@livekit/agents-plugin-cartesia 1.0.43 → 1.0.45

package/README.md

@@ -15,3 +15,10 @@ information on how to use it, or browse the [API
 reference](https://docs.livekit.io/agents-js/modules/plugins_agents_plugin_cartesia.html).
 See the [repository](https://github.com/livekit/agents-js) for more information
 about the framework as a whole.
+
+## Troubleshooting
+
+If you see `AggregateError` / `ETIMEDOUT` on the first Cartesia connection in Node.js (often due to IPv6/IPv4 “happy eyeballs”), you can mitigate it by:
+
+- Setting a longer Node autoselection attempt timeout (example): `NODE_OPTIONS="--network-family-autoselection-attempt-timeout=5000"`
+- Increasing the agent session TTS connect timeout via `connOptions.ttsConnOptions.timeoutMs`

package/dist/tts.cjs

@@ -83,8 +83,8 @@ class TTS extends import_agents.tts.TTS {
   synthesize(text, connOptions, abortSignal) {
     return new ChunkedStream(this, text, this.#opts, connOptions, abortSignal);
   }
-  stream() {
-    return new SynthesizeStream(this, this.#opts);
+  stream(options) {
+    return new SynthesizeStream(this, this.#opts, options == null ? void 0 : options.connOptions);
   }
 }
 class ChunkedStream extends import_agents.tts.ChunkedStream {
@@ -137,22 +137,32 @@ class ChunkedStream extends import_agents.tts.ChunkedStream {
             });
           }
           this.queue.close();
-          doneFut.resolve();
+          if (!doneFut.done) doneFut.resolve();
         });
         res.on("error", (err) => {
           if (err.message === "aborted") return;
           this.#logger.error({ err }, "Cartesia TTS response error");
+          if (!doneFut.done) doneFut.reject(err);
         });
       }
     );
     req.on("error", (err) => {
       if (err.name === "AbortError") return;
       this.#logger.error({ err }, "Cartesia TTS request error");
+      if (!doneFut.done) doneFut.reject(err);
+    });
+    req.on("close", () => {
+      if (!doneFut.done) doneFut.resolve();
     });
-    req.on("close", () => doneFut.resolve());
     req.write(JSON.stringify(json));
     req.end();
-    await doneFut.await;
+    try {
+      await doneFut.await;
+    } catch (e) {
+      if (this.abortSignal.aborted) return;
+      if (!this.queue.closed) this.queue.close();
+      throw toRetryableConnectionError(e);
+    }
   }
 }
 class SynthesizeStream extends import_agents.tts.SynthesizeStream {
@@ -162,8 +172,8 @@ class SynthesizeStream extends import_agents.tts.SynthesizeStream {
     minSentenceLength: BUFFERED_WORDS_COUNT
   }).stream();
   label = "cartesia.SynthesizeStream";
-  constructor(tts2, opts) {
-    super(tts2);
+  constructor(tts2, opts, connOptions) {
+    super(tts2, connOptions);
     this.#opts = opts;
   }
   updateOptions(opts) {
@@ -347,19 +357,139 @@ class SynthesizeStream extends import_agents.tts.SynthesizeStream {
     };
     const wsUrl = this.#opts.baseUrl.replace(/^http/, "ws");
     const url = `${wsUrl}/tts/websocket?api_key=${this.#opts.apiKey}&cartesia_version=${VERSION}`;
-    const ws = new import_ws.WebSocket(url);
+    let ws;
     try {
-      await new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
-        ws.on("open", resolve);
-        ws.on("error", (error) => reject(error));
-        ws.on("close", (code) => reject(`WebSocket returned ${code}`));
+      ws = await connectCartesiaWebSocket({
+        url,
+        timeoutMs: this.connOptions.timeoutMs,
+        abortSignal: this.abortSignal
       });
       await Promise.all([inputTask(), sentenceStreamTask(ws), recvTask(ws)]);
     } catch (e) {
-      throw new Error(`failed to connect to Cartesia: ${e}`);
+      if (this.abortSignal.aborted) {
+        return;
+      }
+      throw toRetryableConnectionError(e);
+    } finally {
+      if (ws && ws.readyState !== import_ws.WebSocket.CLOSED) {
+        safeTerminateWebSocket(ws);
+      }
     }
   }
 }
+const asError = (e) => e instanceof Error ? e : new Error(String(e));
+const transientNetworkCodes = /* @__PURE__ */ new Set([
+  "ETIMEDOUT",
+  "ECONNRESET",
+  "EAI_AGAIN",
+  "ENETUNREACH",
+  "ECONNREFUSED",
+  "EHOSTUNREACH"
+]);
+const isRecord = (v) => {
+  return v !== null && typeof v === "object";
+};
+const isAggregateErrorLike = (e) => {
+  if (!isRecord(e)) return false;
+  return e.name === "AggregateError" && Array.isArray(e.errors);
+};
+const hasErrorCode = (e, code) => {
+  if (isRecord(e) && e.code === code) return true;
+  if (isAggregateErrorLike(e)) {
+    return e.errors.some((inner) => hasErrorCode(inner, code));
+  }
+  return false;
+};
+const hasAnyTransientCode = (e) => {
+  if (isRecord(e) && typeof e.code === "string") {
+    return transientNetworkCodes.has(e.code);
+  }
+  if (isAggregateErrorLike(e)) {
+    return e.errors.some((inner) => hasAnyTransientCode(inner));
+  }
+  return false;
+};
+const toRetryableConnectionError = (e) => {
+  const err = asError(e);
+  const isTimeout = hasErrorCode(e, "ETIMEDOUT") || typeof err.message === "string" && err.message.includes("ETIMEDOUT");
+  const message = isTimeout ? `Cartesia connection timed out` : `Cartesia connection failed: ${err.message || "unknown error"}`;
+  return isTimeout ? new import_agents.APITimeoutError({ message }) : new import_agents.APIConnectionError({ message });
+};
+const waitForWsOpen = async ({
+  ws,
+  timeoutMs,
+  abortSignal
+}) => {
+  if (abortSignal.aborted) {
+    throw new Error("aborted");
+  }
+  const fut = new import_agents.Future();
+  let timeout;
+  const cleanup = () => {
+    if (timeout) clearTimeout(timeout);
+    ws.off("open", onOpen);
+    ws.off("error", onError);
+    ws.off("close", onClose);
+    abortSignal.removeEventListener("abort", onAbort);
+  };
+  const onOpen = () => fut.resolve();
+  const onError = (err) => fut.reject(asError(err));
+  const onClose = (code, reason) => fut.reject(
+    new Error(`WebSocket closed before open (code=${code}, reason=${reason.toString()})`)
+  );
+  const onAbort = () => fut.reject(new Error("aborted"));
+  ws.on("open", onOpen);
+  ws.on("error", onError);
+  ws.on("close", onClose);
+  abortSignal.addEventListener("abort", onAbort, { once: true });
+  if (timeoutMs > 0) {
+    timeout = setTimeout(() => fut.reject(new Error("connect timeout")), timeoutMs);
+  }
+  try {
+    await fut.await;
+  } finally {
+    cleanup();
+  }
+};
+const safeTerminateWebSocket = (ws) => {
+  try {
+    ws.on("error", () => {
+    });
+  } catch {
+  }
+  try {
+    if (ws.readyState === import_ws.WebSocket.CONNECTING) {
+      ws.close();
+    } else {
+      ws.terminate();
+    }
+  } catch {
+  }
+};
+const connectCartesiaWebSocket = async ({
+  url,
+  timeoutMs,
+  abortSignal
+}) => {
+  const connectOnce = async (family) => {
+    const ws = new import_ws.WebSocket(url, { handshakeTimeout: timeoutMs, family });
+    try {
+      await waitForWsOpen({ ws, timeoutMs, abortSignal });
+      return ws;
+    } catch (e) {
+      safeTerminateWebSocket(ws);
+      throw e;
+    }
+  };
+  try {
+    return await connectOnce();
+  } catch (e) {
+    if (hasAnyTransientCode(e) || isAggregateErrorLike(e)) {
+      return await connectOnce(4);
+    }
+    throw e;
+  }
+};
 const toCartesiaOptions = (opts, streaming = false) => {
   const voice = {};
   if (typeof opts.voice === "string") {
@@ -387,7 +517,8 @@ const toCartesiaOptions = (opts, streaming = false) => {
       encoding: opts.encoding,
       sample_rate: opts.sampleRate
     },
-    language: opts.language
+    language: opts.language,
+    pronunciation_dict_id: opts.pronunciationDictId
   };
   if (streaming && opts.wordTimestamps !== false) {
     result.add_timestamps = true;

package/dist/tts.cjs.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"version":3,"sources":["../src/tts.ts"],"sourcesContent":["// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2024 LiveKit, Inc.\n//\n// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0\nimport {\n  type APIConnectOptions,\n  AudioByteStream,\n  Future,\n  type TimedString,\n  createTimedString,\n  log,\n  shortuuid,\n  stream,\n  tokenize,\n  tts,\n} from '@livekit/agents';\nimport type { AudioFrame } from '@livekit/rtc-node';\nimport { request } from 'node:https';\nimport { type RawData, WebSocket } from 'ws';\nimport {\n  TTSDefaultVoiceId,\n  type TTSEncoding,\n  type TTSModels,\n  type TTSVoiceEmotion,\n  type TTSVoiceSpeed,\n} from './models.js';\nimport {\n  type CartesiaServerMessage,\n  cartesiaMessageSchema,\n  hasWordTimestamps,\n  isChunkMessage,\n  isDoneMessage,\n  isErrorMessage,\n} from './types.js';\n\nconst AUTHORIZATION_HEADER = 'X-API-Key';\nconst VERSION_HEADER = 'Cartesia-Version';\nconst VERSION = '2024-06-10';\nconst NUM_CHANNELS = 1;\nconst BUFFERED_WORDS_COUNT = 8;\n\nexport interface TTSOptions {\n  model: TTSModels | string;\n  encoding: TTSEncoding;\n  sampleRate: number;\n  voice: string | number[];\n  speed?: TTSVoiceSpeed | number;\n  emotion?: (TTSVoiceEmotion | string)[];\n  apiKey?: string;\n  language: string;\n  baseUrl: string;\n\n  /**\n   * The timeout for the next chunk to be received from the Cartesia API.\n   */\n  chunkTimeout: number;\n\n  /**\n   * Whether to add word timestamps to the output. When enabled, the TTS will return\n   * timing information for each word in the transcript.\n   * @defaultValue true\n   */\n  wordTimestamps?: boolean;\n}\n\nconst defaultTTSOptions: TTSOptions = {\n  model: 'sonic-2',\n  encoding: 'pcm_s16le',\n  sampleRate: 24000,\n  voice: TTSDefaultVoiceId,\n  apiKey: process.env.CARTESIA_API_KEY,\n  language: 'en',\n  baseUrl: 'https://api.cartesia.ai',\n  chunkTimeout: 5000,\n  wordTimestamps: true,\n};\n\nexport class TTS extends tts.TTS {\n  #opts: TTSOptions;\n  label = 'cartesia.TTS';\n\n  constructor(opts: Partial<TTSOptions> = {}) {\n    const resolvedOpts = {\n      ...defaultTTSOptions,\n      ...opts,\n    };\n\n    super(resolvedOpts.sampleRate || defaultTTSOptions.sampleRate, NUM_CHANNELS, {\n      streaming: true,\n      alignedTranscript: resolvedOpts.wordTimestamps ?? true,\n    });\n\n    this.#opts = resolvedOpts;\n\n    if (this.#opts.apiKey === undefined) {\n      throw new Error(\n        'Cartesia API key is required, whether as an argument or as $CARTESIA_API_KEY',\n      );\n    }\n\n    if ((this.#opts.speed || this.#opts.emotion) && this.#opts.model !== 'sonic-2-2025-03-07') {\n      const logger = log();\n      logger.warn(\n        { model: this.#opts.model, speed: this.#opts.speed, emotion: this.#opts.emotion },\n        \"speed and emotion controls are only supported for model 'sonic-2-2025-03-07', see https://docs.cartesia.ai/developer-tools/changelog for details\",\n      );\n    }\n  }\n\n  updateOptions(opts: Partial<TTSOptions>) {\n    this.#opts = { ...this.#opts, ...opts };\n\n    if ((this.#opts.speed || this.#opts.emotion) && this.#opts.model !== 'sonic-2-2025-03-07') {\n      const logger = log();\n      logger.warn(\n        { model: this.#opts.model, speed: this.#opts.speed, emotion: this.#opts.emotion },\n        \"speed and emotion controls are only supported for model 'sonic-2-2025-03-07', see https://docs.cartesia.ai/developer-tools/changelog for details\",\n      );\n    }\n  }\n\n  synthesize(\n    text: string,\n    connOptions?: APIConnectOptions,\n    abortSignal?: AbortSignal,\n  ): tts.ChunkedStream {\n    return new ChunkedStream(this, text, this.#opts, connOptions, abortSignal);\n  }\n\n  stream(): SynthesizeStream {\n    return new SynthesizeStream(this, this.#opts);\n  }\n}\n\nexport class ChunkedStream extends tts.ChunkedStream {\n  label = 'cartesia.ChunkedStream';\n  #logger = log();\n  #opts: TTSOptions;\n  #text: string;\n\n  constructor(\n    tts: TTS,\n    text: string,\n    opts: TTSOptions,\n    connOptions?: APIConnectOptions,\n    abortSignal?: AbortSignal,\n  ) {\n    super(text, tts, connOptions, abortSignal);\n    this.#text = text;\n    this.#opts = opts;\n  }\n\n  protected async run() {\n    const requestId = shortuuid();\n    const bstream = new AudioByteStream(this.#opts.sampleRate, NUM_CHANNELS);\n    const json = toCartesiaOptions(this.#opts);\n    json.transcript = this.#text;\n\n    const baseUrl = new URL(this.#opts.baseUrl);\n    const doneFut = new Future<void>();\n\n    const req = request(\n      {\n        hostname: baseUrl.hostname,\n        port: parseInt(baseUrl.port) || (baseUrl.protocol === 'https:' ? 443 : 80),\n        path: '/tts/bytes',\n        method: 'POST',\n        headers: {\n          [AUTHORIZATION_HEADER]: this.#opts.apiKey!,\n          [VERSION_HEADER]: VERSION,\n        },\n        signal: this.abortSignal,\n      },\n      (res) => {\n        res.on('data', (chunk) => {\n          for (const frame of bstream.write(chunk)) {\n            this.queue.put({\n              requestId,\n              frame,\n              final: false,\n              segmentId: requestId,\n            });\n          }\n        });\n        res.on('close', () => {\n          for (const frame of bstream.flush()) {\n            this.queue.put({\n              requestId,\n              frame,\n              final: false,\n              segmentId: requestId,\n            });\n          }\n          this.queue.close();\n          doneFut.resolve();\n        });\n        res.on('error', (err) => {\n          if (err.message === 'aborted') return;\n          this.#logger.error({ err }, 'Cartesia TTS response error');\n        });\n      },\n    );\n\n    req.on('error', (err) => {\n      if (err.name === 'AbortError') return;\n      this.#logger.error({ err }, 'Cartesia TTS request error');\n    });\n    req.on('close', () => doneFut.resolve());\n    req.write(JSON.stringify(json));\n    req.end();\n\n    await doneFut.await;\n  }\n}\n\nexport class SynthesizeStream extends tts.SynthesizeStream {\n  #opts: TTSOptions;\n  #logger = log();\n  #tokenizer = new tokenize.basic.SentenceTokenizer({\n    minSentenceLength: BUFFERED_WORDS_COUNT,\n  }).stream();\n  label = 'cartesia.SynthesizeStream';\n\n  constructor(tts: TTS, opts: TTSOptions) {\n    super(tts);\n    this.#opts = opts;\n  }\n\n  updateOptions(opts: Partial<TTSOptions>) {\n    this.#opts = { ...this.#opts, ...opts };\n\n    if ((this.#opts.speed || this.#opts.emotion) && this.#opts.model !== 'sonic-2-2025-03-07') {\n      this.#logger.warn(\n        { model: this.#opts.model, speed: this.#opts.speed, emotion: this.#opts.emotion },\n        \"speed and emotion controls are only supported for model 'sonic-2-2025-03-07', see https://docs.cartesia.ai/developer-tools/changelog for details\",\n      );\n    }\n  }\n\n  protected async run() {\n    const requestId = shortuuid();\n    let closing = false;\n    // Only close WebSocket when both: 1) Cartesia returns done, AND 2) all sentences have been sent\n    let sentenceStreamClosed = false;\n\n    const sentenceStreamTask = async (ws: WebSocket) => {\n      const packet = toCartesiaOptions(this.#opts, true);\n      for await (const event of this.#tokenizer) {\n        const msg = {\n          ...packet,\n          context_id: requestId,\n          transcript: event.token + ' ',\n          continue: true,\n        };\n        ws.send(JSON.stringify(msg));\n      }\n\n      const endMsg = {\n        ...packet,\n        context_id: requestId,\n        transcript: ' ',\n        continue: false,\n      };\n      ws.send(JSON.stringify(endMsg));\n      // Mark sentence stream as closed\n      sentenceStreamClosed = true;\n    };\n\n    const inputTask = async () => {\n      for await (const data of this.input) {\n        if (data === SynthesizeStream.FLUSH_SENTINEL) {\n          this.#tokenizer.flush();\n          continue;\n        }\n        this.#tokenizer.pushText(data);\n      }\n      this.#tokenizer.endInput();\n      this.#tokenizer.close();\n    };\n\n    // Use event channel and set up listeners ONCE to avoid missing messages during listener re-registration\n    const recvTask = async (ws: WebSocket) => {\n      const bstream = new AudioByteStream(this.#opts.sampleRate, NUM_CHANNELS);\n\n      // Create event channel to buffer incoming messages\n      // This prevents message loss between listener re-registrations\n      const eventChannel = stream.createStreamChannel<RawData>();\n\n      let lastFrame: AudioFrame | undefined;\n      let pendingTimedTranscripts: TimedString[] = [];\n\n      const sendLastFrame = (segmentId: string, final: boolean) => {\n        if (lastFrame && !this.queue.closed) {\n          // Include timedTranscripts with the audio frame\n          this.queue.put({\n            requestId,\n            segmentId,\n            frame: lastFrame,\n            final,\n            timedTranscripts:\n              pendingTimedTranscripts.length > 0 ? pendingTimedTranscripts : undefined,\n          });\n          lastFrame = undefined;\n          pendingTimedTranscripts = [];\n        }\n      };\n\n      let timeout: NodeJS.Timeout | null = null;\n\n      const clearTTSChunkTimeout = () => {\n        if (timeout) {\n          clearTimeout(timeout);\n          timeout = null;\n        }\n      };\n\n      // Set up WebSocket listeners ONCE (not in a loop)\n      const onMessage = (data: RawData) => {\n        void eventChannel.write(data).catch((error: unknown) => {\n          this.#logger.debug({ error }, 'Failed writing Cartesia event to channel (likely closed)');\n        });\n      };\n\n      const onClose = (code: number, reason: Buffer) => {\n        if (!closing) {\n          this.#logger.debug(`WebSocket closed with code ${code}: ${reason.toString()}`);\n        }\n        clearTTSChunkTimeout();\n        void eventChannel.close();\n      };\n\n      const onError = (err: Error) => {\n        this.#logger.error({ err }, 'Cartesia WebSocket error');\n        void eventChannel.close();\n      };\n\n      // Attach listeners ONCE\n      ws.on('message', onMessage);\n      ws.on('close', onClose);\n      ws.on('error', onError);\n\n      try {\n        // Process messages from the channel\n        const reader = eventChannel.stream().getReader();\n\n        while (!this.closed && !this.abortController.signal.aborted) {\n          const result = await reader.read();\n          if (result.done) break;\n\n          const rawMsg = result.value;\n\n          // Parse message with Zod schema for type safety\n          let serverMsg: CartesiaServerMessage;\n          try {\n            const json = JSON.parse(rawMsg.toString());\n            serverMsg = cartesiaMessageSchema.parse(json);\n          } catch (parseErr) {\n            this.#logger.warn({ parseErr }, 'Failed to parse Cartesia message');\n            continue;\n          }\n\n          // Handle error messages\n          if (isErrorMessage(serverMsg)) {\n            this.#logger.error({ error: serverMsg.error }, 'Cartesia returned error');\n            continue;\n          }\n\n          const segmentId = serverMsg.context_id;\n\n          // Process word timestamps if present (typed via Zod schema)\n          if (this.#opts.wordTimestamps !== false && hasWordTimestamps(serverMsg)) {\n            const wordTimestamps = serverMsg.word_timestamps;\n            for (let i = 0; i < wordTimestamps.words.length; i++) {\n              const word = wordTimestamps.words[i];\n              const startTime = wordTimestamps.start[i];\n              const endTime = wordTimestamps.end[i];\n              if (word !== undefined && startTime !== undefined && endTime !== undefined) {\n                pendingTimedTranscripts.push(\n                  createTimedString({\n                    text: word + ' ', // Add space after word for consistency\n                    startTime,\n                    endTime,\n                  }),\n                );\n              }\n            }\n          }\n\n          // Handle audio chunk messages\n          if (isChunkMessage(serverMsg)) {\n            const audioBuffer = Buffer.from(serverMsg.data, 'base64');\n            // Extract ArrayBuffer from Buffer for AudioByteStream compatibility\n            const audioData = audioBuffer.buffer.slice(\n              audioBuffer.byteOffset,\n              audioBuffer.byteOffset + audioBuffer.byteLength,\n            );\n            for (const frame of bstream.write(audioData)) {\n              sendLastFrame(segmentId, false);\n              lastFrame = frame;\n            }\n\n            // IMPORTANT: close WS if TTS chunk stream been stuck too long\n            // this allows unblock the current \"broken\" TTS node so that any future TTS nodes\n            // can continue to process the stream without been blocked by the stuck node\n            clearTTSChunkTimeout();\n            timeout = setTimeout(() => {\n              // cartesia chunk timeout quite often, so we make it a debug log\n              this.#logger.debug(\n                `Cartesia WebSocket TTS chunk stream timeout after ${this.#opts.chunkTimeout}ms`,\n              );\n              ws.close();\n            }, this.#opts.chunkTimeout);\n          } else if (isDoneMessage(serverMsg)) {\n            // This ensures all sentences have been sent before closing\n            if (sentenceStreamClosed) {\n              for (const frame of bstream.flush()) {\n                sendLastFrame(segmentId, false);\n                lastFrame = frame;\n              }\n              sendLastFrame(segmentId, true);\n              if (!this.queue.closed) {\n                this.queue.put(SynthesizeStream.END_OF_STREAM);\n              }\n\n              if (segmentId === requestId) {\n                closing = true;\n                clearTTSChunkTimeout();\n                ws.close();\n                break; // Exit the loop\n              }\n            }\n            // If sentenceStreamClosed is false, continue receiving - more done messages will come\n          }\n        }\n      } catch (err) {\n        // skip log error for normal websocket close\n        if (err instanceof Error && !err.message.includes('WebSocket closed')) {\n          if (\n            err.message.includes('Queue is closed') ||\n            err.message.includes('Channel is closed')\n          ) {\n            this.#logger.warn(\n              { err },\n              'Channel closed during transcript processing (expected during disconnect)',\n            );\n          } else {\n            this.#logger.error({ err }, 'Error in recvTask from Cartesia WebSocket');\n          }\n        }\n      } finally {\n        // IMPORTANT: Remove listeners so connection can be reused\n        ws.off('message', onMessage);\n        ws.off('close', onClose);\n        ws.off('error', onError);\n        clearTTSChunkTimeout();\n      }\n    };\n\n    const wsUrl = this.#opts.baseUrl.replace(/^http/, 'ws');\n    const url = `${wsUrl}/tts/websocket?api_key=${this.#opts.apiKey}&cartesia_version=${VERSION}`;\n    const ws = new WebSocket(url);\n\n    try {\n      await new Promise((resolve, reject) => {\n        ws.on('open', resolve);\n        ws.on('error', (error) => reject(error));\n        ws.on('close', (code) => reject(`WebSocket returned ${code}`));\n      });\n\n      await Promise.all([inputTask(), sentenceStreamTask(ws), recvTask(ws)]);\n    } catch (e) {\n      throw new Error(`failed to connect to Cartesia: ${e}`);\n    }\n  }\n}\n\n/**\n * Convert TTSOptions to Cartesia API format.\n *\n * @param opts - TTS options\n * @param streaming - Whether this is for streaming (WebSocket) or non-streaming (HTTP)\n */\nconst toCartesiaOptions = (\n  opts: TTSOptions,\n  streaming: boolean = false,\n): { [id: string]: unknown } => {\n  const voice: { [id: string]: unknown } = {};\n  if (typeof opts.voice === 'string') {\n    voice.mode = 'id';\n    voice.id = opts.voice;\n  } else {\n    voice.mode = 'embedding';\n    voice.embedding = opts.voice;\n  }\n\n  const voiceControls: { [id: string]: unknown } = {};\n  if (opts.speed) {\n    voiceControls.speed = opts.speed;\n  }\n  if (opts.emotion) {\n    voiceControls.emotion = opts.emotion;\n  }\n\n  if (Object.keys(voiceControls).length) {\n    voice.__experimental_controls = voiceControls;\n  }\n\n  const result: { [id: string]: unknown } = {\n    model_id: opts.model,\n    voice,\n    output_format: {\n      container: 'raw',\n      encoding: opts.encoding,\n      sample_rate: opts.sampleRate,\n    },\n    language: opts.language,\n  };\n\n  if (streaming && opts.wordTimestamps !== false) {\n    result.add_timestamps = true;\n  }\n\n  return 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'Cartesia API key is required, whether as an argument or as $CARTESIA_API_KEY',\n      );\n    }\n\n    if ((this.#opts.speed || this.#opts.emotion) && this.#opts.model !== 'sonic-2-2025-03-07') {\n      const logger = log();\n      logger.warn(\n        { model: this.#opts.model, speed: this.#opts.speed, emotion: this.#opts.emotion },\n        \"speed and emotion controls are only supported for model 'sonic-2-2025-03-07', see https://docs.cartesia.ai/developer-tools/changelog for details\",\n      );\n    }\n  }\n\n  updateOptions(opts: Partial<TTSOptions>) {\n    this.#opts = { ...this.#opts, ...opts };\n\n    if ((this.#opts.speed || this.#opts.emotion) && this.#opts.model !== 'sonic-2-2025-03-07') {\n      const logger = log();\n      logger.warn(\n        { model: this.#opts.model, speed: this.#opts.speed, emotion: this.#opts.emotion },\n        \"speed and emotion controls are only supported for model 'sonic-2-2025-03-07', see https://docs.cartesia.ai/developer-tools/changelog for details\",\n      );\n    }\n  }\n\n  synthesize(\n    text: string,\n    connOptions?: APIConnectOptions,\n    abortSignal?: AbortSignal,\n  ): tts.ChunkedStream {\n    return new ChunkedStream(this, text, this.#opts, connOptions, abortSignal);\n  }\n\n  stream(options?: { connOptions?: APIConnectOptions }): SynthesizeStream {\n    return new SynthesizeStream(this, this.#opts, options?.connOptions);\n  }\n}\n\nexport class ChunkedStream extends tts.ChunkedStream {\n  label = 'cartesia.ChunkedStream';\n  #logger = log();\n  #opts: TTSOptions;\n  #text: string;\n\n  constructor(\n    tts: TTS,\n    text: string,\n    opts: TTSOptions,\n    connOptions?: APIConnectOptions,\n    abortSignal?: AbortSignal,\n  ) {\n    super(text, tts, connOptions, abortSignal);\n    this.#text = text;\n    this.#opts = opts;\n  }\n\n  protected async run() {\n    const requestId = shortuuid();\n    const bstream = new AudioByteStream(this.#opts.sampleRate, NUM_CHANNELS);\n    const json = toCartesiaOptions(this.#opts);\n    json.transcript = this.#text;\n\n    const baseUrl = new URL(this.#opts.baseUrl);\n    const doneFut = new Future<void>();\n\n    const req = request(\n      {\n        hostname: baseUrl.hostname,\n        port: parseInt(baseUrl.port) || (baseUrl.protocol === 'https:' ? 443 : 80),\n        path: '/tts/bytes',\n        method: 'POST',\n        headers: {\n          [AUTHORIZATION_HEADER]: this.#opts.apiKey!,\n          [VERSION_HEADER]: VERSION,\n        },\n        signal: this.abortSignal,\n      },\n      (res) => {\n        res.on('data', (chunk) => {\n          for (const frame of bstream.write(chunk)) {\n            this.queue.put({\n              requestId,\n              frame,\n              final: false,\n              segmentId: requestId,\n            });\n          }\n        });\n        res.on('close', () => {\n          for (const frame of bstream.flush()) {\n            this.queue.put({\n              requestId,\n              frame,\n              final: false,\n              segmentId: requestId,\n            });\n          }\n          this.queue.close();\n          if (!doneFut.done) doneFut.resolve();\n        });\n        res.on('error', (err) => {\n          if (err.message === 'aborted') return;\n          this.#logger.error({ err }, 'Cartesia TTS response error');\n          if (!doneFut.done) doneFut.reject(err);\n        });\n      },\n    );\n\n    req.on('error', (err) => {\n      if (err.name === 'AbortError') return;\n      this.#logger.error({ err }, 'Cartesia TTS request error');\n      if (!doneFut.done) doneFut.reject(err);\n    });\n    req.on('close', () => {\n      if (!doneFut.done) doneFut.resolve();\n    });\n    req.write(JSON.stringify(json));\n    req.end();\n\n    try {\n      await doneFut.await;\n    } catch (e) {\n      if (this.abortSignal.aborted) return;\n      if (!this.queue.closed) this.queue.close();\n      throw toRetryableConnectionError(e);\n    }\n  }\n}\n\nexport class SynthesizeStream extends tts.SynthesizeStream {\n  #opts: TTSOptions;\n  #logger = log();\n  #tokenizer = new tokenize.basic.SentenceTokenizer({\n    minSentenceLength: BUFFERED_WORDS_COUNT,\n  }).stream();\n  label = 'cartesia.SynthesizeStream';\n\n  constructor(tts: TTS, opts: TTSOptions, connOptions?: APIConnectOptions) {\n    super(tts, connOptions);\n    this.#opts = opts;\n  }\n\n  updateOptions(opts: Partial<TTSOptions>) {\n    this.#opts = { ...this.#opts, ...opts };\n\n    if ((this.#opts.speed || this.#opts.emotion) && this.#opts.model !== 'sonic-2-2025-03-07') {\n      this.#logger.warn(\n        { model: this.#opts.model, speed: this.#opts.speed, emotion: this.#opts.emotion },\n        \"speed and emotion controls are only supported for model 'sonic-2-2025-03-07', see https://docs.cartesia.ai/developer-tools/changelog for details\",\n      );\n    }\n  }\n\n  protected async run() {\n    const requestId = shortuuid();\n    let closing = false;\n    // Only close WebSocket when both: 1) Cartesia returns done, AND 2) all sentences have been sent\n    let sentenceStreamClosed = false;\n\n    const sentenceStreamTask = async (ws: WebSocket) => {\n      const packet = toCartesiaOptions(this.#opts, true);\n      for await (const event of this.#tokenizer) {\n        const msg = {\n          ...packet,\n          context_id: requestId,\n          transcript: event.token + ' ',\n          continue: true,\n        };\n        ws.send(JSON.stringify(msg));\n      }\n\n      const endMsg = {\n        ...packet,\n        context_id: requestId,\n        transcript: ' ',\n        continue: false,\n      };\n      ws.send(JSON.stringify(endMsg));\n      // Mark sentence stream as closed\n      sentenceStreamClosed = true;\n    };\n\n    const inputTask = async () => {\n      for await (const data of this.input) {\n        if (data === SynthesizeStream.FLUSH_SENTINEL) {\n          this.#tokenizer.flush();\n          continue;\n        }\n        this.#tokenizer.pushText(data);\n      }\n      this.#tokenizer.endInput();\n      this.#tokenizer.close();\n    };\n\n    // Use event channel and set up listeners ONCE to avoid missing messages during listener re-registration\n    const recvTask = async (ws: WebSocket) => {\n      const bstream = new AudioByteStream(this.#opts.sampleRate, NUM_CHANNELS);\n\n      // Create event channel to buffer incoming messages\n      // This prevents message loss between listener re-registrations\n      const eventChannel = stream.createStreamChannel<RawData>();\n\n      let lastFrame: AudioFrame | undefined;\n      let pendingTimedTranscripts: TimedString[] = [];\n\n      const sendLastFrame = (segmentId: string, final: boolean) => {\n        if (lastFrame && !this.queue.closed) {\n          // Include timedTranscripts with the audio frame\n          this.queue.put({\n            requestId,\n            segmentId,\n            frame: lastFrame,\n            final,\n            timedTranscripts:\n              pendingTimedTranscripts.length > 0 ? pendingTimedTranscripts : undefined,\n          });\n          lastFrame = undefined;\n          pendingTimedTranscripts = [];\n        }\n      };\n\n      let timeout: NodeJS.Timeout | null = null;\n\n      const clearTTSChunkTimeout = () => {\n        if (timeout) {\n          clearTimeout(timeout);\n          timeout = null;\n        }\n      };\n\n      // Set up WebSocket listeners ONCE (not in a loop)\n      const onMessage = (data: RawData) => {\n        void eventChannel.write(data).catch((error: unknown) => {\n          this.#logger.debug({ error }, 'Failed writing Cartesia event to channel (likely closed)');\n        });\n      };\n\n      const onClose = (code: number, reason: Buffer) => {\n        if (!closing) {\n          this.#logger.debug(`WebSocket closed with code ${code}: ${reason.toString()}`);\n        }\n        clearTTSChunkTimeout();\n        void eventChannel.close();\n      };\n\n      const onError = (err: Error) => {\n        this.#logger.error({ err }, 'Cartesia WebSocket error');\n        void eventChannel.close();\n      };\n\n      // Attach listeners ONCE\n      ws.on('message', onMessage);\n      ws.on('close', onClose);\n      ws.on('error', onError);\n\n      try {\n        // Process messages from the channel\n        const reader = eventChannel.stream().getReader();\n\n        while (!this.closed && !this.abortController.signal.aborted) {\n          const result = await reader.read();\n          if (result.done) break;\n\n          const rawMsg = result.value;\n\n          // Parse message with Zod schema for type safety\n          let serverMsg: CartesiaServerMessage;\n          try {\n            const json = JSON.parse(rawMsg.toString());\n            serverMsg = cartesiaMessageSchema.parse(json);\n          } catch (parseErr) {\n            this.#logger.warn({ parseErr }, 'Failed to parse Cartesia message');\n            continue;\n          }\n\n          // Handle error messages\n          if (isErrorMessage(serverMsg)) {\n            this.#logger.error({ error: serverMsg.error }, 'Cartesia returned error');\n            continue;\n          }\n\n          const segmentId = serverMsg.context_id;\n\n          // Process word timestamps if present (typed via Zod schema)\n          if (this.#opts.wordTimestamps !== false && hasWordTimestamps(serverMsg)) {\n            const wordTimestamps = serverMsg.word_timestamps;\n            for (let i = 0; i < wordTimestamps.words.length; i++) {\n              const word = wordTimestamps.words[i];\n              const startTime = wordTimestamps.start[i];\n              const endTime = wordTimestamps.end[i];\n              if (word !== undefined && startTime !== undefined && endTime !== undefined) {\n                pendingTimedTranscripts.push(\n                  createTimedString({\n                    text: word + ' ', // Add space after word for consistency\n                    startTime,\n                    endTime,\n                  }),\n                );\n              }\n            }\n          }\n\n          // Handle audio chunk messages\n          if (isChunkMessage(serverMsg)) {\n            const audioBuffer = Buffer.from(serverMsg.data, 'base64');\n            // Extract ArrayBuffer from Buffer for AudioByteStream compatibility\n            const audioData = audioBuffer.buffer.slice(\n              audioBuffer.byteOffset,\n              audioBuffer.byteOffset + audioBuffer.byteLength,\n            );\n            for (const frame of bstream.write(audioData)) {\n              sendLastFrame(segmentId, false);\n              lastFrame = frame;\n            }\n\n            // IMPORTANT: close WS if TTS chunk stream been stuck too long\n            // this allows unblock the current \"broken\" TTS node so that any future TTS nodes\n            // can continue to process the stream without been blocked by the stuck node\n            clearTTSChunkTimeout();\n            timeout = setTimeout(() => {\n              // cartesia chunk timeout quite often, so we make it a debug log\n              this.#logger.debug(\n                `Cartesia WebSocket TTS chunk stream timeout after ${this.#opts.chunkTimeout}ms`,\n              );\n              ws.close();\n            }, this.#opts.chunkTimeout);\n          } else if (isDoneMessage(serverMsg)) {\n            // This ensures all sentences have been sent before closing\n            if (sentenceStreamClosed) {\n              for (const frame of bstream.flush()) {\n                sendLastFrame(segmentId, false);\n                lastFrame = frame;\n              }\n              sendLastFrame(segmentId, true);\n              if (!this.queue.closed) {\n                this.queue.put(SynthesizeStream.END_OF_STREAM);\n              }\n\n              if (segmentId === requestId) {\n                closing = true;\n                clearTTSChunkTimeout();\n                ws.close();\n                break; // Exit the loop\n              }\n            }\n            // If sentenceStreamClosed is false, continue receiving - more done messages will come\n          }\n        }\n      } catch (err) {\n        // skip log error for normal websocket close\n        if (err instanceof Error && !err.message.includes('WebSocket closed')) {\n          if (\n            err.message.includes('Queue is closed') ||\n            err.message.includes('Channel is closed')\n          ) {\n            this.#logger.warn(\n              { err },\n              'Channel closed during transcript processing (expected during disconnect)',\n            );\n          } else {\n            this.#logger.error({ err }, 'Error in recvTask from Cartesia WebSocket');\n          }\n        }\n      } finally {\n        // IMPORTANT: Remove listeners so connection can be reused\n        ws.off('message', onMessage);\n        ws.off('close', onClose);\n        ws.off('error', onError);\n        clearTTSChunkTimeout();\n      }\n    };\n\n    const wsUrl = this.#opts.baseUrl.replace(/^http/, 'ws');\n    const url = `${wsUrl}/tts/websocket?api_key=${this.#opts.apiKey}&cartesia_version=${VERSION}`;\n\n    let ws: WebSocket | undefined;\n    try {\n      ws = await connectCartesiaWebSocket({\n        url,\n        timeoutMs: this.connOptions.timeoutMs,\n        abortSignal: this.abortSignal,\n      });\n      await Promise.all([inputTask(), sentenceStreamTask(ws), recvTask(ws)]);\n    } catch (e) {\n      if (this.abortSignal.aborted) {\n        return;\n      }\n      throw toRetryableConnectionError(e);\n    } finally {\n      // Ensure we don't leak sockets/tasks across retry attempts.\n      if (ws && ws.readyState !== WebSocket.CLOSED) {\n        safeTerminateWebSocket(ws);\n      }\n    }\n  }\n}\n\nconst asError = (e: unknown): Error => (e instanceof Error ? e : new Error(String(e)));\n\nconst transientNetworkCodes = new Set([\n  'ETIMEDOUT',\n  'ECONNRESET',\n  'EAI_AGAIN',\n  'ENETUNREACH',\n  'ECONNREFUSED',\n  'EHOSTUNREACH',\n]);\n\nconst isRecord = (v: unknown): v is Record<string, unknown> => {\n  return v !== null && typeof v === 'object';\n};\n\nconst isAggregateErrorLike = (e: unknown): e is { errors: unknown[]; name?: string } => {\n  if (!isRecord(e)) return false;\n  return e.name === 'AggregateError' && Array.isArray(e.errors);\n};\n\nconst hasErrorCode = (e: unknown, code: string): boolean => {\n  if (isRecord(e) && e.code === code) return true;\n  if (isAggregateErrorLike(e)) {\n    return e.errors.some((inner) => hasErrorCode(inner, code));\n  }\n  return false;\n};\n\nconst hasAnyTransientCode = (e: unknown): boolean => {\n  if (isRecord(e) && typeof e.code === 'string') {\n    return transientNetworkCodes.has(e.code);\n  }\n  if (isAggregateErrorLike(e)) {\n    return e.errors.some((inner) => hasAnyTransientCode(inner));\n  }\n  return false;\n};\n\nconst toRetryableConnectionError = (e: unknown): APIConnectionError => {\n  const err = asError(e);\n  const isTimeout =\n    hasErrorCode(e, 'ETIMEDOUT') ||\n    (typeof err.message === 'string' && err.message.includes('ETIMEDOUT'));\n  const message = isTimeout\n    ? `Cartesia connection timed out`\n    : `Cartesia connection failed: ${err.message || 'unknown error'}`;\n  return isTimeout ? new APITimeoutError({ message }) : new APIConnectionError({ message });\n};\n\nconst waitForWsOpen = async ({\n  ws,\n  timeoutMs,\n  abortSignal,\n}: {\n  ws: WebSocket;\n  timeoutMs: number;\n  abortSignal: AbortSignal;\n}) => {\n  if (abortSignal.aborted) {\n    throw new Error('aborted');\n  }\n\n  const fut = new Future<void>();\n  let timeout: NodeJS.Timeout | undefined;\n\n  const cleanup = () => {\n    if (timeout) clearTimeout(timeout);\n    ws.off('open', onOpen);\n    ws.off('error', onError);\n    ws.off('close', onClose);\n    abortSignal.removeEventListener('abort', onAbort);\n  };\n\n  const onOpen = () => fut.resolve();\n  const onError = (err: Error) => fut.reject(asError(err));\n  const onClose = (code: number, reason: Buffer) =>\n    fut.reject(\n      new Error(`WebSocket closed before open (code=${code}, reason=${reason.toString()})`),\n    );\n  const onAbort = () => fut.reject(new Error('aborted'));\n\n  ws.on('open', onOpen);\n  ws.on('error', onError);\n  ws.on('close', onClose);\n  abortSignal.addEventListener('abort', onAbort, { once: true });\n\n  if (timeoutMs > 0) {\n    timeout = setTimeout(() => fut.reject(new Error('connect timeout')), timeoutMs);\n  }\n\n  try {\n    await fut.await;\n  } finally {\n    cleanup();\n  }\n};\n\nconst safeTerminateWebSocket = (ws: WebSocket) => {\n  // `ws` can emit an 'error' event during teardown (especially if CONNECTING).\n  // If there is no error listener at that moment, Node will treat it as unhandled and crash the process.\n  try {\n    ws.on('error', () => {});\n  } catch {\n    // ignore\n  }\n\n  try {\n    // `terminate()` can throw if the socket was never established; `close()` is safer in CONNECTING.\n    if (ws.readyState === WebSocket.CONNECTING) {\n      ws.close();\n    } else {\n      ws.terminate();\n    }\n  } catch {\n    // ignore\n  }\n};\n\nconst connectCartesiaWebSocket = async ({\n  url,\n  timeoutMs,\n  abortSignal,\n}: {\n  url: string;\n  timeoutMs: number;\n  abortSignal: AbortSignal;\n}): Promise<WebSocket> => {\n  const connectOnce = async (family?: number): Promise<WebSocket> => {\n    const ws = new WebSocket(url, { handshakeTimeout: timeoutMs, family });\n    try {\n      await waitForWsOpen({ ws, timeoutMs, abortSignal });\n      return ws;\n    } catch (e) {\n      safeTerminateWebSocket(ws);\n      throw e;\n    }\n  };\n\n  try {\n    return await connectOnce();\n  } catch (e) {\n    // Mitigation for Node.js dual-stack (IPv6/IPv4) connect flakiness (\"happy eyeballs\"):\n    // some environments surface `AggregateError` with nested `ETIMEDOUT` during the initial\n    // WebSocket open. In that case we do a one-off retry forcing IPv4 (`family: 4`) before\n    // letting the outer framework retry loop handle further attempts.\n    //\n    // If you still see `AggregateError`/`ETIMEDOUT`:\n    // - Increase the session TTS connect timeout (`connOptions.ttsConnOptions.timeoutMs`)\n    // - Or adjust Node's family autoselection behavior via `NODE_OPTIONS`, e.g.\n    //   `--network-family-autoselection-attempt-timeout=5000` (or disable it entirely).\n    if (hasAnyTransientCode(e) || isAggregateErrorLike(e)) {\n      return await connectOnce(4);\n    }\n    throw e;\n  }\n};\n\n/**\n * Convert TTSOptions to Cartesia API format.\n *\n * @param opts - TTS options\n * @param streaming - Whether this is for streaming (WebSocket) or non-streaming (HTTP)\n */\nconst toCartesiaOptions = (\n  opts: TTSOptions,\n  streaming: boolean = false,\n): { [id: string]: unknown } => {\n  const voice: { [id: string]: unknown } = {};\n  if (typeof opts.voice === 'string') {\n    voice.mode = 'id';\n    voice.id = opts.voice;\n  } else {\n    voice.mode = 'embedding';\n    voice.embedding = opts.voice;\n  }\n\n  const voiceControls: { [id: string]: unknown } = {};\n  if (opts.speed) {\n    voiceControls.speed = opts.speed;\n  }\n  if (opts.emotion) {\n    voiceControls.emotion = opts.emotion;\n  }\n\n  if (Object.keys(voiceControls).length) {\n    voice.__experimental_controls = voiceControls;\n  }\n\n  const result: { [id: string]: unknown } = {\n    model_id: opts.model,\n    voice,\n    output_format: {\n      container: 'raw',\n      encoding: opts.encoding,\n      sample_rate: opts.sampleRate,\n    },\n    language: opts.language,\n    pronunciation_dict_id: opts.pronunciationDictId,\n  };\n\n  if (streaming && opts.wordTimestamps !== false) {\n    result.add_timestamps = true;\n  }\n\n  return 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package/dist/tts.d.cts

@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ export interface TTSOptions {
      * @defaultValue true
      */
     wordTimestamps?: boolean;
+    pronunciationDictId?: string;
 }
 export declare class TTS extends tts.TTS {
     #private;
@@ -27,7 +28,9 @@ export declare class TTS extends tts.TTS {
     constructor(opts?: Partial<TTSOptions>);
     updateOptions(opts: Partial<TTSOptions>): void;
     synthesize(text: string, connOptions?: APIConnectOptions, abortSignal?: AbortSignal): tts.ChunkedStream;
-    stream(): SynthesizeStream;
+    stream(options?: {
+        connOptions?: APIConnectOptions;
+    }): SynthesizeStream;
 }
 export declare class ChunkedStream extends tts.ChunkedStream {
     #private;
@@ -38,7 +41,7 @@ export declare class ChunkedStream extends tts.ChunkedStream {
 export declare class SynthesizeStream extends tts.SynthesizeStream {
     #private;
     label: string;
-    constructor(tts: TTS, opts: TTSOptions);
+    constructor(tts: TTS, opts: TTSOptions, connOptions?: APIConnectOptions);
     updateOptions(opts: Partial<TTSOptions>): void;
     protected run(): Promise<void>;
 }

package/dist/tts.d.ts

@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ export interface TTSOptions {
      * @defaultValue true
      */
     wordTimestamps?: boolean;
+    pronunciationDictId?: string;
 }
 export declare class TTS extends tts.TTS {
     #private;
@@ -27,7 +28,9 @@ export declare class TTS extends tts.TTS {
     constructor(opts?: Partial<TTSOptions>);
     updateOptions(opts: Partial<TTSOptions>): void;
     synthesize(text: string, connOptions?: APIConnectOptions, abortSignal?: AbortSignal): tts.ChunkedStream;
-    stream(): SynthesizeStream;
+    stream(options?: {
+        connOptions?: APIConnectOptions;
+    }): SynthesizeStream;
 }
 export declare class ChunkedStream extends tts.ChunkedStream {
     #private;
@@ -38,7 +41,7 @@ export declare class ChunkedStream extends tts.ChunkedStream {
 export declare class SynthesizeStream extends tts.SynthesizeStream {
     #private;
     label: string;
-    constructor(tts: TTS, opts: TTSOptions);
+    constructor(tts: TTS, opts: TTSOptions, connOptions?: APIConnectOptions);
     updateOptions(opts: Partial<TTSOptions>): void;
     protected run(): Promise<void>;
 }

package/dist/tts.d.ts.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"version":3,"file":"tts.d.ts","sourceRoot":"","sources":["../src/tts.ts"],"names":[],"mappings":"AAGA,OAAO,EACL,KAAK,iBAAiB,EAStB,GAAG,EACJ,MAAM,iBAAiB,CAAC;AAIzB,OAAO,EAEL,KAAK,WAAW,EAChB,KAAK,SAAS,EACd,KAAK,eAAe,EACpB,KAAK,aAAa,EACnB,MAAM,aAAa,CAAC;AAgBrB,MAAM,WAAW,UAAU;IACzB,KAAK,EAAE,SAAS,GAAG,MAAM,CAAC;IAC1B,QAAQ,EAAE,WAAW,CAAC;IACtB,UAAU,EAAE,MAAM,CAAC;IACnB,KAAK,EAAE,MAAM,GAAG,MAAM,EAAE,CAAC;IACzB,KAAK,CAAC,EAAE,aAAa,GAAG,MAAM,CAAC;IAC/B,OAAO,CAAC,EAAE,CAAC,eAAe,GAAG,MAAM,CAAC,EAAE,CAAC;IACvC,MAAM,CAAC,EAAE,MAAM,CAAC;IAChB,QAAQ,EAAE,MAAM,CAAC;IACjB,OAAO,EAAE,MAAM,CAAC;IAEhB;;OAEG;IACH,YAAY,EAAE,MAAM,CAAC;IAErB;;;;OAIG;IACH,cAAc,CAAC,EAAE,OAAO,CAAC;CAC1B;AAcD,qBAAa,GAAI,SAAQ,GAAG,CAAC,GAAG;;IAE9B,KAAK,SAAkB;gBAEX,IAAI,GAAE,OAAO,CAAC,UAAU,CAAM;IA4B1C,aAAa,CAAC,IAAI,EAAE,OAAO,CAAC,UAAU,CAAC;IAYvC,UAAU,CACR,IAAI,EAAE,MAAM,EACZ,WAAW,CAAC,EAAE,iBAAiB,EAC/B,WAAW,CAAC,EAAE,WAAW,GACxB,GAAG,CAAC,aAAa;IAIpB,MAAM,IAAI,gBAAgB;CAG3B;AAED,qBAAa,aAAc,SAAQ,GAAG,CAAC,aAAa;;IAClD,KAAK,SAA4B;gBAM/B,GAAG,EAAE,GAAG,EACR,IAAI,EAAE,MAAM,EACZ,IAAI,EAAE,UAAU,EAChB,WAAW,CAAC,EAAE,iBAAiB,EAC/B,WAAW,CAAC,EAAE,WAAW;cAOX,GAAG;CA6DpB;AAED,qBAAa,gBAAiB,SAAQ,GAAG,CAAC,gBAAgB;;IAMxD,KAAK,SAA+B;gBAExB,GAAG,EAAE,GAAG,EAAE,IAAI,EAAE,UAAU;IAKtC,aAAa,CAAC,IAAI,EAAE,OAAO,CAAC,UAAU,CAAC;cAWvB,GAAG;CA2OpB"}
+{"version":3,"file":"tts.d.ts","sourceRoot":"","sources":["../src/tts.ts"],"names":[],"mappings":"AAGA,OAAO,EACL,KAAK,iBAAiB,EAWtB,GAAG,EACJ,MAAM,iBAAiB,CAAC;AAIzB,OAAO,EAEL,KAAK,WAAW,EAChB,KAAK,SAAS,EACd,KAAK,eAAe,EACpB,KAAK,aAAa,EACnB,MAAM,aAAa,CAAC;AAgBrB,MAAM,WAAW,UAAU;IACzB,KAAK,EAAE,SAAS,GAAG,MAAM,CAAC;IAC1B,QAAQ,EAAE,WAAW,CAAC;IACtB,UAAU,EAAE,MAAM,CAAC;IACnB,KAAK,EAAE,MAAM,GAAG,MAAM,EAAE,CAAC;IACzB,KAAK,CAAC,EAAE,aAAa,GAAG,MAAM,CAAC;IAC/B,OAAO,CAAC,EAAE,CAAC,eAAe,GAAG,MAAM,CAAC,EAAE,CAAC;IACvC,MAAM,CAAC,EAAE,MAAM,CAAC;IAChB,QAAQ,EAAE,MAAM,CAAC;IACjB,OAAO,EAAE,MAAM,CAAC;IAEhB;;OAEG;IACH,YAAY,EAAE,MAAM,CAAC;IAErB;;;;OAIG;IACH,cAAc,CAAC,EAAE,OAAO,CAAC;IAEzB,mBAAmB,CAAC,EAAE,MAAM,CAAC;CAC9B;AAcD,qBAAa,GAAI,SAAQ,GAAG,CAAC,GAAG;;IAE9B,KAAK,SAAkB;gBAEX,IAAI,GAAE,OAAO,CAAC,UAAU,CAAM;IA4B1C,aAAa,CAAC,IAAI,EAAE,OAAO,CAAC,UAAU,CAAC;IAYvC,UAAU,CACR,IAAI,EAAE,MAAM,EACZ,WAAW,CAAC,EAAE,iBAAiB,EAC/B,WAAW,CAAC,EAAE,WAAW,GACxB,GAAG,CAAC,aAAa;IAIpB,MAAM,CAAC,OAAO,CAAC,EAAE;QAAE,WAAW,CAAC,EAAE,iBAAiB,CAAA;KAAE,GAAG,gBAAgB;CAGxE;AAED,qBAAa,aAAc,SAAQ,GAAG,CAAC,aAAa;;IAClD,KAAK,SAA4B;gBAM/B,GAAG,EAAE,GAAG,EACR,IAAI,EAAE,MAAM,EACZ,IAAI,EAAE,UAAU,EAChB,WAAW,CAAC,EAAE,iBAAiB,EAC/B,WAAW,CAAC,EAAE,WAAW;cAOX,GAAG;CAuEpB;AAED,qBAAa,gBAAiB,SAAQ,GAAG,CAAC,gBAAgB;;IAMxD,KAAK,SAA+B;gBAExB,GAAG,EAAE,GAAG,EAAE,IAAI,EAAE,UAAU,EAAE,WAAW,CAAC,EAAE,iBAAiB;IAKvE,aAAa,CAAC,IAAI,EAAE,OAAO,CAAC,UAAU,CAAC;cAWvB,GAAG;CAkPpB"}

package/dist/tts.js

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 import {
+  APIConnectionError,
+  APITimeoutError,
   AudioByteStream,
   Future,
   createTimedString,
@@ -75,8 +77,8 @@ class TTS extends tts.TTS {
   synthesize(text, connOptions, abortSignal) {
     return new ChunkedStream(this, text, this.#opts, connOptions, abortSignal);
   }
-  stream() {
-    return new SynthesizeStream(this, this.#opts);
+  stream(options) {
+    return new SynthesizeStream(this, this.#opts, options == null ? void 0 : options.connOptions);
   }
 }
 class ChunkedStream extends tts.ChunkedStream {
@@ -129,22 +131,32 @@ class ChunkedStream extends tts.ChunkedStream {
             });
           }
           this.queue.close();
-          doneFut.resolve();
+          if (!doneFut.done) doneFut.resolve();
         });
         res.on("error", (err) => {
           if (err.message === "aborted") return;
           this.#logger.error({ err }, "Cartesia TTS response error");
+          if (!doneFut.done) doneFut.reject(err);
         });
       }
     );
     req.on("error", (err) => {
       if (err.name === "AbortError") return;
       this.#logger.error({ err }, "Cartesia TTS request error");
+      if (!doneFut.done) doneFut.reject(err);
+    });
+    req.on("close", () => {
+      if (!doneFut.done) doneFut.resolve();
     });
-    req.on("close", () => doneFut.resolve());
     req.write(JSON.stringify(json));
     req.end();
-    await doneFut.await;
+    try {
+      await doneFut.await;
+    } catch (e) {
+      if (this.abortSignal.aborted) return;
+      if (!this.queue.closed) this.queue.close();
+      throw toRetryableConnectionError(e);
+    }
   }
 }
 class SynthesizeStream extends tts.SynthesizeStream {
@@ -154,8 +166,8 @@ class SynthesizeStream extends tts.SynthesizeStream {
     minSentenceLength: BUFFERED_WORDS_COUNT
   }).stream();
   label = "cartesia.SynthesizeStream";
-  constructor(tts2, opts) {
-    super(tts2);
+  constructor(tts2, opts, connOptions) {
+    super(tts2, connOptions);
     this.#opts = opts;
   }
   updateOptions(opts) {
@@ -339,19 +351,139 @@ class SynthesizeStream extends tts.SynthesizeStream {
     };
     const wsUrl = this.#opts.baseUrl.replace(/^http/, "ws");
     const url = `${wsUrl}/tts/websocket?api_key=${this.#opts.apiKey}&cartesia_version=${VERSION}`;
-    const ws = new WebSocket(url);
+    let ws;
     try {
-      await new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
-        ws.on("open", resolve);
-        ws.on("error", (error) => reject(error));
-        ws.on("close", (code) => reject(`WebSocket returned ${code}`));
+      ws = await connectCartesiaWebSocket({
+        url,
+        timeoutMs: this.connOptions.timeoutMs,
+        abortSignal: this.abortSignal
       });
       await Promise.all([inputTask(), sentenceStreamTask(ws), recvTask(ws)]);
     } catch (e) {
-      throw new Error(`failed to connect to Cartesia: ${e}`);
+      if (this.abortSignal.aborted) {
+        return;
+      }
+      throw toRetryableConnectionError(e);
+    } finally {
+      if (ws && ws.readyState !== WebSocket.CLOSED) {
+        safeTerminateWebSocket(ws);
+      }
     }
   }
 }
+const asError = (e) => e instanceof Error ? e : new Error(String(e));
+const transientNetworkCodes = /* @__PURE__ */ new Set([
+  "ETIMEDOUT",
+  "ECONNRESET",
+  "EAI_AGAIN",
+  "ENETUNREACH",
+  "ECONNREFUSED",
+  "EHOSTUNREACH"
+]);
+const isRecord = (v) => {
+  return v !== null && typeof v === "object";
+};
+const isAggregateErrorLike = (e) => {
+  if (!isRecord(e)) return false;
+  return e.name === "AggregateError" && Array.isArray(e.errors);
+};
+const hasErrorCode = (e, code) => {
+  if (isRecord(e) && e.code === code) return true;
+  if (isAggregateErrorLike(e)) {
+    return e.errors.some((inner) => hasErrorCode(inner, code));
+  }
+  return false;
+};
+const hasAnyTransientCode = (e) => {
+  if (isRecord(e) && typeof e.code === "string") {
+    return transientNetworkCodes.has(e.code);
+  }
+  if (isAggregateErrorLike(e)) {
+    return e.errors.some((inner) => hasAnyTransientCode(inner));
+  }
+  return false;
+};
+const toRetryableConnectionError = (e) => {
+  const err = asError(e);
+  const isTimeout = hasErrorCode(e, "ETIMEDOUT") || typeof err.message === "string" && err.message.includes("ETIMEDOUT");
+  const message = isTimeout ? `Cartesia connection timed out` : `Cartesia connection failed: ${err.message || "unknown error"}`;
+  return isTimeout ? new APITimeoutError({ message }) : new APIConnectionError({ message });
+};
+const waitForWsOpen = async ({
+  ws,
+  timeoutMs,
+  abortSignal
+}) => {
+  if (abortSignal.aborted) {
+    throw new Error("aborted");
+  }
+  const fut = new Future();
+  let timeout;
+  const cleanup = () => {
+    if (timeout) clearTimeout(timeout);
+    ws.off("open", onOpen);
+    ws.off("error", onError);
+    ws.off("close", onClose);
+    abortSignal.removeEventListener("abort", onAbort);
+  };
+  const onOpen = () => fut.resolve();
+  const onError = (err) => fut.reject(asError(err));
+  const onClose = (code, reason) => fut.reject(
+    new Error(`WebSocket closed before open (code=${code}, reason=${reason.toString()})`)
+  );
+  const onAbort = () => fut.reject(new Error("aborted"));
+  ws.on("open", onOpen);
+  ws.on("error", onError);
+  ws.on("close", onClose);
+  abortSignal.addEventListener("abort", onAbort, { once: true });
+  if (timeoutMs > 0) {
+    timeout = setTimeout(() => fut.reject(new Error("connect timeout")), timeoutMs);
+  }
+  try {
+    await fut.await;
+  } finally {
+    cleanup();
+  }
+};
+const safeTerminateWebSocket = (ws) => {
+  try {
+    ws.on("error", () => {
+    });
+  } catch {
+  }
+  try {
+    if (ws.readyState === WebSocket.CONNECTING) {
+      ws.close();
+    } else {
+      ws.terminate();
+    }
+  } catch {
+  }
+};
+const connectCartesiaWebSocket = async ({
+  url,
+  timeoutMs,
+  abortSignal
+}) => {
+  const connectOnce = async (family) => {
+    const ws = new WebSocket(url, { handshakeTimeout: timeoutMs, family });
+    try {
+      await waitForWsOpen({ ws, timeoutMs, abortSignal });
+      return ws;
+    } catch (e) {
+      safeTerminateWebSocket(ws);
+      throw e;
+    }
+  };
+  try {
+    return await connectOnce();
+  } catch (e) {
+    if (hasAnyTransientCode(e) || isAggregateErrorLike(e)) {
+      return await connectOnce(4);
+    }
+    throw e;
+  }
+};
 const toCartesiaOptions = (opts, streaming = false) => {
   const voice = {};
   if (typeof opts.voice === "string") {
@@ -379,7 +511,8 @@ const toCartesiaOptions = (opts, streaming = false) => {
       encoding: opts.encoding,
       sample_rate: opts.sampleRate
     },
-    language: opts.language
+    language: opts.language,
+    pronunciation_dict_id: opts.pronunciationDictId
   };
   if (streaming && opts.wordTimestamps !== false) {
     result.add_timestamps = true;

package/dist/tts.js.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"version":3,"sources":["../src/tts.ts"],"sourcesContent":["// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2024 LiveKit, Inc.\n//\n// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0\nimport {\n  type APIConnectOptions,\n  AudioByteStream,\n  Future,\n  type TimedString,\n  createTimedString,\n  log,\n  shortuuid,\n  stream,\n  tokenize,\n  tts,\n} from '@livekit/agents';\nimport type { AudioFrame } from '@livekit/rtc-node';\nimport { request } from 'node:https';\nimport { type RawData, WebSocket } from 'ws';\nimport {\n  TTSDefaultVoiceId,\n  type TTSEncoding,\n  type TTSModels,\n  type TTSVoiceEmotion,\n  type TTSVoiceSpeed,\n} from './models.js';\nimport {\n  type CartesiaServerMessage,\n  cartesiaMessageSchema,\n  hasWordTimestamps,\n  isChunkMessage,\n  isDoneMessage,\n  isErrorMessage,\n} from './types.js';\n\nconst AUTHORIZATION_HEADER = 'X-API-Key';\nconst VERSION_HEADER = 'Cartesia-Version';\nconst VERSION = '2024-06-10';\nconst NUM_CHANNELS = 1;\nconst BUFFERED_WORDS_COUNT = 8;\n\nexport interface TTSOptions {\n  model: TTSModels | string;\n  encoding: TTSEncoding;\n  sampleRate: number;\n  voice: string | number[];\n  speed?: TTSVoiceSpeed | number;\n  emotion?: (TTSVoiceEmotion | string)[];\n  apiKey?: string;\n  language: string;\n  baseUrl: string;\n\n  /**\n   * The timeout for the next chunk to be received from the Cartesia API.\n   */\n  chunkTimeout: number;\n\n  /**\n   * Whether to add word timestamps to the output. When enabled, the TTS will return\n   * timing information for each word in the transcript.\n   * @defaultValue true\n   */\n  wordTimestamps?: boolean;\n}\n\nconst defaultTTSOptions: TTSOptions = {\n  model: 'sonic-2',\n  encoding: 'pcm_s16le',\n  sampleRate: 24000,\n  voice: TTSDefaultVoiceId,\n  apiKey: process.env.CARTESIA_API_KEY,\n  language: 'en',\n  baseUrl: 'https://api.cartesia.ai',\n  chunkTimeout: 5000,\n  wordTimestamps: true,\n};\n\nexport class TTS extends tts.TTS {\n  #opts: TTSOptions;\n  label = 'cartesia.TTS';\n\n  constructor(opts: Partial<TTSOptions> = {}) {\n    const resolvedOpts = {\n      ...defaultTTSOptions,\n      ...opts,\n    };\n\n    super(resolvedOpts.sampleRate || defaultTTSOptions.sampleRate, NUM_CHANNELS, {\n      streaming: true,\n      alignedTranscript: resolvedOpts.wordTimestamps ?? true,\n    });\n\n    this.#opts = resolvedOpts;\n\n    if (this.#opts.apiKey === undefined) {\n      throw new Error(\n        'Cartesia API key is required, whether as an argument or as $CARTESIA_API_KEY',\n      );\n    }\n\n    if ((this.#opts.speed || this.#opts.emotion) && this.#opts.model !== 'sonic-2-2025-03-07') {\n      const logger = log();\n      logger.warn(\n        { model: this.#opts.model, speed: this.#opts.speed, emotion: this.#opts.emotion },\n        \"speed and emotion controls are only supported for model 'sonic-2-2025-03-07', see https://docs.cartesia.ai/developer-tools/changelog for details\",\n      );\n    }\n  }\n\n  updateOptions(opts: Partial<TTSOptions>) {\n    this.#opts = { ...this.#opts, ...opts };\n\n    if ((this.#opts.speed || this.#opts.emotion) && this.#opts.model !== 'sonic-2-2025-03-07') {\n      const logger = log();\n      logger.warn(\n        { model: this.#opts.model, speed: this.#opts.speed, emotion: this.#opts.emotion },\n        \"speed and emotion controls are only supported for model 'sonic-2-2025-03-07', see https://docs.cartesia.ai/developer-tools/changelog for details\",\n      );\n    }\n  }\n\n  synthesize(\n    text: string,\n    connOptions?: APIConnectOptions,\n    abortSignal?: AbortSignal,\n  ): tts.ChunkedStream {\n    return new ChunkedStream(this, text, this.#opts, connOptions, abortSignal);\n  }\n\n  stream(): SynthesizeStream {\n    return new SynthesizeStream(this, this.#opts);\n  }\n}\n\nexport class ChunkedStream extends tts.ChunkedStream {\n  label = 'cartesia.ChunkedStream';\n  #logger = log();\n  #opts: TTSOptions;\n  #text: string;\n\n  constructor(\n    tts: TTS,\n    text: string,\n    opts: TTSOptions,\n    connOptions?: APIConnectOptions,\n    abortSignal?: AbortSignal,\n  ) {\n    super(text, tts, connOptions, abortSignal);\n    this.#text = text;\n    this.#opts = opts;\n  }\n\n  protected async run() {\n    const requestId = shortuuid();\n    const bstream = new AudioByteStream(this.#opts.sampleRate, NUM_CHANNELS);\n    const json = toCartesiaOptions(this.#opts);\n    json.transcript = this.#text;\n\n    const baseUrl = new URL(this.#opts.baseUrl);\n    const doneFut = new Future<void>();\n\n    const req = request(\n      {\n        hostname: baseUrl.hostname,\n        port: parseInt(baseUrl.port) || (baseUrl.protocol === 'https:' ? 443 : 80),\n        path: '/tts/bytes',\n        method: 'POST',\n        headers: {\n          [AUTHORIZATION_HEADER]: this.#opts.apiKey!,\n          [VERSION_HEADER]: VERSION,\n        },\n        signal: this.abortSignal,\n      },\n      (res) => {\n        res.on('data', (chunk) => {\n          for (const frame of bstream.write(chunk)) {\n            this.queue.put({\n              requestId,\n              frame,\n              final: false,\n              segmentId: requestId,\n            });\n          }\n        });\n        res.on('close', () => {\n          for (const frame of bstream.flush()) {\n            this.queue.put({\n              requestId,\n              frame,\n              final: false,\n              segmentId: requestId,\n            });\n          }\n          this.queue.close();\n          doneFut.resolve();\n        });\n        res.on('error', (err) => {\n          if (err.message === 'aborted') return;\n          this.#logger.error({ err }, 'Cartesia TTS response error');\n        });\n      },\n    );\n\n    req.on('error', (err) => {\n      if (err.name === 'AbortError') return;\n      this.#logger.error({ err }, 'Cartesia TTS request error');\n    });\n    req.on('close', () => doneFut.resolve());\n    req.write(JSON.stringify(json));\n    req.end();\n\n    await doneFut.await;\n  }\n}\n\nexport class SynthesizeStream extends tts.SynthesizeStream {\n  #opts: TTSOptions;\n  #logger = log();\n  #tokenizer = new tokenize.basic.SentenceTokenizer({\n    minSentenceLength: BUFFERED_WORDS_COUNT,\n  }).stream();\n  label = 'cartesia.SynthesizeStream';\n\n  constructor(tts: TTS, opts: TTSOptions) {\n    super(tts);\n    this.#opts = opts;\n  }\n\n  updateOptions(opts: Partial<TTSOptions>) {\n    this.#opts = { ...this.#opts, ...opts };\n\n    if ((this.#opts.speed || this.#opts.emotion) && this.#opts.model !== 'sonic-2-2025-03-07') {\n      this.#logger.warn(\n        { model: this.#opts.model, speed: this.#opts.speed, emotion: this.#opts.emotion },\n        \"speed and emotion controls are only supported for model 'sonic-2-2025-03-07', see https://docs.cartesia.ai/developer-tools/changelog for details\",\n      );\n    }\n  }\n\n  protected async run() {\n    const requestId = shortuuid();\n    let closing = false;\n    // Only close WebSocket when both: 1) Cartesia returns done, AND 2) all sentences have been sent\n    let sentenceStreamClosed = false;\n\n    const sentenceStreamTask = async (ws: WebSocket) => {\n      const packet = toCartesiaOptions(this.#opts, true);\n      for await (const event of this.#tokenizer) {\n        const msg = {\n          ...packet,\n          context_id: requestId,\n          transcript: event.token + ' ',\n          continue: true,\n        };\n        ws.send(JSON.stringify(msg));\n      }\n\n      const endMsg = {\n        ...packet,\n        context_id: requestId,\n        transcript: ' ',\n        continue: false,\n      };\n      ws.send(JSON.stringify(endMsg));\n      // Mark sentence stream as closed\n      sentenceStreamClosed = true;\n    };\n\n    const inputTask = async () => {\n      for await (const data of this.input) {\n        if (data === SynthesizeStream.FLUSH_SENTINEL) {\n          this.#tokenizer.flush();\n          continue;\n        }\n        this.#tokenizer.pushText(data);\n      }\n      this.#tokenizer.endInput();\n      this.#tokenizer.close();\n    };\n\n    // Use event channel and set up listeners ONCE to avoid missing messages during listener re-registration\n    const recvTask = async (ws: WebSocket) => {\n      const bstream = new AudioByteStream(this.#opts.sampleRate, NUM_CHANNELS);\n\n      // Create event channel to buffer incoming messages\n      // This prevents message loss between listener re-registrations\n      const eventChannel = stream.createStreamChannel<RawData>();\n\n      let lastFrame: AudioFrame | undefined;\n      let pendingTimedTranscripts: TimedString[] = [];\n\n      const sendLastFrame = (segmentId: string, final: boolean) => {\n        if (lastFrame && !this.queue.closed) {\n          // Include timedTranscripts with the audio frame\n          this.queue.put({\n            requestId,\n            segmentId,\n            frame: lastFrame,\n            final,\n            timedTranscripts:\n              pendingTimedTranscripts.length > 0 ? pendingTimedTranscripts : undefined,\n          });\n          lastFrame = undefined;\n          pendingTimedTranscripts = [];\n        }\n      };\n\n      let timeout: NodeJS.Timeout | null = null;\n\n      const clearTTSChunkTimeout = () => {\n        if (timeout) {\n          clearTimeout(timeout);\n          timeout = null;\n        }\n      };\n\n      // Set up WebSocket listeners ONCE (not in a loop)\n      const onMessage = (data: RawData) => {\n        void eventChannel.write(data).catch((error: unknown) => {\n          this.#logger.debug({ error }, 'Failed writing Cartesia event to channel (likely closed)');\n        });\n      };\n\n      const onClose = (code: number, reason: Buffer) => {\n        if (!closing) {\n          this.#logger.debug(`WebSocket closed with code ${code}: ${reason.toString()}`);\n        }\n        clearTTSChunkTimeout();\n        void eventChannel.close();\n      };\n\n      const onError = (err: Error) => {\n        this.#logger.error({ err }, 'Cartesia WebSocket error');\n        void eventChannel.close();\n      };\n\n      // Attach listeners ONCE\n      ws.on('message', onMessage);\n      ws.on('close', onClose);\n      ws.on('error', onError);\n\n      try {\n        // Process messages from the channel\n        const reader = eventChannel.stream().getReader();\n\n        while (!this.closed && !this.abortController.signal.aborted) {\n          const result = await reader.read();\n      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+{"version":3,"sources":["../src/tts.ts"],"sourcesContent":["// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2024 LiveKit, Inc.\n//\n// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0\nimport {\n  type APIConnectOptions,\n  APIConnectionError,\n  APITimeoutError,\n  AudioByteStream,\n  Future,\n  type TimedString,\n  createTimedString,\n  log,\n  shortuuid,\n  stream,\n  tokenize,\n  tts,\n} from '@livekit/agents';\nimport type { AudioFrame } from '@livekit/rtc-node';\nimport { request } from 'node:https';\nimport { type RawData, WebSocket } from 'ws';\nimport {\n  TTSDefaultVoiceId,\n  type TTSEncoding,\n  type TTSModels,\n  type TTSVoiceEmotion,\n  type TTSVoiceSpeed,\n} from './models.js';\nimport {\n  type CartesiaServerMessage,\n  cartesiaMessageSchema,\n  hasWordTimestamps,\n  isChunkMessage,\n  isDoneMessage,\n  isErrorMessage,\n} from './types.js';\n\nconst AUTHORIZATION_HEADER = 'X-API-Key';\nconst VERSION_HEADER = 'Cartesia-Version';\nconst VERSION = '2024-06-10';\nconst NUM_CHANNELS = 1;\nconst BUFFERED_WORDS_COUNT = 8;\n\nexport interface TTSOptions {\n  model: TTSModels | string;\n  encoding: TTSEncoding;\n  sampleRate: number;\n  voice: string | number[];\n  speed?: TTSVoiceSpeed | number;\n  emotion?: (TTSVoiceEmotion | string)[];\n  apiKey?: string;\n  language: string;\n  baseUrl: string;\n\n  /**\n   * The timeout for the next chunk to be received from the Cartesia API.\n   */\n  chunkTimeout: number;\n\n  /**\n   * Whether to add word timestamps to the output. When enabled, the TTS will return\n   * timing information for each word in the transcript.\n   * @defaultValue true\n   */\n  wordTimestamps?: boolean;\n\n  pronunciationDictId?: string;\n}\n\nconst defaultTTSOptions: TTSOptions = {\n  model: 'sonic-2',\n  encoding: 'pcm_s16le',\n  sampleRate: 24000,\n  voice: TTSDefaultVoiceId,\n  apiKey: process.env.CARTESIA_API_KEY,\n  language: 'en',\n  baseUrl: 'https://api.cartesia.ai',\n  chunkTimeout: 5000,\n  wordTimestamps: true,\n};\n\nexport class TTS extends tts.TTS {\n  #opts: TTSOptions;\n  label = 'cartesia.TTS';\n\n  constructor(opts: Partial<TTSOptions> = {}) {\n    const resolvedOpts = {\n      ...defaultTTSOptions,\n      ...opts,\n    };\n\n    super(resolvedOpts.sampleRate || defaultTTSOptions.sampleRate, NUM_CHANNELS, {\n      streaming: true,\n      alignedTranscript: resolvedOpts.wordTimestamps ?? true,\n    });\n\n    this.#opts = resolvedOpts;\n\n    if (this.#opts.apiKey === undefined) {\n      throw new Error(\n        'Cartesia API key is required, whether as an argument or as $CARTESIA_API_KEY',\n      );\n    }\n\n    if ((this.#opts.speed || this.#opts.emotion) && this.#opts.model !== 'sonic-2-2025-03-07') {\n      const logger = log();\n      logger.warn(\n        { model: this.#opts.model, speed: this.#opts.speed, emotion: this.#opts.emotion },\n        \"speed and emotion controls are only supported for model 'sonic-2-2025-03-07', see https://docs.cartesia.ai/developer-tools/changelog for details\",\n      );\n    }\n  }\n\n  updateOptions(opts: Partial<TTSOptions>) {\n    this.#opts = { ...this.#opts, ...opts };\n\n    if ((this.#opts.speed || this.#opts.emotion) && this.#opts.model !== 'sonic-2-2025-03-07') {\n      const logger = log();\n      logger.warn(\n        { model: this.#opts.model, speed: this.#opts.speed, emotion: this.#opts.emotion },\n        \"speed and emotion controls are only supported for model 'sonic-2-2025-03-07', see https://docs.cartesia.ai/developer-tools/changelog for details\",\n      );\n    }\n  }\n\n  synthesize(\n    text: string,\n    connOptions?: APIConnectOptions,\n    abortSignal?: AbortSignal,\n  ): tts.ChunkedStream {\n    return new ChunkedStream(this, text, this.#opts, connOptions, abortSignal);\n  }\n\n  stream(options?: { connOptions?: APIConnectOptions }): SynthesizeStream {\n    return new SynthesizeStream(this, this.#opts, options?.connOptions);\n  }\n}\n\nexport class ChunkedStream extends tts.ChunkedStream {\n  label = 'cartesia.ChunkedStream';\n  #logger = log();\n  #opts: TTSOptions;\n  #text: string;\n\n  constructor(\n    tts: TTS,\n    text: string,\n    opts: TTSOptions,\n    connOptions?: APIConnectOptions,\n    abortSignal?: AbortSignal,\n  ) {\n    super(text, tts, connOptions, abortSignal);\n    this.#text = text;\n    this.#opts = opts;\n  }\n\n  protected async run() {\n    const requestId = shortuuid();\n    const bstream = new AudioByteStream(this.#opts.sampleRate, NUM_CHANNELS);\n    const json = 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frame,\n              final: false,\n              segmentId: requestId,\n            });\n          }\n          this.queue.close();\n          if (!doneFut.done) doneFut.resolve();\n        });\n        res.on('error', (err) => {\n          if (err.message === 'aborted') return;\n          this.#logger.error({ err }, 'Cartesia TTS response error');\n          if (!doneFut.done) doneFut.reject(err);\n        });\n      },\n    );\n\n    req.on('error', (err) => {\n      if (err.name === 'AbortError') return;\n      this.#logger.error({ err }, 'Cartesia TTS request error');\n      if (!doneFut.done) doneFut.reject(err);\n    });\n    req.on('close', () => {\n      if (!doneFut.done) doneFut.resolve();\n    });\n    req.write(JSON.stringify(json));\n    req.end();\n\n    try {\n      await doneFut.await;\n    } catch (e) {\n      if (this.abortSignal.aborted) return;\n      if (!this.queue.closed) this.queue.close();\n      throw toRetryableConnectionError(e);\n    }\n  }\n}\n\nexport class SynthesizeStream extends tts.SynthesizeStream {\n  #opts: TTSOptions;\n  #logger = log();\n  #tokenizer = new tokenize.basic.SentenceTokenizer({\n    minSentenceLength: BUFFERED_WORDS_COUNT,\n  }).stream();\n  label = 'cartesia.SynthesizeStream';\n\n  constructor(tts: TTS, opts: TTSOptions, connOptions?: APIConnectOptions) {\n    super(tts, connOptions);\n    this.#opts = opts;\n  }\n\n  updateOptions(opts: Partial<TTSOptions>) {\n    this.#opts = { ...this.#opts, ...opts };\n\n    if ((this.#opts.speed || this.#opts.emotion) && this.#opts.model !== 'sonic-2-2025-03-07') {\n      this.#logger.warn(\n        { model: this.#opts.model, speed: this.#opts.speed, emotion: this.#opts.emotion },\n        \"speed and emotion controls are only supported for model 'sonic-2-2025-03-07', see https://docs.cartesia.ai/developer-tools/changelog for details\",\n      );\n    }\n  }\n\n  protected async run() {\n    const requestId = shortuuid();\n    let closing = false;\n    // Only close WebSocket when both: 1) Cartesia returns done, AND 2) all sentences have been sent\n    let sentenceStreamClosed = false;\n\n    const sentenceStreamTask = async (ws: WebSocket) => {\n      const packet = toCartesiaOptions(this.#opts, true);\n      for await (const event of this.#tokenizer) {\n        const msg = {\n          ...packet,\n          context_id: requestId,\n          transcript: event.token + ' ',\n          continue: true,\n        };\n        ws.send(JSON.stringify(msg));\n      }\n\n      const endMsg = {\n        ...packet,\n        context_id: requestId,\n        transcript: ' ',\n        continue: false,\n      };\n      ws.send(JSON.stringify(endMsg));\n      // Mark sentence stream as closed\n      sentenceStreamClosed = true;\n    };\n\n    const inputTask = async () => {\n      for await (const data of this.input) {\n        if (data === SynthesizeStream.FLUSH_SENTINEL) {\n          this.#tokenizer.flush();\n          continue;\n        }\n        this.#tokenizer.pushText(data);\n      }\n      this.#tokenizer.endInput();\n      this.#tokenizer.close();\n    };\n\n    // Use event channel and set up listeners ONCE to avoid missing messages during listener re-registration\n    const recvTask = async (ws: WebSocket) => {\n      const bstream = new AudioByteStream(this.#opts.sampleRate, NUM_CHANNELS);\n\n      // Create event channel to buffer incoming messages\n      // This prevents message loss between listener re-registrations\n      const eventChannel = stream.createStreamChannel<RawData>();\n\n      let lastFrame: AudioFrame | undefined;\n      let pendingTimedTranscripts: TimedString[] = [];\n\n      const sendLastFrame = (segmentId: string, final: boolean) => {\n        if (lastFrame && !this.queue.closed) {\n          // Include timedTranscripts with the audio frame\n          this.queue.put({\n            requestId,\n            segmentId,\n            frame: lastFrame,\n            final,\n            timedTranscripts:\n              pendingTimedTranscripts.length > 0 ? pendingTimedTranscripts : undefined,\n          });\n          lastFrame = undefined;\n          pendingTimedTranscripts = [];\n        }\n      };\n\n      let timeout: NodeJS.Timeout | null = null;\n\n      const clearTTSChunkTimeout = () => {\n        if (timeout) {\n          clearTimeout(timeout);\n          timeout = null;\n        }\n      };\n\n      // Set up WebSocket listeners ONCE (not in a loop)\n      const onMessage = (data: RawData) => {\n        void eventChannel.write(data).catch((error: unknown) => {\n          this.#logger.debug({ error }, 'Failed writing Cartesia event to channel (likely closed)');\n        });\n      };\n\n      const onClose = (code: number, reason: Buffer) => {\n        if (!closing) {\n          this.#logger.debug(`WebSocket closed with code ${code}: ${reason.toString()}`);\n        }\n        clearTTSChunkTimeout();\n        void eventChannel.close();\n      };\n\n      const onError = (err: Error) => {\n        this.#logger.error({ err }, 'Cartesia WebSocket error');\n        void eventChannel.close();\n      };\n\n      // Attach listeners ONCE\n      ws.on('message', onMessage);\n      ws.on('close', onClose);\n      ws.on('error', onError);\n\n      try {\n        // Process messages from the channel\n        const reader = eventChannel.stream().getReader();\n\n        while (!this.closed && !this.abortController.signal.aborted) {\n          const result = await reader.read();\n          if (result.done) break;\n\n          const rawMsg = result.value;\n\n          // Parse message with Zod schema for type safety\n          let serverMsg: CartesiaServerMessage;\n          try {\n            const json = JSON.parse(rawMsg.toString());\n            serverMsg = cartesiaMessageSchema.parse(json);\n          } catch (parseErr) {\n            this.#logger.warn({ parseErr }, 'Failed to parse Cartesia message');\n            continue;\n          }\n\n          // Handle error messages\n          if (isErrorMessage(serverMsg)) {\n            this.#logger.error({ error: serverMsg.error }, 'Cartesia returned error');\n            continue;\n          }\n\n          const segmentId = serverMsg.context_id;\n\n          // Process word timestamps if present (typed via Zod schema)\n          if (this.#opts.wordTimestamps !== false && hasWordTimestamps(serverMsg)) {\n            const wordTimestamps = serverMsg.word_timestamps;\n            for (let i = 0; i < wordTimestamps.words.length; i++) {\n              const word = wordTimestamps.words[i];\n              const startTime = wordTimestamps.start[i];\n              const endTime = wordTimestamps.end[i];\n              if (word !== undefined && startTime !== undefined && endTime !== undefined) {\n                pendingTimedTranscripts.push(\n                  createTimedString({\n                    text: word + ' ', // Add space after word for consistency\n                    startTime,\n                    endTime,\n                  }),\n                );\n              }\n            }\n          }\n\n          // Handle audio chunk messages\n          if (isChunkMessage(serverMsg)) {\n            const audioBuffer = Buffer.from(serverMsg.data, 'base64');\n            // Extract ArrayBuffer from Buffer for AudioByteStream compatibility\n            const audioData = audioBuffer.buffer.slice(\n              audioBuffer.byteOffset,\n              audioBuffer.byteOffset + audioBuffer.byteLength,\n            );\n            for (const frame of bstream.write(audioData)) {\n              sendLastFrame(segmentId, false);\n              lastFrame = frame;\n            }\n\n            // IMPORTANT: close WS if TTS chunk stream been stuck too long\n            // this allows unblock the current \"broken\" TTS node so that any future TTS nodes\n            // can continue to process the stream without been blocked by the stuck node\n            clearTTSChunkTimeout();\n            timeout = setTimeout(() => {\n              // cartesia chunk timeout quite often, so we make it a debug log\n              this.#logger.debug(\n                `Cartesia WebSocket TTS chunk stream timeout after ${this.#opts.chunkTimeout}ms`,\n              );\n              ws.close();\n            }, this.#opts.chunkTimeout);\n          } else if (isDoneMessage(serverMsg)) {\n            // This ensures all sentences have been sent before closing\n            if (sentenceStreamClosed) {\n              for (const frame of bstream.flush()) {\n                sendLastFrame(segmentId, false);\n                lastFrame = frame;\n              }\n              sendLastFrame(segmentId, true);\n              if (!this.queue.closed) {\n                this.queue.put(SynthesizeStream.END_OF_STREAM);\n              }\n\n              if (segmentId === requestId) {\n                closing = true;\n                clearTTSChunkTimeout();\n                ws.close();\n                break; // Exit the loop\n              }\n            }\n            // If sentenceStreamClosed is false, continue receiving - more done messages will come\n          }\n        }\n      } catch (err) {\n        // skip log error for normal websocket close\n        if (err instanceof Error && !err.message.includes('WebSocket closed')) {\n          if (\n            err.message.includes('Queue is closed') ||\n            err.message.includes('Channel is closed')\n          ) {\n            this.#logger.warn(\n              { err },\n              'Channel closed during transcript processing (expected during disconnect)',\n            );\n          } else {\n            this.#logger.error({ err }, 'Error in recvTask from Cartesia WebSocket');\n          }\n        }\n      } finally {\n        // IMPORTANT: Remove listeners so connection can be reused\n        ws.off('message', onMessage);\n        ws.off('close', onClose);\n        ws.off('error', onError);\n        clearTTSChunkTimeout();\n      }\n    };\n\n    const wsUrl = this.#opts.baseUrl.replace(/^http/, 'ws');\n    const url = `${wsUrl}/tts/websocket?api_key=${this.#opts.apiKey}&cartesia_version=${VERSION}`;\n\n    let ws: WebSocket | undefined;\n    try {\n      ws = await connectCartesiaWebSocket({\n        url,\n        timeoutMs: this.connOptions.timeoutMs,\n        abortSignal: this.abortSignal,\n      });\n      await Promise.all([inputTask(), sentenceStreamTask(ws), recvTask(ws)]);\n    } catch (e) {\n      if (this.abortSignal.aborted) {\n        return;\n      }\n      throw toRetryableConnectionError(e);\n    } finally {\n      // Ensure we don't leak sockets/tasks across retry attempts.\n      if (ws && ws.readyState !== WebSocket.CLOSED) {\n        safeTerminateWebSocket(ws);\n      }\n    }\n  }\n}\n\nconst asError = (e: unknown): Error => (e instanceof Error ? e : new Error(String(e)));\n\nconst transientNetworkCodes = new Set([\n  'ETIMEDOUT',\n  'ECONNRESET',\n  'EAI_AGAIN',\n  'ENETUNREACH',\n  'ECONNREFUSED',\n  'EHOSTUNREACH',\n]);\n\nconst isRecord = (v: unknown): v is Record<string, unknown> => {\n  return v !== null && typeof v === 'object';\n};\n\nconst isAggregateErrorLike = (e: unknown): e is { errors: unknown[]; name?: string } => {\n  if (!isRecord(e)) return false;\n  return e.name === 'AggregateError' && Array.isArray(e.errors);\n};\n\nconst hasErrorCode = (e: unknown, code: string): boolean => {\n  if (isRecord(e) && e.code === code) return true;\n  if (isAggregateErrorLike(e)) {\n    return e.errors.some((inner) => hasErrorCode(inner, code));\n  }\n  return false;\n};\n\nconst hasAnyTransientCode = (e: unknown): boolean => {\n  if (isRecord(e) && typeof e.code === 'string') {\n    return transientNetworkCodes.has(e.code);\n  }\n  if (isAggregateErrorLike(e)) {\n    return e.errors.some((inner) => hasAnyTransientCode(inner));\n  }\n  return false;\n};\n\nconst toRetryableConnectionError = (e: unknown): APIConnectionError => {\n  const err = asError(e);\n  const isTimeout =\n    hasErrorCode(e, 'ETIMEDOUT') ||\n    (typeof err.message === 'string' && err.message.includes('ETIMEDOUT'));\n  const message = isTimeout\n    ? `Cartesia connection timed out`\n    : `Cartesia connection failed: ${err.message || 'unknown error'}`;\n  return isTimeout ? new APITimeoutError({ message }) : new APIConnectionError({ message });\n};\n\nconst waitForWsOpen = async ({\n  ws,\n  timeoutMs,\n  abortSignal,\n}: {\n  ws: WebSocket;\n  timeoutMs: number;\n  abortSignal: AbortSignal;\n}) => {\n  if (abortSignal.aborted) {\n    throw new Error('aborted');\n  }\n\n  const fut = new Future<void>();\n  let timeout: NodeJS.Timeout | undefined;\n\n  const cleanup = () => {\n    if (timeout) clearTimeout(timeout);\n    ws.off('open', onOpen);\n    ws.off('error', onError);\n    ws.off('close', onClose);\n    abortSignal.removeEventListener('abort', onAbort);\n  };\n\n  const onOpen = () => fut.resolve();\n  const onError = (err: Error) => fut.reject(asError(err));\n  const onClose = (code: number, reason: Buffer) =>\n    fut.reject(\n      new Error(`WebSocket closed before open (code=${code}, reason=${reason.toString()})`),\n    );\n  const onAbort = () => fut.reject(new Error('aborted'));\n\n  ws.on('open', onOpen);\n  ws.on('error', onError);\n  ws.on('close', onClose);\n  abortSignal.addEventListener('abort', onAbort, { once: true });\n\n  if (timeoutMs > 0) {\n    timeout = setTimeout(() => fut.reject(new Error('connect timeout')), timeoutMs);\n  }\n\n  try {\n    await fut.await;\n  } finally {\n    cleanup();\n  }\n};\n\nconst safeTerminateWebSocket = (ws: WebSocket) => {\n  // `ws` can emit an 'error' event during teardown (especially if CONNECTING).\n  // If there is no error listener at that moment, Node will treat it as unhandled and crash the process.\n  try {\n    ws.on('error', () => {});\n  } catch {\n    // ignore\n  }\n\n  try {\n    // `terminate()` can throw if the socket was never established; `close()` is safer in CONNECTING.\n    if (ws.readyState === WebSocket.CONNECTING) {\n      ws.close();\n    } else {\n      ws.terminate();\n    }\n  } catch {\n    // ignore\n  }\n};\n\nconst connectCartesiaWebSocket = async ({\n  url,\n  timeoutMs,\n  abortSignal,\n}: {\n  url: string;\n  timeoutMs: number;\n  abortSignal: AbortSignal;\n}): Promise<WebSocket> => {\n  const connectOnce = async (family?: number): Promise<WebSocket> => {\n    const ws = new WebSocket(url, { handshakeTimeout: timeoutMs, family });\n    try {\n      await waitForWsOpen({ ws, timeoutMs, abortSignal });\n      return ws;\n    } catch (e) {\n      safeTerminateWebSocket(ws);\n      throw e;\n    }\n  };\n\n  try {\n    return await connectOnce();\n  } catch (e) {\n    // Mitigation for Node.js dual-stack (IPv6/IPv4) connect flakiness (\"happy eyeballs\"):\n    // some environments surface `AggregateError` with nested `ETIMEDOUT` during the initial\n    // WebSocket open. In that case we do a one-off retry forcing IPv4 (`family: 4`) before\n    // letting the outer framework retry loop handle further attempts.\n    //\n    // If you still see `AggregateError`/`ETIMEDOUT`:\n    // - Increase the session TTS connect timeout (`connOptions.ttsConnOptions.timeoutMs`)\n    // - Or adjust Node's family autoselection behavior via `NODE_OPTIONS`, e.g.\n    //   `--network-family-autoselection-attempt-timeout=5000` (or disable it entirely).\n    if (hasAnyTransientCode(e) || isAggregateErrorLike(e)) {\n      return await connectOnce(4);\n    }\n    throw e;\n  }\n};\n\n/**\n * Convert TTSOptions to Cartesia API format.\n *\n * @param opts - TTS options\n * @param streaming - Whether this is for streaming (WebSocket) or non-streaming (HTTP)\n */\nconst toCartesiaOptions = (\n  opts: TTSOptions,\n  streaming: boolean = false,\n): { [id: string]: unknown } => {\n  const voice: { [id: string]: unknown } = {};\n  if (typeof opts.voice === 'string') {\n    voice.mode = 'id';\n    voice.id = opts.voice;\n  } else {\n    voice.mode = 'embedding';\n    voice.embedding = opts.voice;\n  }\n\n  const voiceControls: { [id: string]: unknown } = {};\n  if (opts.speed) {\n    voiceControls.speed = opts.speed;\n  }\n  if (opts.emotion) {\n    voiceControls.emotion = opts.emotion;\n  }\n\n  if (Object.keys(voiceControls).length) {\n    voice.__experimental_controls = voiceControls;\n  }\n\n  const result: { [id: string]: unknown } = {\n    model_id: opts.model,\n    voice,\n    output_format: {\n      container: 'raw',\n      encoding: opts.encoding,\n      sample_rate: opts.sampleRate,\n    },\n    language: opts.language,\n    pronunciation_dict_id: opts.pronunciationDictId,\n  };\n\n  if (streaming && opts.wordTimestamps !== false) {\n    result.add_timestamps = true;\n  }\n\n  return 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package/package.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "@livekit/agents-plugin-cartesia",
-  "version": "1.0.43",
+  "version": "1.0.45",
   "description": "Cartesia plugin for LiveKit Node Agents",
   "main": "dist/index.js",
   "require": "dist/index.cjs",
@@ -30,9 +30,9 @@
     "@types/ws": "^8.5.10",
     "tsup": "^8.3.5",
     "typescript": "^5.0.0",
-    "@livekit/agents": "1.0.43",
-    "@livekit/agents-plugin-openai": "1.0.43",
-    "@livekit/agents-plugins-test": "1.0.43"
+    "@livekit/agents": "1.0.45",
+    "@livekit/agents-plugin-openai": "1.0.45",
+    "@livekit/agents-plugins-test": "1.0.45"
   },
   "dependencies": {
     "ws": "^8.16.0"
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@
   "peerDependencies": {
     "@livekit/rtc-node": "^0.13.24",
     "zod": "^3.25.76 || ^4.1.8",
-    "@livekit/agents": "1.0.43"
+    "@livekit/agents": "1.0.45"
   },
   "scripts": {
     "build": "tsup --onSuccess \"pnpm build:types\"",

package/src/tts.ts

@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 import {
   type APIConnectOptions,
+  APIConnectionError,
+  APITimeoutError,
   AudioByteStream,
   Future,
   type TimedString,
@@ -60,6 +62,8 @@ export interface TTSOptions {
    * @defaultValue true
    */
   wordTimestamps?: boolean;
+
+  pronunciationDictId?: string;
 }
 
 const defaultTTSOptions: TTSOptions = {
@@ -126,8 +130,8 @@ export class TTS extends tts.TTS {
     return new ChunkedStream(this, text, this.#opts, connOptions, abortSignal);
   }
 
-  stream(): SynthesizeStream {
-    return new SynthesizeStream(this, this.#opts);
+  stream(options?: { connOptions?: APIConnectOptions }): SynthesizeStream {
+    return new SynthesizeStream(this, this.#opts, options?.connOptions);
   }
 }
 
@@ -191,11 +195,12 @@ export class ChunkedStream extends tts.ChunkedStream {
             });
           }
           this.queue.close();
-          doneFut.resolve();
+          if (!doneFut.done) doneFut.resolve();
         });
         res.on('error', (err) => {
           if (err.message === 'aborted') return;
           this.#logger.error({ err }, 'Cartesia TTS response error');
+          if (!doneFut.done) doneFut.reject(err);
         });
       },
     );
@@ -203,12 +208,21 @@ export class ChunkedStream extends tts.ChunkedStream {
     req.on('error', (err) => {
       if (err.name === 'AbortError') return;
       this.#logger.error({ err }, 'Cartesia TTS request error');
+      if (!doneFut.done) doneFut.reject(err);
+    });
+    req.on('close', () => {
+      if (!doneFut.done) doneFut.resolve();
     });
-    req.on('close', () => doneFut.resolve());
     req.write(JSON.stringify(json));
     req.end();
 
-    await doneFut.await;
+    try {
+      await doneFut.await;
+    } catch (e) {
+      if (this.abortSignal.aborted) return;
+      if (!this.queue.closed) this.queue.close();
+      throw toRetryableConnectionError(e);
+    }
   }
 }
 
@@ -220,8 +234,8 @@ export class SynthesizeStream extends tts.SynthesizeStream {
   }).stream();
   label = 'cartesia.SynthesizeStream';
 
-  constructor(tts: TTS, opts: TTSOptions) {
-    super(tts);
+  constructor(tts: TTS, opts: TTSOptions, connOptions?: APIConnectOptions) {
+    super(tts, connOptions);
     this.#opts = opts;
   }
 
@@ -457,22 +471,186 @@ export class SynthesizeStream extends tts.SynthesizeStream {
 
     const wsUrl = this.#opts.baseUrl.replace(/^http/, 'ws');
     const url = `${wsUrl}/tts/websocket?api_key=${this.#opts.apiKey}&cartesia_version=${VERSION}`;
-    const ws = new WebSocket(url);
 
+    let ws: WebSocket | undefined;
     try {
-      await new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
-        ws.on('open', resolve);
-        ws.on('error', (error) => reject(error));
-        ws.on('close', (code) => reject(`WebSocket returned ${code}`));
+      ws = await connectCartesiaWebSocket({
+        url,
+        timeoutMs: this.connOptions.timeoutMs,
+        abortSignal: this.abortSignal,
       });
-
       await Promise.all([inputTask(), sentenceStreamTask(ws), recvTask(ws)]);
     } catch (e) {
-      throw new Error(`failed to connect to Cartesia: ${e}`);
+      if (this.abortSignal.aborted) {
+        return;
+      }
+      throw toRetryableConnectionError(e);
+    } finally {
+      // Ensure we don't leak sockets/tasks across retry attempts.
+      if (ws && ws.readyState !== WebSocket.CLOSED) {
+        safeTerminateWebSocket(ws);
+      }
     }
   }
 }
 
+const asError = (e: unknown): Error => (e instanceof Error ? e : new Error(String(e)));
+
+const transientNetworkCodes = new Set([
+  'ETIMEDOUT',
+  'ECONNRESET',
+  'EAI_AGAIN',
+  'ENETUNREACH',
+  'ECONNREFUSED',
+  'EHOSTUNREACH',
+]);
+
+const isRecord = (v: unknown): v is Record<string, unknown> => {
+  return v !== null && typeof v === 'object';
+};
+
+const isAggregateErrorLike = (e: unknown): e is { errors: unknown[]; name?: string } => {
+  if (!isRecord(e)) return false;
+  return e.name === 'AggregateError' && Array.isArray(e.errors);
+};
+
+const hasErrorCode = (e: unknown, code: string): boolean => {
+  if (isRecord(e) && e.code === code) return true;
+  if (isAggregateErrorLike(e)) {
+    return e.errors.some((inner) => hasErrorCode(inner, code));
+  }
+  return false;
+};
+
+const hasAnyTransientCode = (e: unknown): boolean => {
+  if (isRecord(e) && typeof e.code === 'string') {
+    return transientNetworkCodes.has(e.code);
+  }
+  if (isAggregateErrorLike(e)) {
+    return e.errors.some((inner) => hasAnyTransientCode(inner));
+  }
+  return false;
+};
+
+const toRetryableConnectionError = (e: unknown): APIConnectionError => {
+  const err = asError(e);
+  const isTimeout =
+    hasErrorCode(e, 'ETIMEDOUT') ||
+    (typeof err.message === 'string' && err.message.includes('ETIMEDOUT'));
+  const message = isTimeout
+    ? `Cartesia connection timed out`
+    : `Cartesia connection failed: ${err.message || 'unknown error'}`;
+  return isTimeout ? new APITimeoutError({ message }) : new APIConnectionError({ message });
+};
+
+const waitForWsOpen = async ({
+  ws,
+  timeoutMs,
+  abortSignal,
+}: {
+  ws: WebSocket;
+  timeoutMs: number;
+  abortSignal: AbortSignal;
+}) => {
+  if (abortSignal.aborted) {
+    throw new Error('aborted');
+  }
+
+  const fut = new Future<void>();
+  let timeout: NodeJS.Timeout | undefined;
+
+  const cleanup = () => {
+    if (timeout) clearTimeout(timeout);
+    ws.off('open', onOpen);
+    ws.off('error', onError);
+    ws.off('close', onClose);
+    abortSignal.removeEventListener('abort', onAbort);
+  };
+
+  const onOpen = () => fut.resolve();
+  const onError = (err: Error) => fut.reject(asError(err));
+  const onClose = (code: number, reason: Buffer) =>
+    fut.reject(
+      new Error(`WebSocket closed before open (code=${code}, reason=${reason.toString()})`),
+    );
+  const onAbort = () => fut.reject(new Error('aborted'));
+
+  ws.on('open', onOpen);
+  ws.on('error', onError);
+  ws.on('close', onClose);
+  abortSignal.addEventListener('abort', onAbort, { once: true });
+
+  if (timeoutMs > 0) {
+    timeout = setTimeout(() => fut.reject(new Error('connect timeout')), timeoutMs);
+  }
+
+  try {
+    await fut.await;
+  } finally {
+    cleanup();
+  }
+};
+
+const safeTerminateWebSocket = (ws: WebSocket) => {
+  // `ws` can emit an 'error' event during teardown (especially if CONNECTING).
+  // If there is no error listener at that moment, Node will treat it as unhandled and crash the process.
+  try {
+    ws.on('error', () => {});
+  } catch {
+    // ignore
+  }
+
+  try {
+    // `terminate()` can throw if the socket was never established; `close()` is safer in CONNECTING.
+    if (ws.readyState === WebSocket.CONNECTING) {
+      ws.close();
+    } else {
+      ws.terminate();
+    }
+  } catch {
+    // ignore
+  }
+};
+
+const connectCartesiaWebSocket = async ({
+  url,
+  timeoutMs,
+  abortSignal,
+}: {
+  url: string;
+  timeoutMs: number;
+  abortSignal: AbortSignal;
+}): Promise<WebSocket> => {
+  const connectOnce = async (family?: number): Promise<WebSocket> => {
+    const ws = new WebSocket(url, { handshakeTimeout: timeoutMs, family });
+    try {
+      await waitForWsOpen({ ws, timeoutMs, abortSignal });
+      return ws;
+    } catch (e) {
+      safeTerminateWebSocket(ws);
+      throw e;
+    }
+  };
+
+  try {
+    return await connectOnce();
+  } catch (e) {
+    // Mitigation for Node.js dual-stack (IPv6/IPv4) connect flakiness ("happy eyeballs"):
+    // some environments surface `AggregateError` with nested `ETIMEDOUT` during the initial
+    // WebSocket open. In that case we do a one-off retry forcing IPv4 (`family: 4`) before
+    // letting the outer framework retry loop handle further attempts.
+    //
+    // If you still see `AggregateError`/`ETIMEDOUT`:
+    // - Increase the session TTS connect timeout (`connOptions.ttsConnOptions.timeoutMs`)
+    // - Or adjust Node's family autoselection behavior via `NODE_OPTIONS`, e.g.
+    //   `--network-family-autoselection-attempt-timeout=5000` (or disable it entirely).
+    if (hasAnyTransientCode(e) || isAggregateErrorLike(e)) {
+      return await connectOnce(4);
+    }
+    throw e;
+  }
+};
+
 /**
  * Convert TTSOptions to Cartesia API format.
  *
@@ -513,6 +691,7 @@ const toCartesiaOptions = (
       sample_rate: opts.sampleRate,
     },
     language: opts.language,
+    pronunciation_dict_id: opts.pronunciationDictId,
   };
 
   if (streaming && opts.wordTimestamps !== false) {