIBYTE;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Gets or sets the additional current-frame headroom, in bytes, before memory-adjusted SSE rises.
+   *
+   * The pressure ceiling is `cacheBytes + maximumCacheOverflowBytes`. This value does not change
+   * the base target used to evict tiles that were not touched in the current frame.
+   * @default 536870912 for 3D Tiles; 1048576 for I3S
+   */
+  get maximumCacheOverflowBytes(): number {
+    return this._maximumCacheOverflowBytes;
+  }
+
+  set maximumCacheOverflowBytes(value: number) {
+    this._maximumCacheOverflowBytes = validateCacheByteLength(value, 'maximumCacheOverflowBytes');
+    this.options.maximumCacheOverflowBytes = this._maximumCacheOverflowBytes;
+    this.options.memoryCacheOverflow = this._maximumCacheOverflowBytes / BYTES_PER_MEBIBYTE;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Gets or sets the soft cache target in mebibytes.
+   * @deprecated Use {@link Tileset3D.cacheBytes}. Assignments remain synchronized for compatibility.
+   */
+  get maximumMemoryUsage(): number {
+    return this.cacheBytes / BYTES_PER_MEBIBYTE;
+  }
+
+  set maximumMemoryUsage(value: number) {
+    this.cacheBytes = validateCacheByteLength(value * BYTES_PER_MEBIBYTE, 'maximumMemoryUsage');
+  }
+
   get queryParams(): string {
     const rootUrl = this.source.getTileUrl(this.url);
     const queryIndex = rootUrl.indexOf('?');
     return queryIndex >= 0 ? rootUrl.slice(queryIndex + 1) : '';
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Updates traversal and runtime options, synchronizing byte-native and deprecated cache values.
+   *
+   * For each budget, the byte-native option takes precedence when both unit forms are supplied.
+   * Unspecified budgets retain their current byte values, avoiding repeated MiB conversion.
+   *
+   * @param props - Partial runtime options to apply.
+   */
   setProps(props: Tileset3DProps): void {
-    this.options = {...this.options, ...props};
+    const cacheBytes = resolveCacheBytes(props, this.cacheBytes);
+    const maximumCacheOverflowBytes = resolveMaximumCacheOverflowBytes(
+      props,
+      this.maximumCacheOverflowBytes
+    );
+    this.options = {
+      ...this.options,
+      ...props,
+      cacheBytes,
+      maximumCacheOverflowBytes,
+      maximumMemoryUsage: cacheBytes / BYTES_PER_MEBIBYTE,
+      memoryCacheOverflow: maximumCacheOverflowBytes / BYTES_PER_MEBIBYTE
+    };
+    this._cacheBytes = cacheBytes;
+    this._maximumCacheOverflowBytes = maximumCacheOverflowBytes;
   }
 
   getTileUrl(tilePath: string): string {
@@ -312,13 +566,20 @@ export class Tileset3D {
     return this.updatePromise;
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Moves the active LOD threshold toward the configured SSE or away from cache pressure.
+   *
+   * Usage below {@link Tileset3D.cacheBytes} restores quality in two-percent steps. Usage above
+   * `cacheBytes + maximumCacheOverflowBytes` reduces refinement in two-percent steps. Values in
+   * the overflow window leave the threshold unchanged, preventing rapid load/evict oscillation.
+   */
   adjustScreenSpaceError(): void {
-    if (this.gpuMemoryUsageInBytes < this._cacheBytes) {
+    if (this.gpuMemoryUsageInBytes < this.cacheBytes) {
       this.memoryAdjustedScreenSpaceError = Math.max(
         this.memoryAdjustedScreenSpaceError / 1.02,
         this.options.maximumScreenSpaceError
       );
-    } else if (this.gpuMemoryUsageInBytes > this._cacheBytes + this._cacheOverflowBytes) {
+    } else if (this.gpuMemoryUsageInBytes > this.cacheBytes + this.maximumCacheOverflowBytes) {
       this.memoryAdjustedScreenSpaceError *= 1.02;
     }
   }
@@ -335,6 +596,8 @@ export class Tileset3D {
     this._cache.reset();
     this._frameNumber++;
     this.traverseCounter = preparedViewports.length;
+    const currentTime = Date.now();
+    let minimumDeferredTraversalDelay = Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY;
     const viewportsToTraverse: string[] = [];
     for (const viewport of preparedViewports) {
       const id = viewport.id;
@@ -355,7 +618,70 @@ export class Tileset3D {
         continue;
       }
       const frameState = getFrameState(viewport as GeospatialViewport, this._frameNumber);
-      this._traverser.traverse(this.roots[id], frameState, this.options);
+      const root = this.roots[id];
+      const cameraMotionUpdate = updateCameraMotionState(
+        this._cameraMotionStates[id],
+        frameState.camera.position,
+        frameState.camera.direction,
+        currentTime
+      );
+      this._cameraMotionStates[id] = cameraMotionUpdate.state;
+      frameState.camera.timeSinceMovement = cameraMotionUpdate.timeSinceMovement;
+      // Dynamic SSE reads the root's inverse computed transform before traversal updates tile
+      // visibility. Refresh it from the current tileset model matrix here so animated local
+      // box/sphere tilesets never calculate their height falloff one transform behind the frame.
+      updateRootTransformForDynamicScreenSpaceError(root, this.modelMatrix);
+      frameState.dynamicScreenSpaceErrorDensity =
+        this.type === TILESET_TYPE.TILES3D &&
+        this.options.dynamicScreenSpaceError &&
+        !frameState.viewport.orthographic
+          ? calculateDynamicScreenSpaceErrorDensity(root, frameState, this.options)
+          : 0;
+      // Keep the legacy diagnostic field, but traversal reads the per-viewport frame value above.
+      this.dynamicScreenSpaceErrorComputedDensity = frameState.dynamicScreenSpaceErrorDensity;
+      this._traverser.traverse(root, frameState, this.options);
+      if (Object.keys(this._traverser.deferredTiles).length > 0) {
+        minimumDeferredTraversalDelay = Math.min(
+          minimumDeferredTraversalDelay,
+          Math.max(this.options.foveatedTimeDelay - cameraMotionUpdate.timeSinceMovement, 0)
+        );
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (Number.isFinite(minimumDeferredTraversalDelay)) {
+      this._scheduleDeferredTraversal(minimumDeferredTraversalDelay);
+    } else {
+      this._clearDeferredTraversal();
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Schedules one follow-up traversal when the moving-camera deferral window expires.
+   *
+   * Replacing an existing timer ensures continuing camera movement pushes the retry window forward
+   * instead of creating a queue of redundant traversals.
+   *
+   * @param delayInSeconds - Remaining stationary delay before deferred requests become eligible.
+   */
+  private _scheduleDeferredTraversal(delayInSeconds: number): void {
+    this._clearDeferredTraversal();
+    this._deferredTraversalTimeout = setTimeout(
+      () => {
+        this._deferredTraversalTimeout = null;
+        this.selectTiles().catch((error: unknown) => {
+          const traversalError = error instanceof Error ? error : new Error(String(error));
+          this._onTilesetError(traversalError);
+        });
+      },
+      Math.max(delayInSeconds * 1000, 0)
+    );
+  }
+
+  /** Clears a pending moving-camera follow-up traversal. */
+  private _clearDeferredTraversal(): void {
+    if (this._deferredTraversalTimeout !== null) {
+      clearTimeout(this._deferredTraversalTimeout);
+      this._deferredTraversalTimeout = null;
     }
   }
 
@@ -475,6 +801,9 @@ export class Tileset3D {
 
   _unloadTiles(): void {
     this._cache.unloadTiles(this, (tileset, tile) => tileset._unloadTile(tile));
+    if (this.options.memoryAdjustedScreenSpaceError) {
+      this.adjustScreenSpaceError();
+    }
   }
 
   _updateStats(): void {
@@ -571,6 +900,28 @@ export class Tileset3D {
     }
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Loads a source-managed lazy child-header group and reports failures through tile callbacks.
+   *
+   * Subtree metadata shares the normal loading counters but is not reported as render content and
+   * is not added to the GPU cache. Traversal is notified separately after the promise settles.
+   *
+   * @param tile - Runtime tile that owns the lazy subtree reference.
+   * @param frameState - View state that made the subtree eligible for refinement.
+   */
+  async _loadTileChildren(tile: Tile3D, frameState: FrameState): Promise<void> {
+    try {
+      this._onStartTileLoading();
+      await tile.loadChildren(frameState);
+    } catch (error: unknown) {
+      const tileError = error instanceof Error ? error : new Error('subtree load failed');
+      this._onSourceError(tileError, tile);
+      this._onTileLoadError(tile, tileError);
+    } finally {
+      this._onEndTileLoading();
+    }
+  }
+
   _onTileLoadError(tile: Tile3D, error: Error): void {
     this.stats.get(TILES_LOAD_FAILED).incrementCount();
 

package/src/tileset-3d/common/tileset-cache.ts

@@ -71,24 +71,32 @@ export class TilesetCache {
     }
   }
 
-  unloadTiles(tileset, unloadCallback): void {
+  /**
+   * Unloads least-recently-used tiles until the byte-native cache target is met.
+   *
+   * Tiles touched after the frame sentinel remain protected, so {@link Tileset3D.cacheBytes} is a
+   * soft target rather than a hard cap on the visible working set. Overflow headroom affects
+   * memory-adjusted SSE, not eviction of unused tiles.
+   *
+   * @param tileset - Tileset that owns the cache and reports estimated content memory.
+   * @param unloadCallback - Callback that releases content and decrements the memory estimate.
+   */
+  unloadTiles(
+    tileset: Tileset3D,
+    unloadCallback?: (tileset: Tileset3D, tile: Tile3D) => void
+  ): void {
     const trimTiles = this._trimTiles;
     this._trimTiles = false;
 
     const list = this._list;
 
-    const maximumMemoryUsageInBytes = tileset.maximumMemoryUsage * 1024 * 1024;
-
     // Traverse the list only to the sentinel since tiles/nodes to the
     // right of the sentinel were used this frame.
     // The sub-list to the left of the sentinel is ordered from LRU to MRU.
     const sentinel = this._sentinel;
     let node = list.head;
 
-    while (
-      node !== sentinel &&
-      (tileset.gpuMemoryUsageInBytes > maximumMemoryUsageInBytes || trimTiles)
-    ) {
+    while (node !== sentinel && (tileset.gpuMemoryUsageInBytes > tileset.cacheBytes || trimTiles)) {
       // @ts-expect-error
       const tile = node.item;
       // @ts-expect-error

package/src/tileset-3d/common/tileset-source.ts

@@ -73,6 +73,16 @@ export type TileContentLoadResult = {
   nestedTileset?: TilesetJSON;
 };
 
+/** Result of a source-managed lazy child-header request. */
+export type TileChildrenLoadResult = {
+  /** Whether a subtree resource was loaded and installed. */
+  loaded: boolean;
+  /** Number of available tiles described by the subtree, including its existing root placeholder. */
+  tileCount: number;
+  /** Number of lazy child-subtree references installed at the new boundary. */
+  childSubtreeCount: number;
+};
+
 /**
  * Flags describing compression and texture formats observed while streaming tile content.
  */
@@ -157,6 +167,9 @@ export interface Tileset3DSource {
    */
   initialize(): Promise<void>;
 
+  /** Releases source-local caches and prevents late asynchronous work from mutating runtime tiles. */
+  destroy?(): void;
+
   /**
    * Returns normalized source metadata after initialization completes.
    */
@@ -186,6 +199,14 @@ export interface Tileset3DSource {
    */
   loadTileContent(tile: Tile3D): Promise<TileContentLoadResult>;
 
+  /**
+   * Loads and installs a complete lazy child-header group for a runtime tile.
+   *
+   * Sources that implement this hook retain ownership of resource parsing, caching, query
+   * inheritance, and archive resolution. Traversal calls it only after visibility and LOD checks.
+   */
+  loadTileChildren?(tile: Tile3D, frameState: FrameState): Promise<TileChildrenLoadResult>;
+
   /**
    * Resolves a tile-relative path to the final request URL.
    */