@loaders.gl/core 5.0.0-alpha.11 → 5.0.0-alpha.13

package/dist/loader-utils/lib/laz/laz-chunk-encoder.js

@@ -0,0 +1,1518 @@
+// loaders.gl
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+// Copyright (c) vis.gl contributors
+import { ArithmeticEncoder, ArithmeticModel, IntegerCompressor, StreamingMedian, toInt32 } from "./laz-arithmetic-encoder.js";
+const POINT_FORMAT_BASE_LENGTHS = {
+    0: 20,
+    1: 28,
+    2: 26,
+    3: 34,
+    4: 57,
+    5: 63,
+    6: 30,
+    7: 36,
+    8: 38,
+    9: 59,
+    10: 67
+};
+const LASZIP_VLR_HEADER_LENGTH = 54;
+const LASZIP_VLR_PAYLOAD_BASE_LENGTH = 34;
+const GPS_TIME_MULTI = 500;
+const GPS_TIME_MULTI_MINUS = -10;
+const GPS_TIME_MULTI_CODE_FULL = 511;
+const GPS_TIME10_MULTI_CODE_FULL = GPS_TIME_MULTI - GPS_TIME_MULTI_MINUS + 2;
+const NUMBER_RETURN_MAP_6_CONTEXT = [
+    [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 3, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5],
+    [1, 0, 1, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3],
+    [2, 1, 2, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3],
+    [3, 3, 4, 5, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4],
+    [4, 3, 4, 4, 5, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4],
+    [5, 3, 4, 4, 4, 5, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4],
+    [3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4],
+    [4, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4],
+    [4, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4],
+    [5, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4],
+    [5, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4],
+    [5, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 4, 4, 4],
+    [5, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 4, 4],
+    [5, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 4],
+    [5, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5],
+    [5, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5]
+];
+const NUMBER_RETURN_MAP_10_CONTEXT = [
+    [15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8],
+    [14, 0, 1, 3, 6, 10, 10, 9],
+    [13, 1, 2, 4, 7, 11, 11, 10],
+    [12, 3, 4, 5, 8, 12, 12, 11],
+    [11, 6, 7, 8, 9, 13, 13, 12],
+    [10, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 14, 13],
+    [9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 14],
+    [8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15]
+];
+const NUMBER_RETURN_LEVEL_10_CONTEXT = [
+    [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7],
+    [1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6],
+    [2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5],
+    [3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4],
+    [4, 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3],
+    [5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2],
+    [6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, 1],
+    [7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0]
+];
+const NUMBER_RETURN_LEVEL_8_CONTEXT = [
+    [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7],
+    [1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7],
+    [2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7],
+    [3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7],
+    [4, 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7],
+    [5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 7, 7, 7],
+    [6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 7, 7],
+    [7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 7],
+    [7, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7],
+    [7, 7, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6],
+    [7, 7, 7, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5],
+    [7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4],
+    [7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3],
+    [7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2],
+    [7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, 1],
+    [7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0]
+];
+/** Feedable TypeScript LAZ chunk encoder. */
+export class FeedableLAZChunkEncoder {
+    /** Metadata describing the raw point records. */
+    metadata;
+    /** Raw point byte ranges supplied by the caller. */
+    chunks = [];
+    /** Whether the raw point input has been closed. */
+    closed = false;
+    /** Create a feedable encoder for one LAZ chunk. */
+    constructor(metadata) {
+        this.metadata = metadata;
+    }
+    /** Add raw LAS point record bytes to the encoder input. */
+    feed(chunk) {
+        if (this.closed) {
+            throw new Error('Cannot feed a closed LAZ chunk encoder');
+        }
+        this.chunks.push(toUint8Array(chunk));
+    }
+    /** Mark the raw point input as complete. */
+    close() {
+        this.closed = true;
+    }
+    /** Encode all fed point data into one compressed LAZ chunk. */
+    encode() {
+        if (!this.closed) {
+            throw new Error('LAZ chunk encoder input is not closed');
+        }
+        return encodeLAZChunk(concatenateUint8Arrays(this.chunks), this.metadata);
+    }
+}
+/** Create a feedable TypeScript LAZ chunk encoder. */
+export function createLAZChunkEncoder(metadata) {
+    return new FeedableLAZChunkEncoder(metadata);
+}
+/** Encode raw LAS 1.4 point records into one LASzip layered chunk. */
+export function encodeLAZChunk(rawPointData, metadata) {
+    const rawBytes = toUint8Array(rawPointData);
+    validateMetadata(rawBytes, metadata);
+    if (metadata.pointCount === 0) {
+        return new Uint8Array(0);
+    }
+    if (metadata.pointDataRecordFormat <= 5) {
+        return encodeLegacyPointFormatChunk(rawBytes, metadata);
+    }
+    const pointRecordLength = metadata.pointDataRecordLength;
+    const pointFormat = metadata.pointDataRecordFormat;
+    const baseRecordLength = POINT_FORMAT_BASE_LENGTHS[pointFormat];
+    const extraByteCount = pointRecordLength - baseRecordLength;
+    const firstRecord = rawBytes.subarray(0, pointRecordLength);
+    const firstPoint = readPoint14(firstRecord, 0);
+    const pointEncoder = new Point14LayerEncoder(firstPoint);
+    const firstRgb = pointFormat === 7 || pointFormat === 8 || pointFormat === 10 ? readRgb(firstRecord, 30) : null;
+    const rgbEncoder = firstRgb
+        ? new RGB14LayerEncoder(firstRgb, getScannerChannel(firstPoint))
+        : null;
+    const nirEncoder = pointFormat === 8 || pointFormat === 10
+        ? new NIR14LayerEncoder(readUint16(firstRecord, 36), getScannerChannel(firstPoint))
+        : null;
+    const wavePacketOffset = pointFormat === 9 ? 30 : pointFormat === 10 ? 38 : -1;
+    const wavePacketEncoder = wavePacketOffset >= 0
+        ? new WavePacket14LayerEncoder(readWavePacket(firstRecord, wavePacketOffset), getScannerChannel(firstPoint), metadata.wavePacketItemVersion ?? 3)
+        : null;
+    const extraBytesEncoder = extraByteCount
+        ? new Byte14LayerEncoder(firstRecord.subarray(baseRecordLength, pointRecordLength), getScannerChannel(firstPoint))
+        : null;
+    for (let pointIndex = 1; pointIndex < metadata.pointCount; pointIndex++) {
+        const recordOffset = pointIndex * pointRecordLength;
+        const record = rawBytes.subarray(recordOffset, recordOffset + pointRecordLength);
+        const itemContext = pointEncoder.encode(readPoint14(record, 0));
+        rgbEncoder?.encode(readRgb(record, 30), itemContext);
+        nirEncoder?.encode(readUint16(record, pointFormat === 10 ? 36 : 36), itemContext);
+        wavePacketEncoder?.encode(readWavePacket(record, wavePacketOffset), itemContext);
+        extraBytesEncoder?.encode(record.subarray(baseRecordLength, pointRecordLength), itemContext);
+    }
+    const pointLayers = pointEncoder.finish();
+    const rgbLayer = rgbEncoder?.finish();
+    const nirLayer = nirEncoder?.finish();
+    const wavePacketLayer = wavePacketEncoder?.finish();
+    const extraByteLayers = extraBytesEncoder?.finish() || [];
+    const layers = [
+        ...pointLayers,
+        ...(rgbLayer ? [rgbLayer] : []),
+        ...(nirLayer ? [nirLayer] : []),
+        ...(wavePacketLayer ? [wavePacketLayer] : []),
+        ...extraByteLayers
+    ];
+    const sizeHeader = new Uint8Array(4 + layers.length * 4);
+    const sizeView = new DataView(sizeHeader.buffer);
+    sizeView.setUint32(0, metadata.pointCount, true);
+    for (let index = 0; index < layers.length; index++) {
+        sizeView.setUint32(4 + index * 4, layers[index].byteLength, true);
+    }
+    return concatenateUint8Arrays([firstRecord, sizeHeader, ...layers]);
+}
+/** Encode LASzip chunk-table entries as one arithmetic-coded payload. */
+export function encodeLAZChunkTable(chunks, options = {}) {
+    if (chunks.length === 0) {
+        return new Uint8Array(0);
+    }
+    const encoder = new ArithmeticEncoder();
+    const compressor = new IntegerCompressor(encoder, 32, 2);
+    let pointCountPredictor = 0;
+    let byteLengthPredictor = 0;
+    for (const chunk of chunks) {
+        validateChunkTableEntry(chunk);
+        if (options.variable) {
+            compressor.compress(pointCountPredictor, chunk.pointCount, 0);
+            pointCountPredictor = chunk.pointCount;
+        }
+        compressor.compress(byteLengthPredictor, chunk.byteLength, 1);
+        byteLengthPredictor = chunk.byteLength;
+    }
+    return encoder.finish();
+}
+/** Encode a complete LASzip VLR for a supported layered point layout. */
+export function encodeLASzipVLR(options) {
+    const legacy = options.pointDataRecordFormat <= 5;
+    const itemVersion = options.itemVersion || (legacy ? 2 : 3);
+    if (legacy && itemVersion !== 2) {
+        throw new Error('Legacy LASzip point formats require item version 2');
+    }
+    if (!legacy && itemVersion !== 3) {
+        throw new Error('Modern LASzip point formats require item version 3');
+    }
+    const items = getLASzipItems(options.pointDataRecordFormat, options.pointDataRecordLength);
+    const payloadLength = LASZIP_VLR_PAYLOAD_BASE_LENGTH + items.length * 6;
+    const bytes = new Uint8Array(LASZIP_VLR_HEADER_LENGTH + payloadLength);
+    const dataView = new DataView(bytes.buffer);
+    const payloadOffset = LASZIP_VLR_HEADER_LENGTH;
+    writeString(dataView, 2, 'laszip encoded', 16);
+    dataView.setUint16(18, 22204, true);
+    dataView.setUint16(20, payloadLength, true);
+    writeString(dataView, 22, 'loaders.gl LAZ writer', 32);
+    dataView.setUint16(payloadOffset, legacy ? 2 : 3, true);
+    dataView.setUint16(payloadOffset + 2, 0, true);
+    dataView.setUint8(payloadOffset + 4, legacy ? 2 : 3);
+    dataView.setUint8(payloadOffset + 5, 0);
+    dataView.setUint16(payloadOffset + 6, 1, true);
+    dataView.setUint32(payloadOffset + 8, 0, true);
+    dataView.setUint32(payloadOffset + 12, options.chunkSize, true);
+    bytes.fill(0xff, payloadOffset + 16, payloadOffset + 32);
+    dataView.setUint16(payloadOffset + 32, items.length, true);
+    for (let itemIndex = 0; itemIndex < items.length; itemIndex++) {
+        const itemOffset = payloadOffset + LASZIP_VLR_PAYLOAD_BASE_LENGTH + itemIndex * 6;
+        const item = items[itemIndex];
+        dataView.setUint16(itemOffset, item.type, true);
+        dataView.setUint16(itemOffset + 2, item.size, true);
+        dataView.setUint16(itemOffset + 4, item.version ?? itemVersion, true);
+    }
+    return bytes;
+}
+/** Encode the legacy LAS point-format 0 item and optional Extra Bytes. */
+function encodeLegacyPointFormatChunk(rawBytes, metadata) {
+    const pointRecordLength = metadata.pointDataRecordLength;
+    const pointFormat = metadata.pointDataRecordFormat;
+    const baseRecordLength = POINT_FORMAT_BASE_LENGTHS[pointFormat];
+    const extraByteCount = pointRecordLength - baseRecordLength;
+    const firstRecord = rawBytes.subarray(0, pointRecordLength);
+    const encoder = new ArithmeticEncoder();
+    const pointEncoder = new Point10LayerEncoder(encoder, readPoint10(firstRecord, 0));
+    const gpsTimeEncoder = pointFormat === 1 || pointFormat === 3 || pointFormat === 4 || pointFormat === 5
+        ? new GpsTime10LayerEncoder(encoder, readFloat64(firstRecord, 20))
+        : null;
+    const rgbOffset = pointFormat === 2 ? 20 : pointFormat === 3 || pointFormat === 5 ? 28 : -1;
+    const rgbEncoder = rgbOffset >= 0 ? new RGB10LayerEncoder(encoder, readRgb(firstRecord, rgbOffset)) : null;
+    const wavePacketOffset = pointFormat === 4 ? 28 : pointFormat === 5 ? 34 : -1;
+    const wavePacketEncoder = wavePacketOffset >= 0
+        ? new WavePacket13LayerEncoder(encoder, readWavePacket(firstRecord, wavePacketOffset))
+        : null;
+    const extraBytesEncoder = extraByteCount
+        ? new Byte10LayerEncoder(encoder, firstRecord.subarray(baseRecordLength, pointRecordLength))
+        : null;
+    for (let pointIndex = 1; pointIndex < metadata.pointCount; pointIndex++) {
+        const recordOffset = pointIndex * pointRecordLength;
+        const record = rawBytes.subarray(recordOffset, recordOffset + pointRecordLength);
+        pointEncoder.encode(readPoint10(record, 0));
+        gpsTimeEncoder?.encode(readFloat64(record, 20));
+        rgbEncoder?.encode(readRgb(record, rgbOffset));
+        wavePacketEncoder?.encode(readWavePacket(record, wavePacketOffset));
+        extraBytesEncoder?.encode(record.subarray(baseRecordLength, pointRecordLength));
+    }
+    return concatenateUint8Arrays([firstRecord, encoder.finish()]);
+}
+/** Encode the interleaved arithmetic Point10 LASzip item. */
+class Point10LayerEncoder {
+    encoder;
+    changedValuesModel = new ArithmeticModel(64);
+    bitByteModels = createModels(256, 256);
+    classificationModels = createModels(256, 256);
+    scanAngleRankModels = createModels(2, 256);
+    userDataModels = createModels(256, 256);
+    intensityCompressor;
+    pointSourceIdCompressor;
+    xDifferenceCompressor;
+    yDifferenceCompressor;
+    zCompressor;
+    lastIntensity = new Array(16).fill(0);
+    lastHeight = new Array(8).fill(0);
+    lastXDifferenceMedian = Array.from({ length: 16 }, () => new StreamingMedian());
+    lastYDifferenceMedian = Array.from({ length: 16 }, () => new StreamingMedian());
+    last;
+    constructor(encoder, firstPoint) {
+        this.encoder = encoder;
+        this.last = { ...firstPoint };
+        this.intensityCompressor = new IntegerCompressor(encoder, 16, 4);
+        this.pointSourceIdCompressor = new IntegerCompressor(encoder, 16, 1);
+        this.xDifferenceCompressor = new IntegerCompressor(encoder, 32, 2);
+        this.yDifferenceCompressor = new IntegerCompressor(encoder, 32, 22);
+        this.zCompressor = new IntegerCompressor(encoder, 32, 20);
+    }
+    /** Encode one Point10 record after the first raw record. */
+    encode(point) {
+        const lastPoint = this.last;
+        const returnNumber = point.bitByte & 7;
+        const numberOfReturns = (point.bitByte >> 3) & 7;
+        const context = NUMBER_RETURN_MAP_10_CONTEXT[numberOfReturns][returnNumber];
+        const levelContext = NUMBER_RETURN_LEVEL_10_CONTEXT[numberOfReturns][returnNumber];
+        const changedValues = (point.bitByte !== lastPoint.bitByte ? 1 << 5 : 0) |
+            (point.intensity !== this.lastIntensity[context] ? 1 << 4 : 0) |
+            (point.classification !== lastPoint.classification ? 1 << 3 : 0) |
+            (point.scanAngleRank !== lastPoint.scanAngleRank ? 1 << 2 : 0) |
+            (point.userData !== lastPoint.userData ? 1 << 1 : 0) |
+            (point.pointSourceId !== lastPoint.pointSourceId ? 1 : 0);
+        this.encoder.encodeSymbol(this.changedValuesModel, changedValues);
+        if (changedValues & (1 << 5)) {
+            this.encoder.encodeSymbol(this.bitByteModels[lastPoint.bitByte], point.bitByte);
+        }
+        if (changedValues & (1 << 4)) {
+            this.intensityCompressor.compress(this.lastIntensity[context], point.intensity, context < 3 ? context : 3);
+            this.lastIntensity[context] = point.intensity;
+        }
+        if (changedValues & (1 << 3)) {
+            this.encoder.encodeSymbol(this.classificationModels[lastPoint.classification], point.classification);
+        }
+        if (changedValues & (1 << 2)) {
+            this.encoder.encodeSymbol(this.scanAngleRankModels[(point.bitByte >> 6) & 1], foldInt8(point.scanAngleRank - lastPoint.scanAngleRank));
+        }
+        if (changedValues & (1 << 1)) {
+            this.encoder.encodeSymbol(this.userDataModels[lastPoint.userData], point.userData);
+        }
+        if (changedValues & 1) {
+            this.pointSourceIdCompressor.compress(lastPoint.pointSourceId, point.pointSourceId);
+        }
+        const xMedian = this.lastXDifferenceMedian[context].get();
+        const xDifference = toInt32(point.x - lastPoint.x);
+        this.xDifferenceCompressor.compress(xMedian, xDifference, numberOfReturns === 1 ? 1 : 0);
+        this.lastXDifferenceMedian[context].add(xDifference);
+        const yMedian = this.lastYDifferenceMedian[context].get();
+        const xKbits = Math.min(this.xDifferenceCompressor.k, 20) & ~1;
+        const yDifference = toInt32(point.y - lastPoint.y);
+        this.yDifferenceCompressor.compress(yMedian, yDifference, (numberOfReturns === 1 ? 1 : 0) + xKbits);
+        this.lastYDifferenceMedian[context].add(yDifference);
+        const zKbits = Math.min((this.xDifferenceCompressor.k + this.yDifferenceCompressor.k) >> 1, 18) & ~1;
+        this.zCompressor.compress(this.lastHeight[levelContext], point.z, (numberOfReturns === 1 ? 1 : 0) + zKbits);
+        this.lastHeight[levelContext] = point.z;
+        this.last = { ...point };
+    }
+}
+/** Encode the legacy LASzip GPS-time item on the shared arithmetic stream. */
+class GpsTime10LayerEncoder {
+    encoder;
+    gpsTimeMultiModel;
+    gpsTime0DiffModel;
+    gpsTime;
+    lastGpsTime;
+    lastGpsTimeDifference = [0, 0, 0, 0];
+    multiExtremeCounter = [0, 0, 0, 0];
+    lastGpsSequence = 0;
+    nextGpsSequence = 0;
+    /** Initialize GPS prediction state from the first raw timestamp. */
+    constructor(encoder, firstGpsTime) {
+        this.encoder = encoder;
+        this.gpsTimeMultiModel = new ArithmeticModel(516);
+        this.gpsTime0DiffModel = new ArithmeticModel(6);
+        this.gpsTime = new IntegerCompressor(encoder, 32, 9);
+        this.lastGpsTime = [firstGpsTime, 0, 0, 0];
+    }
+    /** Encode one GPS timestamp after the first raw timestamp. */
+    encode(gpsTime) {
+        const sequence = this.lastGpsSequence;
+        const difference64 = float64BitDifference(gpsTime, this.lastGpsTime[sequence]);
+        const difference = Number(BigInt.asIntN(32, difference64));
+        const differenceFits = difference64 === BigInt(difference);
+        if (this.lastGpsTimeDifference[sequence] === 0) {
+            if (differenceFits) {
+                if (difference === 0) {
+                    this.encoder.encodeSymbol(this.gpsTime0DiffModel, 0);
+                }
+                else {
+                    this.encoder.encodeSymbol(this.gpsTime0DiffModel, 1);
+                    this.gpsTime.compress(0, difference, 0);
+                    this.lastGpsTimeDifference[sequence] = difference;
+                    this.multiExtremeCounter[sequence] = 0;
+                }
+            }
+            else if (this.selectSequence(gpsTime, false)) {
+                this.encode(gpsTime);
+                return;
+            }
+            else {
+                this.encoder.encodeSymbol(this.gpsTime0DiffModel, 2);
+                this.startSequence(gpsTime);
+            }
+        }
+        else if (differenceFits) {
+            const lastDifference = this.lastGpsTimeDifference[sequence];
+            const multiplier = quantizeFloat32(difference, lastDifference);
+            if (multiplier === 1) {
+                this.encoder.encodeSymbol(this.gpsTimeMultiModel, 1);
+                this.gpsTime.compress(lastDifference, difference, 1);
+                this.multiExtremeCounter[sequence] = 0;
+            }
+            else if (multiplier > 0 && multiplier < GPS_TIME_MULTI) {
+                this.encoder.encodeSymbol(this.gpsTimeMultiModel, multiplier);
+                this.gpsTime.compress(toInt32(multiplier * lastDifference), difference, multiplier < 10 ? 2 : 3);
+            }
+            else if (multiplier >= GPS_TIME_MULTI) {
+                this.encoder.encodeSymbol(this.gpsTimeMultiModel, GPS_TIME_MULTI);
+                this.gpsTime.compress(toInt32(GPS_TIME_MULTI * lastDifference), difference, 4);
+                this.recordExtremeDifference(sequence, difference);
+            }
+            else if (multiplier < 0 && multiplier > GPS_TIME_MULTI_MINUS) {
+                this.encoder.encodeSymbol(this.gpsTimeMultiModel, GPS_TIME_MULTI - multiplier);
+                this.gpsTime.compress(toInt32(multiplier * lastDifference), difference, 5);
+            }
+            else if (multiplier < 0) {
+                this.encoder.encodeSymbol(this.gpsTimeMultiModel, GPS_TIME_MULTI - GPS_TIME_MULTI_MINUS);
+                this.gpsTime.compress(toInt32(GPS_TIME_MULTI_MINUS * lastDifference), difference, 6);
+                this.recordExtremeDifference(sequence, difference);
+            }
+            else {
+                this.encoder.encodeSymbol(this.gpsTimeMultiModel, 0);
+                this.gpsTime.compress(0, difference, 7);
+                this.recordExtremeDifference(sequence, difference);
+            }
+        }
+        else if (this.selectSequence(gpsTime, true)) {
+            this.encode(gpsTime);
+            return;
+        }
+        else {
+            this.encoder.encodeSymbol(this.gpsTimeMultiModel, GPS_TIME10_MULTI_CODE_FULL);
+            this.startSequence(gpsTime);
+        }
+        this.lastGpsTime[this.lastGpsSequence] = gpsTime;
+    }
+    selectSequence(gpsTime, hasLastDifference) {
+        for (let index = 1; index < 4; index++) {
+            const sequence = (this.lastGpsSequence + index) & 3;
+            const difference = float64BitDifference(gpsTime, this.lastGpsTime[sequence]);
+            if (difference === BigInt.asIntN(32, difference)) {
+                this.encoder.encodeSymbol(hasLastDifference ? this.gpsTimeMultiModel : this.gpsTime0DiffModel, hasLastDifference ? GPS_TIME10_MULTI_CODE_FULL + index : index + 2);
+                this.lastGpsSequence = sequence;
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+    startSequence(gpsTime) {
+        const previousBits = float64ToBigUint64(this.lastGpsTime[this.lastGpsSequence]);
+        const nextBits = float64ToBigUint64(gpsTime);
+        this.gpsTime.compress(Number(BigInt.asIntN(32, previousBits >> 32n)), Number(BigInt.asIntN(32, nextBits >> 32n)), 8);
+        this.encoder.writeInt(Number(nextBits & 0xffffffffn));
+        this.nextGpsSequence = (this.nextGpsSequence + 1) & 3;
+        this.lastGpsSequence = this.nextGpsSequence;
+        this.lastGpsTimeDifference[this.lastGpsSequence] = 0;
+        this.multiExtremeCounter[this.lastGpsSequence] = 0;
+    }
+    recordExtremeDifference(sequence, difference) {
+        this.multiExtremeCounter[sequence]++;
+        if (this.multiExtremeCounter[sequence] > 3) {
+            this.multiExtremeCounter[sequence] = 0;
+            this.lastGpsTimeDifference[sequence] = difference;
+        }
+    }
+}
+/** Encode the legacy LASzip RGB item on the shared arithmetic stream. */
+class RGB10LayerEncoder {
+    encoder;
+    usedModel = new ArithmeticModel(128);
+    differenceModels = createModels(6, 256);
+    red;
+    green;
+    blue;
+    /** Initialize RGB prediction state from the first raw color. */
+    constructor(encoder, firstColor) {
+        this.encoder = encoder;
+        this.red = firstColor.red;
+        this.green = firstColor.green;
+        this.blue = firstColor.blue;
+    }
+    /** Encode one RGB value after the first raw value. */
+    encode(color) {
+        const lastRed = this.red;
+        const lastGreen = this.green;
+        const lastBlue = this.blue;
+        let symbol = ((color.red & 0xff) !== (lastRed & 0xff) ? 1 : 0) |
+            ((color.red & 0xff00) !== (lastRed & 0xff00) ? 2 : 0) |
+            ((color.green & 0xff) !== (lastGreen & 0xff) ? 4 : 0) |
+            ((color.green & 0xff00) !== (lastGreen & 0xff00) ? 8 : 0) |
+            ((color.blue & 0xff) !== (lastBlue & 0xff) ? 16 : 0) |
+            ((color.blue & 0xff00) !== (lastBlue & 0xff00) ? 32 : 0);
+        if ((color.red & 0xff) !== (color.green & 0xff) ||
+            (color.red & 0xff) !== (color.blue & 0xff) ||
+            (color.red & 0xff00) !== (color.green & 0xff00) ||
+            (color.red & 0xff00) !== (color.blue & 0xff00)) {
+            symbol |= 64;
+        }
+        this.encoder.encodeSymbol(this.usedModel, symbol);
+        let lowDifference = 0;
+        let highDifference = 0;
+        if (symbol & 1) {
+            lowDifference = (color.red & 0xff) - (lastRed & 0xff);
+            this.encoder.encodeSymbol(this.differenceModels[0], foldUint8(lowDifference));
+        }
+        if (symbol & 2) {
+            highDifference = (color.red >> 8) - (lastRed >> 8);
+            this.encoder.encodeSymbol(this.differenceModels[1], foldUint8(highDifference));
+        }
+        if (symbol & 64) {
+            if (symbol & 4) {
+                this.encoder.encodeSymbol(this.differenceModels[2], foldUint8((color.green & 0xff) - clampUint8(lowDifference + (lastGreen & 0xff))));
+            }
+            if (symbol & 16) {
+                lowDifference = Math.trunc((lowDifference + (color.green & 0xff) - (lastGreen & 0xff)) / 2);
+                this.encoder.encodeSymbol(this.differenceModels[4], foldUint8((color.blue & 0xff) - clampUint8(lowDifference + (lastBlue & 0xff))));
+            }
+            if (symbol & 8) {
+                this.encoder.encodeSymbol(this.differenceModels[3], foldUint8((color.green >> 8) - clampUint8(highDifference + (lastGreen >> 8))));
+            }
+            if (symbol & 32) {
+                highDifference = Math.trunc((highDifference + (color.green >> 8) - (lastGreen >> 8)) / 2);
+                this.encoder.encodeSymbol(this.differenceModels[5], foldUint8((color.blue >> 8) - clampUint8(highDifference + (lastBlue >> 8))));
+            }
+        }
+        this.red = color.red;
+        this.green = color.green;
+        this.blue = color.blue;
+    }
+}
+/** Encode the legacy LASzip waveform packet reference item. */
+class WavePacket13LayerEncoder {
+    encoder;
+    descriptorModel;
+    offsetDifferenceModels;
+    offsetDifferenceCompressor;
+    packetSizeCompressor;
+    returnPointCompressor;
+    vectorCompressor;
+    last;
+    lastOffsetDifference = 0;
+    lastOffsetDifferenceSymbol = 0;
+    /** Initialize waveform prediction state from the first raw packet reference. */
+    constructor(encoder, firstPacket) {
+        this.encoder = encoder;
+        this.descriptorModel = new ArithmeticModel(256);
+        this.offsetDifferenceModels = createModels(4, 4);
+        this.offsetDifferenceCompressor = new IntegerCompressor(encoder, 32, 1);
+        this.packetSizeCompressor = new IntegerCompressor(encoder, 32, 1);
+        this.returnPointCompressor = new IntegerCompressor(encoder, 32, 1);
+        this.vectorCompressor = new IntegerCompressor(encoder, 32, 3);
+        this.last = { ...firstPacket };
+    }
+    /** Encode one waveform packet reference after the first raw item. */
+    encode(packet) {
+        const last = this.last;
+        this.encoder.encodeSymbol(this.descriptorModel, packet.descriptorIndex);
+        let offsetDifferenceSymbol = 0;
+        if (packet.offset === last.offset) {
+            offsetDifferenceSymbol = 0;
+        }
+        else if (packet.offset === last.offset + BigInt(last.packetSize)) {
+            offsetDifferenceSymbol = 1;
+        }
+        else {
+            const difference = BigInt.asIntN(64, packet.offset - last.offset);
+            if (difference === BigInt.asIntN(32, difference)) {
+                offsetDifferenceSymbol = 2;
+            }
+            else {
+                offsetDifferenceSymbol = 3;
+            }
+        }
+        this.encoder.encodeSymbol(this.offsetDifferenceModels[this.lastOffsetDifferenceSymbol], offsetDifferenceSymbol);
+        this.lastOffsetDifferenceSymbol = offsetDifferenceSymbol;
+        if (offsetDifferenceSymbol === 2) {
+            const difference = Number(BigInt.asIntN(32, packet.offset - last.offset));
+            this.offsetDifferenceCompressor.compress(this.lastOffsetDifference, difference, 0);
+            this.lastOffsetDifference = difference;
+        }
+        if (offsetDifferenceSymbol === 3) {
+            this.encoder.writeInt(Number(packet.offset & 0xffffffffn));
+            this.encoder.writeInt(Number(packet.offset >> 32n));
+        }
+        this.packetSizeCompressor.compress(last.packetSize, packet.packetSize, 0);
+        this.returnPointCompressor.compress(last.returnPointBits, packet.returnPointBits, 0);
+        this.vectorCompressor.compress(last.xBits, packet.xBits, 0);
+        this.vectorCompressor.compress(last.yBits, packet.yBits, 1);
+        this.vectorCompressor.compress(last.zBits, packet.zBits, 2);
+        this.last = { ...packet };
+    }
+}
+/** Prediction state for one modern waveform scanner-channel context. */
+class WavePacket14Context {
+    /** Last packet reference. */
+    packet;
+    /** Descriptor arithmetic model. */
+    descriptorModel = new ArithmeticModel(256);
+    /** Offset selector models. */
+    offsetDifferenceModels = createModels(4, 4);
+    /** Offset difference compressor. */
+    offsetDifferenceCompressor;
+    /** Packet-size compressor. */
+    packetSizeCompressor;
+    /** Return-point compressor. */
+    returnPointCompressor;
+    /** Vector compressor. */
+    vectorCompressor;
+    /** Last signed offset difference. */
+    lastOffsetDifference = 0;
+    /** Last offset selector. */
+    lastOffsetDifferenceSymbol = 0;
+    /** Whether this context has a packet reference. */
+    haveLast = false;
+    /** Initialize one modern waveform prediction context. */
+    constructor(encoder, packet) {
+        this.packet = { ...packet };
+        this.offsetDifferenceCompressor = new IntegerCompressor(encoder, 32, 1);
+        this.packetSizeCompressor = new IntegerCompressor(encoder, 32, 1);
+        this.returnPointCompressor = new IntegerCompressor(encoder, 32, 1);
+        this.vectorCompressor = new IntegerCompressor(encoder, 32, 3);
+        this.haveLast = true;
+    }
+}
+/** Encode the LASzip v3/v4 modern waveform packet reference layer. */
+class WavePacket14LayerEncoder {
+    encoder = new ArithmeticEncoder();
+    contexts = new Array(4).fill(null);
+    itemVersion;
+    lastChannel;
+    /** Initialize modern waveform coding from the first packet reference. */
+    constructor(firstPacket, firstChannel, itemVersion) {
+        this.itemVersion = itemVersion;
+        this.lastChannel = firstChannel;
+        this.contexts[firstChannel] = new WavePacket14Context(this.encoder, firstPacket);
+    }
+    /** Encode one waveform reference using the Point14 scanner-channel context. */
+    encode(packet, scannerChannel) {
+        const previousContext = this.contexts[this.lastChannel];
+        let targetContext = this.contexts[scannerChannel];
+        let codingContext = targetContext;
+        if (scannerChannel !== this.lastChannel) {
+            if (!targetContext) {
+                targetContext = new WavePacket14Context(this.encoder, previousContext.packet);
+                this.contexts[scannerChannel] = targetContext;
+                codingContext = targetContext;
+            }
+            else if (this.itemVersion < 4) {
+                codingContext = targetContext;
+                targetContext = previousContext;
+            }
+            this.lastChannel = scannerChannel;
+        }
+        this.encodePacket(codingContext, targetContext, packet);
+    }
+    /** Finish the independent waveform arithmetic stream. */
+    finish() {
+        return this.encoder.finish();
+    }
+    encodePacket(codingContext, targetContext, packet) {
+        const last = targetContext.packet;
+        this.encoder.encodeSymbol(codingContext.descriptorModel, packet.descriptorIndex);
+        let offsetDifferenceSymbol = 0;
+        if (packet.offset === last.offset) {
+            offsetDifferenceSymbol = 0;
+        }
+        else if (packet.offset === last.offset + BigInt(last.packetSize)) {
+            offsetDifferenceSymbol = 1;
+        }
+        else if (BigInt.asIntN(64, packet.offset - last.offset) ===
+            BigInt.asIntN(32, packet.offset - last.offset)) {
+            offsetDifferenceSymbol = 2;
+        }
+        else {
+            offsetDifferenceSymbol = 3;
+        }
+        this.encoder.encodeSymbol(codingContext.offsetDifferenceModels[codingContext.lastOffsetDifferenceSymbol], offsetDifferenceSymbol);
+        codingContext.lastOffsetDifferenceSymbol = offsetDifferenceSymbol;
+        if (offsetDifferenceSymbol === 2) {
+            const difference = Number(BigInt.asIntN(32, packet.offset - last.offset));
+            codingContext.offsetDifferenceCompressor.compress(codingContext.lastOffsetDifference, difference, 0);
+            codingContext.lastOffsetDifference = difference;
+        }
+        else if (offsetDifferenceSymbol === 3) {
+            this.encoder.writeInt(Number(packet.offset & 0xffffffffn));
+            this.encoder.writeInt(Number(packet.offset >> 32n));
+        }
+        codingContext.packetSizeCompressor.compress(last.packetSize, packet.packetSize, 0);
+        codingContext.returnPointCompressor.compress(last.returnPointBits, packet.returnPointBits, 0);
+        codingContext.vectorCompressor.compress(last.xBits, packet.xBits, 0);
+        codingContext.vectorCompressor.compress(last.yBits, packet.yBits, 1);
+        codingContext.vectorCompressor.compress(last.zBits, packet.zBits, 2);
+        targetContext.packet = { ...packet };
+    }
+}
+/** Encode the legacy Byte item that carries Extra Bytes values. */
+class Byte10LayerEncoder {
+    encoder;
+    models;
+    last;
+    constructor(encoder, firstValues) {
+        this.encoder = encoder;
+        this.models = createModels(firstValues.byteLength, 256);
+        this.last = new Uint8Array(firstValues);
+    }
+    /** Encode one Extra Bytes value after the first raw value. */
+    encode(values) {
+        for (let index = 0; index < values.byteLength; index++) {
+            const difference = values[index] - this.last[index];
+            this.encoder.encodeSymbol(this.models[index], foldUint8(difference));
+            this.last[index] = values[index];
+        }
+    }
+}
+/** Prediction state for one Point14 scanner channel. */
+class Point14Context {
+    /** Changed-value models selected by prior return and GPS state. */
+    changedValuesModels = createModels(8, 128);
+    /** Scanner-channel delta model. */
+    scannerChannelModel = new ArithmeticModel(3);
+    /** Return-number delta model used when GPS time is unchanged. */
+    returnNumberGpsSameModel = new ArithmeticModel(13);
+    /** Lazily allocated number-of-returns models. */
+    numberReturnsModels = new Array(16).fill(null);
+    /** Lazily allocated return-number models. */
+    returnNumberModels = new Array(16).fill(null);
+    /** Lazily allocated classification models. */
+    classificationModels = new Array(64).fill(null);
+    /** Lazily allocated flag models. */
+    flagModels = new Array(64).fill(null);
+    /** Lazily allocated user-data models. */
+    userDataModels = new Array(64).fill(null);
+    /** GPS multiplier model. */
+    gpsTimeMultiplierModel = new ArithmeticModel(515);
+    /** GPS zero-difference model. */
+    gpsTimeZeroDifferenceModel = new ArithmeticModel(5);
+    /** X difference compressor. */
+    xDifferenceCompressor;
+    /** Y difference compressor. */
+    yDifferenceCompressor;
+    /** Z value compressor. */
+    zCompressor;
+    /** Intensity compressor. */
+    intensityCompressor;
+    /** Scan-angle compressor. */
+    scanAngleCompressor;
+    /** Point-source ID compressor. */
+    pointSourceIdCompressor;
+    /** GPS bit-difference compressor. */
+    gpsTimeCompressor;
+    /** Last X difference medians by return context. */
+    lastXDifferenceMedian = Array.from({ length: 12 }, () => new StreamingMedian());
+    /** Last Y difference medians by return context. */
+    lastYDifferenceMedian = Array.from({ length: 12 }, () => new StreamingMedian());
+    /** Last Z value by return level. */
+    lastZ;
+    /** Last intensity by first/last and GPS context. */
+    lastIntensity;
+    /** Last GPS time for each interleaved sequence. */
+    lastGpsTimeBits;
+    /** Last signed GPS bit difference for each sequence. */
+    lastGpsTimeDifference = new Array(4).fill(0);
+    /** Extreme GPS multiplier counters by sequence. */
+    gpsTimeExtremeCounter = new Array(4).fill(0);
+    /** Current GPS sequence. */
+    lastGpsSequence = 0;
+    /** Next GPS sequence replacement slot. */
+    nextGpsSequence = 0;
+    /** Whether the preceding point changed GPS time. */
+    gpsTimeChanged = false;
+    /** Last point encoded in this scanner channel. */
+    last;
+    /** Create scanner-channel state initialized from a preceding point. */
+    constructor(point, layers) {
+        this.last = { ...point };
+        this.xDifferenceCompressor = new IntegerCompressor(layers.xy, 32, 2);
+        this.yDifferenceCompressor = new IntegerCompressor(layers.xy, 32, 22);
+        this.zCompressor = new IntegerCompressor(layers.z, 32, 20);
+        this.intensityCompressor = new IntegerCompressor(layers.intensity, 16, 4);
+        this.scanAngleCompressor = new IntegerCompressor(layers.scanAngle, 16, 2);
+        this.pointSourceIdCompressor = new IntegerCompressor(layers.pointSourceId, 16, 1);
+        this.gpsTimeCompressor = new IntegerCompressor(layers.gpsTime, 32, 9);
+        this.lastZ = new Array(8).fill(point.z);
+        this.lastIntensity = new Array(8).fill(point.intensity);
+        this.lastGpsTimeBits = [point.gpsTimeBits, 0n, 0n, 0n];
+    }
+}
+/** Encoder for the nine layered Point14 streams. */
+class Point14LayerEncoder {
+    /** Arithmetic encoder for each independent Point14 layer. */
+    layers = {
+        xy: new ArithmeticEncoder(),
+        z: new ArithmeticEncoder(),
+        classification: new ArithmeticEncoder(),
+        flags: new ArithmeticEncoder(),
+        intensity: new ArithmeticEncoder(),
+        scanAngle: new ArithmeticEncoder(),
+        userData: new ArithmeticEncoder(),
+        pointSourceId: new ArithmeticEncoder(),
+        gpsTime: new ArithmeticEncoder()
+    };
+    /** Scanner-channel prediction contexts. */
+    contexts = new Array(4).fill(null);
+    /** Scanner channel used by the previous point. */
+    currentScannerChannel;
+    /** Whether each optional Point14 layer changed in this chunk. */
+    changed = {
+        classification: false,
+        flags: false,
+        intensity: false,
+        scanAngle: false,
+        userData: false,
+        pointSourceId: false,
+        gpsTime: false
+    };
+    /** Initialize Point14 coding from the raw first point. */
+    constructor(firstPoint) {
+        this.currentScannerChannel = getScannerChannel(firstPoint);
+        this.contexts[this.currentScannerChannel] = new Point14Context(firstPoint, this.layers);
+    }
+    /** Encode one subsequent Point14 item and return the LASzip v3 item context. */
+    encode(point) {
+        const previousContext = this.contexts[this.currentScannerChannel];
+        let lastPoint = previousContext.last;
+        const scannerChannel = getScannerChannel(point);
+        if (scannerChannel !== this.currentScannerChannel && this.contexts[scannerChannel]) {
+            lastPoint = this.contexts[scannerChannel].last;
+        }
+        const pointSourceChanged = point.pointSourceId !== lastPoint.pointSourceId;
+        const gpsTimeChanged = point.gpsTimeBits !== lastPoint.gpsTimeBits;
+        const scanAngleChanged = point.scanAngle !== lastPoint.scanAngle;
+        const lastNumberOfReturns = lastPoint.returns >> 4;
+        const lastReturnNumber = lastPoint.returns & 0x0f;
+        const numberOfReturns = point.returns >> 4;
+        const returnNumber = point.returns & 0x0f;
+        const previousReturnContext = (lastReturnNumber === 1 ? 1 : 0) |
+            (lastReturnNumber >= lastNumberOfReturns ? 2 : 0) |
+            (previousContext.gpsTimeChanged ? 4 : 0);
+        let changedValues = (scannerChannel !== this.currentScannerChannel ? 1 << 6 : 0) |
+            (pointSourceChanged ? 1 << 5 : 0) |
+            (gpsTimeChanged ? 1 << 4 : 0) |
+            (scanAngleChanged ? 1 << 3 : 0) |
+            (numberOfReturns !== lastNumberOfReturns ? 1 << 2 : 0);
+        if (returnNumber !== lastReturnNumber) {
+            if (returnNumber === (lastReturnNumber + 1) % 16) {
+                changedValues |= 1;
+            }
+            else if (returnNumber === (lastReturnNumber + 15) % 16) {
+                changedValues |= 2;
+            }
+            else {
+                changedValues |= 3;
+            }
+        }
+        this.layers.xy.encodeSymbol(previousContext.changedValuesModels[previousReturnContext], changedValues);
+        let itemContext = 0;
+        if (scannerChannel !== this.currentScannerChannel) {
+            const scannerDifference = scannerChannel - this.currentScannerChannel;
+            this.layers.xy.encodeSymbol(previousContext.scannerChannelModel, (scannerDifference + 3) % 4);
+            this.contexts[scannerChannel] ||= new Point14Context(previousContext.last, this.layers);
+            this.currentScannerChannel = scannerChannel;
+            itemContext = scannerChannel;
+            lastPoint = this.contexts[scannerChannel].last;
+        }
+        const context = this.contexts[this.currentScannerChannel];
+        if (numberOfReturns !== lastNumberOfReturns) {
+            let model = context.numberReturnsModels[lastNumberOfReturns];
+            if (!model) {
+                model = new ArithmeticModel(16);
+                context.numberReturnsModels[lastNumberOfReturns] = model;
+            }
+            this.layers.xy.encodeSymbol(model, numberOfReturns);
+        }
+        if ((changedValues & 3) === 3) {
+            if (gpsTimeChanged) {
+                let model = context.returnNumberModels[lastReturnNumber];
+                if (!model) {
+                    model = new ArithmeticModel(16);
+                    context.returnNumberModels[lastReturnNumber] = model;
+                }
+                this.layers.xy.encodeSymbol(model, returnNumber);
+            }
+            else {
+                const returnDifference = returnNumber - lastReturnNumber;
+                this.layers.xy.encodeSymbol(context.returnNumberGpsSameModel, (returnDifference + 14) % 16);
+            }
+        }
+        const returnMap = NUMBER_RETURN_MAP_6_CONTEXT[numberOfReturns][returnNumber];
+        const returnLevel = NUMBER_RETURN_LEVEL_8_CONTEXT[numberOfReturns][returnNumber];
+        const currentReturnContext = (returnNumber === 1 ? 2 : 0) | (returnNumber >= numberOfReturns ? 1 : 0);
+        const xyContext = (returnMap << 1) | (gpsTimeChanged ? 1 : 0);
+        const xMedian = context.lastXDifferenceMedian[xyContext].get();
+        const xDifference = toInt32(point.x - lastPoint.x);
+        context.xDifferenceCompressor.compress(xMedian, xDifference, numberOfReturns === 1 ? 1 : 0);
+        context.lastXDifferenceMedian[xyContext].add(xDifference);
+        const yMedian = context.lastYDifferenceMedian[xyContext].get();
+        const yDifference = toInt32(point.y - lastPoint.y);
+        const yContext = (numberOfReturns === 1 ? 1 : 0) | (Math.min(context.xDifferenceCompressor.k, 20) & ~1);
+        context.yDifferenceCompressor.compress(yMedian, yDifference, yContext);
+        context.lastYDifferenceMedian[xyContext].add(yDifference);
+        const zContext = (numberOfReturns === 1 ? 1 : 0) |
+            (Math.min((context.xDifferenceCompressor.k + context.yDifferenceCompressor.k) >> 1, 18) & ~1);
+        context.zCompressor.compress(context.lastZ[returnLevel], point.z, zContext);
+        context.lastZ[returnLevel] = point.z;
+        if (point.classification !== lastPoint.classification) {
+            this.changed.classification = true;
+        }
+        const classificationContext = ((lastPoint.classification & 0x1f) << 1) | (currentReturnContext === 3 ? 1 : 0);
+        let classificationModel = context.classificationModels[classificationContext];
+        if (!classificationModel) {
+            classificationModel = new ArithmeticModel(256);
+            context.classificationModels[classificationContext] = classificationModel;
+        }
+        this.layers.classification.encodeSymbol(classificationModel, point.classification);
+        const lastFlags = mergeFlags(lastPoint);
+        const flags = mergeFlags(point);
+        if (flags !== lastFlags) {
+            this.changed.flags = true;
+        }
+        let flagModel = context.flagModels[lastFlags];
+        if (!flagModel) {
+            flagModel = new ArithmeticModel(64);
+            context.flagModels[lastFlags] = flagModel;
+        }
+        this.layers.flags.encodeSymbol(flagModel, flags);
+        if (point.intensity !== lastPoint.intensity) {
+            this.changed.intensity = true;
+        }
+        const intensityIndex = (currentReturnContext << 1) | (gpsTimeChanged ? 1 : 0);
+        context.intensityCompressor.compress(context.lastIntensity[intensityIndex], point.intensity, currentReturnContext);
+        context.lastIntensity[intensityIndex] = point.intensity;
+        if (scanAngleChanged) {
+            this.changed.scanAngle = true;
+            context.scanAngleCompressor.compress(lastPoint.scanAngle, point.scanAngle, gpsTimeChanged ? 1 : 0);
+        }
+        if (point.userData !== lastPoint.userData) {
+            this.changed.userData = true;
+        }
+        const userDataContext = lastPoint.userData >> 2;
+        let userDataModel = context.userDataModels[userDataContext];
+        if (!userDataModel) {
+            userDataModel = new ArithmeticModel(256);
+            context.userDataModels[userDataContext] = userDataModel;
+        }
+        this.layers.userData.encodeSymbol(userDataModel, point.userData);
+        if (pointSourceChanged) {
+            this.changed.pointSourceId = true;
+            context.pointSourceIdCompressor.compress(lastPoint.pointSourceId, point.pointSourceId);
+        }
+        if (gpsTimeChanged) {
+            this.changed.gpsTime = true;
+            this.encodeGpsTime(context, point.gpsTimeBits);
+        }
+        copyPoint14(context.last, point);
+        context.gpsTimeChanged = gpsTimeChanged;
+        return itemContext;
+    }
+    /** Finish Point14 arithmetic streams in LASzip layer order. */
+    finish() {
+        return [
+            this.layers.xy.finish(),
+            this.layers.z.finish(),
+            this.changed.classification ? this.layers.classification.finish() : new Uint8Array(0),
+            this.changed.flags ? this.layers.flags.finish() : new Uint8Array(0),
+            this.changed.intensity ? this.layers.intensity.finish() : new Uint8Array(0),
+            this.changed.scanAngle ? this.layers.scanAngle.finish() : new Uint8Array(0),
+            this.changed.userData ? this.layers.userData.finish() : new Uint8Array(0),
+            this.changed.pointSourceId ? this.layers.pointSourceId.finish() : new Uint8Array(0),
+            this.changed.gpsTime ? this.layers.gpsTime.finish() : new Uint8Array(0)
+        ];
+    }
+    /** Encode one changed GPS time into the active scanner-channel sequence state. */
+    encodeGpsTime(context, gpsTimeBits) {
+        const sequence = context.lastGpsSequence;
+        const difference64 = BigInt.asIntN(64, gpsTimeBits - context.lastGpsTimeBits[sequence]);
+        const difference = Number(BigInt.asIntN(32, difference64));
+        const differenceFits = difference64 === BigInt(difference);
+        if (context.lastGpsTimeDifference[sequence] === 0) {
+            if (differenceFits) {
+                this.layers.gpsTime.encodeSymbol(context.gpsTimeZeroDifferenceModel, 0);
+                context.gpsTimeCompressor.compress(0, difference, 0);
+                context.lastGpsTimeDifference[sequence] = difference;
+                context.gpsTimeExtremeCounter[sequence] = 0;
+            }
+            else if (this.selectGpsTimeSequence(context, gpsTimeBits, false)) {
+                this.encodeGpsTime(context, gpsTimeBits);
+                return;
+            }
+            else {
+                this.layers.gpsTime.encodeSymbol(context.gpsTimeZeroDifferenceModel, 1);
+                this.startGpsTimeSequence(context, gpsTimeBits);
+            }
+        }
+        else if (differenceFits) {
+            const lastDifference = context.lastGpsTimeDifference[sequence];
+            const multiplier = quantizeFloat32(difference, lastDifference);
+            if (multiplier === 1) {
+                this.layers.gpsTime.encodeSymbol(context.gpsTimeMultiplierModel, 1);
+                context.gpsTimeCompressor.compress(lastDifference, difference, 1);
+                context.gpsTimeExtremeCounter[sequence] = 0;
+            }
+            else if (multiplier > 0) {
+                if (multiplier < GPS_TIME_MULTI) {
+                    this.layers.gpsTime.encodeSymbol(context.gpsTimeMultiplierModel, multiplier);
+                    context.gpsTimeCompressor.compress(toInt32(multiplier * lastDifference), difference, multiplier < 10 ? 2 : 3);
+                }
+                else {
+                    this.layers.gpsTime.encodeSymbol(context.gpsTimeMultiplierModel, GPS_TIME_MULTI);
+                    context.gpsTimeCompressor.compress(toInt32(GPS_TIME_MULTI * lastDifference), difference, 4);
+                    this.recordExtremeGpsDifference(context, sequence, difference);
+                }
+            }
+            else if (multiplier < 0) {
+                if (multiplier > GPS_TIME_MULTI_MINUS) {
+                    this.layers.gpsTime.encodeSymbol(context.gpsTimeMultiplierModel, GPS_TIME_MULTI - multiplier);
+                    context.gpsTimeCompressor.compress(toInt32(multiplier * lastDifference), difference, 5);
+                }
+                else {
+                    this.layers.gpsTime.encodeSymbol(context.gpsTimeMultiplierModel, GPS_TIME_MULTI - GPS_TIME_MULTI_MINUS);
+                    context.gpsTimeCompressor.compress(toInt32(GPS_TIME_MULTI_MINUS * lastDifference), difference, 6);
+                    this.recordExtremeGpsDifference(context, sequence, difference);
+                }
+            }
+            else {
+                this.layers.gpsTime.encodeSymbol(context.gpsTimeMultiplierModel, 0);
+                context.gpsTimeCompressor.compress(0, difference, 7);
+                this.recordExtremeGpsDifference(context, sequence, difference);
+            }
+        }
+        else if (this.selectGpsTimeSequence(context, gpsTimeBits, true)) {
+            this.encodeGpsTime(context, gpsTimeBits);
+            return;
+        }
+        else {
+            this.layers.gpsTime.encodeSymbol(context.gpsTimeMultiplierModel, GPS_TIME_MULTI_CODE_FULL);
+            this.startGpsTimeSequence(context, gpsTimeBits);
+        }
+        context.lastGpsTimeBits[context.lastGpsSequence] = gpsTimeBits;
+    }
+    /** Select an existing GPS sequence whose bit difference fits in 32 bits. */
+    selectGpsTimeSequence(context, gpsTimeBits, hasLastDifference) {
+        for (let index = 1; index < 4; index++) {
+            const sequence = (context.lastGpsSequence + index) & 3;
+            const difference64 = BigInt.asIntN(64, gpsTimeBits - context.lastGpsTimeBits[sequence]);
+            if (difference64 === BigInt.asIntN(32, difference64)) {
+                const symbol = hasLastDifference ? GPS_TIME_MULTI_CODE_FULL + index : index + 1;
+                const model = hasLastDifference
+                    ? context.gpsTimeMultiplierModel
+                    : context.gpsTimeZeroDifferenceModel;
+                this.layers.gpsTime.encodeSymbol(model, symbol);
+                context.lastGpsSequence = sequence;
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+    /** Start a new GPS sequence by writing upper and lower timestamp words. */
+    startGpsTimeSequence(context, gpsTimeBits) {
+        const previousBits = context.lastGpsTimeBits[context.lastGpsSequence];
+        context.gpsTimeCompressor.compress(Number(BigInt.asIntN(32, previousBits >> 32n)), Number(BigInt.asIntN(32, gpsTimeBits >> 32n)), 8);
+        this.layers.gpsTime.writeInt(Number(gpsTimeBits & 0xffffffffn));
+        context.nextGpsSequence = (context.nextGpsSequence + 1) & 3;
+        context.lastGpsSequence = context.nextGpsSequence;
+        context.lastGpsTimeDifference[context.lastGpsSequence] = 0;
+        context.gpsTimeExtremeCounter[context.lastGpsSequence] = 0;
+    }
+    /** Update GPS difference prediction after four consecutive extreme multipliers. */
+    recordExtremeGpsDifference(context, sequence, difference) {
+        context.gpsTimeExtremeCounter[sequence]++;
+        if (context.gpsTimeExtremeCounter[sequence] > 3) {
+            context.lastGpsTimeDifference[sequence] = difference;
+            context.gpsTimeExtremeCounter[sequence] = 0;
+        }
+    }
+}
+/** RGB prediction state for one LASzip v3 item context. */
+class RGB14Context {
+    /** Previous red channel. */
+    red;
+    /** Previous green channel. */
+    green;
+    /** Previous blue channel. */
+    blue;
+    /** Changed-byte mask model. */
+    usedModel = new ArithmeticModel(128);
+    /** Byte correction models. */
+    differenceModels = createModels(6, 256);
+    /** Initialize an RGB context from a previous color. */
+    constructor(color) {
+        this.red = color.red;
+        this.green = color.green;
+        this.blue = color.blue;
+    }
+}
+/** Encoder for the layered RGB14 stream. */
+class RGB14LayerEncoder {
+    /** RGB arithmetic stream. */
+    encoder = new ArithmeticEncoder();
+    /** LASzip v3 item contexts. */
+    contexts = new Array(4).fill(null);
+    /** Item context used by the previous point. */
+    currentContext;
+    /** Whether any RGB channel changed. */
+    changed = false;
+    /** Initialize RGB coding from the first point. */
+    constructor(firstColor, firstContext) {
+        this.currentContext = firstContext;
+        this.contexts[firstContext] = new RGB14Context(firstColor);
+    }
+    /** Encode one RGB item in the Point14-provided item context. */
+    encode(color, itemContext) {
+        let lastContext = this.contexts[this.currentContext];
+        if (itemContext !== this.currentContext) {
+            this.currentContext = itemContext;
+            if (!this.contexts[itemContext]) {
+                this.contexts[itemContext] = new RGB14Context({
+                    red: lastContext.red,
+                    green: lastContext.green,
+                    blue: lastContext.blue
+                });
+                lastContext = this.contexts[itemContext];
+            }
+        }
+        const codingContext = this.contexts[this.currentContext];
+        let symbol = ((color.red & 0xff) !== (lastContext.red & 0xff) ? 1 : 0) |
+            ((color.red & 0xff00) !== (lastContext.red & 0xff00) ? 2 : 0) |
+            ((color.green & 0xff) !== (lastContext.green & 0xff) ? 4 : 0) |
+            ((color.green & 0xff00) !== (lastContext.green & 0xff00) ? 8 : 0) |
+            ((color.blue & 0xff) !== (lastContext.blue & 0xff) ? 16 : 0) |
+            ((color.blue & 0xff00) !== (lastContext.blue & 0xff00) ? 32 : 0);
+        if ((color.red & 0xff) !== (color.green & 0xff) ||
+            (color.red & 0xff) !== (color.blue & 0xff) ||
+            (color.red & 0xff00) !== (color.green & 0xff00) ||
+            (color.red & 0xff00) !== (color.blue & 0xff00)) {
+            symbol |= 64;
+        }
+        this.encoder.encodeSymbol(codingContext.usedModel, symbol);
+        let lowDifference = 0;
+        let highDifference = 0;
+        if (symbol & 1) {
+            lowDifference = (color.red & 0xff) - (lastContext.red & 0xff);
+            this.encoder.encodeSymbol(codingContext.differenceModels[0], foldUint8(lowDifference));
+        }
+        if (symbol & 2) {
+            highDifference = (color.red >> 8) - (lastContext.red >> 8);
+            this.encoder.encodeSymbol(codingContext.differenceModels[1], foldUint8(highDifference));
+        }
+        if (symbol & 64) {
+            if (symbol & 4) {
+                const correction = (color.green & 0xff) - clampUint8(lowDifference + (lastContext.green & 0xff));
+                this.encoder.encodeSymbol(codingContext.differenceModels[2], foldUint8(correction));
+            }
+            if (symbol & 16) {
+                lowDifference = Math.trunc((lowDifference + (color.green & 0xff) - (lastContext.green & 0xff)) / 2);
+                const correction = (color.blue & 0xff) - clampUint8(lowDifference + (lastContext.blue & 0xff));
+                this.encoder.encodeSymbol(codingContext.differenceModels[4], foldUint8(correction));
+            }
+            if (symbol & 8) {
+                const correction = (color.green >> 8) - clampUint8(highDifference + (lastContext.green >> 8));
+                this.encoder.encodeSymbol(codingContext.differenceModels[3], foldUint8(correction));
+            }
+            if (symbol & 32) {
+                highDifference = Math.trunc((highDifference + (color.green >> 8) - (lastContext.green >> 8)) / 2);
+                const correction = (color.blue >> 8) - clampUint8(highDifference + (lastContext.blue >> 8));
+                this.encoder.encodeSymbol(codingContext.differenceModels[5], foldUint8(correction));
+            }
+        }
+        this.changed ||= symbol !== 0;
+        lastContext.red = color.red;
+        lastContext.green = color.green;
+        lastContext.blue = color.blue;
+    }
+    /** Finish the RGB stream, or return an omitted unchanged layer. */
+    finish() {
+        return this.changed ? this.encoder.finish() : new Uint8Array(0);
+    }
+}
+/** NIR prediction state for one LASzip v3 item context. */
+class NIR14Context {
+    /** Previous NIR value. */
+    value;
+    /** Changed-byte mask model. */
+    usedModel = new ArithmeticModel(4);
+    /** Byte correction models. */
+    differenceModels = createModels(2, 256);
+    /** Initialize an NIR context from a previous value. */
+    constructor(value) {
+        this.value = value;
+    }
+}
+/** Encoder for the layered NIR14 stream. */
+class NIR14LayerEncoder {
+    /** NIR arithmetic stream. */
+    encoder = new ArithmeticEncoder();
+    /** LASzip v3 item contexts. */
+    contexts = new Array(4).fill(null);
+    /** Item context used by the previous point. */
+    currentContext;
+    /** Whether any NIR byte changed. */
+    changed = false;
+    /** Initialize NIR coding from the first point. */
+    constructor(firstValue, firstContext) {
+        this.currentContext = firstContext;
+        this.contexts[firstContext] = new NIR14Context(firstValue);
+    }
+    /** Encode one NIR item in the Point14-provided item context. */
+    encode(value, itemContext) {
+        let lastContext = this.contexts[this.currentContext];
+        if (itemContext !== this.currentContext) {
+            this.currentContext = itemContext;
+            if (!this.contexts[itemContext]) {
+                this.contexts[itemContext] = new NIR14Context(lastContext.value);
+                lastContext = this.contexts[itemContext];
+            }
+        }
+        const codingContext = this.contexts[this.currentContext];
+        const symbol = ((value & 0xff) !== (lastContext.value & 0xff) ? 1 : 0) |
+            ((value & 0xff00) !== (lastContext.value & 0xff00) ? 2 : 0);
+        this.encoder.encodeSymbol(codingContext.usedModel, symbol);
+        if (symbol & 1) {
+            this.encoder.encodeSymbol(codingContext.differenceModels[0], foldUint8((value & 0xff) - (lastContext.value & 0xff)));
+        }
+        if (symbol & 2) {
+            this.encoder.encodeSymbol(codingContext.differenceModels[1], foldUint8((value >> 8) - (lastContext.value >> 8)));
+        }
+        this.changed ||= symbol !== 0;
+        lastContext.value = value;
+    }
+    /** Finish the NIR stream, or return an omitted unchanged layer. */
+    finish() {
+        return this.changed ? this.encoder.finish() : new Uint8Array(0);
+    }
+}
+/** Extra-byte prediction state for one LASzip v3 item context. */
+class Byte14Context {
+    /** Previous value for each extra-byte layer. */
+    values;
+    /** Difference model for each extra-byte layer. */
+    models;
+    /** Initialize an extra-byte context from preceding values. */
+    constructor(values) {
+        this.values = values.slice();
+        this.models = createModels(values.byteLength, 256);
+    }
+}
+/** Encoder for independent Byte14 extra-byte streams. */
+class Byte14LayerEncoder {
+    /** Arithmetic stream for each extra-byte offset. */
+    encoders;
+    /** LASzip v3 item contexts. */
+    contexts = new Array(4).fill(null);
+    /** Whether each extra-byte offset changed. */
+    changed;
+    /** Item context used by the previous point. */
+    currentContext;
+    /** Initialize extra-byte coding from the first point. */
+    constructor(firstValues, firstContext) {
+        this.encoders = Array.from({ length: firstValues.byteLength }, () => new ArithmeticEncoder());
+        this.changed = new Array(firstValues.byteLength).fill(false);
+        this.currentContext = firstContext;
+        this.contexts[firstContext] = new Byte14Context(firstValues);
+    }
+    /** Encode extra bytes in the Point14-provided item context. */
+    encode(values, itemContext) {
+        let lastContext = this.contexts[this.currentContext];
+        if (itemContext !== this.currentContext) {
+            this.currentContext = itemContext;
+            if (!this.contexts[itemContext]) {
+                this.contexts[itemContext] = new Byte14Context(lastContext.values);
+                lastContext = this.contexts[itemContext];
+            }
+        }
+        const codingContext = this.contexts[this.currentContext];
+        for (let index = 0; index < values.byteLength; index++) {
+            const difference = values[index] - lastContext.values[index];
+            this.encoders[index].encodeSymbol(codingContext.models[index], foldUint8(difference));
+            if (difference) {
+                this.changed[index] = true;
+                lastContext.values[index] = values[index];
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    /** Finish changed extra-byte streams and omit unchanged offsets. */
+    finish() {
+        return this.encoders.map((encoder, index) => this.changed[index] ? encoder.finish() : new Uint8Array(0));
+    }
+}
+/** Validate that raw records can be represented by the supported LASzip item set. */
+function validateMetadata(rawBytes, metadata) {
+    if ([
+        metadata.point10ItemVersion,
+        metadata.gpsTime11ItemVersion,
+        metadata.rgb12ItemVersion,
+        metadata.byteItemVersion
+    ].some(version => version !== undefined && version !== 2)) {
+        throw new Error('TypeScript LAZ encoder only supports legacy item version 2');
+    }
+    if (!Number.isInteger(metadata.pointCount) || metadata.pointCount < 0) {
+        throw new Error(`Invalid LAZ chunk point count ${metadata.pointCount}`);
+    }
+    const baseLength = POINT_FORMAT_BASE_LENGTHS[metadata.pointDataRecordFormat];
+    if (!baseLength) {
+        throw new Error(`TypeScript LAZ encoder does not support point format ${metadata.pointDataRecordFormat}`);
+    }
+    if (!Number.isInteger(metadata.pointDataRecordLength) ||
+        metadata.pointDataRecordLength < baseLength) {
+        throw new Error(`Invalid point record length ${metadata.pointDataRecordLength} for point format ${metadata.pointDataRecordFormat}`);
+    }
+    if (metadata.point14ItemVersion !== undefined && metadata.point14ItemVersion !== 3) {
+        throw new Error(`TypeScript LAZ encoder only supports Point14 item version 3`);
+    }
+    if (metadata.pointDataRecordFormat >= 7 &&
+        metadata.rgb14ItemVersion !== undefined &&
+        metadata.rgb14ItemVersion !== 3) {
+        throw new Error(`TypeScript LAZ encoder only supports RGB14 item version 3`);
+    }
+    if ((metadata.pointDataRecordFormat === 9 || metadata.pointDataRecordFormat === 10) &&
+        metadata.wavePacketItemVersion !== undefined &&
+        metadata.wavePacketItemVersion !== 3) {
+        throw new Error(`TypeScript LAZ encoder only supports WavePacket14 item version 3`);
+    }
+    if (metadata.pointDataRecordLength > baseLength &&
+        metadata.byte14ItemVersion !== undefined &&
+        metadata.byte14ItemVersion !== 3) {
+        throw new Error(`TypeScript LAZ encoder only supports Byte14 item version 3`);
+    }
+    const expectedByteLength = metadata.pointCount * metadata.pointDataRecordLength;
+    if (rawBytes.byteLength !== expectedByteLength) {
+        throw new Error(`LAZ chunk input has ${rawBytes.byteLength} bytes; expected ${expectedByteLength}`);
+    }
+}
+/** Validate one chunk-table entry before integer compression. */
+function validateChunkTableEntry(chunk) {
+    if (!Number.isInteger(chunk.pointCount) ||
+        chunk.pointCount <= 0 ||
+        chunk.pointCount > 0xffffffff) {
+        throw new Error(`Invalid LAZ chunk point count ${chunk.pointCount}`);
+    }
+    if (!Number.isInteger(chunk.byteLength) ||
+        chunk.byteLength <= 0 ||
+        chunk.byteLength > 0xffffffff) {
+        throw new Error(`Invalid LAZ chunk byte length ${chunk.byteLength}`);
+    }
+}
+/** Return LASzip item descriptors for one supported point format. */
+function getLASzipItems(pointDataRecordFormat, pointDataRecordLength) {
+    const baseLength = POINT_FORMAT_BASE_LENGTHS[pointDataRecordFormat];
+    if (!baseLength || pointDataRecordLength < baseLength) {
+        throw new Error(`Invalid point record length ${pointDataRecordLength} for point format ${pointDataRecordFormat}`);
+    }
+    if (pointDataRecordFormat <= 5) {
+        const legacyItems = [{ type: 6, size: 20 }];
+        if (pointDataRecordFormat === 1 ||
+            pointDataRecordFormat === 3 ||
+            pointDataRecordFormat === 4 ||
+            pointDataRecordFormat === 5) {
+            legacyItems.push({ type: 7, size: 8 });
+        }
+        if (pointDataRecordFormat === 2 || pointDataRecordFormat === 3 || pointDataRecordFormat === 5) {
+            legacyItems.push({ type: 8, size: 6 });
+        }
+        if (pointDataRecordFormat === 4 || pointDataRecordFormat === 5) {
+            legacyItems.push({ type: 9, size: 29, version: 1 });
+        }
+        const legacyExtraByteCount = pointDataRecordLength - baseLength;
+        if (legacyExtraByteCount > 0) {
+            legacyItems.push({ type: 0, size: legacyExtraByteCount });
+        }
+        return legacyItems;
+    }
+    const items = [{ type: 10, size: 30 }];
+    if (pointDataRecordFormat === 7) {
+        items.push({ type: 11, size: 6 });
+    }
+    else if (pointDataRecordFormat === 8) {
+        items.push({ type: 12, size: 8 });
+    }
+    else if (pointDataRecordFormat === 10) {
+        items.push({ type: 12, size: 8 });
+    }
+    if (pointDataRecordFormat === 9 || pointDataRecordFormat === 10) {
+        items.push({ type: 13, size: 29 });
+    }
+    const extraByteCount = pointDataRecordLength - baseLength;
+    if (extraByteCount > 0) {
+        items.push({ type: 14, size: extraByteCount });
+    }
+    return items;
+}
+/** Parse a raw LAS 1.4 Point14 item. */
+function readPoint14(bytes, offset) {
+    const view = new DataView(bytes.buffer, bytes.byteOffset + offset, 30);
+    return {
+        x: view.getInt32(0, true),
+        y: view.getInt32(4, true),
+        z: view.getInt32(8, true),
+        intensity: view.getUint16(12, true),
+        returns: view.getUint8(14),
+        flags: view.getUint8(15),
+        classification: view.getUint8(16),
+        userData: view.getUint8(17),
+        scanAngle: view.getInt16(18, true),
+        pointSourceId: view.getUint16(20, true),
+        gpsTimeBits: view.getBigUint64(22, true)
+    };
+}
+/** Parse a raw legacy LAS Point10 item. */
+function readPoint10(bytes, offset) {
+    const view = new DataView(bytes.buffer, bytes.byteOffset + offset, 20);
+    return {
+        x: view.getInt32(0, true),
+        y: view.getInt32(4, true),
+        z: view.getInt32(8, true),
+        intensity: view.getUint16(12, true),
+        bitByte: view.getUint8(14),
+        classification: view.getUint8(15),
+        scanAngleRank: view.getInt8(16),
+        userData: view.getUint8(17),
+        pointSourceId: view.getUint16(18, true)
+    };
+}
+/** Parse one raw RGB14 item. */
+function readRgb(bytes, offset) {
+    return {
+        red: readUint16(bytes, offset),
+        green: readUint16(bytes, offset + 2),
+        blue: readUint16(bytes, offset + 4)
+    };
+}
+/** Parse one raw legacy waveform packet reference. */
+function readWavePacket(bytes, offset) {
+    const view = new DataView(bytes.buffer, bytes.byteOffset + offset, 29);
+    return {
+        descriptorIndex: view.getUint8(0),
+        offset: view.getBigUint64(1, true),
+        packetSize: view.getUint32(9, true),
+        returnPointBits: view.getInt32(13, true),
+        xBits: view.getInt32(17, true),
+        yBits: view.getInt32(21, true),
+        zBits: view.getInt32(25, true)
+    };
+}
+/** Read an IEEE-754 timestamp from a legacy point record. */
+function readFloat64(bytes, offset) {
+    return new DataView(bytes.buffer, bytes.byteOffset + offset, 8).getFloat64(0, true);
+}
+/** Return the signed 64-bit difference between two IEEE-754 timestamps. */
+function float64BitDifference(value, previousValue) {
+    return BigInt.asIntN(64, float64ToBigUint64(value) - float64ToBigUint64(previousValue));
+}
+/** Read the raw IEEE-754 bits of a JavaScript number. */
+function float64ToBigUint64(value) {
+    const buffer = new ArrayBuffer(8);
+    const view = new DataView(buffer);
+    view.setFloat64(0, value, true);
+    return view.getBigUint64(0, true);
+}
+/** Read one little-endian unsigned 16-bit integer. */
+function readUint16(bytes, offset) {
+    return bytes[offset] | (bytes[offset + 1] << 8);
+}
+/** Copy all Point14 fields without replacing context object identity. */
+function copyPoint14(target, source) {
+    target.x = source.x;
+    target.y = source.y;
+    target.z = source.z;
+    target.intensity = source.intensity;
+    target.returns = source.returns;
+    target.flags = source.flags;
+    target.classification = source.classification;
+    target.userData = source.userData;
+    target.scanAngle = source.scanAngle;
+    target.pointSourceId = source.pointSourceId;
+    target.gpsTimeBits = source.gpsTimeBits;
+}
+/** Return the scanner-channel bits from a Point14 flags byte. */
+function getScannerChannel(point) {
+    return (point.flags >> 4) & 3;
+}
+/** Merge Point14 classification and flight-line flags into the LASzip symbol. */
+function mergeFlags(point) {
+    return ((point.flags >> 2) & 0x30) | (point.flags & 0x0f);
+}
+/** Create uniformly initialized arithmetic models. */
+function createModels(count, symbols) {
+    return Array.from({ length: count }, () => new ArithmeticModel(symbols));
+}
+/** Fold an arbitrary signed byte difference into an unsigned byte. */
+function foldUint8(value) {
+    return value & 0xff;
+}
+/** Fold a signed byte correction into the arithmetic symbol range. */
+function foldInt8(value) {
+    return value & 0xff;
+}
+/** Clamp a predictor to the unsigned byte range. */
+function clampUint8(value) {
+    return Math.min(255, Math.max(0, value));
+}
+/** Match LASzip's float32 multiplier calculation and nearest-integer quantization. */
+function quantizeFloat32(numerator, denominator) {
+    const ratio = Math.fround(Math.fround(numerator) / Math.fround(denominator));
+    return ratio >= 0 ? Math.trunc(ratio + 0.5) : Math.trunc(ratio - 0.5);
+}
+/** Return a byte view that preserves an input view's byte range. */
+function toUint8Array(data) {
+    return data instanceof ArrayBuffer
+        ? new Uint8Array(data)
+        : new Uint8Array(data.buffer, data.byteOffset, data.byteLength);
+}
+/** Concatenate byte arrays without retaining caller-owned backing buffers. */
+function concatenateUint8Arrays(chunks) {
+    const totalLength = chunks.reduce((length, chunk) => length + chunk.byteLength, 0);
+    const result = new Uint8Array(totalLength);
+    let offset = 0;
+    for (const chunk of chunks) {
+        result.set(chunk, offset);
+        offset += chunk.byteLength;
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+/** Write a fixed-length ASCII string into a DataView. */
+function writeString(dataView, byteOffset, value, byteLength) {
+    for (let characterIndex = 0; characterIndex < byteLength; characterIndex++) {
+        dataView.setUint8(byteOffset + characterIndex, value.charCodeAt(characterIndex) || 0);
+    }
+}
+//# sourceMappingURL=laz-chunk-encoder.js.map