@leejungkiin/awkit 1.7.0 → 1.7.4

package/skills/game-developer/references/multiplayer-networking.md

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+# Multiplayer Networking
+
+## Client-Server Architecture
+
+```csharp
+// Server-authoritative model
+public class NetworkPlayer
+{
+    public int PlayerId { get; set; }
+    public Vector3 Position { get; set; }
+    public Quaternion Rotation { get; set; }
+    public float Health { get; set; }
+
+    // Server validates all actions
+    public bool TryMove(Vector3 newPosition, float deltaTime)
+    {
+        float maxDistance = MoveSpeed * deltaTime * 1.1f; // 10% tolerance
+
+        if (Vector3.Distance(Position, newPosition) > maxDistance)
+        {
+            // Client sent invalid movement - possible cheat
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        Position = newPosition;
+        return true;
+    }
+}
+
+// Server
+public class GameServer
+{
+    private Dictionary<int, NetworkPlayer> players = new();
+
+    public void ProcessPlayerInput(int playerId, PlayerInput input)
+    {
+        if (!players.TryGetValue(playerId, out NetworkPlayer player))
+            return;
+
+        // Server processes input
+        Vector3 newPosition = player.Position + input.Movement;
+
+        if (player.TryMove(newPosition, Time.deltaTime))
+        {
+            // Broadcast to other clients
+            BroadcastPlayerState(player);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            // Send authoritative correction
+            SendPositionCorrection(playerId, player.Position);
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+## State Synchronization
+
+```csharp
+// Network state with interpolation
+public class NetworkTransform
+{
+    // Circular buffer for state history
+    private struct State
+    {
+        public float Timestamp;
+        public Vector3 Position;
+        public Quaternion Rotation;
+    }
+
+    private State[] stateBuffer = new State[32];
+    private int bufferIndex = 0;
+
+    public void ReceiveState(float timestamp, Vector3 position, Quaternion rotation)
+    {
+        stateBuffer[bufferIndex] = new State
+        {
+            Timestamp = timestamp,
+            Position = position,
+            Rotation = rotation
+        };
+
+        bufferIndex = (bufferIndex + 1) % stateBuffer.Length;
+    }
+
+    public void Interpolate(float renderTime)
+    {
+        // Find two states to interpolate between
+        State from = default;
+        State to = default;
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < stateBuffer.Length; i++)
+        {
+            if (stateBuffer[i].Timestamp <= renderTime)
+                from = stateBuffer[i];
+            else
+            {
+                to = stateBuffer[i];
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (from.Timestamp == 0 || to.Timestamp == 0)
+            return;
+
+        // Interpolate between states
+        float t = (renderTime - from.Timestamp) / (to.Timestamp - from.Timestamp);
+        t = Mathf.Clamp01(t);
+
+        transform.position = Vector3.Lerp(from.Position, to.Position, t);
+        transform.rotation = Quaternion.Slerp(from.Rotation, to.Rotation, t);
+    }
+}
+```
+
+## Client-Side Prediction
+
+```csharp
+public class PredictivePlayer : MonoBehaviour
+{
+    private struct InputState
+    {
+        public int SequenceNumber;
+        public float Timestamp;
+        public Vector3 Movement;
+    }
+
+    private Queue<InputState> pendingInputs = new Queue<InputState>();
+    private int sequenceNumber = 0;
+    private Vector3 predictedPosition;
+
+    void Update()
+    {
+        // Gather input
+        Vector3 movement = new Vector3(
+            Input.GetAxis("Horizontal"),
+            0,
+            Input.GetAxis("Vertical")
+        ) * moveSpeed * Time.deltaTime;
+
+        // Create input state
+        InputState input = new InputState
+        {
+            SequenceNumber = sequenceNumber++,
+            Timestamp = Time.time,
+            Movement = movement
+        };
+
+        // Send to server
+        SendInputToServer(input);
+
+        // Apply locally (prediction)
+        predictedPosition += movement;
+        transform.position = predictedPosition;
+
+        // Store for reconciliation
+        pendingInputs.Enqueue(input);
+    }
+
+    public void ReceiveServerState(int lastProcessedInput, Vector3 serverPosition)
+    {
+        // Remove acknowledged inputs
+        while (pendingInputs.Count > 0 && pendingInputs.Peek().SequenceNumber <= lastProcessedInput)
+        {
+            pendingInputs.Dequeue();
+        }
+
+        // Start from server position
+        predictedPosition = serverPosition;
+
+        // Replay pending inputs (reconciliation)
+        foreach (var input in pendingInputs)
+        {
+            predictedPosition += input.Movement;
+        }
+
+        // Smooth correction if needed
+        if (Vector3.Distance(transform.position, predictedPosition) > 0.1f)
+        {
+            // Snap or smooth based on distance
+            transform.position = predictedPosition;
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+## Lag Compensation (Server-Side Rewind)
+
+```csharp
+public class LagCompensation
+{
+    private struct HistoricalState
+    {
+        public float Timestamp;
+        public Vector3 Position;
+        public Quaternion Rotation;
+        public Bounds Hitbox;
+    }
+
+    private Dictionary<int, Queue<HistoricalState>> playerHistory = new();
+    private const float MaxHistoryTime = 1.0f; // 1 second of history
+
+    public void RecordState(int playerId, Vector3 position, Quaternion rotation, Bounds hitbox)
+    {
+        if (!playerHistory.ContainsKey(playerId))
+            playerHistory[playerId] = new Queue<HistoricalState>();
+
+        var queue = playerHistory[playerId];
+
+        // Add current state
+        queue.Enqueue(new HistoricalState
+        {
+            Timestamp = Time.time,
+            Position = position,
+            Rotation = rotation,
+            Hitbox = hitbox
+        });
+
+        // Remove old states
+        while (queue.Count > 0 && Time.time - queue.Peek().Timestamp > MaxHistoryTime)
+        {
+            queue.Dequeue();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public bool ProcessHitscan(int shooterPlayerId, float clientTimestamp, Ray ray, out int hitPlayerId)
+    {
+        // Rewind to client's timestamp
+        float targetTime = clientTimestamp; // Shooter's perceived time
+
+        foreach (var kvp in playerHistory)
+        {
+            int playerId = kvp.Key;
+            if (playerId == shooterPlayerId) continue; // Don't shoot self
+
+            // Find state at target time
+            HistoricalState state = GetStateAtTime(kvp.Value, targetTime);
+
+            // Check raycast against historical hitbox
+            if (state.Hitbox.IntersectRay(ray))
+            {
+                hitPlayerId = playerId;
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        hitPlayerId = -1;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    private HistoricalState GetStateAtTime(Queue<HistoricalState> history, float targetTime)
+    {
+        HistoricalState closest = default;
+        float minDelta = float.MaxValue;
+
+        foreach (var state in history)
+        {
+            float delta = Mathf.Abs(state.Timestamp - targetTime);
+            if (delta < minDelta)
+            {
+                minDelta = delta;
+                closest = state;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return closest;
+    }
+}
+```
+
+## Network Message Serialization
+
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.IO;
+
+// Efficient binary serialization
+public class NetworkWriter
+{
+    private MemoryStream stream = new MemoryStream();
+    private BinaryWriter writer;
+
+    public NetworkWriter()
+    {
+        writer = new BinaryWriter(stream);
+    }
+
+    public void WriteInt(int value) => writer.Write(value);
+    public void WriteFloat(float value) => writer.Write(value);
+    public void WriteBool(bool value) => writer.Write(value);
+    public void WriteString(string value) => writer.Write(value);
+
+    public void WriteVector3(Vector3 value)
+    {
+        writer.Write(value.x);
+        writer.Write(value.y);
+        writer.Write(value.z);
+    }
+
+    // Compressed vector (16-bit per component)
+    public void WriteVector3Compressed(Vector3 value, float min, float max)
+    {
+        writer.Write(CompressFloat(value.x, min, max));
+        writer.Write(CompressFloat(value.y, min, max));
+        writer.Write(CompressFloat(value.z, min, max));
+    }
+
+    private ushort CompressFloat(float value, float min, float max)
+    {
+        float normalized = Mathf.Clamp01((value - min) / (max - min));
+        return (ushort)(normalized * ushort.MaxValue);
+    }
+
+    public byte[] ToArray() => stream.ToArray();
+}
+
+public class NetworkReader
+{
+    private BinaryReader reader;
+
+    public NetworkReader(byte[] data)
+    {
+        reader = new BinaryReader(new MemoryStream(data));
+    }
+
+    public int ReadInt() => reader.ReadInt32();
+    public float ReadFloat() => reader.ReadSingle();
+    public bool ReadBool() => reader.ReadBoolean();
+    public string ReadString() => reader.ReadString();
+
+    public Vector3 ReadVector3()
+    {
+        return new Vector3(
+            reader.ReadSingle(),
+            reader.ReadSingle(),
+            reader.ReadSingle()
+        );
+    }
+
+    public Vector3 ReadVector3Compressed(float min, float max)
+    {
+        return new Vector3(
+            DecompressFloat(reader.ReadUInt16(), min, max),
+            DecompressFloat(reader.ReadUInt16(), min, max),
+            DecompressFloat(reader.ReadUInt16(), min, max)
+        );
+    }
+
+    private float DecompressFloat(ushort value, float min, float max)
+    {
+        float normalized = value / (float)ushort.MaxValue;
+        return min + normalized * (max - min);
+    }
+}
+```
+
+## Interest Management (Relevancy)
+
+```csharp
+public class InterestManager
+{
+    private Dictionary<int, Vector3> playerPositions = new();
+    private float relevancyRadius = 100f;
+
+    public HashSet<int> GetRelevantPlayers(int playerId)
+    {
+        if (!playerPositions.TryGetValue(playerId, out Vector3 playerPos))
+            return new HashSet<int>();
+
+        HashSet<int> relevant = new HashSet<int>();
+
+        foreach (var kvp in playerPositions)
+        {
+            if (kvp.Key == playerId) continue;
+
+            float distance = Vector3.Distance(playerPos, kvp.Value);
+            if (distance <= relevancyRadius)
+            {
+                relevant.Add(kvp.Key);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return relevant;
+    }
+
+    public void BroadcastToRelevant(int senderId, byte[] message)
+    {
+        var recipients = GetRelevantPlayers(senderId);
+
+        foreach (int recipientId in recipients)
+        {
+            SendMessage(recipientId, message);
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+## Delta Compression
+
+```csharp
+public class DeltaCompressor
+{
+    private Dictionary<int, NetworkPlayer> lastSentState = new();
+
+    public byte[] CompressState(NetworkPlayer current)
+    {
+        if (!lastSentState.TryGetValue(current.PlayerId, out NetworkPlayer previous))
+        {
+            // First time - send full state
+            return SerializeFullState(current);
+        }
+
+        NetworkWriter writer = new NetworkWriter();
+        byte flags = 0;
+
+        // Only send changed fields
+        if (Vector3.Distance(current.Position, previous.Position) > 0.01f)
+        {
+            flags |= 1 << 0; // Position changed
+            writer.WriteVector3Compressed(current.Position, -1000f, 1000f);
+        }
+
+        if (Quaternion.Angle(current.Rotation, previous.Rotation) > 1f)
+        {
+            flags |= 1 << 1; // Rotation changed
+            writer.WriteQuaternionCompressed(current.Rotation);
+        }
+
+        if (Mathf.Abs(current.Health - previous.Health) > 0.1f)
+        {
+            flags |= 1 << 2; // Health changed
+            writer.WriteFloat(current.Health);
+        }
+
+        // Prepend flags
+        byte[] data = writer.ToArray();
+        byte[] result = new byte[data.Length + 1];
+        result[0] = flags;
+        Array.Copy(data, 0, result, 1, data.Length);
+
+        // Update last sent state
+        lastSentState[current.PlayerId] = current;
+
+        return result;
+    }
+}
+```
+
+## Network Performance Best Practices
+
+**Bandwidth optimization:**
+- Compress position/rotation data
+- Use delta compression
+- Implement relevancy system
+- Limit update rate based on distance
+- Batch multiple updates into single packet
+
+**Latency optimization:**
+- Client-side prediction for local player
+- Server reconciliation for corrections
+- Entity interpolation for other players
+- Lag compensation for hitscan weapons
+
+**Target metrics:**
+- Latency: < 100ms
+- Tick rate: 20-60 Hz (depends on game type)
+- Packet size: < 1200 bytes (avoid fragmentation)
+- Update rate: 10-20 Hz for distant objects, 60 Hz for nearby
+
+**Security considerations:**
+- Server-authoritative for all game logic
+- Validate all client inputs
+- Rate limiting to prevent flooding
+- Encrypt sensitive data
+- Anti-cheat measures (sanity checks, statistical analysis)